C# Interview Questions & Answers

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Release History
• Initial Release 1.0 - 21st Nov 2018
• Second Release 1.1 - 4th Jan 2019
• Third Release 1.2 - 26th Jan 2019

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 About Dot Net Tricks
Dot Net Tricks is founded by Shailendra Chauhan (Microsoft MVP), in Jan 2010. Dot Net Tricks came into existence
in form of a blog post over various technologies including .NET, C#, SQL Server, ASP.NET, ASP.NET MVC, JavaScript,
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The company which is currently registered by a name of Dot Net Tricks Innovation Pvt. Ltd. came into the shape
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course formats, given the fact you will be able to put your own honest effort.

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 Dedication
My mother Mrs Vriksha Devi and my wife Reshu Chauhan deserve to have their name on the cover as
much as I do for all their support made this possible. I would like to say thanks to all my family members
Virendra Singh(father), Jaishree and Jyoti(sisters), Saksham and Pranay(sons), friends, to you and to
readers or followers of my articles at https://www.dotnettricks.com/mentors/shailendra-chauhan to
encourage me to write this book.

-Shailendra Chauhan

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 Introduction
If you want to crack your C# interview, you’ve come across the right book. This is the book with which you will be
confident to answers the questions on C# language. This book will teach you the C# from beginners to advanced.

This book is designed specifically to teach you the concepts of C# language that can be replaced by any other
modern programming languages, such as Java, C++, PHP or Python.

If you are a working professional or having .NET experience, examine this book in details and see if you are familiar
with all subjects the author has covered. In this book, you will find the answers of most complex questions the
people ask in an interview.

So, what where my qualification to write this book? My qualification and inspiration come from my enthusiasm
for and the experience with the technology and from my analytic and initiative nature. Being a consultant,
corporate trainer, and blogger, I have thorough knowledge and understandings of .NET technologies. My
inspiration and knowledge have also come from many years of my working experience and research over it.

So, the next question is who this book is for? This book is best suited for beginners and professionals. It is
intended for anyone who so far has not engaged seriously in C# programming and would like to start a career in
.NET. This book starts from scratch and teaches you all the core and advanced concepts of C# language in step by
step way. It won't teach you absolutely everything to become a software developer and working at a software
company, but it will help you to turn your programming into your profession.

This book is not only the C# interview book but it is more than that. This book helps you to get an in-depth
knowledge of C# with a simple and elegant way. This book is updated to the latest version of C# 7.3.

I hope you will enjoy this book and find it useful. At the same time, I also encourage you to become a continuous
reader of learning platform www.dotnettricks.com and be the part of the discussion. But most importantly
practice a lot and enjoy the technology. That’s what it’s all about.

To get the latest information on C#, I encourage you to follow the official Microsoft document website at
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp.

All the best for your interview and happy programming!

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 About the Author
Shailendra Chauhan - An Entrepreneur, Author, Architect,
Corporate Trainer, and Microsoft MVP
He is the Founder and CEO of DotNetTricks which is a brand when it comes
to e-Learning. DotNetTricks provides training and consultation over an array
of technologies like Cloud, .NET, Angular, React, Node and Mobile Apps
development. He has been awarded as Microsoft MVP three times in a row
(2016-2018).

He has changed many lives from his writings and unique training programs.
He has a number of most sought-after books to his name which have helped
job aspirants in cracking tough interviews with ease.

Moreover, and to his credit, he has delivered 1000+ training sessions to professionals worldwide in Microsoft
.NET technologies and other technologies including JavaScript, AngularJS, Node.js, React and NoSQL Databases.
In addition, he provides Instructor-led online training, hands-on workshop and corporate training programs.

Shailendra has a strong combination of technical skills and solution development for complex application
architecture with proven leadership and motivational skills have elevated him to world-renowned status, placing
him at the top of the list of most sought-after trainers.

“I always keep up with new technologies and learning new skills to deliver the best to my students,” says
Shailendra Chauhan, he goes on to acknowledge that the betterment of his followers and enabling his students to
realize their goals are his prime objective and a great source of motivation and satisfaction.

Shailendra Chauhan - “Follow me and you too will have the key that opens the door to success”

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 How to Contact Us
Although the author of this book has tried to make this book as accurate as it possible but if there is something
strikes you as odd, or you find an error in the book please drop a line via e-mail.

The e-mail addresses are listed as follows:

• [email protected]
• [email protected]

We always happy to hear from our readers. Please provide your valuable feedback and comments!

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 Table of Contents
C# Interview Questions & Answers ................................................................................. 1
Release History ....................................................................................................................................................1
About Dot Net Tricks ...........................................................................................................................................2
Dot Net Tricks Training Solutions .........................................................................................................................2
Dedication ...........................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................5
About the Author ................................................................................................................................................6
How to Contact Us...............................................................................................................................................7

Introducing C# ............................................................................................................... 15
Q1. What is C#? .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Q2. Explain evolution history of C#? .............................................................................................................. 15
Q3. What features are added to different versions of C#? ............................................................................ 15
Q4. What is Dynamic binding? ....................................................................................................................... 18
Q5. What are Optional parameters?.............................................................................................................. 18
Q6. What are Named arguments? ................................................................................................................. 18
Q7. What is Type variance?............................................................................................................................ 18
Q8. What are Asynchronous Methods? ......................................................................................................... 18
Q9. Explain the C# code execution process? ................................................................................................. 19

Data Type and Operators ............................................................................................... 20

Q1. What is Datatype? ................................................................................................................................... 20
Q2. What do you mean by value type and reference type? .......................................................................... 20
Q3. What are Nullable types? How to use Nullable types in .NET Framework? ........................................... 21
Q4. How to check that a nullable variable is having value?........................................................................... 21
Q5. What are the differences between int, Int16, Int32 and Int64? ............................................................. 22
Q6. What is ?? Operator in C#? ...................................................................................................................... 22
Q7. What are dynamic types in C#? ............................................................................................................... 23
Q8. What are the differences between Object, Var and Dynamic type? ...................................................... 23
Q9. What is ref and out keyword in C#? ........................................................................................................ 24
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Q10. Can you use out and ref for overloading as the different signature of method? ................................... 25
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Q11. What is the params keyword in C#? ........................................................................................................ 25

 Q12. What do you mean by operators and what are different types of operators in c#? .............................. 26
Q13. What is the operator precedence in C#?................................................................................................. 28
Q14. What is a ternary operator (?:) in C#? ..................................................................................................... 29
Q15. What are differences between Constant, ReadOnly and Static? ............................................................ 29
Q16. What is a safe and unsafe code? ............................................................................................................. 31
Q17. What is Type Casting or Type Conversions? ............................................................................................ 32
Q18. What are different types of Type Casting supported in C#? ................................................................... 32
Q19. How to do safe type casting in C#? ......................................................................................................... 34
Q20. What are Upcasting and Downcasting? .................................................................................................. 35
Q21. What are Boxing and Unboxing? ............................................................................................................. 36

Statements .................................................................................................................... 38
Q1. What are different types of decision-making statements in C#? ............................................................ 38
Q2. What is if statement in C#? ..................................................................................................................... 38
Q3. What is an if-else statement in C#? ......................................................................................................... 39
Q4. What is If-Else-If statement or ladder in C#?........................................................................................... 40
Q5. What is switch statement or ladder in C#? ............................................................................................. 41
Q6. Which one is fast, switch or if-else-if ladder? ......................................................................................... 43
Q7. What is a loop in C#? ............................................................................................................................... 43
Q8. What is while loop in C#? ........................................................................................................................ 44
Q9. What is do..while loop in C#? .................................................................................................................. 44
Q10. What is for loop in C#? ............................................................................................................................ 45
Q11. What is foreach loop in C#?..................................................................................................................... 45
Q12. What are jump statements? .................................................................................................................... 46
Q13. What is the break statement? ................................................................................................................. 46
Q14. What is the goto statement? ................................................................................................................... 47
Q15. What is the continue statement? ............................................................................................................ 47
Q16. What is the return statement? ................................................................................................................ 48
Q17. What is throw statement?....................................................................................................................... 49
Q18. What are the different types of comment in C#? ................................................................................... 49

Array and Strings ........................................................................................................... 50

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Q1. What do you mean by an Array? ............................................................................................................. 50

 Q2. Explain different types of arrays in C#..................................................................................................... 51
Q3. What is Single-Dimensional Array? ......................................................................................................... 51
Q4. What is Multi-Dimensional Array ............................................................................................................ 51
Q5. What is Jagged Array? ............................................................................................................................. 52
Q6. What is the Array class in C#? ................................................................................................................. 53
Q7. What is string array in C#?....................................................................................................................... 53
Q8. What is a string? ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Q9. What are different types of strings? ....................................................................................................... 54
Q10. What is the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes? ....................... 55
Q11. What is a verbatim string?....................................................................................................................... 55

Class and Object............................................................................................................. 56

Q1. What do you mean by Class? .................................................................................................................. 56
Q2. What do you mean by Object? ................................................................................................................ 57
Q3. What is Constructor? ............................................................................................................................... 57
Q4. What are different types of constructors? .............................................................................................. 58
Q5. What is a static Constructor? .................................................................................................................. 59
Q6. Why static Constructor has no parameter? ............................................................................................ 60
Q7. Why you can have only one static Constructor in a class? ...................................................................... 60
Q8. What is private Constructor? .................................................................................................................. 60
Q9. When you create child class object, which class constructor will be called first? .................................. 61
Q10. What is Destructor?................................................................................................................................. 62
Q11. What is finalize () method? ..................................................................................................................... 63
Q12. What are the similarities and difference between finalize and destructor? .......................................... 63
Q13. What is the use of “using” statement in C#?........................................................................................... 63
Q14. What is Access Modifier? ........................................................................................................................ 65
Q15. Explain different types of access modifiers in C#? .................................................................................. 65
Q16. Can a child or derived type have higher accessibility form its parent type? .......................................... 65
Q17. Can you declare struct members as protected? ..................................................................................... 65
Q18. Can you explain the member's Accessibility?.......................................................................................... 66
Q19. Can destructors have access modifiers? ................................................................................................. 66
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Q20. While inheriting a class do the private members get inherited? ............................................................ 66
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 Q21. What is Enum? ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Q22. When to use enum? ................................................................................................................................ 66
Q23. What is a structure in C#? ....................................................................................................................... 66
Q24. When to use structure? ........................................................................................................................... 68
Q25. What are the similarities between a class and a structure? ................................................................... 68
Q26. What is the difference between class and structure?............................................................................. 68
Q27. What is a static class? .............................................................................................................................. 69
Q28. When to use a static class?...................................................................................................................... 70
Q29. What are static members? ...................................................................................................................... 70
Q30. What is a Static Method? ........................................................................................................................ 70
Q31. What are the differences between static and instance methods? ......................................................... 70
Q32. What are sealed Classes in C#? ............................................................................................................... 71
Q33. What is the base class in .NET Framework from which all the classes are derived? .............................. 71
Q34. What is a partial class, interface or struct? ............................................................................................. 71
Q35. What are the advantages of partial? ....................................................................................................... 72
Q36. What is the partial method?.................................................................................................................... 72
Q37. When to use partial methods? ................................................................................................................ 73

Exception Handling ........................................................................................................ 74

