MECDEF 205 - Mechanics of Deformable Bodies C.

Simple Stress
One of the basic problems facing the engineer is to
2ND SEM. A.Y. 2021 – 2022
select the proper material and proportion it to enable a
I. SIMPLE STRESS
structure or machine to perform its function efficiently. It is
A. Introduction
essential to determine the strength, stiffness and other
The fundamental areas of engineering mechanics
properties of materials.
are statics, dynamics and mechanics of materials. External forces acting on a body Free-body diagram for determining the
internal force system acting on section 1
Consider two bars of equal lengths but different
Statics and dynamics are devoted mainly to study the
materials, suspended from a common support. Which bar is
external effects of forces on rigid bodies, that is, bodies, for
stronger? If bar 1 has a cross sectional area of 10 mm2 and
which the change in shape (deformations) can be neglected.
bar 2 has 1000 mm2, which bar is stronger?
In contrast, mechanics of materials (mechanics of
deformable bodies or strength of materials) deals with the
relations between externally applied loads and their internal
effects on bodies. Moreover, the bodies are no longer
assumed rigid; deformations, however small, are of major
interest.
Resolving the internal forces R into Resolving the internal forces CR into
axial force P and shear force V torque T and bending moment M.
B. Analysis of Internal Forces
Consider a body of arbitrary shape acted upon by Axial force. This component measures the pulling (or
forces. Investigation of the internal distribution of the forces pushing) action perpendicular to the section. A pull
is done by passing as expoloratory section through the represents tensile force that tends to elongate the member, The unit strength of a material is usually defined as
body and exposing the internal forces acting on the whereas a push is a compressive force that tends shorten it. the stress in the material. Stress is expressed symbolically
exploratory section that are necessary to maintain It is often denoted by P. as
equilibrium. In general, the internal forces reduce to a force Shear force. These are components of the total resistance P

and a couple that, for convenience, are resolved into to sliding the portion to one side of the exploratory section A
components that are normal and tangent to the section. past the other. The resultant shear is designated by V. where σ (sigma) is the stress or force per unit area, P is the
Torque. This component measures the resistance to applied force, and A is the cross-sectional area.
twisting the member and is commonly given the symbol T. Dividing the load by the area does not give the
Bending moments. These components measure the stress at all points in the cross-sectional area; it merely
resistance to bending the member about an axis determines the average stress. A more precise definition of
perpendicular to the axis of the body and are often denoted stress is obtained by dividing the differential load dP by the
by M. differential area dA over which it acts:

dP

dA
There is a condition under which the stress is
constant or uniform at all points of the cross section and this
is known as simple stress. This stress distribution can exist
only if the resultant of the applied loads passes through the
centroid of the cross section.

Deformations produced by the components of internal forces and couples.

 D. Axially Loaded Members – Axial Stresses Sample Problem 5. Each of the four vertical links has an 8 × 36
mm uniform rectangular cross section and each of the four
Sample Problem 1. The bar ABCD as shown in the figure pins has a 16-mm diameter. Determine the maximum value
consists of three cylindrical steel segments with different of the average normal stress in the links connecting (a)
lengths and cross-sectional areas. Axial loads are applied as points B and D, (b) points C and E.
shown. Calculate the normal stress in each segment.

Sample Problem 2. For the truss shown calculate the normal

stresses in member AC and member BD. The cross
sectional area of each member is 900 mm2.

E. Shearing Stress
It does not follow, A shearing stress (may be called tangential stress)
however, that positioning the load is produced whenever the applied load cause one section of
through the centroid of the section a body to slide past its adjacent section. It is given by
always results in a uniform stress
distribution. The figure shows a V

profile of a flat bar of constant Sample Problem 3. Determine the largest weight W that can be where τ (tau) is the stress or Aforce per unit area, V is the
thickness. The load P is applied at supported by the two wires AB and AC. The working tangential force acting along the cross-sectional area A.
the centerline of the bar. stresses are 100 MPa for AB and 150 MPa for AC. The
cross-sectional area of AB and AC are 400 mm2 and 200
mm2, respectively.

