Introduction To Java Programming Language

(Elective-1)

Lecture 2
 Today’s Agenda

Moving Ahead with JAVA

• Editions Of Java

• Difference Between JDK,JRE and JVM

• Downloading and Installing JDK

• Writing First Java Application

• Complete Explanation Of First Application

 Editions/Flavours Of Java

• When java was originally released in 1996, it was just

java and no such thing as “editions” was there.

• But as use of java increased , then in 1999 SUN

categorized it into 3 editions called J2SE,J2EE and
J2ME .

• Later on in 2006 they changed the naming and called

them as JSE,JEE and JME.

• These editions were named based on the kind of

application which can be developed by learning that
edition.
 JSE(Java Standard Edition)

• This is the most basic version of java and it provides us

core concepts of java language like the basic types and
objects as well as high-level classes that are used for
networking, security, database access, graphical user
interface (GUI) development etc.

• Since it teaches us core concepts of java that is why

many people call it CORE JAVA , although SUN never
gave this name.

• Used for developing desktop applications like

calculators, media player, chat applications etc
 JEE(Java Enterprise Edition)

• The Java EE which stands for Java Enterprise Edition

is built on top of the Java SE platform and is a
collection of libraries used for building "enterprise
applications" (usually web applications).

• In simple terms we can say JEE is used for developing

applications which run on servers.

• Some popular applications developed using JEE are

amazon.in,alibaba.com,irctc.co.in,ideacellular.com,airt
el.in etc
 JME(Java Micro Edition)

• Java ME is the slimmer version of Java targeted

towards small devices such as mobile phones.

• Generally people tend to think of the micro edition as

the mobile edition, in reality, the micro edition is used
not just for mobile phones, but for all kinds of devices,
such as television sets, printers, smartcards and more.

• But as smartphone technology arrived the use of JME

has reduced as Android has superseded it.
Java Editions
 JDK v/s JRE v/s JVM

• Understanding difference between JDK,JRE and JVM

is very very important in java for interviews

• JDK: Java Development kit

• JRE: Java Runtime Environment

• JVM: Java Virtual Machine

 What Is JVM ?

• JVM is an abstract machine that can execute

precompiled java programs.

• In simple terms it is the code execution component of

java

• It is designed for each platform(OS+CPU) supported by

java and this means that every platform will have a
different version of JVM
 QUIZ

• Why JVM is called a virtual machine ?

JVM is called virtual machine because it is a software layer but it

behaves as if it is a complete machine(platform). That is all the
tasks which are done by a machine while running a program
in other languages like C , are actually done by JVM in java.

For example: Starting the execution by calling main( ),

Allocating Memory for the program,Memory cleanup etc
 What JVM Contains?

• Apart from garbage collector and other important tools ,

the JVM contains 2 translators:

• Interpreter

• JITC (Just In Time Compiler)

 Interpreter V/s JITC

• Originally java only had an interpreter which simply

converted bytecode to machine language and sends it
for execution to the computer.

• As we know interpreters convert line by line, so the java

interpreter converts one line of bytecode to machine
language and sends it for execution to the computer.

• Then it repeats the same process for line 2

 Is there a problem in this approach?

• Yes,
because if an instruction needs to be executed 100
times (for example inside a loop) then the interpreter
needs to convert it 100 times.

• For example: a=10;

a=10; loop(i<=100)
print a; {
print a;
}

In the second example the interpreter will have to convert the

statement print a; 100 times since it is running inside a loop
 Solution is JITC !

• To solve this problem the developers at SUN came up with a new

idea.

• They thought if a statement has to be executed multiple times then

why not save the converted code in computer’s memory and then
next time just execute it without converting it.

• That is in the previous code , the statement print a; which is inside

the loop would be converted only once and saved in computer’s
memory and remaining 99 times it is just executed !.

• This is called JITC(Just In Time Compiler) and the statements

which have to be executed multiple times are called HotSpots and
thus SUN’s JVM is also called HotSpot JVM
 QUIZ

• Are java compiler and JITC same?

No , not at all.

The java compiler converts source code to bytecode and is not a

part of JVM , rather it comes with JDK.

The JITC lives inside the JVM and converts bytecode to machine
understandable form
 What Is JRE ?

• JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment

• It contains a JVM along with java classes/packages and

set of runtime libraries.

• So the JVM , while running a java program uses the

classes and other libraries supplied by JRE.

• If we do not want to write a java program , and we just

want to run it then we only need a JRE
 What Is JDK ?

• JDK stands for Java Development Kit and is a

bundle of software that we can use to develop Java
based applications.

• It includes the JRE, set of library classes, Java

compiler,jar and additional files needed to write Java
applications.
JDK,JRE and JVM
 QUIZ

• Can I compile a java application if I have a JRE

?

• Yes

• No

• JRE can only be used to run a Java application .

It doesn’t contain the javac tool which is used
for compilation
 Downloading JDK

 STEP 1: Go to
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/do
wnloads/index.html
 Step 2 : Accept The License

Click this radio button

Step 3 : Choose your version
 Step 4:

Choose Windows x86 if you are using Windows 32 bit

and Windows x64 if you are using Windows 64 bit.

This version compatibility is very important for further

other installations which you might need like web server
installation, Eclipse IDE installation etc
 Installing JDK

 Step 5:

Now double click on the setup file which you have

downloaded .