Q1. What is Error? .......................................................................................................................................... 74
Q2. Explain different types of errors? ............................................................................................................ 74
Q3. What are Exceptions? .............................................................................................................................. 74
Q4. What are different types of Exceptions? ................................................................................................. 75
Q5. What is the role of System.Exception class? ........................................................................................... 75
Q6. What are the various predefined exceptions classes? ............................................................................ 75
Q7. What is Exception Handling? ................................................................................................................... 75
Q8. What is the order of try-catch-finally blocks? ......................................................................................... 76
Q9. Can you have catch block without try block? .......................................................................................... 77
Q10. Can you have a try block without catch block? ....................................................................................... 77
Q11. Can multiple catch blocks be executed? ................................................................................................. 78
Q12. What are user-defined Exceptions in C#? ............................................................................................... 78
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Q13. What do you understand by Custom Exceptions? .................................................................................. 78

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Reflection and Serialization ........................................................................................... 79
Q1. What is Reflection?.................................................................................................................................. 79
Q2. How to use Reflection in C#?................................................................................................................... 79
Q3. When to use Reflection? ......................................................................................................................... 79
Q4. What are Serialization and Deserialization?............................................................................................ 80
Q5. When to use serialization and deserialization? ....................................................................................... 80
Q6. What namespace is used to support Serialization in .NET? .................................................................... 80
Q7. What are Serializable and NonSerialized attributes? .............................................................................. 81
Q8. What are different types of Serialization? .............................................................................................. 81
Q9. What namespace is used for SOAP Serialization? ................................................................................... 81
Q10. What is Custom Serialization? ................................................................................................................. 81

Property and Indexer ..................................................................................................... 82

Q1. What is Property? .................................................................................................................................... 82
Q2. When to use the property? ..................................................................................................................... 82
Q3. What are different types of properties? ................................................................................................. 83
Q4. What is auto-implemented property? .................................................................................................... 83
Q5. When to use auto-implemented property? ............................................................................................ 84
Q6. What is static Property? .......................................................................................................................... 84
Q7. What is abstract Property? ...................................................................................................................... 84
Q8. What is Indexer in C#? ............................................................................................................................. 85
Q9. Which one to choose between Property and Method? .......................................................................... 86
Q10. What are the differences between Property and Indexer? .................................................................... 86

Abstract Class and Interface........................................................................................... 87

Q1. What is an abstract Class? ....................................................................................................................... 87
Q2. How to create an abstract Class in C#? ................................................................................................... 87
Q3. When to create an abstract class? .......................................................................................................... 88
Q4. What are common design guidelines for an abstract class? ................................................................... 88
Q5. What is an interface and how to use it?.................................................................................................. 88
Q6. When to use an interface? ...................................................................................................................... 90
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Q7. What are the disadvantages of an interface? ......................................................................................... 90

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Q8. What are common design guidelines for the interface? ......................................................................... 90
 Q9. How can you achieve multiple inheritances (implementation) using interfaces? .................................. 91
Q10. What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class? ..................................................... 92

Delegates and Events ..................................................................................................... 93

Q1. What are Delegates? ............................................................................................................................... 93
Q2. What are the steps to create a Delegate? ............................................................................................... 93
Q3. What are the different types of delegates? ............................................................................................ 94
Q4. What are Events? .................................................................................................................................... 95
Q5. How to define an Event or Event Handler? ............................................................................................. 95
Q6. What are the differences between Events and Delegates? .................................................................... 97
Q7. Do Events have a return type? ................................................................................................................ 97
Q8. Can Events have access modifiers? ......................................................................................................... 97
Q9. What is Attribute? ................................................................................................................................... 97
Q10. Can you explain some built-in attributes?............................................................................................... 97
Q11. How to show a message in your latest version of code about your old method removal? .................... 98
Q12. How to create a custom attribute class? ................................................................................................. 98

Collections and Generics .............................................................................................. 100

Q1. What are Collections? ........................................................................................................................... 100
Q2. What are various collections in C#? ...................................................................................................... 100
Q3. What are Generics in C#? ...................................................................................................................... 100
Q4. What are the advantages of generics? .................................................................................................. 101
Q5. What are various Generic Collections in C#? ........................................................................................ 101
Q6. What is the name of the namespace for collections in C#? .................................................................. 101
Q7. What are the differences between Generic Collections and Non-Generic Collections in C#? ............. 101
Q8. What are Concurrent Collections? ........................................................................................................ 102
Q9. What is the name of the namespace for concurrent collections in C#? ............................................... 102
Q10. What is a base interface for all the collection? ..................................................................................... 102
Q11. What are collection interfaces in C#?.................................................................................................... 102

Threading..................................................................................................................... 104
Q1. What are the thread and process? ........................................................................................................ 104
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Q2. What is Thread Synchronization? .......................................................................................................... 104

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Q3. Explain Thread life cycle? ...................................................................................................................... 104

 Q4. What is Multithreading in C#? ............................................................................................................... 105
Q5. What is a Thread Pool? .......................................................................................................................... 105
Q6. What namespace is used for Threading? .............................................................................................. 106

References ................................................................................................................... 107

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 1
Introducing C#
Q1. What is C#?
Ans. C# pronounced as "See Sharp". It is an object-oriented programing language developed by Microsoft,
which runs under the .NET platform. Its syntaxes are similar to C++ or Java. The most recent version of C# is 7.3
which is introduced with Visual Studio 2017 update 15.7. C# is widely used for developing web applications,
desktop applications, mobile apps and games etc. Now, C# can be run on Mac, Linux/Unix and Windows using
.NET Core.

Q2. Explain evolution history of C#?

Ans. The evolution history of C# is given below –

C# 1.0 C# 3.0 C# 5.0 C# 7.0

2002 2007 2013 2017

C# 2.0 C# 4.0 C# 6.0

2005 2010 2015

Q3. What features are added to different versions of C#?

C# 1.0
• Managed Code

• IDE - Visual Studio .NET 2002, 2003

• .NET Framework - 1.0, 1.1

C# 2.0
15

• Generics
Page
 • Static Classes
• Partial types

• Anonymous methods
• Iterators

• Nullable types
• Asymmetric Property and Indexer Accessors

• Delegate Inference
• Covariance and Contra-variance

• IDE - Visual Studio 2005

• .NET Framework - 2.0

C# 3.0
• Implicit types (var)
• Partial Methods

• Object and collection initializers

• Auto-Implemented properties

• Anonymous types
• Extension methods
• LINQ
• Query expressions
• Lambda expressions
• Expression trees
• IDE - Visual Studio 2008

• .NET Framework - 3.5

C# 4.0
• Dynamic binding

• Named arguments
• Optional Parameters
16

• Generic Covariance and Contra-variance

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• COM Interop
 • IDE -Visual Studio 2010
• .NET Framework - 4.0

C# 5.0
• Asynchronous methods

• Caller info attributes

• IDE - Visual Studio 2012, 2013
• .NET Framework - 4.5, 4.5.1

C# 6.0
• Auto Property Initializer

• Primary Constructors
• Dictionary Initializer
• Declaration Expressions
• Static Using
• await inside catch block
• Exception Filters
• Null-Conditional Operator
• IDE - Visual Studio 2015
• .NET Framework - 4.6

C# 7.0
• Local Functions

• Literal improvements
• Digit Separators
• Pattern matching

• ref returns and ref Locals

• Throw Expressions
• Expression Bodied Members
• Deconstruction
17

• IDE - Visual Studio 2017

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Q4. What is Dynamic binding?
Ans. This feature is derived from dynamic languages such as Python, Ruby and JavaScript which resolve the
types and members at runtime instead of compile time.
dynamic d = "hello c#";
Console.WriteLine(d.ToUpper()); // HELLO C#
Console.WriteLine(d.Show()); // Compiles OK, but gives error at runtime

Q5. What are Optional parameters?

Ans. In C# 4.0, methods parameters can be specified as optional by providing a default value. When the method
having optional parameter is invoked, optional parameters can be omitted.
void Sum(int a, int b = 10)
{
Console.WriteLine(a+b);
}

Above method can be called as:

Sum(5); // 15

Q6. What are Named arguments?

Ans. In C# 4.0, any argument can be passed by parameter name instead of parameter position. The Sum() can
be called as :
Sum(b:5,a:10); // 15

Q7. What is Type variance?

Ans. C# 4.0, allows generic interfaces and generic delegates to mark their type parameters as covariant or
contravariant. This enables the following code to work:

IEnumerable<string> str;
//TO DO: assign values to str

IEnumerable<object> obj = str;

COM-specific interoperability features

Dynamic binding, as well as named and optional arguments, help to make programming against COM less painful
than today. On top of that, however, we are adding a number of other features that further improve the
interoperability experience specifically with COM.

Q8. What are Asynchronous Methods?

Ans. In C# 5.0 two keywords async and await are introduced which allow you to write asynchronous code more
easily and intuitively like as synchronous code. Before C# 5.0, for writing asynchronous code, you need to define
18

callbacks to capture what happens after an asynchronous process finish. These keywords are used in a
combination of each other and an await operator is applied to a one or more than one expression of an async
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method. An async method returns a Task or Task<TResult> that represents the ongoing work of the method.
 public async Task<IEnumerable<Product>> GetProductList()
{
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
Uri address = new Uri("http://dotnet-tricks.com/");
client.BaseAddress = address;

HttpResponseMessage response = await client.GetAsync("myservice/product/ProductList");

if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var list = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<IEnumerable<Product>>();
return list;
}
else
{
return null;
}
}

Q9. Explain the C# code execution process?

Ans. C# code execution life cycle diagram is shown as follows-

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 2
Data Type and Operators
Q1. What is Datatype?
Ans. Data Type refers to the type of data that can be stored in a variable. It also specifies how much memory
would be allocated to a variable and the operations that can be performed on that variable. C# is rich in data type
which is broadly divided into two categories: Value Type and Reference Type.

Q2. What do you mean by value type and reference type?

Or
What is the difference between value types and reference types?
Ans. Value Type - A value type variable stores actual values. Values types are of two types - built-in and user-
defined. Value types are stored in a stack and derived from System.ValueType class.

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 Reference Type - A reference type variable stores a reference to the actual value. Typically, a reference type
contains a pointer to another memory location that stores the actual data. Reference types are of two types
- built-in and user-defined. Reference types are stored in a heap and derived from System.Object class.

Q3. What are Nullable types? How to use Nullable types in .NET Framework?
Ans. Value types that can accept a normal value or a null value are referred to as Nullable types. These are
instances of the Nullable struct.

For example, A Nullable<bool> pronounced as "Nullable of bool" and can have the values true, false or null.
Nullable types can also be defined using ? type modifier. This token is placed immediately after the value type
being defined as nullable.

//assigning normal value

Nullable<bool> flag = true;
//Or You can also define as
bool? flag = true;

//assigning normal value

Nullable<int> x = 20;
//Or You can also define as
int? x = 20;
You can also assign null value to flag and d since both are nullable types.
//assigning null value
Nullable<bool> flag = null;
//Or You can also define as
bool? flag = null;

//assigning null value

Nullable<int> x = null;
//Or You can also define as
int? x = null;

Q4. How to check that a nullable variable is having value?

Ans. The HasValue property is used to check whether a variable having value or not. To get the value from a
nullable type Value property as shown below –
int? x = 20;
int y;

if (x.HasValue)
{
y = x.Value;
}

Note

You can’t declare an implicitly nullable type variable as nullable like as string type cannot be declared as nullable
21

type since it is implicitly nullable.

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Q5. What are the differences between int, Int16, Int32 and Int64?
Ans. The differences between these are given below-

int

1. It is a primitive data type defined in C#.

2. It is mapped to Int32 of FCL (Framework class library) type.
3. It is a value type and represents System.Int32 struct.
4. It is signed and takes 32 bits always.
5. It has a minimum -2147483648 and maximum +2147483647 capacity.

