Network Devices

Aliaksandr Ramanovich
 Agenda
- INTRODUCTION

- NIC, REPEATER & HUB

- BRIDGE & SWITCH

- ROUTER, L3 SWITCH

- GATEWAY

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Hierarchical internetworking model
A C C E S S L AY E R D E V I C E S

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NIC: Network Interface Controller

• The NIC allows computers

to communicate over a
computer network, either
by using cables or wirelessly.

• The NIC works both at

physical layer and data link
layer

1. External (USB)
2. Internal (PCI)
3. Integrated
Connectors

The Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) is a

physical and logical interface for 10BASE5
Ethernet.
AUI connectors became rare beginning in the
early 1990s when the 10BASE-T standard
became more common and use of 10BASE5
declined

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Connectors

BNC - a miniature quick connect/disconnect

radio frequency connector used for coaxial
cable.
It was used for the 10BASE-2 Ethernet standard.

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Connectors

The 8 position 8 contact (8P8C) connector is a

modular connector commonly used to
terminate twisted pair and multi-conductor
flat cable.
People call it RJ-45, but ...

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Connectors

Fiber-optic cable is used in Ethernet since 1987

and FOIRL standard.

Nowadays it is widely used in backbone

networks, due to the maximum distance
between network nodes up to 40 km in
100GBase-ER4 type with maximum transfer
rate 100Gbit/s.

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Repeater and Hub

Repeater is an electronic device that receives a

signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to
extend transmissions so that the signal can
cover longer distances

Hub is a network hardware device for

connecting multiple Ethernet devices together
and making them act as a single network
segment. It is a multiport repeater

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How it works

• Hub works by repeating

transmissions received from one of
its ports to all other ports. It can
detect start of physical layer packets,
an idle line and sense a collision
which it also propagates by sending a
jam signal.
• A hub cannot further examine or
manage any of the traffic that comes
through it.
• A hub has no memory to store data
and can handle only one
transmission at a time

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What if…

To A

6
4 A
1 7
3 8
5
2
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Features

• Simple • Operates in half-

• Cheap duplex mode
• Extends total distance of the • Network inefficiency
network

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Bridge

A network bridge is a computer networking

device that creates a single aggregate network
from multiple communication networks or
network segments. It works in the data-link
layer of the OSI model.

Transparent bridges - connects networks with common

protocols of the channel and physical layers of the OSI
model
Translating bridges – connects networks with various data link and physical layer protocols
Encapsulating bridges – connects networks with common protocols of the channel and
physical layers through networks with other protocols

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How it works

To A

B A
1
3
2 C

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How it works

To A

B A
1
3
2 C

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Features

• collision domain
restriction Bridges increase network
latency by 10-30%. This
• delay frames addressed increase in latency is due to
to the node in the the fact that the bridge
sender segment during data transfer
requires additional time to
make a decision.
• restriction of transition
from domain to domain
of error frames

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Switch

A network switch is a multiport network bridge

that uses MAC addresses to forward data at
the data link layer of the OSI model.
Unlike less advanced repeater hubs, which
broadcast the same data out of each of its
ports and let the devices decide what data
they need, a network switch forwards data
only to the devices that need to receive it

Three ways of switching

• Store&Forward • Cut-Through • Fragment-Free

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How it works

To 53

5
4
3
1 2

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Features

• They help in reducing workload • They are more expensive

on individual host PCs. compare to network bridges.
• They increase the performance • Network connectivity issues
of the network. are difficult to be traced
• Networks which use switches through the network switch.
will have less frame collisions. • Broadcast traffic may be
This is due to the fact that troublesome.
switches create collision • Proper design and
domains for each connection. configuration is needed in
• Switches can be connected order to handle multicast
directly to workstations. packets.

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DISTRIBUTION AND CORE LEVEL DEVICES

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Router

A router is a networking device that forwards

data packets between computer networks.

The main purpose of a router is to connect

multiple networks and forward packets
destined either for its own networks or other
networks. A router is considered a layer-3
device because its primary forwarding decision
is based on the information in the layer-3 IP
packet, specifically the destination IP address

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How it works

1. When a packet is
coming on
interface (ingress), the
router needs to know
which interface it has
1 to use to send out the
packet (egress).

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How it works

Router checks this

against the routing
table which has entries
related to each
known destination.
1 Each routing
entry stores
destination address and
address of next device
on the path called next
hop device

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How it works

2. Now, having next hop

2 address, router can
determine the outgoing
interface (egress) and
1 send the packet.
The same thing happens
on the Router 2 and the
data reachs the
destination address

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L3 switch

Layer 3 switch combines the

functionality of a switch and a router. It
acts as a switch to connect devices that
are on the same subnet or virtual LAN
at lightning speeds and has IP routing
intelligence built into it to double up as
a router. It can support routing
protocols, inspect incoming packets,
and can even make routing decisions
based on the source and destination
addresses.

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Features
• Support routing between
virtual LANs • Cost
• Improve fault isolation • Complex configuring
• Security management and administering
• Separate routing tables, and • Slower than L2
as a result, segregate traffic switches
better • Mostly applicable
• Support flow accounting and only for large intranet
high-speed scalability environments with
• Lower network latency as a many device subnets
packet doesn’t have to make and traffic
extra hops to go through a
router

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Gateway

• Gateway is a hardware router or

software for interfacing computer
networks using different protocols (for
example, local and global).
• Gateways are distinct from routers or
switches in that they communicate using
more than one protocol to connect a
bunch of networks and can operate at
any of the seven layers of the OSI model.
• Usually firewalls - traffic filtering
software - installed on gateways to
provide network security.

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 Modem

A modem (modulator-demodulator) – is a hardware device that converts data into a format

suitable for a transmission medium so that it can be transmitted from one computer to
another (historically along telephone wires). Modems can be used with almost any means of
transmitting analog signals from light-emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is
one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for
transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side
to recover the digital data.
THANK YOU

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