ASSIGNMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

DOCTOR OF PHARMACY
BY
ABDUL HAFEEZ
ROLL NO: CoPB123009
SESSION 2024-2029

SUBMITTED TO:
MSc KUSHBAKHT KIRAN

Thank you
 Questions and Answer
1. How many hydrogen atoms does phosphorus bond to in forming
phosphine, PH3?
Hint: (Identify the periodic group of phosphorus, and tell from that how
many electrons (bonds) are needed to make an octet)

Phosphorus is which is the nitrogen group and

located on the group 15 of the periodic table. For
instance, compounds from this group are known to
have three covalent bonds that give the compounds
a cuboidal form and configuration of an octet. The
formation of phosphine (PH3) arises by phosphorus
bonding to three hydrogen atoms, with one electron
from each hydrogen contributing. This becomes four
lone pairs that phosphorus utilizes to fulfill its
'octet'.

2. Draw both electron-dot and line-bond structures for chloromethane,

CH3Cl.
Hint: (Strategy Remember that a bond—that is, a pair of shared
electrons—is represented as a line between atoms.)

Electron-dot structure for chloromethane (CH3Cl):

H
•
✖ ..
H •✖C✖ •Cl:
✖ ..

Thank you
 •
H

In this structure:

 Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.

 Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
 Chlorine (Cl) has 7 valence electrons.

Carbon shares one electron with each of the three hydrogen atoms and
one with the chlorine atom, completing its octet.

Hydrogen shares one electron with carbon, and chlorine shares one
electron with carbon.

Line-bond structure:

H
|
H- C - Cl
|
H

3. What are likely formulas for the following molecules?

(a) CCl? (b) AlH? (c) CH?Cl2 (d) SiF?

(a) CCl: Carbon typically forms four covalent bonds and chlorine forms
one covalent bond. Therefore, the formula would likely be CCl4.

Thank you
(b) AlH: Aluminum typically forms three covalent bonds, and hydrogen
typically forms one covalent bond. Therefore, the formula would likely
be AlH3.

(c) CHCl2: Carbon typically forms four covalent bonds, hydrogen forms
one covalent bond, and chlorine forms one covalent bond. Therefore, the
formula would likely be CHCl3.

(d) SiF: Silicon typically forms four covalent bonds, and fluorine
typically forms one covalent bond. Therefore, the formula would likely
be SiF4.

So, the likely formulas for the given molecules are: (a) CCl4 (b) AlH3
(c) CHCl3 (d) SiF4
3. Write both electron-dot and line-bond structures for the following
molecules, showing all non-bonded electrons:
(a) CHCl3, chloroform (b) H2S, hydrogen sulfide (c) CH3NH2,
methylamine

(a) Electron-dot structure of chloroform(CHCL3):

..
:Cl:
•
✖ ..
H •✖C✖ •Cl:
✖ ..
•
:Cl:
..
Line bond structure of chloroform (CHCL3):
Cl
|
H- C - Cl

Thank you
 |
Cl
The bond angles in a tetrahedral arrangement are approximately equal,
with each bond angle being around 109.5 degrees
(b) Electron-dot structure of hydrogen sulphide (H2S):

..

H ✖•S• ✖H
..
Line bond Structure of hydrogen sulphide (H2S):
H—S—H
This angle is slightly less than the ideal tetrahedral angle of 109.5
degrees due to the presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the sulfur
atom.
(c) Electron dot structure of methylamine (CH3NH2):
H
✖
• ..
H ✖• C ✖• N • ✖ H
• •
✖ ✖
H H

Line bond structure of methylamine (CH3NH2):

H

Thank you
 | ..
H—C—N—H
| |
5. Why can’t an organic molecule have the formula C2H7?
An organic molecule should not have the formula C2H7 due to the
violation of the valency rules and octet rule. Carbon in organic
chemistry usually forms four bonds and hydrogen in turn forms one
bond. In C2H7, there are two carbon atoms and seven hydrogen
atoms. If the two atoms of carbon form four bonds each, the total
number of bonds would be six
2*4=8
On the other hand, each hydrogen atom can just form one bond.
7*1= 7
Consequently, there will be one extra bond and thus no bonding pattern.
Therefore, C2H7 cannot serve as a smart organic molecule.

