Introduction To Java Programming Language

(Elective-1)

Lecture 1
 Today’s Agenda

An Introduction to JAVA

• Necessity Of Programming

• What Is Java ?

• Important Features

• History Of Java

• Where Java stands today ?

• Java Ecosystem
 Why Do We Need Programming ?

• To communicate with digital machines and make them

work accordingly

• Today in the programming world , we have more than

750 languages available.

• And every language is designed to fulfill a particular

kind of requirement
 Brief History Of Prog. Lang

 C language was primarily designed to develop “System

Softwares” like Operating Systems, Device Drivers etc .

 To remove security problems with “C” language , C++ language

was designed.

 It is an Object Oriented Language which provides data security

and can be used to solve real world problems.

 Many popular softwares like Adobe Acrobat , Winamp Media

Player,Internet Explorer,Mozilla Firefox etc were designed in
C++
Courtsey:http://www.stroustrup.com/applications.html
 What is JAVA???...

 JAVA is a Technology(not only a programming

language) to develop Object oriented and
Platform Independent applications.

 Platform Independence

 Technology
 Platform Independence

 PLATFORM
 A Platform is an environment in which a program runs.
 In simple terms it is combination of Operating system
and Processor.

Platform Operating
System Processor

 Example:- Windows+Intel(i5), Ubuntu+AMD

How many physical machines are there in
the figure ? Answer:
12 Physical
Machines

Windows Windows(32
Mac Linux
(32 bit) bit)

Windows (64
Linux Mac Linux
bit)

Windows(3 Windows (64 Linux

Mac bit)
2 bit)
How many platforms are there in the figure ?
Answer:
Only 4

Windows Windows(32
Mac Linux
(32 bit) bit)

Windows (64
Linux Mac Linux
bit)

Windows(3 Windows (64 Linux

Mac bit)
2 bit)
 What makes it platform
Independent?
 Program Execution in C/C++

Source Code

Compiler

Machine
Code Windows Linux
 Program Execution in JAVA

Source Code

Compiler

Byte Code
JVM JVM JVM
MacOS
Windows Ubuntu
 QUIZ 3

 What does JVM(Java Virtual Machine) do?

❑ Compiles the Java Source Code

❑ Generates bytecode

❑ Converts bytecode to underlying machine’s instruction set.

❑ Checks for error

 QUIZ 4

 Java Compiler for every platform is different

❑ True

❑ False
 QUIZ 5

 The JVM for every platform is different

❑ True

❑ False
 Important Features

 Platform Independent

 Automatic Memory Management

 Secure

 Robust

 Simple

 Multithreaded

 Distributed
 Important Features

 Platform Independent
A platform is the environment in which an application
runs.

In other words it is the combination of an OS and a CPU.

For example:
Windows 8+Intel - Core i5 (is a diff. platform)
Linux + AMD -A6(is another diff platform)
Mac + Intel -Core i3(is yet another diff
platform)
 Important Features

 Now being platform independent means that an

application developed and compiled over one
platform can be executed over any other platform
without any change in the code.

 And , Java has this capability using the concept of

“bytecode” and “JVM”
 Important Features

 Whenever we compile a java program , the compiler never

generates machine code.

 Rather it gnerates a machine independent code called the

“bytecode”.

 This bytecode is not directly understandable by the

platform(OS & CPU).

 So another special layer of software is required to convert

these bytecode instructions to machine dependent form
 Important Features

 This special layer is the JVM , that converts the

bytecode to underlying machine instruction set and
runs it.
 Important Features

class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
} Java Program
}

Compiler

Interpreter Interpreter Interpreter

Hello
Hello Hello
World!
World! World!

Win32 Solaris MacOS 19

 Important Features

 Thus any such platform for which a JVM is available

can be used to execute a Java application irrespective
of where it has been compiled.

