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Chapter 2

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7 views

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

alikamani1060
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
Prof .H.M.Shoja
By KH.Gholizadeh
Sharif University of Technology
Chapter2
Strain
Normal Strain
• While a specimen is being subjected to
an increasing force P, a change in
length between two points B and C on
the specimen is observed. If Dl is the
total elongation in a given original
gage length L, which is the initial
distance between the two points,
elongation per unit of length, e
(epsilon) is termed strain which is a
dimensionless quantity.
• In the Stress-Strain diagram, in the initial part
of increasing stress, the relationship between
stress and strain may be said to be linear for
all materials. This sweeping idealization and
generalization applicable to all materials
became known as Hooke's law
• It means that stress is directly proportional to
strain where the constant of proportionality is
E. This constant E is called the elastic
modulus, modulus of elasticity or Young’s
modulus.
Deformations under axial loading
• From Hooke’s Law:

• From the definition of strain:

• Equating and solving for the deformation:

• Axial stiffness of the rod:


Deflection of axially loaded rods
• Consider the axially loaded bar shown in the figure. The cross sectional area and
the magnitude of forces applied at different points vary along the length. In order
to calculate the change in length of the bar between two points 1 and 2, we have
• Example 1. Determine the displacement at the free-end
• of the truncated cone-shaped rod AB of figure, which
• is subjected to load P. In this problem, the cross-section
• of the rod A(x)is not constant along the rod,
• Example 2.
• ∆=?
• Example 3.
• Solution:
• Solution:
• Example 4.
• Solution:
• Example 5.
• Solution:
• Example 6. Determine the relative displacement of one end of the tapered plate
with respect to the other end when it is subjected to an axial load P.
• Solution:
𝑑2 −𝑑1 𝑑1 ℎ+ 𝑑2 −𝑑1 𝑥
• w= 𝑑1 + 𝑥=
ℎ ℎ
P x dx 𝑃 ℎ 𝑑𝑥
•δ=‫׬‬ = ‫׬‬ =
A x E 𝐸 0 𝑑1 ℎ+ 𝑑2 −𝑑1 𝑥 𝑡
ℎ
𝑃ℎ ℎ 𝑑𝑥 𝑃ℎ 𝑑1 ℎ 𝑑2 −𝑑1 ℎ
•= ‫׬‬ = ( ) ln(1 + 𝑥)
𝐸𝑡𝑑1 ℎ 1 1+𝑑2 −𝑑1 𝑥 𝐸𝑡𝑑1 ℎ 𝑑2 −𝑑1 𝑑1 ℎ 0
𝑑1 ℎ
𝑷𝒉 𝒅𝟐
•= 𝒍𝒏( ) → 𝑨𝒏𝒔
𝑬𝒕(𝒅𝟐 −𝒅𝟏 ) 𝒅𝟏
• Example7. The support is made by
cutting off the two opposite sides of a
sphere that has a radius If the original
height of the support is determine how
far it shortens when it supports a load P.
The modulus of elasticity is E.
• Solution:
• Geometry: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(𝑟0 cos 𝜃)=𝜋𝑟02 cos 𝜃 2
• 𝑦 = 𝑟0 sin 𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑟0 cos 𝜃)d𝜃

𝐿 𝑃 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑃 𝜃 𝑟0 cos 𝜃 d𝜃 𝑃 𝜃 d𝜃
• Displacement:δ = ‫׬‬0 𝐴 𝑦 𝐸 =2 ‫׬‬
𝐸 0 𝜋𝑟02 cos 𝜃2
=2 ‫׬‬
𝜋𝑟0 𝐸 0 cos 𝜃
=
2𝑃 𝜃 2𝑃
• = 𝜋𝑟 ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) 0
= 𝜋𝑟 ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)
0𝐸 0𝐸
𝑟0
• When y= ; 𝜃 = 14.48
4
2𝑃 0.511 𝑃
• 𝛿= ln(sec 14.48 + tan 14.48) =
𝜋𝑟0 𝐸 𝜋𝑟0 𝐸
Example8. The AM1004-T61
magnesium alloy tube AB is capped with
a rigid plate E . The gap between E and
end C of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy
solid circular rod CD is 0.2 mm when the
temperature is at 30° C. Determine the
normal stress developed in the tube and
the rod if the temperature rises to 80° C.
Neglect the thickness of the rigid cap.
• Solution:
• Compatibility Equation: If tube AB and rod CD are unconstrained, they will
have a free expansion of (𝛿𝑇 )𝐴𝐵 = 𝛼𝑚𝑔 ∆𝑇𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 26(10−6 )(80-30)(300)=0.39mm
• (𝛿𝑇 )𝐴𝐵 = 𝛼𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑇𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 24(10−6 )(80-30)(450)=0.54mm
• Referring to the deformation diagram of the tube and the rod shown in Fig. a,
• 𝛿 = ((𝛿𝑇 )𝐴𝐵 − 𝛿𝐹 𝐴𝐵 ) + ( 𝛿𝑇 𝐶𝐷 ) − 𝛿𝐹 𝐶𝐷 )
𝐹(300) 𝐹(450)
• 0.2 = 0.39 − 𝜋(0.0252 −0.022 )(44.7)(109 ) + 0.54 − 𝜋(0.0252 )(68.9)(109 )
• 𝐹 = 32017.60 𝑁
• Normal Stress:
𝐹 32017.60
• 𝜎𝐴𝐵 = = = 45.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝜋(0.0252 −0.022 )
𝐹 32017.60
• 𝜎𝐶𝐷 = =𝜋 = 65.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝐶𝐷 (0.0252 )
4

• F=107442.47 N
• Spring method(Technique)
• Example9.

• Solution:
• Example10.

• Solution:
• Example11.

• Solution:
• Example12.

• Solution:

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