CS10003:

Programming & Data Structures

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Autumn 2020
Iterations and
Loops
Loops

Group of statements that are executed

repeatedly while some condition remains true

Each execution of the group of statements is

called an iteration of the loop
The Essentials of Repetition
Loop
Group of instructions computer executes repeatedly while
some condition remains true

Counter-controlled repetition
Definite repetition - know how many times loop will execute
Control variable used to count repetitions

Sentinel-controlled repetition
Indefinite repetition
Used when number of repetitions not known
Sentinel value indicates "end of data"
Example
counter ← 1, sum ← 0

false
counter < 6
Read 5 integers true
and display the input n
their sum
sum ← sum + n

counter = counter + 1

output sum
Example

Given an exam marks as input, display the

appropriate message based on the rules below:

 If marks is greater than 49, display “PASS”,

otherwise display “FAIL”

 However, for input outside the 0-100 range,

display “WRONG INPUT” and prompt the user to
input again until a valid input is entered
 input m
false
m<0 || m>100
true

“WRONG INPUT”

input m

true
m>49 “PASS”
false

“FAIL”
 input m
false
m<0 || m>100
true

“WRONG INPUT”

input m

true
m>49 “PASS”
false

“FAIL”
Looping: while statement
while (expression)
statement;

while (expression) {
Block of statements;
}
The condition to be tested is any expression enclosed in parentheses. The
expression is evaluated, and if its value is non-zero, the statement is
executed. Then the expression is evaluated again and the same thing
repeats. The loop terminates when the expression evaluates to 0.
Looping: while statement

while (expression)
False
statement; expression

True
while (expression) {
statement
Block of statements; (loop body)
}
 Looping: while statement

while (expression)
False
statement; expression

True
while (expression) {
statement
Block of statements; (loop body)
}
The condition to be tested is any expression enclosed in parentheses. The
expression is evaluated, and if its value is non-zero, the statement is
executed. Then the expression is evaluated again and the same thing
repeats. The loop terminates when the expression evaluates to 0.
Example

int i = 1, n;
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while (i <= n) {
printf (“Line no : %d\n”,i);
i = i + 1;
}
Example
int weight;
scanf(“%d”, &weight);
while ( weight > 65 ) {
printf ("Go, exercise, ");
printf ("then come back. \n");
printf ("Enter your weight: ");
scanf ("%d", &weight);
}
Sum of first N natural numbers
int main() {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count;
count = count + 1;
}
printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
return 0;
}
SUM = 12 + 22 + 32 + …+ N2

int main() {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (“%d”, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count  count;
count = count + 1;
}
printf (“Sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
return 0;
}
Compute GCD of two numbers
int main() { 12 ) 45 ( 3
int A, B, temp; 36
scanf (“%d %d”, &A, &B); 9 ) 12 ( 1
if (A > B) {
9
temp = A; A = B; B = temp;
3 ) 9 ( 3
}
9
while ((B % A) != 0) {
temp = B % A; 0

B = A;
A = temp; Initial: A=12, B=45
} Iteration 1: temp=9, B=12,A=9
Iteration 2: temp=3, B=9, A=3
printf (“The GCD is %d”, A);
B % A = 0  GCD is 3
return 0;
}
Double your money
Suppose your Rs 10000 is earning interest at 1%
per month. How many months until you double
your money ?

int main() {
double my_money = 10000.0;
int n=0;
while (my_money < 20000.0) {
my_money = my_money * 1.01;
n++;
}
printf (“My money will double in %d months.\n”,n);
return 0;
}
Maximum of positive Numbers
int main() {
double max = 0.0, next;
printf (“Enter positive numbers, end with 0 or a
negative number\n”);
scanf(“%lf”, &next);
while (next > 0) {
if (next > max) max = next;
scanf(“%lf”, &next);
}
printf (“The maximum number is %lf\n”, max) ;
return 0;
}
Find the sum of digits of a number
int main()
{
int n, sum=0;
scanf (“%d”, &n);
while (n != 0) {
sum = sum + (n % 10);
n = n / 10;
}
printf (“The sum of digits of the number is %d \n”, sum);
return 0;
} digit-sum.c
Thank You!