Things You Shoutd Know...

Before you begin this chapter, you should be

Ratlonal able to
Numbers " define rational numbers and represent
them on the number line
compare rational numbers
perform fundamentaf operations with
Integers rational numbers

Whole
Numbers Things You Will Learn..
By the end of this chapter,you willbe able to
" describe the properties of rational
numbers.
Natural use the properties of rational numbers to
solve problems.
Numbers

Rational Numbers
In the previous grade, we have defined rational numbers and have learnt to perform basic operations
P
on rational numbers. Anumber that can be expressed in the form of where p and g are integers
and q z0 is called a rational number. Here, p and qare called the numerator and denominator
respectively. In this chapter, we will study the properties of operations on rational numbers.

Did you Know?

All numbers that are not rational numbers are known as irrationalnumbers. The numbers
that cannot be written in P
form, where p and q are integers and q#0 are called irrational
numbers. Irational numbers are non-terminating and non-repeating decimal numbers. In
other words, when written in decimal form, an irrational number willhave infinite digits after
the decimal point such that there is no definite pattern. The numbers z and v2 are two of the
most common examples of irrational numbers.

Mathematics - Rational Numbers

 Checkpoint
the following problems.
1 to 14: Solve
Directions for questions numbers in standard form. -26
Express the following rational 60 (d)
1. -25 (c) -52
12 (b) 90
(a) 35
20 as:
number with the denominator
rational
2. Express as an equivalent (d)-25
5 (c) 100
(b) -10
(a) 20
numerator as:
equivalent rational number with the
-3
3. Express A as an (d) -21
(c) 30
(a) 12 (b) -9
4. Add: -7 -9
13 -4
47 (c) + (d) 20 20
11 5 (b)
(a) 15
18 18 9 9

3 4 2 5 (g) (h)
(e) (f) 8
10 5 9 6

3
(i) 4+
2
(k) 10+ ()
(0 2+ 3 6
4

1
1 (n) 1+2+
(m) 23 2 2 4

5. Find the additive inverse of each of the following rational numbers.

5 -4
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
11 12 -9

6. Subtract:
7 5 6 2 -7 -3 -1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 12 11 11 15 15 10

3 1
(f)
55 2
(g)
5 -8
(e)
4 3 6 9 12 (h) 15
w|
2 3 -2
() 3 G) -2 (k) 8 ()
5 4 3

1 1
(m) 4-3
3 2
(n) s-1
2
7. Multiply:
(a)62 -16 5 5 14 16 -21
(b) (c) (d)
3 25 12 32 45 35 80

1 1 8 4 15
(e) 5x1 (f) x(-10) (g) 3x (h) 22
3 15 5 38 4 3

8. Find the multiplicative inverse of each of the following rational numbers.

(a) 7 (b) (c)

19 9 2
9. Divide:

(a) 10 -
2
b
16 4
(c)
-21 14
(d)4 -+2-3
5 49 7 88 -33 4

7 -7 5 -3 13 2
10. Arrange in ascending order:
8 12 6 4 24 3
11. Match the columns. (a, b and c are integers)

S.No. Property of Integers Description

(a) Closure property of multiplication () (axb)xc= ax[bxc)
(b) Closure property of addition (ü) ax(b+tc)= axb+axc
(c) Associative property of addition (iii) axb= bxa

(d) Commutative property of addition (iv) axb is an integer

(e) Commutative property of multiplication ) (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
(f) Distributive property of multiplication over addition (vi) a+b isan integer
(g) Associative property of multiplication (vii) a+b=b+a

12. Fill in the blanks to indicate whether each of the given set of numbers is closed under the
given operations.Use a tick ()or a (*) to mark your answer. In caseyou mark a (*) give an
example to justify your answer.
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Natural Numbers
Whole Numbers

Integers
 28 FR the blanks to indcate whether esch of the glven operations is commutative
gen set Nmbers Uhe atick( ) or a(*)to mark your answer. In case you mark: for the
an evme to Aistify your answer.

Addition Subtraction Multiplication

Natural Nambers
Division
Whole Numbers

Integers
14 in the blanks to indicate whether each of the given operations is associative for the gie
set of numbers. Use atick ()or a (*)to mark your answer. In case you mark a(*) glve se
example to justify your answer.
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Natural Numbers
Whole Numbers

Integers

Real Life Connect

in the previous grade, you have learnt to perform multiple operations like addition, subtraction,
muitiplication and division of rational numbers and also the properties of whole numbers and
irtegers.
Do you think, applyíng properties of integers can simplify various operations and make it easier to
find the answer? If yes, justify by giving some real life examples. If no, why?

