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Maths GR 11 Functions and Graphs Theory

Covers functions and graphs and all gives summary

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mathapelomokalapa7
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24 views

Maths GR 11 Functions and Graphs Theory

Covers functions and graphs and all gives summary

Uploaded by

mathapelomokalapa7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS

GRADE 11
Functions and graphs
Theory
Compiled by:
Sarel van Greunen
Definition:
A relation is when a variable gets related to another variable by use Notes
of any formulae or equation, i.e. x gets related to y. How y reacts to
x gives us the different graphs.

There are 8 different graphs you have to be able to analyse,


interpret and sketch:
• Straight line
• Parabola
• Cubic
• Hyperbola
• Exponential
• Sine
• Cosine
• Tangent

There are certain questions, which you must be able to answer for
all 9 graphs:

1. 𝒙-intercept:
o Let 𝑦 = 0.

2. y-intercept:
o Let 𝑥 = 0.

3. Definition/Domain:
o All 𝑥-values for which the function is defined.

4. Range
o All y-values for which the function is defined.

5. Intersection between graphs:


o Set the y-values equal to each other or
o Use substitution to solve simultaneously.

Specific graphs and their unique questions


• Straight lines will be handled during analytical
geometry

Mathematics – Grade 11 Functions and Graphs All Rights Reserved.


• Parabola
Equation: Notes
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)! + 𝑞 with (p;q) as stationary point;
OR
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Form of graph
𝑎>0 𝑎<0

o The stationary point can be calculated either by


𝒃
calculating the axis of symmetry 𝒙 = − 𝟐𝒂;
then substituting the 𝑥-value into the original
equation.

o Finding equation: To find the equation depends on


what has been given to you. It will always be given
either:
§ Turning point(p;q): 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)! + 𝑞
§ 2 𝒙-intercepts(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 ): 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥& )(𝑥 − 𝑥! )

Hyperbola
o Equation:
𝑎
𝑦= +𝑞
𝑥−𝑝
Form of graph
𝑎>0 𝑎<0

o Equations of asymptotes:
§ Horizontal 𝑦 = 𝑞; and
§ Vertical 𝑥 = 𝑝

o A very important thing to remember is that


hyperbolas are symmetrical.
o Hyperbolas have 2 axes of symmetry: Notes
§ One with positive gradient: 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑝 + 𝑞
§ One with negative gradient: 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑝 + 𝑞

• Exponential
o Equation:
𝑦 = 𝑏. 𝑎 '() + 𝑞

o Equation of asymptote:
§ Horizontal 𝑦 = 𝑞
Form of graph
𝑏>0 𝑏<0

𝑎>1 0<𝑎<1
Graph goes away from Graph goes towards
the asymptote asymptote

If 𝑏 > 0 If 𝑏 > 0

If 𝑏 < 0 If 𝑏 < 0

o The p-value is the number of units the graph has


been moved left or right
o The q-value is the number of units the graph has
been moved up or down.
• Trigonometrical graphs
o The standard sine and cosine graphs are very
similar:
§ Period= 360˚ and Amplitude=1
Notes
Standard sine graph:

Standard cosine graph:

o The standard tangent is a strange graph


§ Period= 180˚ and Amplitude=∞
§ Asymptotes of standard tangent graph at 𝑥 =
90˚ + 𝑘. 180°; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

•
o There are several alterations you are going to be
asked

1. Period: 𝑦 = sin 𝑎𝑥;𝑦 = cos 𝑎𝑥 or 𝑦 = tan 𝑎𝑥 then


the new period is:
𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 ÷ 𝒂

2. Amplitude: 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝑥 then the new amplitude


is b, if b is positive. If b is negative then we make b positive and
that will be the new amplitude.

3. Move of graph:
a. Left y = cos( x + 30 ! ) moved graph left by 30 !
b. Right y = sin( x - 40 ! ) moved graph right by 40 !
c. Up y = tan x + 2 moved graph up by 2 units
d. Down y = sin x - 1 moved graph down by 1 unit

4. Very important in sketching the graph is finding the Critical


points by dividing the period by 4. This gives you the interval
between “special” happenings on the graph.

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