6. How many electrons does each of the following elements have in its
outermost electron shell?
(a) Potassium (b) Calcium (c) Aluminum

(a) Potassium (K) belonging to the first group(1A) of the periodic

table. The elements in group 1 usually contain only one electron in their
outermost orbital.

(b) Calcium (Ca) belongs to the 2nd group(2A) of the periodic

table. Elements in group 2 have two electrons in their outermost shell.

(c) Aluminum (Al) is the 13th(3A) element in the periodic table. All the
elements in group 13 have three electrons in their outermost shell.
So,

Thank you
(a) Potassium (K): 1 electron
(b) Calcium (Ca): 2 electrons
(c) Aluminum (Al): 3 electrons

1.
7. Give the ground-state electron configuration of the following
elements:
(a) Boron (b) Phosphorus (c) Oxygen (d) Argon

(a) Boron (B): 1s² 2s² 2p¹

(b) Phosphorus (P): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³

(c) Oxygen (O): 1s² 2s² 2p⁴

(d) Argon (Ar): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶

8. What is the difference between empirical formula and molecular

formula?

Empirical Formula:
The empirical formula is the simplest pure ratio number of atoms in a
compound.
It does not literally explain the number of atoms of the molecule.
It mainly comes out of experiments as, for example, through the
elemental analysis.
For example, the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO, which
indicates a 1:The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 1:1

Molecular Formula:
The molecular formula shows how many atoms of each element are

Thank you
present in a molecule of the compound.
It implies the exact structural element of a molecule.
In most cases, it is the multiple of empirical formula.
For instance, the chemical formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2,
demonstrating that they are composed of two hydrogen atoms and two
oxygen atoms.
Overall, the empirical formula illustrates the minimum of elements in a
compound by their ratios, while the molecular formula unveils the
precise number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

9. An organic compound has been found to possess the empirical

formula CH2O and molecular weight 90. Give its molecular formula
(C=12; H=1; O=16).

To find the molecular formula from the empirical formula and the
molecular weight, you need to determine the ratio between the empirical
and molecular formulas.

First, calculate the molecular weight of the empirical formula CH2O:

 Carbon (C): 1 atom × 12 = 12

 Hydrogen (H): 2 atoms × 1 = 2
 Oxygen (O): 1 atom × 16 = 16 Total molecular weight of CH2O =
12 + 2 + 16 = 30

Now, find the ratio between the given molecular weight (90) and the
calculated molecular weight of the empirical formula (30):
Ratio=Given Molecular Weight/Molecular Weight of Empirical Formula
=90/30=3

This ratio indicates that the molecular formula is three times the
empirical formula. Therefore, multiply the subscripts of each element in
the empirical formula by 3 to find the molecular formula:

Thank you
  Carbon (C): 1 × 3 = 3
 Hydrogen (H): 2 × 3 = 6
 Oxygen (O): 1 × 3 = 3

So, the molecular formula is C3H6O3

10. 0.26g of an organic compound gave 0.039 g of water and 0.245 g of

carbon dioxide on combustion. Calculate the percentage of C & H.
Weight of organic compound = 0.26 g
Weight of water = 0.039 g
Weight of CO2=0.245 g
Percentage of hydrogen
18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen
0.039 g of water contains = 2/18 × 0.039/0.26 of H
∴ % of hydrogen = 2/18 × 0.039/0.26 × 100 = 1.66%

Percentage of carbon =
44g of CO2 = 12g of C
0.245 g of CO2 contains = 12/44 × 0.245/0.26 g of C
% of Carbon = 12/44 × 0.245/0.26 × 100 = 25.69 %

11. In an estimation of sulphur by carius method, 0.2175 g of the

substance gave 0.5825 g of BaSO4 calculate the percentage composition
of S in the compound.
To calculate the percentage composition of S in the compound,
Molar Mass of BaSO4=137.327 g/mol +32.065 g/mol + 63.9976 g/mol

Thank you
 = 233.3896 g/mol
So, one mole of BaSO4 has one mole of sulphur S,
233g of BaSO4=32g of sulphur S
0.5825g of BaSO4= 0.5825×32g of sulhpur S
=0.08g of Sulphur S
Percentage of Sulphur = 0.08/0.2175×100= 36.78%