Sirnilarly, in this chapter we will explore various properties of rational numbers, such as the
Commutative, ass0cíative, and distributive properties, that can be used to manipulate and simplifty
expressions.
 Knowledge Capsule 1
Properties of Operations on Rational Numbers
1 Closure Property:
(a) The sum of any two rational numbers is always a rational number. In other words, we say
that rational numbers are closed under addition.

Ifaand b are two rational numbers, then (a+ b} is also a rational number.
-1 4-3 1
For example, 2 and are rational numbers and their sum
2
+
-1
is also
3 2 32 6 6
a rational number.

(b) The difference of any two rational numbers is always a rational number. Iin other words,
we say that rational numbers are closed under subtraction.
Ifaand bare two rational numbers, then (a - b) is also a rational number.
-2 1 -4-1 -5 -1
For example, and are rational numbers and is also
5 10 5 10 10 10 2
arational number.

(c) The product of any two rational numbers is always a rational number. In other words, we
say that rational numbers are closed under multiplication.
If a and b are two rational numbers, then (a x b) is also a rational number.
4 -3
For example, and are rational numbers and their sum 4 x -3 -2
is also a
9 2 3
rational number.
(d) Rational numbers are not closed under
division. This is because division by zero
is not defined. For arational number a, a The set of rational numbers excluding
+0is not defined. zero (0) is closed under division.
2. Commutative Property:
(a) The sum of two rational remains the same even on changing the order in which these
numbers are added. In other words, we say that addition is commutative for rational
numbers.

If a and bare two rational numbers, then a+b= b+a.

2 3 3 3 2 7
For example, for rational numbers and +
5 10 5 10 10 5 10
 subtraction expression the
orderofrational
numbers in a
numbers. result
(b) Onchangingthe commutative for rational
not
Thus, subtraction is 3
and
numbers
For example, forrational 5 10

2 3-4 -1
2 3 4-3 1
and
3
10 10 5 10 10
5 10 10
2 3 3 2
In thiscase we can see that 5 10 10 5
The product of two rational numbers remains the same even on changing the or
(c)
these numbers are multiples. In other words, we say that multiplicas:
in which
commutative for rational numbers.

Ifa andb are two rational numbers, then axb=bxa.

2 15 15 2 5
2 15 -X=
For example, for rational numbers and X
3 16 3 16 16 3
(d) On changing the order of rational numbers in a division expression the result
chan
Thus,division is not commutative for rational numbers.
8 4
For example, for rational numbers and
15 5
8 4 8 5 2 4 4 15 3
X and -

=-X.
15 5 15 4 3 5 15 5

4
In this case we can see that
15 5 5 15
3
Associative Property:
(a) The sum of a set of three or more rational numbers is the same
regardless of how t
numbers are grouped. In other words, we say that addition is associative for ration
numbers.

If a, bandc are threerational numbers, then (a+b) +tc=

a+{b+c).
2 -1
Forexample, forrational numbers and 11
3 2
12
(b) While subtracting the result depends on the way in which
the rational numbers are
grouped. Inother words, we say that subtraction is not associative for rational
1 1
numbers
1
For example, for integers and
23 6

1 1 1 1 /1 1H|N 1 1 1
=0 and |= In this case we can see that
6 6 6 2 6 3

11(1 1
3 6
 (c) The product of a set of three or more rational
numbers is the same regardless of how
the numbers are grouped. In other words, we say that
rational numbers.
multiplication is associative for
If a, b andc are three rational numbers,then
(axb)xc =ax(bxc).
1 1 1
For example,for rational numbers and 1
2': 24
(d) While dividing the result depends on the way inwhich the rational numbers are
grouped.
In other words, we say that division is not associative for rational numbers.
For example, for integers 8 2 and .
45 5 3
8 4 2 2 8 3 8
and
45 3 45 45 5 27

In this case we can see that

4 Existence of Additive ldentity:

The sum of any rational number and zero is the rational number itself. Thus, zero is known as
the additive identity for rational numbers.
For any rational number a, a+0 = 0+a=a
2 22
For example, +0 =0+=
3 3 3
and
0-03-)
5. Existence of Negative or Additive Inverse:
For any rational number a, there exists a rational number -a' such that their sum is zero. The
rational numbersaand -a' are known as additive inverses or negatives of each other.
For any rational number a, a+(-a) =(-a) +a=0 w
2 -2 -2
For example, we can say that the additive inverse of and the additive inverse of
3 3
2
as:
3