Int16

1. It is an FCL (Framework class library) type.

2. In C#, short is mapped to Int16.
3. It is a value type and represents System.Int16 struct.
4. It is signed and takes 16 bits.
5. It has a minimum -32768 and maximum +32767 capacity.

Int32

1. It is an FCL (Framework class library) type.

2. In C#, int is mapped to Int32.
3. It is a value type and represents System.Int32 struct.
4. It is signed and takes 32 bits.
5. It has a minimum -2147483648 and maximum +2147483647 capacity.

Int64

1. It is an FCL (Framework class library) type.

2. In C#, long is mapped to Int64.
3. It is a value type and represents System.Int64 struct.
4. It is signed and takes 64 bits.
5. It has minimum –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and maximum 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 capacity.

Q6. What is ?? Operator in C#?

Ans. The ?? operator is called the null-coalescing operator. It is used to define a default value for a nullable
value type or reference type variable.
int? x = null;
int y = -1;

// when x is null, z = y
// when x is not null, z = x
22

int z = x ?? y; // where x and y are left and right operand

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Q7. What are dynamic types in C#?
Ans. The dynamic type was introduced in C# 4.0. Dynamic type variables are declared using the "dynamic"
keyword. A dynamic type variable bypasses the compile-time type checking and its operations are resolved at
runtime. In dynamic type, if the operations are not valid then the exception would be thrown at runtime, not at
compile time.
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
dynamic d = 1; //assigning integer
Console.WriteLine(d);

d = "Hi Dynamic"; //assigning string to the same variable d

Console.WriteLine(d);

d = TestData(); //assigning method result to the same variable d

Console.WriteLine(d);

// You can call anything on a dynamic variable,

// but it may result in a runtime error
Console.WriteLine(d.Error);
}

public static double TestData()

{
return 12.80;
}
}

/* OutPut

10
Hi Dynamic
12.80
RuntimeBinderException was unhandled, 'double' does not contain a definition for 'Error'
*/

Q8. What are the differences between Object, Var and Dynamic type?
Ans. The differences between Object, Var and Dynamic type are given below:

Object Var Dynamic

The object was introduced with C# 1.0 Var was introduced with C# 3.0 Dynamic was introduced with C# 4.0
It can store any kind of value because It can store any type of value but It It can store any type of the variable,
the object is the base class of all type is mandatory to initialize var types similar to the old VB language
23

in .NET framework. at the time of declaration. variable.

Page
 It is not type safe i.e. compiler
The compiler has little information It is type-safe i.e. compiler has all doesn't have any information about
about the type. So, it can cause the the information about the stored the type of variable. So, it will cause
problem at runtime while typecasting. value. a problem if the wrong properties or
methods are accessed.
Var type cannot be passed as
An object type can be passed as Dynamic type can be passed as
method argument and method
method argument and method also method argument and method also
cannot return object type. Var type
can return object type. can return dynamic type.
work in the scope where it defined.
Need to cast object variable to No need to cast because the Casting is not required but you need
original type to use it and performing compiler has all information to to know the properties and methods
desired operations. perform operations. related to stored type.
Useful when you need to integrate
Useful when you want to store Useful when you don’t know the
your C# code with dynamic
multiple types of values to a single type of assigned value i.e. type is
languages code or with the COM
variable. anonymous.
objects.

Q9. What is ref and out keyword in C#?

OR
What is the difference between ref and out keyword?
Ans. Ref - As per MSDN, the ref keyword causes an argument to be passed by reference, not by value. This
means that when the value of that parameter is changed in the method, it gets reflected in the calling method.

Key Points

• An argument must be initialized before it is passed as a ref parameter.

• C# properties cannot be passed as a ref parameter since internally properties are functions and function
can’t be passed as a parameter.

Out - The out keyword also causes an argument to be passed by reference like “ref” keyword, but that argument
can be passed without assigning any value to it.

Key Points

• An argument that is passed using an out keyword must be initialized in the method before it returns back
to calling the method.
• Also, C# properties cannot be passed as an out parameter since internally properties are functions and
function can’t be passed as a parameter.

For example, A program uses ref and out keyword as a method argument.
24

public class Program

{
Page

public static void Main()

 {
int arg1 = 0; //must be initialized
int arg2;
Method1(ref arg1);
Console.WriteLine(arg1); // Now 2!

Method2(out arg2);
Console.WriteLine(arg2); // Now 3!
}
static void Method1 (ref int value)
{
value = 1;
}
static void Method2(out int value)
{
value = 2; //must be initialized
}
}
/* Output
1
2
*/

Q10. Can you use out and ref for overloading as the different signature of
method?
Ans. No, you cannot. Although, ref and out are treated differently at runtime they treated same at compile
time. Hence a method cannot be overloaded with the same type of arguments.

Examples: These two methods are identical in terms of compilation.

class Class1
{
public void Method1(out int a) // compiler error “cannot define overloaded”
{
// method that differ only on ref and out"
}
public void Method1(ref int a)
{
// method that differ only on ref and out"
}
}

Q11. What is the params keyword in C#?

Ans. The params keyword enables a method parameter to receive n number of arguments. These n number of
arguments are changed by the compiler into elements in a temporary array and actually, this array is received at
receiving end. Also, the params arguments must be the last argument in the parameter list of the method.
public class Example
25

{
static decimal Sum(decimal d1, params int[] values)
Page

{
decimal total = d1;
 foreach (int value in values)
{
total += value;
}
return total;
}

static void Main()

{
decimal d1 = 10;
int sum1 = Sum(d1, 1);
int sum2 = Sum(d2, 1, 2);
int sum3 = Sum(d3, 1, 2, 3);

Console.WriteLine(sum1);
Console.WriteLine(sum2);
Console.WriteLine(sum3);
Console.Read();
}
}
/* Output
11
13
16
*/

Q12. What do you mean by operators and what are different types of
operators in c#?
Ans. An operator is a special symbol that tells to the compiler what operations can be performed on an operand
or between two operands. Operators in programming languages are taken from mathematics.

C# supports the following types of operators as given below:

1. Arithmetic Operators - These operators are used to perform arithmetic operations. The following is a
table of arithmetic operators in C#. Suppose you have two integer variables X, Y and having values 5, 2
respectively then

Operator Name C# Example

+ Addition X + Y will give 7
- Subtraction X - Y will give 3
* Multiplication X * Y will give 10
/ Division X / Y will give 2
% Modulus X % Y will give 1
++ Preincrement and Postincrement X = ++Y, X = Y++ will give 3, 2
-- Predecrement and Postdecrement X = --Y, X = Y-- will give 4, 2
26
Page
2. Relational Operators – These operators are used to compare values and always result in boolean value
(True or False). The following is a table of relational operators in C#. Suppose you have two integer
variables X, Y and having values 5, 2 respectively then

Operator Name C# Example

> Greater than X > Y will give True
< Less than X < Y will give False
>= Greater than or Equal to X >= Y will give True
<= Less than or Equal to X <= Y will give False
== Equal to X == Y will give False
!= Not Equal to X != Y will give True

3. Logical or Boolean Operators – These operators are used to compare values and always result in boolean
value (True or False). The following is a table of logical operators in C#. Suppose you have two boolean
variables X, Y and having values True, False respectively then

Operator Name C# Example

|| Logical or X || Y will give True
&& Logical and X && Y will give False
! Logical not !(X), !(Y) will give False, True
4. Bitwise Operators – These operators work on bits of a binary number and perform bit by bit operation.
The following is a table of bitwise operators in C#. Suppose you have two integer variables X, Y and having
values 4, 5 respectively and their binary equivalent would be 100, 101 then

Operator Name C# Example

| Bitwise or X | Y will give 5 i.e. 101
& Bitwise and X & Y will give 4 i.e. 100
~ Bitwise not ~(X), ~(Y) will give -5, -6 i.e. -101, -110
^ Bitwise exclusive-or X^Y will give 1 i.e. 1

5. Assignment Operators – These operators are used to assign a new value to a variable. The following is a
table of assignments operators in C#. Suppose you have two integer variables X, Y with values 5, 2 then

Operator Name C# Example

= Equal to X = Y will give 2
+= Plus Equal to X += Y will give 7
-= Minus Equal to X -= Y will give 3
*= Multiply Equal to X *= Y will give 10
/= Divide Equal to X /= Y will give 2
%= Modulus Equal to X %= Y will give 1
27

6. Type Information Operators – These operators are used to provides information about a particular type.
The following is a table of type information operators in C#.
Page
 Operator Description C# Example
sizeof() Returns the size of a value type. sizeof(int) will give 4
typeof() Returns the type of a class or value type. typeof(bool) will give System.Boolean
Is Determines whether an object is of a certain If (Renault is Car) // checks if Renault is
type or not an object of the Car class.
As Cast an object to a certain type without raising Object obj = new Object();
an exception if the cast fails. // The cast fails: no exception is
thrown and emp is set to null.
Employee emp = obj as Employee;

7. Misc. Operators - There are some more important operators supported by C#. The following is a table of
some Misc operators in C#. Suppose you have two integer variables X, Y and having values 5, 2 then

Operator Description C# Example

?: Conditional Expression/Ternary Operator X > Y ? X : Y will give 5
=> Lambda Expression X => { return X * Y; } will give 10
* Pointer to a variable *X will pointer to X variable.
& Returns memory address of a variable &X will give the address of X
? Makes a value type to nullable type bool? flag = true;
?? Provides default value for nullable value types or int? x = null;
reference types int y = -1;

// when x is null, z = y
// when x is not null, z = x
int z = x ?? y;
it results z = -1

Q13. What is the operator precedence in C#?

Ans. The following table lists grouped the C# operators in order of precedence. Operators within each group
have equal precedence.

Category Operator Associativity

() [] -> . ++ - - new typeof sizeof checked unchecked
Primary default(T) Left to right

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & await Right to left

Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational and Type testing <<= >>= is as Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
28

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Page

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

 Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Null-coalescing ?? Left to right
Ternary ?: Right to left
Assignment and Lambda
= += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= => Right to left
expression

Q14. What is a ternary operator (?:) in C#?

Ans. A ternary or Conditional operator operates on a conditional expression that returns a Boolean value. If
the conditional expression is true then the first expression would be evaluated otherwise the second expression
would be evaluated. The syntax for the conditional operator is given below-

Conditional_expression ? First_expression : Second_expression;

This operator provides an elegant and equivalent syntax to the simple if-else statement.
int number = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
string msg;

// if-else statement
if (number < 0)
msg = "negative";
else
msg = "positive";

// ?: conditional operator equivalent to above if else statement

msg = number < 0 ? "negative" : "positive";

Also, conditional operator is right-associative. Hence, the expression a ? b : c ? d : e is evaluated as a ? b : (c ? d :

e), not as (a ? b : c) ? d : e.

Q15. What are differences between Constant, ReadOnly and Static?

Ans. Constant - Constant fields or local variables must be assigned a value at the time of declaration and
after that, they cannot be modified. By default constant is static, hence you cannot define a constant type as static.
public const int X = 10;

A const field is a compile-time constant. A constant field or local variable can be initialized with a constant
expression which must be fully evaluated at compile time.
void Calculate(int Z)
{
const int X = 10, X1 = 50;
const int Y = X + X1; //no error, since its evaluated a compile time
29

const int Y1 = X + Z; //gives error, since its evaluated at run time

}
Page
You can apply const keyword to built-in value types (byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, decimal, bool),
enum, a string literal, or a reference type which can be assigned with a value null.

const MyClass obj1 = null;//no error, since its evaluated a compile time
const MyClass obj2 = new MyClass();//gives error, since its evaluated at run time

Constants can be marked as public, private, protected, internal, or protected internal access modifiers.