12. Define theory of hybridization as proposed by L. Pauling in 1931.

In 1931, Linus Pauling introduced the concept of hybridization that

explain the geometry and bonding properties of molecules that cannot be
described by the simple overlap of atomic orbitals.
According to Pauling's theory, when atoms come together to form a
molecule, some or valence atomic orbitals (s, p, d, etc.) of the atoms
involved can mix or "hybridize" to create new orbitals of equivalent
energy. These hybrid orbitals are more effectively oriented in space for
the formation of covalent bonds, leading to the stabilization of the
molecule.

13. What is the hybridization of carbon atom in ethene? Draw ground,

excited and hybridized states for C electrons in C2H4 and its structure
with bonds angles.
In ethene (C2H4), each carbon atom is sp2 hybridized. This
hybridization involves the mixing of one s orbital and two p orbitals
from each carbon atom to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals, leaving one p
orbital unhybridized.
C(Ground State) = 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz0

Thank you
C(Excited State) = 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1
C(Hybridized State) = 1s2 2(sp2)1 2(sp2)1 2Pz1

All the bond angle (H—C—H and H—C—C) are 120°.

14. What is the hybridization of carbon atom in ethyne? Draw ethyne

structure with bond angle and draw its hybridized state.

In ethyne (C2H2, also known as acetylene), each carbon atom undergoes

sp hybridization.
Ground State of Carbon Atom: 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz0.
Excited State of Carbon Atom: 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1
Hybridized State of Carbon Atom: 1s2 2(sp)1 2(sp)1 2py1 2pz1

Thank you
H−C≡C−H
Ethyne has linear structure with a 180° bond angle between all atoms
involved.

15. What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in H2O molecule, draw
its ground excited and hybridized state?

In a water (H2O) molecule, the oxygen atom undergoes sp3

hybridization.

Ground State of Oxygen Atom: 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1

Hybridized State Oxygen Atom :1s2 2(sp3)2 2(sp3)2 2(sp3)1 2(sp3)1

Thank you
H----O----H

 The water molecule adopts a bent or V-shaped structure due to the

presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom.
 The H−O−H bond angle is approximately 105°, slightly smaller
than the ideal 109.5° for an sp3 hybridized atomic orbital.

16. Draw sp3, sp2 and sp hybridization (ground, excited and hybridized
states) for nitrogen with example structures of molecules, shape and
angles.

sp3 Hybridization (Tetrahedral Geometry):

 Ground State:
o Nitrogen in its ground state has three unpaired electrons in
its 2p orbitals.
o It undergoes sp3 hybridization, where one 2s orbital and
three 2p orbitals combine to form four equivalent hybrid
orbitals.

Thank you
 o These hybrid orbitals arrange themselves in a tetrahedral
geometry around the nitrogen atom.
 Example Molecule: Ammonia (NH3)
o In ammonia, the nitrogen atom forms three sigma (σ) bonds
with three hydrogen atoms.

The bond angles 107° which is slightly different fron the ideal 109.5°
due to influence of lone pair on nitrogen.

sp2 Hybridization (Trigonal Planar Geometry):

 Ground State:

Nitrogen in its ground state has three unpaired electrons in its 2p

orbitals.

It undergoes sp2 hybridization, where one 2s orbital and two 2p

orbitals combine to form three equivalent hybrid orbitals.

These hybrid orbitals arrange themselves in a trigonal planar

geometry around the nitrogen atom.

Example Molecule: Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

In nitrogen dioxide, the nitrogen atom forms a double bond with one
oxygen atom and a single bond with another oxygen atom. The bond
angles are approximately 120°.

Thank you
sp Hybridization (Linear Geometry):

Ground State:

Nitrogen in its ground state has three unpaired electrons in its 2p

orbitals.

It undergoes sp hybridization, where one 2s orbital and one 2p orbital

combine to form two equivalent hybrid orbitals.

These hybrid orbitals arrange themselves in a linear geometry around

the nitrogen atom.

Example Molecule: Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

In hydrogen cyanide, the nitrogen atom forms a triple bond with the
carbon atom.

Thank you
The bond angle is 180°.

Thank you