6. Existence of Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse:

Forany non-zero rational number ,there exists a rational number such that their produ

isone. The rational numbers P and are known as multiplicative inverses or reciprocals
each other.
3
and the multiplicative inve
Forexample, we can say that the multiplicative inverse of 3
is
2
3 2 2 3 3 2
iS as: -x =1=-X
2 3 3 2 2 3
 Addition:
Distributivityof Multiplication over
(h tc)- (axh)+{axc).
7.
rational numbers, then ax
Ifa, hand care
1
3 1 and
For example, for rational numbers 4 2 3

3(11 3 5
-X=
5 and 3 X14 -3X1= 3 1 5
42 3 4 6 8 42 4 3 8 4 8
8. Distributivity of Multiplication over Subtraction:
Ifa, band care rational numbers,then ax(b-c)=(axb)-{axc).
3 1 1
For example,for rational numbers and
4 2 3
3 (1 1)=-X
31 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1
and x->X
42 3) 4 6 8 4 2 4 3 8 4 8

dea

Ine product of any rational number and zero is zero, If ais rational number,
then ax0=0 xa=0.
The product of any rational number and(-1) gives the
arational number, then a x
additive inverse of the rational numbers. If ais
(-1) =-1x a= -1.
Zero is the only rational number that does
not have a multiplicative inverse or
because isnot defined. reciprocal. This is
The numbers 1 and-1 are their own
reciprocals.

Solved Examples
Example 1: Calculate the value of -5 4 7 5
Solution: 12 9 12 18
LCM of 12, 9 and 18 is 36.
-5 4 7 5
|+-+ -15 16 21 10
12 9 12 18
36 36 36 36
-15+16+21-10 12
36 36
w1
3
 properties we can find the value in an easier
Alternate Method: Using the commutative and associative
manner.

5
4 7 5 -57
4
4-+
9 12 18 12 12 18

-
2 3
12 18

1 1 2
6 6 6

Example 2: Calculate the value of x

3 4 53 7
-+-X
8 11 16 8 11
Solution:
3 4 5 3 7 3 4 3 7 5
-X + (using commutative property)
8 11 16 8 11 8 11 8 11 16
7
(using distributive property)
811 11 16
||
3 x1 5 3 5 6-5
16 8 16 16
1
16
||
3 -4+1 -3
LHS =x 3y
6

Example 3: Verifythe following:

1 22,3 1 23 3 4 10 3 4 10
(a + =-+ -+ (b) -X X
2 3 4 2 3 4 4 5 27 4 5 27
3 -2 1 3 3 1
(c)x
4 3 4 3
+-X
4 6

Solution:
(a)
1 2) + 3 3+4 3 7 3 14+9 23
LHS =-+ + = +:
2 3 4 6 4 6 4 12 12

1 (2 3 1 ||
8+9 1 17 6+17 23
RHS =+ -+ =-+ +
23 4 2 12 2 12 12 12
LHS =RHS
 (b) 10 3 10 2
3
LHS = 5 27 9
5 27

4 10 3 8
3 -X
RHS= x 5 27 4 27 9
4

LHS -RHS

(c) -4+1 -3
3 1 -1 1
RHS = 8 8
3 2

’ LHS =RHS

multiplicative inverse of each of the following

Example 4: Write the additive inverse and
numbers.
2 -4
3 (b)S (c) (d)
la) -9 -11
12

Solution:
3
3 -3
(a) Additive inverse of -;multiplicative inverse of 8 3
8

5 5 -5 12 -12
(b) Additive inverse of -;multiplicative inverse of
12 12 12 -5 5

Standard form of 2 -2
(c)
-9 9

-2 2 -2 9 -9
Additive inverse of =multiplicative inverse of
9 9 -2 2

-4 4
(d) Standard form of
-11 11

4 -4 ||
Additive inverse of 4 11
11 11 multiplicative inverse of
11 4
 km Milestone 1

Directions for questions 1 to 7: Fill in the blanks.