Use the const modifier when you sure that the value a field or local variable would not be changed.

Readonly - A readonly field can be initialized either at the time of declaration or within the constructor of the
same class. Therefore, readonly fields can be used for run-time constants.

class MyClass
{
readonly int X = 10; // initialized at the time of declaration
readonly int X1;

public MyClass(int x1)

{
X1 = x1; // initialized at run time
}
}

Explicitly, you can specify a readonly field as static since like constant by default it is not static. The readonly
keyword can be applied to a value type and reference type (which initialized by using the new keyword) both.
Also, delegate and event could not be readonly.

Use the readonly modifier when you want to make a field constant at runtime.

Static - The static keyword is used to specify a static member, which means that static members are common to
all the objects and they do not tie to a specific object.

This keyword can be used with classes, fields, methods, properties, operators, events, and constructors, but it
cannot be used with indexers, destructors, or types other than classes.
class MyClass
{
static int X = 10;
int Y = 20;
public static void Show()
{
Console.WriteLine(X);
Console.WriteLine(Y); //error, since you can access only static members
}
}

Key points about static keyword:

30

1. If the static keyword is applied to a class, all the members of the class must be static.
Page
 2. Static methods can only access static members of the same class. Static properties are used to get or set
the value of static fields of a class.
3. A static constructor can't be parameterized and public. A static constructor is always a private default
constructor which is used to initialize static fields of the class.

Q16. What is a safe and unsafe code?

Ans. A C# code which runs under the management of CLR is called safe code. C# has an interesting feature
which is unsafe code. The unsafe code does not run under the management of CLR. Sometimes, you need to access
low-level functionality such as Win32 API calls or need to use the pointer in C#, and you take responsibility for
ensuring such code operates correctly. Such code must be placed inside unsafe blocks in your source code.

Using unsafe keyword of C#, you can mark any of the following as unsafe:

• An entire method.
• A code block in braces.
• An individual statement.
For Example:

class TestUnsafe
{
unsafe static void PointerMethod()
{
int i = 5;

int* pt = &i;
System.Console.WriteLine("*pt = " + *pt);
System.Console.WriteLine("Address of pt = {0:X2}\n", (int)pt);
}

static void StillPointer()

{
int i = 7;

unsafe
{
int* pt = &i;
System.Console.WriteLine("*pt = " + *pt);
System.Console.WriteLine("Address of pt = {0:X2}\n", (int)pt);
}
}

static void Main()

{
PointerMethod();
StillPointer();
}
}
31
Page
Q17. What is Type Casting or Type Conversions?
Ans. Type Casting is a mechanism to convert one type of value to another type. Typecasting is possible only
when both data types are compatible with each other; otherwise, you will get an InvalidCastException.

Q18. What are different types of Type Casting supported in C#?

Ans. The following types of Typecasting are supported in C#:

1. Implicit conversion – Implicit conversion is being done automatically by the compiler and no data will be
lost. It includes conversion of a smaller data type to a larger data types and conversion of derived classes
to base class. This is safe type conversion.

int smallnum = 654667;

// Implicit conversion
long bigNum = smallnum;

class Base
{
public int num1 { get; set; }
}

class Derived: Base

{
public int num2 { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Derived d = new Derived();
//Implicit Conversion
Base b = d;
}
}

2. Explicit conversion - Explicit conversion is being done by using a cast operator. It includes conversion of
the larger data type to smaller data type and conversion of the base class to derived classes. In this
conversion information might be lost or conversion might not be succeeding for some reasons. This is un-
safe type conversion.

long bigNum = 654667;

// Explicit conversion
int smallnum = (int)bigNum;

class Base
{
public int num1 { get; set; }
32

}
Page

class Derived: Base

 {
public int num2 { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Base b = new Base();
//Explicit Conversion
Derived d = (Derived)b;
}
}

3. User-defined conversion - User-defined conversion is performed by using special methods that you can
define to enable explicit and implicit conversions. It includes conversion of class to a struct or basic data
type and struct to class or basic data type. Also, all conversions methods must be declared as static.

class RationalNumber
{
int numerator;
int denominator;

public RationalNumber(int num, int den)

{
numerator = num;
denominator = den;
}

public static implicit operator RationalNumber(int i)

{
// Rational Number equivalant of an int type has 1 as denominator
RationalNumber rationalnum = new RationalNumber(i, 1);
return rationalnum;
}

public static explicit operator float(RationalNumber r)

{
float result = ((float)r.numerator) / r.denominator;
return result;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Implicit Conversion from int to rational number
RationalNumber rational1 = 23;

//Explicit Conversion from rational number to float

33

RationalNumber rational2 = new RationalNumber(3, 2);

float d = (float)rational2;
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}
}
Q19. How to do safe type casting in C#?
Or
What are the differences between IS and AS operators in C#?
Ans. Type Casting is the mechanism to convert one data type to another. And so, while explicit type casting of
one data type to another, we get an exception if the previous one data type is not compatible with the new data
type. To avoid this exception, we have IS and AS operator in C# for safe typecasting.

• IS Operator - The IS operator checks whether the type of a given object is compatible with the new object
type. It returns Boolean type value: true if the given object is compatible with new one, else false. In this
way IS operator help you to do safe typecasting.

class Employee
{
public string Name { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Creates a new Object obj
Object obj = new Object();
// checking compatibility of obj object with other type

// b1 is set to true.
Boolean b1 = (obj is Object);
// The cast fails: no exception is thrown, but b2 is set to false.
Boolean b2 = (obj is Employee);

//we can also use like this

if (obj is Employee)
{
Employee emp = (Employee)obj;
// TO DO:
}
}
}

In the above example, CLR is checking the type of obj object twice. First time within IF Condition and if it
is true, then a second time within IF Block. Actually, this way affects the performance since each and every
time CLR will walk the inheritance hierarchy, checking each base type against the specified type
(Employee). To avoid this, we have AS operator.

• AS Operator - The AS operator also checks whether the type of a given object is compatible with the new
object type. It returns non-null if the given object is compatible with new one, else null. In this way AS
34

operator help you to do safe typecasting. The above code can be re-written by using AS operator in a
Page

better way.
 class Employee
{
public string Name { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Creates a new Object obj
Object obj = new Object();
// checking compatibility of obj object with other type

// The cast fails: no exception is thrown, but emp is set to null.

Employee emp = obj as Employee;
if (emp != null)
{
// TO:DO
}
}
}

In the above example, CLR checks the obj object type only one time; if it is matched it returns non-null
means Employee type otherwise returns null. Hence AS operator provide good performance over IS
operator.

Note - AS operator used only for reference conversions, nullable conversions, and boxing conversions.
This operator cannot perform other conversions like as user-defined conversions.

Q20. What are Upcasting and Downcasting?

Ans. Implicit conversion of derived classes to a base class is called Upcasting and explicit conversion of the base
class to derived classes is called Downcasting.
class Base
{
public int num1 { get; set; }
}

class Derived: Base

{
public int num2 { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Derived d1 = new Derived();
//Upcasting
Base b1 = d1;
35
Page

Base b2 = new Base();

//Downcasting
 Derived d2 = (Derived)b2;

}
}

Q21. What are Boxing and Unboxing?

Ans. Boxing - Implicit conversion of a value type (int, char etc.) to a reference type (object) is known as boxing.
In the boxing process, a value type is being allocated on the heap rather than the stack.

Unboxing - Explicit conversion of same reference type (which is being created by boxing process), back to a value
type is known as unboxing. In the unboxing process, the boxed value type is unboxed from the heap and assigned
to a value type which is being allocated on the stack.

For Example:
// int (value type) is created on the Stack
int stackVar = 12;

// Boxing = int is created on the Heap (reference type)

object boxedVar = stackVar;

// Unboxing = boxed int is unboxed from the heap and assigned to an int stack variable
int unBoxed = (int)boxedVar;

Real life example:

int i = 10;
ArrayList arrlst = new ArrayList();
36

//ArrayList contains object type value

//So, int i is being created on heap
Page

arrlst.Add(i); // Boxing occurs automatically

 int j = (int)arrlst[0]; // Unboxing occurs

Note:

• Sometimes boxing is necessary, but you should avoid it if possible since it will slow down the performance and
increase memory requirements.
For example, when a value type is boxed, a new reference type is created and the value is copied from the
value type to the newly created reference type. This process takes time and required extra memory (around
twice the memory of the original value type).
• Attempting to unbox null causes a NullReferenceException.

int? stackVar = null;

// Boxing= Integer is created on the Heap
object boxedVar = stackVar;

// NullReferenceException
int unBoxed = (int)boxedVar; //Object reference not set to an instance of an object.

• Attempting to unbox a reference to an incompatible value type causes an InvalidCastException.

int stackVar = 12;

// Boxing= Integer is created on the Heap
object boxedVar = stackVar;

// InvalidCastException
float unBoxed = (float)boxedVar; //Specified cast is not valid.

37
Page
 3
Statements
Q1. What are different types of decision-making statements in C#?
Ans. Decision-making statements help you to make a decision based on certain conditions. These conditions
are specified by a set of decision-making statements having Boolean expressions which are evaluated to a Boolean
value true or false. There are following types of decision-making statements in C#.

Conditional
Statements

If-Else If-Else-If or
If Statement Switch
Statement Ladder

Q2. What is if statement in C#?

Ans. An if statement consists of a Boolean expression which is evaluated to a Boolean value. If the value is true,
then if block is executed otherwise next statement(s), would be executed.

38
Page
You can have multiple if statement as shown below-
public class Example
{
static void Main()
{
int a = 5, b = 2;
int result = a / b;

if (result == 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Result is 2");
}
if (result == 3)
{
Console.WriteLine("Result is 3");
}
}
}
/* Output
Result is 2
*/

You can also do nesting of if statement means an if statement inside another if that is called nested if statement.

Q3. What is an if-else statement in C#?

Ans. An if-else statement consists of two statements – if statement and else statement. When the if statement
expression is evaluated to true, then if block will be executed otherwise the else block will be executed.

39
Page
 public class Example
{
static void Main()
{
int a = 5, b = 6;
int result = a - b;
if (result > 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Result is greater than zero");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Result is smaller than or equal to zero");
}
}
}
/* Output
Result is smaller than or equal to zero
*/

Q4. What is If-Else-If statement or ladder in C#?

Ans. The If-Else-If ladder is a set of statements that are used to test a series of conditions. If the first if statement
met the result, the code within the if block executes. If not, control passes to the else statement, which contains
a second "if" statement. If the second one met the result, code within the if block executes. This continues as a
series of else if statements. A default else code block executes when no condition has been evaluated to true.

40
Page
If-Else-If ladder must contain more specific case at the top and generalize case at the bottom.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
char grade = 'B';

if (grade == 'A')
{
Console.WriteLine("Excellent!");
}
else if (grade == 'B')
{
Console.WriteLine("Well done");
}
else if (grade == 'D')
{
Console.WriteLine("You passed");
}
else if (grade == 'F')
{
Console.WriteLine("Better try again");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("You Failed!");
}
}
}
/* Output
Well done
*/

Q5. What is switch statement or ladder in C#?