The name of the file would be jdk-8-u66-windows-x64.exe

or jdk-8-u66-windows-i586.exe .

Just keep clicking next option and finally the setup will
run and java would be installed on it’s default path
which is c:\program files\java
 Verifying Installation

 Go to the specified path, where you install your java.

 There you will see a java folder

 Inside the java folder you will see two folders, one is
would be jdk1.8.0_XX and other is for jre
Go to start type cmd and open it by double click on
it and go to javas bin folder and type java –version
as shown below:-
 Developing Java Programs

Java Program Development

➢Using Notepad ➢Using an IDE like

Typing the code in Netbeans/Eclipse etc
notepad and running it
through command This approach should be used
prompt. This approach is after we have understood the
basic working of java . Because
good for beginners for
as an IDE hides all the basic
learning each step steps which are very important
thoroughly to understand
 Developing Java Programs
Using Notepad

• Developing and running a program requires three

main steps:

• Writing the source code

• Compiling the code

(Conversion from source code to bytecode)

• Executing the code

(Interpretation of the bytecode)
 Step 1-Writing the Source Code

• Select notepad.exe from the list shown in pop

up menu of run command.

• Right click and choose “run as administrator”

option.

• Now type the code given in next slide

 Step 1-Writing the Source Code

class Test
{
public static void main(String [ ]args)
{
System.out.println(“Hello User”);
}
}
 Understanding The Program

First of all we must remember that java is a highly case sensitive

language.

It means that we have to be very careful about uppercase and

lowercase letters while typing the code.

For example, in the previous code three letters are compulsorily

in uppercase and they are
“T” of Test ,
“S” of String and
“S” of System.

This is because in java class names begin with upper case

 Understanding The Program

The first statement of our code is:

class Test

Since java is an Object Oriented Language and it

strictly supports Encapsulation so every java
program must always contain at-least one class and
whatever we write must appear within the opening and
closing braces of the class
 Understanding The Program

The second statement is

public static void main(String [ ] args)

In java also(like C/C++) the entry point of

execution of our program is the method main( ) which is called
by the JVM
The words shown in blue are keywords and each has a
different meaning and purpose for the method
main( ).

Lets understand each of them in detail

 Why main( ) is public ?

 “public” is an access modifier and in Object Oriented

Programming any method or variable which is
declared public can be accessible from outside of that
class.

 Since main( ) method is public in Java, JVM can

easily access and execute it.
 Why main( ) is static ?

 Every class can have two kinds of methods ,

nonstatic and static.

 A method which is nonstatic can only be called using

object of that class , while a static method can be
called without any object , simply using class name.

 When the JVM makes are call to the main( )

method there is not object existing for the class being
called therefore it has to have static method to allow
invocation from class.
Why main( ) has return type void ?

 The keyword void is called return type which

indicates that no value will be returned by the
method to it’s caller.

 Since main() method in Java is not supposed to

return any value to the JVM, its made void which
simply means main() is not returning anything.
 Can we change/remove the keywords used
with main () ?

 No , not at all.

 This is because main( ) is called by JVM and to allow

JVM to successfully call main( ) these keywords are
important.

 If we forget to write these keywords then although the

code will compile but will fail to run.

 All we can do is change the order of public and static but

we can’t drop them
 What is String [ ] args ?

 String is a predefined class in java

 So the statement String [ ] args is declaring args to be an

array of Strings.

 It is called command line argument and we will discuss it

later.

 For now, just remember that the statement String[ ] args

has to be present with main( ) otherwise code will not
run
 Can we change/drop String [ ] args ?

 No , just like keywords used with main are compulsorily ,

similarly String [ ] args is also compulsory.

 All we can do is change the name from args to something

else.

 Also we can interchange the array name and [ ] .

 For example: String args[ ], String [ ] args,

String [ ]str,String str[ ] all are valid
 Understanding System.out.println( )

 Now let’s understand code in the body of the

main( ) method, which will print a message on the
console.
Syntax:
System.out.println(“ message ”);

 System is a predefined class .

 out is an object reference (not object).
 println( ) is a method.
 Together all three are used for displaying text on console.
 We will discuss this part in detail once we have covered
basics of java
 QUIZ

• Does every method has to be public , static and

void ?

• Yes

• No

No , it is not a compulsion. This is only with the

main() method that we have to make it
public,static and void . All other methods have
declarations as decided by the programmer
 QUIZ

• Will a java program compile without main( )?

• Yes

• No

Yes, because main( ) is not needed for

compilation . But is used for execution of the
code. So we can compile a java program
without main , but we cannot run it.
 QUIZ

• What of the following are correct declarations

of main( ) for java compiler?

A. public static void main(String [ ] args)

B. static public void main(String [ ] args)
C. public static int main(String [ ] args)
D. public static void main(String args)
E. public static void main(String args[ ])
F. public static void main(String x)
G. static public void main(String [ ] x)

Answer: All are correct

 QUIZ

• What of the following are correct declarations

of main( ) for JVM?

A. public static void main(String [ ] args)

B. static public void main(String [ ] args)
C. public static int main(String [ ] args)
D. public static void main(String args)
E. public static void main(String args[ ])
F. public static void main(String x)
G. static public void main(String [ ] x)

Answer: A,B,E,G
End Of Lecture 2