 This is how java makes itself “Platform Independent”

and it also truly justifies java’s slogan of
“WORA”(Write Once Run Anywhere)
 Important Features

 Automatic Memory Management

In languages like C and C++ any dynamic memory

which the programmer allocates using malloc( ) or
new has to be deallocated by himself using free( ) or
delete

But Java uses runtime automatic garbage collection

feature where the JVM itself deallocates any dynamic
memory which our program allocated.
 Important Features

 Secure

Java does not use pointers explicitly.

Moreover all the programs in java are run under an

area known as the sand box.

This sandbox uses a bytecode verification process to

ensure that code loaded does not violate Java security
constraints.
Important Features
 Important Features

 Robust

Java has very strict rules which every program must

compulsorily follow and if these rules are
violated then JVM kills/terminates the code by
generating “Exception”
 Important Features

To understand java’s robustness , guess the output of

the following C/C++ code:

int arr[5];
int i;
for(i=0;i<=9;i++)
{
arr[i]=i+1; // Unpredictable, after i is 5
}
 Important Features

 The previous code might show uncertain behaviour in

C/C++ i.e. if memory is available after arr[4] , then the
code will run , otherwise it will generate error at runtime.

 On the other hand if in java this code is executed, the JVM

will kill the application as soon as it finds the statement
arr[5]=. . .

 Reason is that in java we are not allowed to

access any array beyond it’s upper/lower index
 Important Features

 Simple

Java borrows most of it’s syntax from C/C++ languages.

Moreover it has inherited best points from these
languages and dropped others.

Like it has removed pointers, multiple inheritance etc as

developers of java language found these features to
be security threat and confusing.

Thus if we have basic understanding

of C/C++ languages it is very easy to learn Java
 Important Features

 Object Oriented

Java supports all important concepts of OOPs, like

Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
 Important Features

 Multithreaded

Multithreading means concurrent execution.

In simple terms it means that we can execute more than one

part of the same program parallelly/simultaneously.
 QUIZ 6

 Can we say that if we are surfing the internet using

our browser and at the same time we are listening to
song in winamp, the it is multithreading ?

❑ True

❑ False

It is mutlitasking not multithreading

 Important Features

 To understand this feature consider the code given below:

main()
{
clrscr();
factorial(5);
prime(8);
evenodd(4);
}
.
.
.
 Important Features

 In the previous sample code all 4 functions

clrscr(),factorial(),prime() and evenodd() are independent
of each other but still they will run sequentially i.e. one
after the other.

 This can be improved in java by using multithreading

feature so that each one of these functions can run
together.

 Benefits: Reduced execution time , full utilization of CPU

 Important Features

 Some practical examples where multithreading is used

are:

 We can open multiple tabs in the same browser window

 When we use a media player to listen to a song , then there

are multiple activities which take place parallely like
moving of a slider, elapsed time being shown, volume
adjustment , ability to add or remove songs from the
playlist , playing of the song etc
 Important Features

 Distributed

Distributed programming a program uses more than

one computer.

That is, different parts of the same program run on

different computers and communicate over a network.
 Important Features

 In Java, this is made possible by a technique called

RMI(Remote Method Invocation)

 RMI allows a method that is running on one

computer to call a method in an object that is on
another computer.

 Benefits: Programmers working on same project may

be required to be physically present at the same
location
 Important Features

 Benefits: Programmers working on same project may

be required to be physically present at the same
location
 History

 Developed By: James Gosling

 Company Name: Sun Microsystems,

now known as Oracle Sun.

 Original Name: Oak.

James Gosling
 First release: 23rd January 1996 and called
JDK(Java Development kit) 1.0
 Latest version : JDK 22 released on March, 19th
2024
 Where Java Stands Today ?

https://softjourn.com/insights/is-java-still-used
 Where Java Stands Today ?

 Do you know how many devices use Java ?

 3 Billion devices run Java as per Oracle. (1 Billion=

100Crores)
 1 Billion Java downloads per year.
JAVA Ecosystem
End Of Lecture 1