1. Rational numbers are not closed under

2. The operations and are not commutative for rational numbers.

3 The operations and are associative for rational numbers.

4 The sum of two rational numbers is always a

5 is the only rational number that does not have a reciprocal.
6. is known as the additive identity of rational numbers.
7 is known as the multiplicative identity of rational numbers.
Directions for questions 8 to 12: State whether each of the statements is true or false.
8 1is the only rational number which is reciprocalof itself.
9 The reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive.
10. Arational number can never be equal to its additive inverse.
11. Rational numbers are not closed under subtraction.
12. The reciprocal of is 1.2.
6

Directions for questions 13 to 20: Solve the following problems.

13. Write the additive inverse (negative) of each of the following numbers.
5 -11
(a) (b)
7 13

6 -5
(c) (d)
-13 -18

14.
Write the multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of each of the following numbers.
4
(a) 7 (b) -4 (c)
7

-13 11
(d) (e) ()2
51 -21 -3
 (h)-4
3

15. Find the reciprocal of each of the following.

3 5 35
(a) X
(b)
4 6 15 64 2 3 4

16. Match the columns. (a, band care rational numbers)

Property of Rational Numbers Description

(a) Distributive property of multiplication over addition () a+b=b+a
(b) Closure property of addition
() (a+b)+c=a+[b+c)
(c) Distributive property of multiplication over subtraction
(ii) ax(b-c)= axb-axc
(d) Commutative propertyof multiplication (iv) a+bis a rational number
(e) Associative property of multiplication (v)
ax(b+c)= axb+axc
(f) Associative property of addition (vi) axb is a rational number
(e) Closure property of multiplication (vi) (axb)xc= ax[bxc)
(h) Commutative propertyof addition (vii) axb=bxa

17. Fill in the blanks to make the following statements true. Also, write the name of the propen
used in each case.

-9 7 7 5
(a) + (b) =0
19 17 17 11

3
(c) (d)
9 7

-13 13
+
21

14 13
X (h) =1
17 11 16

3 4 -23 (-23
() 3
37 37
 3 1 2 1 3 1 12
(0)-x
7 2 5 7 117
18. Verify the following.
-2 3 3
(a) +
(b) 3 +
5 10 10
3 2 3 3 1
(c)- (d)
8 15 9 8 15 5 10 15 15)

10 -5 3 10 3 -5
19. Verify: -+ -X t-X
5 21 18 5 21 5 18
20. Use the properties of rational numbers to evaluate the following.
3 4 5 3
(a)
8 5 16 10

3 22. 1
(b) 7 9 9 14

(c) x4 2+ 1- + 9 X4
5 11 5 11 5

Mathematics - Rational Numbers 19

 3 +3- X
5- X 8 3 11
(d) +X
18 8 4 9 8 18

Case Study Based Questions

of rational numhe
1 Sumit and Abdul were doing group study. They started learning properties
Sumit a
Sumit says, "rational numbers are not closed under division". Abdul didn't agree with
is not by zero.
says, rational numbers are closed under division as long as the division
(a) Whois correct? Justify your answer.

(b) Is the statement "Allintegers are rational numbers but all rational numbers are not integers
correct? Justify your answer.

(c) Analysing Error: Sumit and Abdul were simplifying

followed by Sumit. -+) Following are the steps

-iG+)
=-*+,x
6 7
=-+
9

-30+63 33 11
45 45 15
 Abdul evaluated and told Sumit, "Your answer is wrong." Do you also think answer is
wrong? If yes,where Sumit made the mistake? If not, why?

One Level up
1. Technology Literacy: India is the seventh largest country in the
world, with a total area of 3287469 square kilometres. As per
the India State of Forest Report 2017, approximatelyof
50
the
total area of our country is covered by forestsS.
(a) Calculate the approximate area of forest cover in India.
(b) Carry out research on the internet to find the top five
countries in terms are forest cover.

2. Critical Thinking: Afarmer distributed his land among his four

sons in the following manner. He gave half of his land to his
eldest son. He then gave one-thirdof the remaining land to his
second son. Next, he gave one-fourth of the remaining land to
his third son. Finally, he gave the remaining land tohis youngest
son. If his youngest son received3 acres of land, find the area of
land received by the other three sons.

3. When arational number is expressed in decimal number form,

it results in either a terminating decimal or a non-terminating
1
but repeating decimal. For example, =0.125 is aterminating
1
decimal number, whereas =0.333... is a non-terminating but
3
repeating decimal. Which type of rational numbers do youthink result in terminating
decimal numbers?
(Hint: Use your knowledge of decimal fractions.)

