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Networking

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5 views

Networking

Uploaded by

kidzmotiv590
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A network is two or more devices connected through links.

A link is acommunications pathway that transfers data from one device to


another
A computer network enables the computer to communicate with another
computer and share their resources, data, and applications.

A computer network is mainly of four types:


LAN(Local Area Network)
PAN(Personal Area Network)
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN(Wide Area Network

LAN(Local Area Network)


Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small
area such as building, office.
LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network
adapters, and ethernet cables.
The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
Local Area Network provides higher security.
PAN(Personal Area Network)
Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.
Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal
use is known as Personal Area Network.
Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network
are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange
line.
The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-
3, ADSL, etc.
It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

WAN(Wide Area Network)


A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries.
A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,
and education.

Network Criteria And Basic Topologies:


Network Criteria:
A Network is a group of connected devices capable of communicating. The device
can be a computer, printer, or scanner that either receives or transmits data. The
devices connected in the Network are called "Nodes," and the means of
connection can be wired or wireless.
There are a lot of criteria that make a network better than others, but; there are
three basic yet important criteria to be fulfilled for a network:
Performance
Reliability
Security
Performance
It measures how well a network can support communication between two nodes
in the Network or with nodes of other networks in the global scope.
Reliability:
Reliability refers to a network's trustworthiness, consistency, and dependability,
assessed by the frequency of failures and recovery time.
Security:
Security measures how well a network protects data from failures and attacks,
using policies to prevent damage and unauthorized access.

Topology:
The physical Layout of network is called topology.
The following are the main topologies used in network,
Mesh:
In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every
other device.
Advantages
Mesh Topology offers high reliability .
It allows data to take multiple paths.
Disadvantages:
It is expensive to install
It is complex to maintain.
Star Topology:
In a star topology, each device has a dedicated
point-to-point link only to a central controller,
usually called a Hub/Switch.

Advantages:
Star Topology is easy to manage.
A failure in one cable does not affect others.

Disadvantages:
it is expensive due to the central hub.
if the hub fails, the entire network goes down.

Bus Topology:
A bus topology, on the other hand, is multipoint. One long cable acts as a
backbone to link all the devices in a network.
Advantages:
Bus Topology cost-effective.
It is easy to install
Disadvantages:
It is difficult to troubleshoot.
A break in the cable disrupts the entire network.
Ring Topology:
In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection
with only the two devices on either side of it.
Advantages:
Ring Topology is easy to install
It works well for small networks.
Disadvantages:
A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop
It makes troubleshooting harder.

Data Communication and It’s Five Components:


Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Components:
There are five components of Data Communication ,
Message:
A message is the information being communicated, such as text, numbers,
pictures, audio, or video.
Sender:
The sender is the device that sends this data, like a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, or video camera.
Receiver:
The receiver is the device that receives the message, such as a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, or television.
Transmission Medium:
The transmission medium is the physical path through which the message
travels from sender to receiver, including twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable,
fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
Protocol:
A protocol is a set of rules governing data communications, ensuring that
connected devices can understand each other, similar to how people need
a common language to communicate.

OSI Model:
o OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that describes
how information from a software application in one computer moves through a
physical medium to the software application in another computer.
o OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as an architectural model for the inter-
computer communications.
o OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable tasks. Each
layer is assigned a particular task.

Data Link Layer:

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

o This layer is responsible for the error-free transfer of data frames.


o It defines the format of the data on the network.
o It is mainly responsible for the unique identification of each device that resides on
a local network.

Major Duties Of Data Link Layer:

1. **Framing**: The data link layer breaks the stream of bits from the network layer into
smaller units called frames.

2. **Physical Addressing**: If frames need to be sent to different systems on the network,


the data link layer adds a header to specify the sender and/or receiver of the frame. If the
frame is going outside the sender's network, the receiver address is the device connecting
the network to the next one.
3. **Flow Control**: If the receiver can't keep up with the sender's rate of sending data,
the data link layer slows down the sender to avoid overwhelming the receiver.

4. **Error Control**: The data link layer improves reliability by detecting and retransmitting
damaged or lost frames. It also prevents sending duplicate frames. This is done by adding
a trailer at the end of each frame for error checking.

5. **Access Control**: When multiple devices share the same link, the data link layer
protocols decide which device can use the link at any given time.

Network Layer:

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.

o It is a layer 3 that manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the
network.
o It determines the best path to move data from source to the destination based on
the network conditions, the priority of service, and other factors.

Major Duties Of Data Link Layer:

1. Logical Addressing: The data link layer handles local addressing, but when a packet
moves across network boundaries, we need another addressing system to distinguish the
source and destination systems. The network layer adds a header to the packet that
includes logical addresses of the sender and receiver.

2. **Routing**: When different networks or links are connected to form a larger network
or an internetwork, devices like routers or switches help route or switch packets to their
final destination. The network layer is responsible for managing this process.

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