Sample Problem 4. The 1200-lb uniform plate ABCD can rotate

freely about the hinge AB. The plate is supported by the
cables DE and CE. If the working stress in the cables is 1800
psi, determine the smallest diameter of the cables.
Actually, the shearing stress across a section is
practically never uniformly distributed, thus the given
expression must be interpreted as giving merely the average
shearing stress. However it does approach uniformity when
both the distance between the applied shearing loads and
the depth of the shearing area are small.
 of the hole to a maximum directly at the back of the rivet. It
is a common practice to assume the bearing stress σb to be
Sample Problem 8. A key prevents relative rotation between uniformly distributed over a reduced area equal to the
the shaft and the pulley. If the torque T = 2200 N∙m is applied projected area of the rivet hole. The bearing stress is
to the shaft, determine the smallest safe dimension b if the expressed by
working shear stress for the key is 60 MPa. P P
b  b  b
Ab td

Sample Problem 9. A joint is made by gluing two plywood

Sample Problem 6. A hole is to be punched out of a plate gussets of thickness t to two boards. The tensile working Sample Problem 10. A lap joint shown in the figure is fastened
having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress stresses are 8273.7 kPa for the plywood and 4826.3 kPa for by four rivets of 3/4-in. in diameter. Find the maximum load
in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum the boards. The working shear stress for the glue is 344.7 P that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi for
thickness of the plate from which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter kPa. Determine the dimension b and t so that the joint is as shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in the plate. Assume
can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 in. thick, determine strong as the boards. that the applied load is distributed evenly among the four
the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched. rivets, and neglect friction between the plates.

Sample Problem 7. The bell crank, which is in equilibrium under

the forces shown in the figure is supported by a 20-mm-
diameter pin at D. Determine (a) the diameter of the F. Bearing Stress
connecting rod AB, given that its tensile working stress is If two bodies are pressed against each other,
100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in the pin. compressive forces are developed on the area of contact. Sample Problem 11. The 20-mm-diameter
The pressure caused by these surface loads is called bolt fastens two wooden planks
bearing stress. Some examples are soil pressure beneath together. The nut is tightened until the
piers and the forces on bearing plates, contact pressures tensile stress in the bolt is 150 MPa.
between an axle and is bearing, or between a rivet of a bolt Find the smallest safe diameter d of the
and the contact surface of the plate against which it pushes. washers if the working bearing stress
The intensity with which the rivet bears against the for wood is 13 MPa.
rivet hole is not constant, but varies from zero at the edges
Sample Problem 12. In the hanger were being determined only on planes perpendicular to the Sample Problem 14. Two wooden members of
shown, the upper portion of link axis of the member or connection. However, axial forces also uniform rectangular cross section are joined by
ABC is 3/8 in. thick and the lower cause both normal and shearing stresses on planes that are the single glued scarf splice. Knowing that the
portion are 1/4 in thick. Epoxy not perpendicular to the axis of the member. maximum allowable shearing stress in the
resin is used to bond the upper glued splice is 620 kPa, determine (a) the
and the lower portions together largest load P that can be safely applied (b) the
at B. The pin at A is of 3/8 in corresponding tensile stress in the splice.
diameter while a 1/4 in. diameter
pin is used at C. Determine (a)
the shearing stress at pin A, (c)
the shearing stress at pin C, (c)
the largest normal stress in link
ABC, (d) the average shearing
stress on the bonded surface at Sample Problem 15. The figure shows a glued joint, known as
B the bearing stress in the link at a finger joint, in a 6-in. by 3/4-in. piece of lumber. Find the
C. normal and shear stresses acting on the surface of the joint.