Mathematics - Rational Numbers 21

 4. Logical Reasoning Observe the pattern given below:
1 2
-12-13 1x2 2x3 3
1 1 3
1x2 2x3 3x4
1 1 1 1
1x2 2x3 3x4 4x5 5
Use the pattern given above to find the value of: 1 1 1 1
1x2 2x3 3x4 4×5 1
Also, try to find the value through
Hint: 1
calculations. 99x10
1x2 2

Directions
Self-Assessmnent
for questions 1 to 7:
Solve the following
1. What is the product of a problems.
non-zero rational number and its
number that does not have a reciprocal?
2. Which is the onlyrational
3. Which rational number is the
additive inverse of itself?
reciprocal?
4. Which rational numbers are
equal to their
5. Fill in the blanks to
describe
reciprocals?
the properties of
mark a (*) give an rationalto numbers. Use a tick()or a (x) to
your answer. In case you
example justifyyour answer.
Addition
Natural Numbers Subtraction Multiplication Division
Whole Numbers
Integers
6. Verify: x2 3
2 3 2 -5
3
3 8 3 6
7. Use the
properties of rational numbers to
(a) x1.23 evaluate the following.
8 7 4 78 7
(b)
12 X+
9 26
4,15,57
9 12
 Let's Compete
Directions for questions 1 to 10: From the given options choose the correct option.
1. What is the sum of and its multiplicative inverse?
(a) 2.5 (6) 4.25 D3.5 (d) s25
2
2. Findthe productof and its additive inverse.
5

(a) 0.16 b) 1 c)-0.16 (d) -1

2
3. What should be added to toget itsadditive inverse?
5

-2 4 -4
(a)
5 (b) (c) 5 5

4. What should be multiplied by to get itsreciprocal?

4

16 9 -3
(a) (b)
16
Oc) 1 4

5. Find the value of

21 3 -2
5 4 4 5
3 4
1
(a) (b) 9
6

6. Which of the following numbers is greater than its reciprocal?

13 17 -17
(d)
(a) -4 J(b) 15 11 11

7. Which of the following statement is not true?

(a) Rational numbers are closed under multiplication.

(b) Addition is commutative for rational
numbers.
numbers.
O000
(c) Division is commutative for rational
numbers.
(d) Multiplication is associative for rational
following is an example of commutative property of rational number under
8. Which of the
addition? 5
3 5
(a) (b) 7 21 21

23
Mathematics - Rational Numbers
 4
2 3 2 4
3

(c) O):-(G))O (d)

9. 1is
of rational numbers.
(a) the identity for addition
multiplication of rational numbers.
(b) the identity for
rational numbers.
(c) the identity for subtraction of
numbers.
(d) the identity for division of rational

10. The multiplicative inverse of -2 is 7

7
16
-16
(c) (d) -16
(a) 16

Assertion and Reasoning

5 11
1. Assertion: If+(;+=4 + then Ais equal to ¡t5:
Reasoning: Addition is associative for rational numbers.
explains the assertin
(a) Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning correctly

Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning does not correctly explain th
(b)
assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.

(d) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.

2. Assertion:The sum of the additive inverse and the multiplicative inverse of17 is 6;
Reasoning:The additive inverse of 7 is -7 and multiplicative inverse of 7 is 7
(a) Both assertion andreasoning are true, and the reasoning correctly explains the assertion.

(b) Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning does not correctly explain the
assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.

3. Assertion: 0 is not a rational number.

Reasoning: A number which is in the form of , where pand q are integers, and q #0.
(a) Both assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning correctly explains the assertio
 (b) Both assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning does not correctly explain the
assertion.
(c) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
(d) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.

Quick Look

In rational numbers, Rational numbers are

multiplication distributes over closed under addition,
addition and subtraction. subtraction and
Rational numbers
multiplication. are commutative
qs q u
under addition and
9 s q u
multiplication.

The rational numbers

P and are known as Rational numbers
q
Rational Numbers
are associative
multiplicative inverse A number which is in the form of
or reciprocals of each under addition and
where p and q are integers, andq # 0. multiplication.
other.

The rational numbers and are zero is known as the additive

-Eq known as additive inverse or identity for rational numbers.
negatives of each other.
For any rational number
2, P+0 =0+=
q' q q

V My Learning Reflection
Tick () in the relevant column as applicable.
Accomplishments Yes Partially Need Help
1. I can identify and describe the properties of rational
numbers.

2. Ican use different properties of rational numbers to

solve problems.

3. Ican identify additive and multiplicative identity.

Mathematics - Rational Numbers 25