Ans. The switch statement is an alternative for a long If-Else-If ladder that is used to test a series of conditions.
A switch statement contains one or more case labels which are tested against the switch expression.

When one case matches the value with the result of switch expression, the control continues executing the code
from that label. When no case label contains a matching value, control is transferred to the default section, if it
exists. When there is no default case, no action is taken and control is transferred outside to the switch statement.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
char grade = 'B';

switch (grade)
{
41

case 'A':
Console.WriteLine("Excellent!");
Page

break;
 case 'B':
case 'C':
Console.WriteLine("Well done");
break;
case 'D':
Console.WriteLine("You passed");
break;
case 'F':
Console.WriteLine("Better try again");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("You Failed!");
break;
}
}
}
/* Output
Well done
*/

42
Page
The key point about the Switch statement

• Each case label specifies a constant value.

• A switch statement can have multiple switch sections, and each section can have one or more case labels.
• In C#, each switch section must be separated by a break or other jump statements such as goto, return and
throw. Unlike C and C++, you cannot skip the jump statements.
• Unlike If-Else-If ladder, it is not mandatory to put the more specific case at the top and generalize case at the
bottom since all the switch cases have equal precedence.

Q6. Which one is fast, switch or if-else-if ladder?

Ans. Typically, a switch statement is faster than an equivalent if-else-if statement. This happens because of the
compiler's ability to optimise the switch statement. In case of an if-else-if ladder, the compiler needs to check
each and every if condition in order to execute. While in case of a switch statement compiler does not need to
check earlier cases, the compiler is able to find out the matching case which leads the fast execution.

Q7. What is a loop in C#?

Ans. A loops statement is used to repeat a block of statements for a certain time.

C# offers four types of loops– while, do-while, for and foreach.

Loop
Statements
43

while do-while for foreach

Page
Q8. What is while loop in C#?
Ans. This loop executes a statement or a block of statements until the specified expression evaluates to false.
Typically, while loop is useful when you are not aware of an exact number of iterations.
Public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int number = 5;
while (number != 0) //specified boolean expression
{
Console.WriteLine("Current value of n is {0}", number);
number--; //update statement
}
}
}
/* Output:
Current value of n is 5
Current value of n is 4
Current value of n is 3
Current value of n is 2
Current value of n is 1
*/

Q9. What is do..while loop in C#?

Ans. This loop is similar to while loop except that it evaluates the expression after the loop has been executed
once. Typically, a do-while loop is useful when you are sure that your loop block would be executed at least one
time and further execution depends upon the specified expression evaluation.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
char choice = 'Y';
do
{
int number = 5;

Console.Write("\nPrint Number : {0}", number);

Console.Write("\nDo you want to continue (y/n) :");
choice = Convert.ToChar(Console.ReadLine());

} while (choice == 'y'); //specified boolean expression

}
}
/* Output:
Print Number : 5
Do you want to continue (Y/N) :y
44

Print Number : 5
Do you want to continue (Y/N) :n
Page

*/
Q10. What is for loop in C#?
Ans. This loop has three sections - index declaration, condition (Boolean expression) and updation section. In
each for loop iteration, the index is updated (incremented/decremented) by updation section and checked with
the condition. If the condition is matched, it continues execution until the specified Boolean expression evaluates
to false.

Typically, for loop is useful when you are aware of an exact number of iterations. Normally, it is used for iterating
over arrays and for sequential processing.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] arr = new int[5] { 5, 10, 12, 20, 30 };

for (int index = 0; index < arr.Length; index++)

{
Console.WriteLine("Number is : {0}", arr[index]);
}
}
}
/* Output:
Number is :5
Number is :10
Number is :12
Number is :20
Number is :30
*/

Q11. What is foreach loop in C#?

Ans. This loop operates on collection in .NET which implements IEnumerable and returns each element in
order. For example, Array, ArrayList and other .NET collections.

Typically, Foreach is used in place of for loop where you need to retrieve the elements from the source collection,
but it cannot be used to add or remove items from the source collection. For adding or removing items from the
source collection, you should use for loop.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] arr = new int[5] { 5, 10, 12, 20, 30 };

foreach (var item in arr)

{
Console.WriteLine("Number is : {0}", item);
}
}
45

}
/* Output:
Page

Number is :5
Number is :10
 Number is :12
Number is :20
Number is :30
*/

Above foreach loop statement is equivalent to the following while loop statement –
int[] arr = new int[5] { 5, 10, 12, 20, 30 };

var item = arr.GetEnumerator();

while (item.MoveNext())
{
Console.WriteLine("Number is : {0}", item.Current);
}

Q12. What are jump statements?

Ans. The jump statements are used to transfer program control from one point in the program to another
point, at any time. C# supports following types of jumps statements.

Jump
Statements

break continue goto return throw

Q13. What is the break statement?

Ans. This statement terminates the execution of loop or switch in which it appears and transfers program
control to the next statement which is placed immediately after the loop or switch.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
if (i == 5)
{
break;
}
Console.WriteLine(i);
46

}
Console.WriteLine("Next statement placed after loop");
Page

}
 }
/* Output:
1
2
3
4
Next statement placed after loop
*/

This statement is also used to terminates an inner nested loop and return control to the outer loop.

Q14. What is the goto statement?

Ans. This statement transfers program control to a labelled statement. The label statement must exist in the
scope of the goto statement. More than one goto statement can transfer control to the same label. This statement
can be used to get out from a loop or an inner nested loop to outer loop.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
if (i == 5)
{
goto Exitlabel;
}
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
Console.WriteLine("Next statement placed after loop");

Exitlabel: //goto label

Console.WriteLine("Labeled statement");
}
}
/* Output:
1
2
3
4
Labeled statement
*/

Note: Unlike the break statement, it does not transfer the program control to the next statement which is placed
immediately after the loop or switch.

This statement is not recommended since it makes the program logic complex and difficult to understand. It also
becomes difficult to trace the control flow of program execution.

Q15. What is the continue statement?

47

Ans. This statement skips the current iteration and passes the program control to the next iteration of the
Page

enclosing loop in which it appears.

 public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
if (i <= 5)
{
continue;
}
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
Console.WriteLine("Next statement placed after loop");
}
}
/* Output:
6
7
8
9
10
Next statement placed after loop
*/

Unlike break statement, it does not terminate the loop execution but it skips the current iteration of the loop and
passes program control to the next iteration of the enclosing loop.

Q16. What is the return statement?

Ans. This statement terminates the execution of the method in which it appears and returns control to the calling
method.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
double length = 5.0, width = 2.5;

double result = CalculateArea(length, width);

Console.WriteLine("The area is {0:0.00}", result);
}
public static double CalculateArea(double length, double width)
{
double area = length * width;
return area;
}
}
/* Output:
The area is 12.50
*/
48

If the return statement appears in a try block and the finally block is also existing, then the finally block will be
Page

executed before control returns to the calling method.

Q17. What is throw statement?
Ans. This statement throws an exception which indicates that an error has occurred during the program
execution. This statement is used with a combination of try-catch or try-finally statements.
public class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
try
{
int number = 5, x = 0;

double result = number / x;

Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}", result);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception: "+ex.Message);
}
}
}
/* Output:
Exception: Attempted to divide by zero.
*/

Q18. What are the different types of comment in C#?

Ans. There are 3 types of comments in C#.

• Single line (//)

• Multi (/* */)
• Page/XML Comments (///)

49
Page
 4
Array and Strings
Q1. What do you mean by an Array?
Ans. An array is a collection of homogenous or same types of elements which are accessible by a numeric index.
The numeric index starts from 0 and goes to n-1, where n is the size of an array.

An array is stored in contiguous memory locations and the memory lowest address contains the first element and
the highest memory address contains the last element in an array.

For example,
int[] arr = new int[5]; // declare arr as an int type array of size 5

arr[0] = 6;
arr[1] = 8;
arr[2] = 4;
arr[3] = 3;
arr[4] = 2;

Memory allocation of the above array is given below-

50
Page
Q2. Explain different types of arrays in C#
Ans. There are three types of arrays in C# as given below-

Types of
Arrays

One Multi Jagged

Dimensional Dimensional Arrays

Q3. What is Single-Dimensional Array?

Ans. This is the simplest form of an array in which elements are stored contiguously starting from 0 to n-1,
where n is the size of the array. This has a single dimension.

For example,
int[] arr = new int[5]; // declare single dimensional array

arr[0] = 6;

arr[1] = 8;

arr[2] = 4;

arr[3] = 3;

arr[4] = 2;

Q4. What is Multi-Dimensional Array

Ans. This is also known as a rectangular array which has more than one dimension. 2D array, 3D array, 4D array
are an example of a multi-dimensional array.
int[,] arr2D = new int[3, 3]; // declare a 2D array

arr2D[0, 0] = 1;
arr2D[0, 1] = 2;
arr2D[0, 2] = 3;

arr2D[1, 1] = 4;
arr2D[1, 2] = 5;
51

arr2D[1, 3] = 6;
Page

arr2D[2, 1] = 7;
 arr2D[2, 2] = 8;
arr2D[2, 3] = 9;

int[, ,] arr3D = new int[3, 3, 3]; // declare a 3D array

arr3D[0, 0, 0] = 1;
arr3D[0, 0, 1] = 2;
arr3D[0, 0, 2] = 3;

arr3D[0, 1, 0] = 1;
arr3D[0, 1, 1] = 2;
arr3D[0, 1, 2] = 3;

arr3D[0, 2, 0] = 1;
arr3D[0, 2, 1] = 2;
arr3D[0, 2, 2] = 3;

arr3D[1, 0, 0] = 1;
arr3D[1, 0, 1] = 2;
arr3D[1, 0, 2] = 3;

arr3D[1, 1, 0] = 1;
arr3D[1, 1, 1] = 2;
arr3D[1, 1, 2] = 3;

arr3D[1, 2, 0] = 1;
arr3D[1, 2, 1] = 2;
arr3D[1, 2, 2] = 3;

arr3D[2, 0, 0] = 1;
arr3D[2, 0, 1] = 2;
arr3D[2, 0, 2] = 3;

arr3D[2, 1, 0] = 1;
arr3D[2, 1, 1] = 2;
arr3D[2, 1, 2] = 3;

arr3D[2, 2, 0] = 1;
arr3D[2, 2, 1] = 2;
arr3D[2, 2, 2] = 3;

Q5. What is Jagged Array?

Ans. A jagged array is a special type of array whose elements are arrays itself of different dimensions and sizes.
A jagged array is also called an "array of arrays." Also, a jagged array’s elements must be initialized before its use.
int[][] jaggedArray = new int[3][]; //declare a jagged array

//initializing jagged array elements

jaggedArray[0] = new int[3]; //contains 3 elements
jaggedArray[1] = new int[2]; //contains 2 elements
jaggedArray[2] = new int[4]; //contains 4 elements
52
Page

In the jagged array, it is necessary to specify the value in the first bracket [] since it specifies the jagged array size.
You can also mix jagged array and multi-dimensional array to declare an array as given below-
int[][,] mixedArray = new int[3][,] {
new int[,] { {1,3}, {5,7} },
new int[,] { {0,2}, {4,6}, {8,10} },
new int[,] { {11,22}, {99,88}, {0,9} }
};

Q6. What is the Array class in C#?

Ans. The Array is an abstract class, defined in System namespace. It acts as a base class for all arrays in C#.
Array class provides functionality for creating, manipulating, searching, and sorting arrays in .NET Framework.