Sample Problem 13. A steel tie bar shown is to be designed to

carry a tension force of magnitude P = 120 kN when bolted
between double brackets at A and B. The bar will be
fabricated from a 20-mm-thick plate stock. For the grade of
steel to be used, the maximum allowable stresses are: σ = H. Factor of Safety
175 MPa, τ = 100 MPa, σb = 350 MPa. Design the tie bar by The maximum load that a structural member or a
determining the required values of (a) the diameter d of the machine component will break or begins to carry less load is
bolt, (b) dimension b at each end of the bar, (c) dimension h called the ultimate load and the corresponding stress is
of the bar. called the ultimate stress. However the members or
components are only allowed to carry under normal
conditions considerably smaller than the ultimate load. This
smaller load is the allowable load (sometimes called the
working or design load). Thus, only a fraction of the
ultimate load capacity of the member is used when the
allowable load is applied, the remaining portion is “reserved”
to assure its safe performance. The ratio between the
ultimate load and the allowable load is used to define the
factor of safety:

ultimate load
G. Stress on an Oblique Plane Factor of safety  F.S. 
Axial forces exerted on a two-force member caused allowable load
normal stresses while transverse forces caused shearing ultimate stress (strength)
Factor of safety  F.S . 
stresses. Such relations were observed because stresses allowable stress (strength)
 This stress is usually called the tangential stress
The selection of the factor of safety is one of the H. Thin-walled Pressure Vessels because it acts at the tangent of the surface of the cylinder;
most important engineering tasks. If it is too small, the A cylindrical tank carrying a gas or fluid under a other common names are the circumferential stress, hoop
possibility of failure becomes unacceptably large. On the pressure p is subjected to tensile forces that resist the stress, and girth stress.
other hand, if a factor of safety is unnecessarily large, the bursting forces developed across longitudinal and Consider the next free body diagram of a transverse
result is an uneconomical or non-functional design. The transverse sections. Consider a typical longitudinal section section, it can be seen that the bursting force over the end
choice of the factor of safety for a given design application A-A through the pressure loaded cylinder and the free body of the cylinder is resisted by the resultant P of the tearing
may be based on the following considerations: diagram of the half-cylinder. forces acting over the transverse section. The area of the
1. Variations that may occur in the properties of the transverse section is the wall thickness multiplied by the
member. mean circumference or π(D+t)t; if t is small compared to D,
2. The number of loadings expected during the life of the it is closely approximated by πDt.
structure or machine.
3. The type of loading planned for in the design or that may
PF
occur in the future.
D 2
4. Type of failure Dt l  p
5. Uncertainty due to methods of analysis 4
6. Material deterioration pD
7. Importance of the member to the integrity of the whole l 
4t
structure. The elementary force acting normal to an element of the
cylinder located at an angle θ from the horizontal diameter is
Sample Problem 16. The rigid beam BCD is attached by bolts
to a control rod at B, to a hydraulic cylinder at C, and to a D where σl denotes what is called longitudinal stress because
d
dF  pdA  pL
fixed support at D. The diameter of the bolts are: dB = dD = Since the horizontal components2of these forces cancel out, it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
10 mm, dC = 12 mm. Each bolts acts in double shear and is the bursting force F is the summation of the vertical
made from a steel for which the ultimate shearing stress τU components of these elementary forces: Sample Problem 17. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm
= 280 MPa. The control rod AB has a diameter dA = 11 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm is subjected to an
and is made of a steel for which the ultimate tensile stress is  D 
dF   pL d  sin  internal pressure of 4.5.MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential
σU = 420 MPa. If the minimum factor of safety is to be 3.0 for  2  and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may
the entire unit, determine the largest upward force that may   the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is


 D 
 pL d  sin   pL  cos  
D
be applied by the hydraulic cylinder at C. F limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the internal pressure were
0  2  2 0 increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture
F  pDL that would occur.

Fv  0 F  pDL  2 P Sample Problem 18. A water tank 6 m in diameter is made from
steel plates that are 12.5 mm thick. Find the maximum height
 P pDL
  A  t  of to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential is
  2tL
limited to 42 MPa.
pD
t  Sample Problem 19. A large pipe called a penstock in hydraulic
2t
work, is 1.5 m in diameter. Here it is composed of wooden
staves bound together by steel hoops, each 300 mm2 in
cross sectional area, and is used to conduct water from a
reservoir to a powerhouse. If the maximum tensile stress
permitted in hoops is 130 MPa, what is the maximum
spacing between hoops under a head of water of 30 m?