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Week 10 Lecture 28-30 (31-12-2020)

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9 views

Week 10 Lecture 28-30 (31-12-2020)

Uploaded by

hasibkk33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Periodic Motion

The Simple Harmonic Motion

Dr. Khush Bakhat Shamraiz


Goals
• To describe oscillations in terms of amplitude, period,
frequency and angular frequency
• To do calculations with simple harmonic motion
• To analyze simple harmonic motion using energy
• To apply the ideas of simple harmonic motion to
different physical situations
• To analyze the motion of a simple pendulum
• To examine the characteristics of a physical pendulum
• To explore how oscillations die out
• To learn how a driving force can cause resonance
Introduction
• Why do dogs walk faster than humans? Does it have
anything to do with the characteristics of their legs?
• Many kinds of motion (such as a pendulum, musical
vibrations, and pistons in car engines) repeat themselves. We
call such behavior periodic motion or oscillation.
What causes periodic motion?
• If a body attached to a
spring is displaced from
its equilibrium position,
the spring exerts a
restoring force on it,
which tends to restore the
object to the equilibrium
position. This force
causes oscillation of the
system, or periodic
motion.
• Figure 14.2 at the right
illustrates the restoring
force Fx.
The amplitude, A, is the maximum magnitude of
displacement from equilibrium.

The period, T, is the time for one cycle.

Characteristics The frequency, f, is the number of cycles per unit time.

of periodic
The angular frequency, , is 2π times the frequency: 
motion = 2πf.

The frequency and period are reciprocals of each


other: f = 1/T and T = 1/f.

Follow Example 14.1.


Application Wing Frequencies
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus
colubris) normally flaps its wings at about 50
Hz, producing the characteristic sound that
gives hummingbirds their name. Insects can
flap their wings at even faster rates, from
330 Hz for a house fly and 600 Hz for a
mosquito to an amazing 1040 Hz for the tiny

biting midge
Example: Ultrasonic Transducer
An ultrasonic transducer used for medical diagnosis oscillates at 6.7 M
Hz. How long does each oscillation take, and what is the angular
frequency?
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
• When the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from
equilibrium, the resulting motion is called simple harmonic motion (SHM).
• An ideal spring obeys Hooke’s law, so the restoring force is Fx = –kx, which
results in simple harmonic motion.
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
• Simple harmonic motion is the projection of
uniform circular motion onto a diameter, as
illustrated in Figure 14.5 below.
Simple
harmonic
motion
viewed as a
projection
Characteristics of SHM
• For a body vibrating by an ideal spring:
= m
k f= = 1 m
k T = 1 = 2 = 2 m
2 2 f  k

• Follow Example 14.2 and Figure 14.8 below.


Example: Spring mounted horizontally
A spring is mounted horizontally, with its left end fixed. A spring
balance attached to the free end and pulled toward the right
(Fig. 14.8a) indicates that the stretching force is proportional to the
displacement, and a force of 6.0 N causes a displacement of 0.030 m.
We replace the spring balance with a 0.50-kg glider, pull it 0.020 m
to the right along a frictionless air track, and release it from rest
(Fig. 14.8b).
(a) Find the force constant k of the spring.
(b) Find the angular frequency frequency ƒ, and period T of the

resulting oscillation.
Solution:
Displacement as a function of time in SHM

• The displacement as a
function of time for SHM
with phase angle  is
• x = A cos(t + )
Displacement as a function • Changing m, A, or k changes the
of time in SHM graph of x versus t, as shown
below.
Graphs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration

• The graph shows the


effect of different
phase angles.
Graphs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration

• The graphs below


show x, vx, and ax
for  = π/3.
Behavior of vx and ax
during one cycle
• Figure 14.13 at the right shows how vx and ax vary
during one cycle.
• Refer to Problem-Solving Strategy 14.1.
• Follow Example 14.3.
Energy in
SHM

• The total mechanical energy E = K + U is conserved in


SHM:
• E = 1/2 mvx2 + 1/2 kx2 = 1/2 kA2 = constant
• Figure 14.15 below shows energy diagrams for SHM.
• Refer to Problem-Solving Strategy 14.2.
• Follow Example 14.4.

Energy
diagrams for
SHM
Energy and
momentum in SHM

Follow Example 14.5 using Figure 14.16.


Vertical SHM
• If a body oscillates vertically from a spring, the
restoring force has magnitude kx. Therefore the vertical
motion is SHM.
• Follow Example 14.6.
Angular SHM
• A coil spring (see Figure 14.19 below) exerts a restoring torque
z = –, where  is called the torsion constant of the spring.
• The result is angular simple harmonic motion.
Vibrations of molecules
• Figure 14.20 shows two atoms having centers a distance r apart,
with the equilibrium point at r = R0.
• If they are displaced a small distance x from equilibrium, the
restoring force is Fr = –(72U0/R02)x, so k = 72U0/R02 and the
motion is SHM.
• Follow Example 14.7.
The simple pendulum
• A simple pendulum
consists of a point mass
(the bob) suspended by a
massless, unstretchable
string.
• If the pendulum swings
with a small amplitude 
with the vertical, its
motion is simple
harmonic. (See Figure
14.21 at the right.)
• Follow Example 14.8.
The physical pendulum
• A physical pendulum is
any real pendulum that
uses an extended body
instead of a point-mass
bob.
• For small amplitudes, its
motion is simple harmonic.
(See Figure 14.23 at the
right.)
• Follow Example 14.9.
Tyrannosaurus rex and the physical pendulum
• We can model the leg of Tyrannosaurus rex as a physical
pendulum.
• Follow Example 14.10 using Figure 14.24 below.
Forced oscillations and resonance
• A forced oscillation occurs if a driving force acts on an oscillator.
• Resonance occurs if the frequency of the driving force is near the
natural frequency of the system. (See Figure 14.28 below.)

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