It provides various useful methods such as CreateInstance, Copy, CopyTo, GetValue, and SetValue, Sort and
others properties such as LongLength and GetLongLength for manipulating an array.
int[] arr = new int[] { 4, 12, 6, 1 }; //declare a unorder array
Array.Sort(arr); //sorting unorder array arr

Q7. What is string array in C#?

Ans. A string array is an array which is used to store string type values. It can be single-dimensional, multi-
dimensional and jagged array.
string[] strarr = new string[3];
strarr[0] = "Hi";
strarr[0] = "Hello";
strarr[0] = "Array";

Q8. What is a string?

Ans. A string is a collection of Unicode characters. The string type is an alias for System.String class in the .NET
Framework. It has the following characteristics-

1. It is a reference type.
2. It can contain a null value.
3. It is immutable means you cannot change the contents of a string.

For example,
string str = "Hello World";
str = str.Replace("World", "Dot Net Tricks");

In the above example, you are not changing the original string (Hello World) contents which str contains. But it’s
just setting the value of str to a new string which is a copy of the old string "World" is replaced by "Dot Net Tricks".
The new string has been allocated to a new memory address that is different from old string address.

The String class provides many methods for creating, manipulating, and comparing strings. You should not use the
new operator to create a string object except when initializing the string with an array of chars as given below-
53

char[] letters = { 'A', 'B', 'C' };

string alphabet = new string(letters); //initializing string from a char array
Page
Q9. What are different types of strings?
Ans. There are two types of strings as given below-
1. Mutable string: Mutable strings are instances of System.Text.StringBuilder class. You can modify the
contents of a mutable string i.e. whenever you perform any text manipulation on a mutable string, the
original string is modified. It is extremely useful when you need to perform a lot of text manipulation on
the string.

2. Immutable string - Immutable strings are instances of System.String class. You cannot modify the contents
of a mutable string i.e. whenever you perform any text manipulation on an immutable string, a new string
object is returned and original string remains same. It is extremely useful with regard to trust since a string
would not change as long as you don't change your reference.

Example of Mutable and Immutable string:

using System;
using System.Text;

class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//original string is: Hello World
string immutableStr = "Hello World";

immutableStr.Replace("World", "Dot Net Tricks"); //modify string

Console.WriteLine(immutableStr); //no change here

immutableStr = immutableStr.Replace("World", "Dot Net Tricks");//new string

Console.WriteLine(immutableStr); //changed string here

//original string is: Hello World

StringBuilder mutablestr = new StringBuilder("Hello World");

mutablestr.Replace("World", "Dot Net Tricks"); //modify string

Console.WriteLine(mutablestr); //changed string here

Console.ReadLine();
}
}

/* Output:

Hello World
Hello Dot Net Tricks
Hello Dot Net Tricks
*/
54
Page
Q10. What is the difference between System.String and
System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
Ans. Differences between string and StringBuilder are given below-
System.String System.Text.StringBuilder
Represents immutable string. Represents mutable string.

It is unmodifiable in nature. It is modifiable or dynamic in nature.

It is extremely useful with regard to trust since a It is extremely useful when you need to perform a lot of
string would not change as long as you don't change text manipulation on the string.
your reference.

It is slow as compared to the StringBuilder object. It is faster than string object.

Q11. What is a verbatim string?

Ans. A verbatim string is preceded by the @ character. The @ character specifies that no character
interpretations should be applied on a string. A verbatim does not have escape sequences.
class Example
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//non-verbatim string having escape sequences character '\' i.e. back slash
string str = "c:\\Program Files\\Microsoft.NET";
//verbatim string, no need of escape sequences character
string strverbatim = @"c:\Program Files\Microsoft.NET";

Console.WriteLine(str);
Console.WriteLine(strverbatim);
}
}
/* Output:
c:\Program Files\Microsoft.NET
c:\Program Files\Microsoft.NET
*/

Verbatim strings are used to specify the following types of strings:

• File path specifications string

• SQL strings
• XML strings
55
Page
 5
Class and Object
Q1. What do you mean by Class?
Ans. A Class is a user-defined data structure that contains data members (fields, properties, events, and
indexer), member function and nested class type. Basically

• It is a user-defined data type.

• It is a reference type.
• In fact, a class is a tag or template for an object.

class Book
{
//Attributes
int BookId;
string Title;
string Author;
string Subject;
double Price;

//Parametrized constructor to set book details

public Book(int bookId, string title, string author, string subject, double price)
{
BookId = bookId;
Title = title;
Author = author;
Subject = subject;
Price = price;
}

//Behaviours
public void showDetails()
{
Console.WriteLine("\n########## Book Details ##########");

Console.WriteLine("BookId :{0}", BookId);

Console.WriteLine("Title : {0}", Title);
Console.WriteLine("Author : {0}", Author);
Console.WriteLine("Subject : {0}", Subject);
Console.WriteLine("Price : {0}", Price);
56

}
Page

}
 public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
//object creation and initialization
Book objBook1 = new Book(1, "ASP.NET MVC Interview Questions & Answers",
"Shailendra Chauhan", ".NET ", 500);
Book objBook2 = new Book(2, "Node.js Interview Questions & Answers ", "Shailendra
Chauhan", "JavaScript", 400);

//calling class
objBook1.showDetails();
objBook2.showDetails();

Console.ReadKey();
}
}

/* Output

########## Book Details ##########

BookId :1
Title : ASP.NET MVC Interview Questions & Answers
Author : Shailendra Chauhan
Subject : .NET
Price : 500

########## Book Details ##########

BookId :2
Title : Node.js Interview Questions & Answers
Author : Shailendra Chauhan
Subject : JavaScript
Price : 400
*/

Q2. What do you mean by Object?

Ans. An object is a representative of the class and is responsible for memory allocation of its data members
and member functions. An object is a real-world entity having attributes (data members) and behaviours (member
functions).

For example, a student object can have attributes name, address and contact number. It performs activities
attending class, giving exam etc.

Q3. What is Constructor?

Ans. A constructor is a special type of function/method which has the same name as its class. The constructor
is invoked whenever an object of a class is created.

Key points
57

• It is a special function/method because its name is same as the class.

•
Page

It can be overloaded the same as normal methods.

 • It is automatically invoked as soon as the object of the class is created.
• It does not return a value, not even a void type.

Q4. What are different types of constructors?

Ans. There are three types of the constructor – default constructor, parameterized constructor and copy
constructor. But C# does not support copy constructor.

1. Default Constructor - The default constructor has no parameter. When a class has no constructor, the
default constructor is served by the compiler to that class.
2. Parameterized Constructor - The parameterized constructor has one or more arguments and used to
assign values to instance variables of the class.

class Example
{
double num1, num2;

#region Constructor Overloading

//Default Constructor
public Example()
{
Console.WriteLine("This is a default constructor!");
}

//Parameterized Constructor
public Example(int a, int b)
{
num1 = a;
num2 = b;
Console.WriteLine("This is a paremeterized constructor!");
}

//Parameterized Constructor
public Example(double a, double b)
{
num1 = a;
num2 = b;
Console.WriteLine("This is a paremeterized constructor!");
}
#endregion

public void ShowResult()

{
double result = num1 + num2;
Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", result);
}
}

class Program
58

{
static void Main()
Page

{
 Example obj1 = new Example(); //default constructor called
Example obj2 = new Example(4, 5); //parameterized constructor called
Example obj3 = new Example(4.2, 5.2); //parameterized constructor called

obj2.ShowResult();
obj3.ShowResult();
Console.Read();
}
}

/* Output
This is a default constructor!
This is a parameterized constructor!
This is a parameterized constructor!
Result: 9
Result: 9.4
*/

3. Copy Constructor – This constructor is used to copy the entire values of an object to another object. But
C# does not support copy constructor.

Q5. What is a static Constructor?

Ans. A static constructor is a special type of constructor that gets called before the first object of the class is
created. Typically, it is useful to initialize the static fields or to perform a specific action that needs to be performed
only once.

Key points

• Only one static constructor is allowed and it must be a default constructor having no access modifier i.e.
private access. The class may have others non-static parameterized constructors.
• It can only access the static member.
• It is used to write the code that needs to be executed only once.
• A static constructor cannot be called directly.

class Example
{
static int Count;
double num1, num2;

static Example()//static Constructor

{
Count++;
Console.WriteLine("This is a static constructor!");
}

public Example(int a, int b) //Parameterized Constructor

{
59

num1 = a;
num2 = b;
Page

Console.WriteLine("This is a paremeterized constructor!");

 }

public Example(double a, double b) //Parameterized Constructor

{
num1 = a;
num2 = b;
Console.WriteLine("This is a paremeterized constructor!");
}

public void ShowResult()

{
double result = num1 + num2 + Count;
Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", result);
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Example obj2 = new Example(4, 5); //parameterized constructor called
Example obj3 = new Example(4.2, 5.2); //parameterized constructor called

obj2.ShowResult();
obj3.ShowResult();
Console.Read();
}
}

/* Output
This is a static constructor!
This is a parameterized constructor!
This is a parameterized constructor!
Result: 10
Result: 10.4
*/

Q6. Why static Constructor has no parameter?

Ans. Because it is going to be called by CLR and not by object then who will pass the parameter?

Q7. Why you can have only one static Constructor in a class?
Ans. To define multiple constructors for a class, you need to overload the constructors. It means you need to
define parameterized constructors that accept parameters from outside but the static constructor is called by the
CLR and CLR cannot pass parameters to the parameterized constructor. So, only one static constructor is possible
in a class.

Q8. What is private Constructor?

Ans. A private constructor is a special type of constructor used in class that contains only static members.
60
Page
Point of Interest:

• A private constructor cannot be externally called.

• If a class that has one or more private constructor and no public constructor, then other classes except
nested classes are not allowed to create an instance of this class and it cannot be inherited.
• The private constructor restricts a class to be instantiated directly from external classes.
• It also provides an implementation of singleton class pattern.

public class Example

{
private Example() { }

private static int count;

public static int Counter

{
get { return ++count; }
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
// Example obj = new Example(); //Error private constructor is inaccessible

System.Console.WriteLine("Initial count = " + Example.Counter);

System.Console.WriteLine("New count = " + Example.Counter);
}
}
/*Out put

Initial count = 1
New count = 2

*/

Q9. When you create child class object, which class constructor will be called
first?
Ans. When you create a child class object, first its base class constructor is called then its constructor is called.
Public class BaseClass
{
public BaseClass()
{
Console.WriteLine("Base class constructor!");
}
61

}
Page

public class ChildClass : BaseClass

 {
public ChildClass()
{
Console.WriteLine("Child class constructor!");
}
}

class ExecutionClass
{
static void Main()
{
ChildClass objChild = new ChildClass();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

/* Out put

Base class constructor!

Child class constructor!

*/

Q10. What is Destructor?

Ans. The destructor is a special type member function/method which has the same name as its class name
preceded by a tilde (~) sign. The destructor is used to release unmanaged resources allocated by the object. It is
called automatically before an object is destroyed. It cannot be called explicitly. A class can have only one
destructor.
class Example
{
public Example()
{
Console.WriteLine("Constructor called");
}

//destructor
~Example()
{
Console.WriteLine("Destructor called to destroy instance");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Example T = new Example();
GC.Collect();
62

}
}
Page

/*Out Put
 Constructor called.
Destructor called to destroy the instance

*/

Q11. What is finalize () method?

Ans. A finalize method belongs to the object class. It is used to free unmanaged resources like files, database
connections, COM etc. held by an object before that object is destroyed. Internally, it is called by Garbage Collector
and cannot be called by user code.

