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Tutorial 1

Uploaded by

Anurag Thite
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COEP Technological University Pune

(A Public University of Government of Maharashtra, Pune-411005)


(MA- ) Differential Equations and Complex Algebra
F.Y. B.Tech. Spring Semester 2023-24 (E and TC, Electrical, Instru )
Tutorial 1
Topic : Ordinary Differential Equations
Co-ordinator : Dr. Kiran Dalvi
—————————————————————————————————————

1. Explain the basic concepts ordinary and partial differential equations


(ODEs, PDEs), order, general and particular solutions, initial value prob-
lems (IVPs). Give examples.

2. What is a linear ODE ? Why is it easier to solve than a nonlinear ODE ?

3. Does every first-order ODE have a solution ? A solution formula ?


Give examples.

4. Can an ODE sometimes be solved by several methods? Give three


examples.

5. Find an ODE for the straight lines through the origin.

6. Verify that the given function is a solution of corresponding differ-


ential equation. (a, b are arbitrary constants.)

(i) y = a cos πx + b sin πx, y ′′ + π 2 y = 0


(ii) y = 5e−2x Z x
+ 2x2 + 2x + 1, y ′ + 2y = 4(x + 1)2
2 2
(iii) y = ex e−t dt, y ′ = 2xy + 1
0
(iv) y = − sin x + ax2 + bx + c, y ′′′ = cos x
(v) x2 + y 2 = 1, x + yy ′ = 0

7. Obtain the general solution (or particular solution) of the following


differential

1
equations.

(i) y (3) = e−0.2x


(ii) y ′ = 2 sec 2y
dr
(iii) = −2tr; r(0) = r0
dt
(iv) x′ = cos(x + y)√
(v) x dy − y dx = x x!2 + y 2 dx ; y(1) = 1
y y
(vi) y ′ = + x sin
x x
8. Solve the following linear/ nonlinear differential equations :

dy
(i) x(1 − x2 ) + (2x2 − 1) y = x3
dx
(ii) e−y 2
sec y dy = dx + x dy
dy
(iii) = x3 y 3 − xy
dx
9. Apply the given operator to the given function (show all the steps
in detail) :
x x x
(i) 8D2 + 2D − I; cosh , sinh , e 2
2 2
(ii) (D + 5I)(D − I); e−3x sin x, e3x , x2
(iii) (D − 4I)(D + 3I); x3 − x2 , sin 4x, e−3x

10. Check whether the following functions are linearly independent or


dependent on the given interval ?
1 x
!
2 −x
(i) x , 2 , 0 ; (x ≥ 0) (ii) e , cos , 0; (−1 ≤ x ≤ 1)
x 2
(iii) x2 , ln x2 ; (x > 1) (iv) cosh 2x, sinh 2x, e2x ; (x ≥ 0)

(v) x2 , x|x|; [−1, 1] (vi) x2 , x|x|; (0, ∞)

11. Find linear ODE for which the following functions are linearly

2
independent solutions :

(i) 1, e−2x (ii) cos 5x, sin 5x (iii) x2 , x3 (iv) ex , xex (v) x, x ln x
(vi) 1, x, cos 2x, sin 2x (vii) ex , xex , cos x, sin x, x cos x, x sin x
(viii) e−(s+it)x , e−(s−it)x (ix) ex , e−x , e2x (x) e−kx cos πx, e−kx sin πx

12. What is the superposition or linearity principle ? For what nth -order
ODEs does it hold ?

13. Reduce to first order and solve, showing each step in detail :

(i) y ′′ + (y ′ )3 sin y = 0
(ii) 2xy ′′ = 3y ′

14. Find the curve through the origin in the xy− plane which satisfies
y ′′ = 2y ′ and whose tangent at the origin has slope 1.

15. If the roots of the auxillary equation of second order homogeneous


linear ODE y ′′ + by ′ + cy = 0 are real and equal then find the first solution,
and the second solution using the method of reduction of order, and hence
write the basis.

16. Using reduction of order, find a second linearly independent solution


cos x
y2 (x) of the xy ′′ + 2y ′ + xy = 0 by , if y1 (x) = is one solution.
x
17. Show that x and x ln x are linearly independent solutions of
x2 y ′′ − xy ′ + y = 0. Hence solve the IVP y(1) = 1; y ′ (1) = 2

18. Verify that e−4x , xe−4x , x2 e−4x are linearly independent solutions of
y ′′′ + 12y ′′ + 48y ′ + 64y = 0.

19. Solve the following :

(i) y ′′ + πy = 0; y(0) = 3, y ′ (0) = −π

3
(ii) (D4 + k 4 ) y = 0
(iii) y ′′ + 4y ′ + (π 2 + 4)y = 0
(iv) 4y ′′ − 4y ′ − 3y = 0
(v) y ′′ + 2k 2 y ′ + k 4 y = 0
(vi) y ′′ − 2y ′ − 3y = 0; y(−1) = e, y ′ (−1) = −e/4
(vii) (D3 − D2 − D + I)y = 0
(viii) y (4) − 9y (2) − 400y = 0; y(0) = 3.4, y ′ (0) = 0, y ′′ (0) = 2.5,
y ′′′ (0) = 3.5
(ix) (D2 + 3D + 2.5I)y = 0
(x) 9y ′′ − 30y ′ + 25y = 0; y(0) = 3.3, y ′ (0) = 10
(xi) (x2 D2 − xD + 5I)y = 0
(xii) (9x2 D2 + 3xD + I)y = 0
(xiii) (D + 2I)2 y = 0
(xiv) (D3 − 3D2 + 9D − 27I)y = 0
(xv) x2 y ′′ − xy ′ + 2y = 0
(xvi) x2 y ′′ + 3xy ′ + y = 0
(xvii) (10 x2 D2 − 20 x D + 22.4I)y = 0
d 1 2
!
(xviii) + y=0
dx x

♢♢♢♢♢♢♢♢♢

Without mathematics, there’s nothing you can do. Everything


around you is mathematics. Everything around you is numbers.
- Shakuntala Devi

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