Implement it when you have unmanaged resources in your code and want to make sure that these resources are
freed when the Garbage collection happens.
// Implementing Finalize method
class Example
{
public Example()
{
Console.WriteLine("Constructor called");
}

//At runtime C# destructor is automatically Converted to Finalize method.

~Example()
{
//TO DO: clean up unmanaged objects
}
}

Q12. What are the similarities and difference between finalize and destructor?
Ans. Finalize and destructor, both are used to release unmanaged resources allocated by the object. The
differences between these two are given below-

• Finalize method corresponds to the .NET framework and it is a part of System.Object class whereas
destructor is the C# implementation of the finalize method.
• In C#, destructors are converted to finalize method when the program is compiled.

Q13. What is the use of “using” statement in C#?

Ans. The using statement obtains the specified resources, uses it and then automatically calls the dispose
method to clean up the specified resources when the execution of statement is completed.
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

public class Program

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
63

{
string connectionString = "Persist Security Info=False;Integrated
Page

Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog=MyDatabase;Data Source=(local);";

 // using statement acquires the SqlConnection as a resource
using (SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(connectionString))
{
//using SqlConnection
con.Open();

SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand("SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Employee", con);

SqlDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader();
while (reader.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Address: {1}, Mobile: {2}",
reader.GetInt32(0), reader.GetString(1), reader.GetString(2));
}
}//SqlConnection is automatically closed and released; as using statement is
finished
}
}

/* Output

Name: Mohan, Address: Noida, Mobile: 9500000000

Name: Rohan, Address: Delhi, Mobile: 9400000000

*/

When you would not use the using statement, you need to write code to clean up the specified resources for
releasing occupied memory as given below-
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

public class Program

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
string connectionString = "Persist Security Info=False;Integrated
Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog=MyDatabase;Data Source=(local);";
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
try
{
con.Open();

SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand("SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Employee", con);

SqlDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader();
while (reader.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Address: {1}, Mobile: {2}",
reader.GetInt32(0), reader.GetString(1), reader.GetString(2));
}
}
64

finally
{
Page

con.Close(); // Closing connection

 con.Dispose();// Releasing resource
}
}
}

/* Output
Name: Mohan, Address: Noida, Mobile: 9500000000
Name: Rohan, Address: Delhi, Mobile: 9400000000
*/

Q14. What is Access Modifier?

Ans. An access modifier is used to specify the accessibility of a class member. Access modifiers help to support
abstraction and encapsulation by exposing only necessary members and hiding others.

Q15. Explain different types of access modifiers in C#?

Ans. C# supports four types of access modifiers as given below-

1. Private – A private member can only be accessed inside the same class or struct. By default, a class or a
struct members have private access. Also, private members are not accessible outside the containing class
or struct.

2. Protected - A protected member can only be accessed inside the same class or in a class that is derived
from that class. A class member can be declared as protected but a struct members cannot be declared
as protected since struct does not support inheritance.

3. Public - A public member can be accessed inside the same assembly or any other assembly that references
it. A class or a struct members can be declared as public. By default, interface members are public and
you cannot define any access modifier to interface members.

4. Internal - An internal member can be accessed inside the same assembly, but not within any other
assembly. A class or a struct members can be declared as internal. By default, class, struct, interface,
delegates itself have internal access when declared inside a namespace. A class, struct, interface,
delegates itself have private access when nested.

5. Protected Internal - A protected member can be accessed inside the same assembly, or inside a derived
class in another assembly. A class member can be declared as protected internal but a struct members
cannot be declared as protected internal because structs do not support inheritance.

Q16. Can a child or derived type have higher accessibility form its parent type?
Ans. No, it cannot. You cannot have a public class B that has been derived from an internal class A. It would be
a compile time error.
65

Q17. Can you declare struct members as protected?

Page

Ans. No, struct members cannot be declared as protected. This is because structs do not support inheritance.
Q18. Can you explain the member's Accessibility?
Ans. Access modifiers accessibly can be understood through the following table:

Q19. Can destructors have access modifiers?

Ans. No, destructors cannot have access modifiers since these are automatically called by the compiler.

Q20. While inheriting a class do the private members get inherited?

Ans. Yes, private members are also inherited but cannot be accessed directly by the derived class.

Q21. What is Enum?

Ans. In C#, an enum is a value type. An enum contains a list of named constants which are known as
enumerators. By default, an enum has internal access but it can be declared as public.

By default, the first enumerator value starts from 0 and the successive enumerators values increased by 1.
enum Days { Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri };

In the above Days enum, Sat is 0, Sun is 1, Mon is 2, and so on. You can also change the default values for
enumerators, as shown in the following example.
enum Days { Sat=2, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri };

Now, the first enumerator value will start from 2 and each successive enumerator value will increase by 1.

Q22. When to use enum?

Ans. An enum can be used in the following two cases:

1. To define static constants.

2. To define constant flags.

Q23. What is a structure in C#?

Ans. In C#, a structure is value type which contains data members and members function like class. The
structure can contain fields, methods, constants, constructors, properties, indexers, operators and other nested
66

structure types.
Page
struct Book
{
int BookId;
string Title;
string Author;
string Subject;
double Price;

public void getDetails(int bookId, string title, string author, string subject,
double price)
{
BookId = bookId;
Title = title;
Author = author;
Subject = subject;
Price = price;
}
public void showDetails()
{
Console.WriteLine("\n########## Book Details ##########");

Console.WriteLine("BookId :{0}", BookId);

Console.WriteLine("Title : {0}", Title);
Console.WriteLine("Author : {0}", Author);
Console.WriteLine("Subject : {0}", Subject);
Console.WriteLine("Price : {0}", Price);
}
};

public class Program

{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{

Book Book1 = new Book();

Book Book2 = new Book();

Book1.getDetails(1, "Node.js Interview Questions and Answers", "Shailendra

Chauhan", "JavaScript", 500);
Book2.getDetails(2, "ASP.NET MVC Interview Questions and Answers", "Shailendra
Chauhan", ".NET", 400);

Book1.showDetails();
Book2.showDetails();

Console.ReadKey();
}
}

/* Output

########## Book Details ##########

67

BookId :1
Page

Title : Node.js Interview Questions and Answers

Author : Shailendra Chauhan
 Subject : .NET
Price : 500

########## Book Details ##########

BookId :2
Title : ASP.NET MVC Interview Questions and Answers
Author : Shailendra Chauhan
Subject : .NET
Price : 400
*/

Features of structure:

• Like a class, a struct can have methods, fields, indexers, properties, operator methods, events and nested
structure.
• A struct can have only default constructors.
• A struct cannot have destructors. Since it is a value type and there is no need to call GC.
• Unlike a class, a struct does not support inheritance but it can implement one or more interfaces.
• By default, a struct is sealed; hence cannot be inherited by another type.
• A struct cannot have abstract, virtual or protected access modifiers. Since these access modifiers are used
with the members of a base type but a struct cannot work as a base type.
• Unlike a class, a struct can be instantiated without using the new operator. In this case, struct fields will
remain unassigned and the struct instance cannot be used until all the fields are initialized.

Q24. When to use structure?

Ans. Structures are useful for small data structures and provide better performance as compared to class.

Q25. What are the similarities between a class and a structure?

Ans. Following are the similarities between a class and a structure.

• Both can have constructors, methods, properties, fields, constants and enum,
• Both can implement the interface.
• Both can have delegates and events.

Q26. What is the difference between class and structure?

Ans. Differences between these two are given below-

Class Structure

The class is a reference type. Hence stores on

The structure is a value type. Hence stores on the stack.
the heap.
The class can have default and parameterized
The structure can have only default constructor.
constructor
The structure cannot have destructor since it is a value type
68

The class can have a destructor

and there is no need to call GC.
Page
 Does not support inheritance since by default structure is
Supports inheritance
sealed.
Classes are slow as compared to the structure Structures are fast as compared to classes.
The class can be declared as static The structure cannot be declared as static.
The class can have abstract, virtual or The structure cannot have abstract, virtual or protected
protected members. members. Since it does not act as the base type.

Q27. What is a static class?

Ans. A static class is a special class which is loaded into memory automatically by the CLR at the time of code
execution. Hence, there is no need to create an object of the static class.

Key points about static class

• It contains only static members.

• It cannot be instantiated.
• It is sealed, hence cannot be inherited but It can inherit object class.
• It can have only one static constructor (default constructor) which has private access.

static class Example

{
//public Example(); Error, static classes cannot have instance constructors.
//int a = 10; Error, static class cannot have non static instance members
static Example()
{
Console.WriteLine("Hi, I am static constructor!");
}

public static void MyMethod()

{
Console.WriteLine("Hi, I am static method, called directly by class name!");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
//Error, cannot create instance of static class.
//Example obj = new Example();

//Calling class members

Example.MyMethod();
}
}

/*Output

Hi, I am static constructor!

69

Hi, I am a static method called directly by class name!

Page

*/
Q28. When to use a static class?
Ans. A static class is useful when you want to provide some common utilities like various configuration settings,
driver manipulation etc. to your application.

Q29. What are static members?

Ans. Static class members (method, field, property, or event) are declared using the static keyword. These can
be called only with the class name. In the memory, only one copy of static member exists and which is shared by
all the instances of a class.
class Example
{
static int count;
public Example()
{
count++;
}
public static void MyMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("Count ={0}", count);
Console.WriteLine("Hi, I am static method, called directly by class name!");
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Example obj1 = new Example();
//obj1.MyMethod(); //error, MyMethod cannot be accessed by class instance, use
type name instead

Example.MyMethod();
Console.Read();
}
}

/*Output

Count =2
Hi, I am a static method, called directly by class name!
*/

Q30. What is a Static Method?

Ans. You can declare a class member as static. Such methods are directly called by the class name and not by
the object of that class. For example, see the above example.

Q31. What are the differences between static and instance methods?
70

Ans. Static Method: A static method is declared using a static modifier and can have access to the static
Page

members only. It is called by the class name and you cannot use this keyword with it.
 Instance Method: Other methods in a class are instance methods. An instance method is called using the class
object and can access both static and non-static members. It cannot be called directly by its class name and you
can use this keyword with it.

Q32. What are sealed Classes in C#?

Ans. Sealed classes are special types of class that is being restricted to be inherited. Sealed modifier is used to
prevent a class inheritance. If you try to inherit a sealed class then a compile-time error occurs.
Sealed class Example
{
void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("Sealed class method!");
}
}
class MyExample : Example //Error, 'MyExample' cannot derive from sealed type 'Example'
{
void Show()
{
Console.WriteLine("Show method!");
}
}

Q33. What is the base class in .NET Framework from which all the classes are
derived?
Ans. System.Object.

Q34. What is a partial class, interface or struct?

Ans. Partial class, interface and structure were introduced in C# 2.0. Now, it is possible to split the definition of
a class, interface and structure over more than one source files. These source files must be defined in the same
namespace or assembly and must have the partial keyword and same access modifiers.
// Partial Class
partial class Example
{
void Test()
{ //write your code
}
}
partial class Example
{
void Test2()
{ //write your code
}
}

// Partial Interface
71

partial interface IExample

{
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void ITest();
 }
partial interface IExample
{
void ITest2();
}

// Partial Structure
partial struct SExample
{
void STest()
{
//write your code
}
}
partial struct SExample
{
void STest2()
{
//write your code
}
}

Key points about partial Class, Interface or struct

1. During code compilation, all the files should be available to form the final class, interface or struct.
2. Any member declared in the one part/file will be available to all other parts.
3. If any part has Inheritance, then it applies to the entire class.
4. Different parts of a class or struct may inherit from different interfaces.
5. If any part is declared abstract, then the whole class, interface or struct is considered abstract.
6. If any part is declared sealed, then the whole class, interface or struct is considered sealed.

Q35. What are the advantages of partial?

Ans. There are following advantages of partial Class, Interface or structure:

1. Allow more than one developer to work simultaneously on the same class, struct or interface.
2. Partial class are particularly helpful for customizing auto-generated code by the IDE. Whenever the IDE
generate the code then the tool may define some partial class, interface, methods and further
customization of a partial class, the interface is done by the developers without messing with the system
generated code.

Q36. What is the partial method?

Ans. A partial method is a special method that exists within a partial class or struct. One part of the partial class
or struct have only partial method declaration means signature and another part of the same partial class or struct
may have an implementation for that partial method. If the implementation is not provided for the declared
partial method, the method and all calls to those partial methods will be removed at compile time.
72

Key points about the partial method

Page

1. Partial methods can be declared or defined within the partial class or struct.
 2. Partial methods are implicitly private and declarations must have the partial keyword.
3. Partial methods must return void.
4. Partial methods implementation is optional.
5. Partial methods can be static and unsafe and generic.
6. Partial methods can have ref parameters but not out parameters since these can't return value.
7. You cannot make a delegate to a partial method.
8. The signatures of the partial method will be the same in both parts of the partial class or struct.

Q37. When to use partial methods?

Ans. Partial methods are particularly helpful for customizing auto-generated code by the tool. Whenever the
tool generates the code then the tool may declare some partial method and implementation of these methods
is decided by the developers.

If you are using entity framework for making DAL then you have seen that the Visual Studio make a partial method
OnContextCreated() as shown below. Now, the implementation of it depends on you whether you want to use it
or not.
public partial class DALEntities : ObjectContext
{
#region Constructors
// Constructors for DALentities
#endregion
#region Partial Methods
partial void OnContextCreated();
#endregion
}
// This part can be put in the separate file
public partial class DALEntities : ObjectContext
{
partial void OnContextCreated()
{
// put method implementation code
Debug.WriteLine("OnContextCreated partial method");
}
}

73
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 6
Exception Handling
Q1. What is Error?
Ans. Errors refer to the mistake or faults which occur during program development or execution. If you don't
find them and correct them, they cause a program to produce wrong results.

Q2. Explain different types of errors?

Ans. In programming, language errors can be divided into three categories as given below-

1. Syntax Errors - Syntax errors occur during development when you make type mistake in the code. For
example, instead of writing while, you write WHILE then, it will be a syntax error since C# is a case-sensitive
language.

bool flag=true;

WHILE (flag) //syntax error, since c# is case sensitive

{
//TO DO:
}

2. Runtime Errors (Exceptions) - Syntax errors occur during execution of the program. These are also called
exceptions. This can be caused due to improper user inputs, improper system errors.

int a = 5, b = 0;
int result = a / b; // DivideByZeroException

Exceptions can be handled by using try-catch blocks.

3. Logical Errors - Logic error occurs when the program is written fine but it does not produce the desired
result. Logic errors are difficult to find because you need to know for sure that the result is wrong

int a = 5, b = 6;
double avg = a + b / 2.0; // logical error, it should be (a + b) / 2.0

Q3. What are Exceptions?

74

Ans. Exceptions are defined as glitches, unexpected or unseen errors which occur during the execution of a
program. These can be caused due to improper user inputs, improper design logic or system errors. In this case,
Page

if an application does not provide a mechanism to handle these exceptions then your application may crash.
Q4. What are different types of Exceptions?
Ans. Exceptions can be of following two types -

1. Application Exception – Such exceptions are generated while a program execution.

2. System Exception – Such exceptions are generated by the CLR.

Q5. What is the role of System.Exception class?

Ans. System.Exception class is provided by .NET Framework to handle any type of exception that occurs. The
Exception class is the base class for all other exception classes provided by .NET Framework. The exception class
instance has some important properties as given below:

Property Usage
InnerException Provides exception instance that caused the current exception.
Message Provides detailed information about the error
StackTrace Provides the function stack to show where the exception is thrown
Source Provides the name of the application or the object that causes the error.
Targetsite Shows which method throws the current exception

Q6. What are the various predefined exceptions classes?

Ans. In C#, exceptions are represented by various exceptions classes. Directly or indirectly, these exception
classes are derived from the System.Exception class. There are some common predefined exceptions classes:

Exception Class Description

System.ArithmeticException A base class for handling exceptions that occur during arithmetic
operations.
System.DivideByZeroException and System.OverflowException classes
inherit this class.
System.DivideByZeroException Thrown when an attempt to divide a numeric value by zero.
System.IndexOutOfRangeException Thrown when an attempt to access an array element via an index that is
less than zero or outside the bounds of the array.
System.InvalidCastException Thrown when an explicit conversion from a base type to a derived type
fails at runtime.
System.NullReferenceException Thrown when the referenced object is null but it is required.
System.OutOfMemoryException Thrown when an attempt to allocate memory (via new) fails.
System.StackOverflowException Thrown when the execution stack is exhausted by having too many
pending method calls; typically, a very deep or recursion method calls.

Q7. What is Exception Handling?

Or
75

What are the ways in C# to handle exception?

Page
 Or
What is try, catch and finally block?
Ans. Exception handling is a mechanism to capture run-time errors and handle them correctly. It is achieved
by using Try-Catch-Finally blocks and throw keyword.

Try Block - The try block encloses the statements that might throw an exception.

try
{
// Statements that can cause exception.
}

Catch Block - The catch block handles any exception if one exists.

catch(ExceptionType e)
{
// Statements to handle exception.
}

Finally Block - The finally block can be used for doing any clean-up process like releasing unused resources even
if an exception is thrown. For example, Disposing database connection.

finally
{
// Statement to clean up.
}

Throw Keyword - The throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly.

catch (Exception e)
{
throw (e);
}

Q8. What is the order of try-catch-finally blocks?

Ans. In the order of exceptions handling blocks try block comes first, after that catch block(s) come and in the
last finally block comes.

try
{
// statements that can cause exception.
}
catch (MoreSpecificExceptionType e1)
{
// error handling code
76

}
catch (SpecificExceptionType e2)
Page

{
// error handling code
 }
catch (GeneralExceptionType eN)
{
// error handling code
}
finally
{
// statement to clean up.
}

You can also skip finally block if required.

try
{
// statements that can cause exception.
}
catch (MoreSpecificExceptionType e1)
{
// error handling code
}
catch (SpecificExceptionType e2)
{
// error handling code
}
catch (GeneralExceptionType eN)
{
// error handling code
}

You can also skip catch block(s) if required.

try
{
// statements that can cause exception.
}
finally
{
// statement to clean up.
}

Hence, a combination of try-catch-finally or try-catch or try-finally blocks is valid.

Q9. Can you have catch block without try block?

Ans. No, you cannot have catch blocks without try block since catch blocks are used to handle exceptions occur
in the try block. Also, there may be multiple catch block corresponds to a try block.

Q10. Can you have a try block without catch block?

Ans. Yes, you can have a try block without catch blocks but you need to define one finally block corresponds
77

to that try block. Also, there is only one finally block.

Page
Q11. Can multiple catch blocks be executed?
Ans. However, you can write multiple catch blocks in our code. But multiple catch blocks cannot be executed.
Only one catch block is executed which matched the occurred exceptions and then the control is transferred to
the finally block if exist or to the next statement after try-catch blocks.

Q12. What are user-defined Exceptions in C#?

Ans. C# allows us to create a user-defined exception class that should be derived from the Exception class. In
this user-defined exception class, you can write your own logic for handling exceptions. These exceptions are
called user-defined exceptions.

class UserDefinedException : Exception

{
public UserDefinedException(string str)
{
Console.WriteLine(str);
}
}
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
throw new UserDefinedException("User defined exception!");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Catching Exception: " + e.Message);
}

Console.WriteLine("Next statement to be executed");

Console.Read();
}
}

/* Output

User-defined exception!
Catching Exception: Exception of type 'UserDefinedException' was thrown.
Next statement to be executed

*/

Q13. What do you understand by Custom Exceptions?

Ans. Custom exceptions are nothing but user-defined exceptions. The only difference is that here exceptions
are handled as per user requirements.
78
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 7
Reflection and Serialization
Q1. What is Reflection?
Ans. Reflection is used to examine objects and their types. .NET Framework provides System.Type object,
which allows you to access all the information about objects and their types. The System.Reflection namespace
contains classes which allow you to obtain information about assemblies, modules and types.

Q2. How to use Reflection in C#?

Ans. In C#, you should use the typeof operator to get the object's type or use the GetType() method to get the
type of the current instance.
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
// Create object
Example obj = new Example();
// Get the Type information.
Type typeObj = obj.GetType();

// Get Method Information.

MethodInfo methodInfo = typeObj.GetMethod("Sum");
object[] objParam = new object[] { 5, 10 };

// Get and display the Invoke method.

Console.WriteLine("Object assembly info: " + typeObj.Assembly);
Console.WriteLine("Object method '" + methodInfo.Name + "' returns " +
methodInfo.Invoke(obj, objParam));
}
}
/*Output
Object assembly info: ConsoleApp, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral,PublicKeyToken=null
Object method 'Sum' returns 15
*/

Q3. When to use Reflection?

Ans. A reflection can be used in the following cases:
79

• To create an instance of a type or bind the type to an existing object dynamically.

Page

• To get the type from an existing object and invoke its methods or access its fields and properties
 • Need to perform late binding, accessing methods on types created at runtime.

Q4. What are Serialization and Deserialization?

Ans. Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes. So that, you can store that object
into memory, database or a file in form of XML or JSON or binary format. Its main purpose is to save the state of
an object so that it can be recreated when it requires. This reverse process is called deserialization.

Q5. When to use serialization and deserialization?

Ans. Serialization and deserialization can be used in the following cases:

• Need to pass an object from an application to another remote application.

• Need to pass an object from one domain to another.
• Need to pass an object through a firewall as JSON/XML string.
• Need to maintain security or user-specific information across applications.

Q6. What namespace is used to support Serialization in .NET?

80

Ans. In .NET, serialization is provided by the System.Runtime.Serialization namespace. This namespace

contains an interface IFormatter which provides Serialize() and Deserialize() methods in order to implement
Page

serialization.
 Q7. What are Serializable and NonSerialized attributes?
Ans. In .NET Framework, SerializableAttribute attribute to serialize all the members of a class. If you do not
want to serialize a member, decorate that member with NonSerializedAttribute. Let’s understand these things
with the help of the following examples:
Using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;

// An Employee object that needs to be serialized.

[Serializable()]
public class Employee
{
public int EmpId;
public string Name;

// A field that is not serialized.

[NonSerialized()]
public int Salary;
}

Q8. What are different types of Serialization?

Ans. There are three types of serialization supported by .NET Framework as given below-

1. XML Serialization - This serialization serializes an object into an XML stream. This is best for cross-platform
transfer since XML is supported by every platform. This generates a human-readable and editable data
file.
2. Binary Serialization - This serialization uses binary encoding. It is faster and secure than XML serialization
but it is not easily portable to another platform except .NET.
3. SOAP Serialization - This serialization serializes the object into XML stream which follows the SOAP
specification. A SOAP is an XML based protocol to transport procedure calls using XML.

Q9. What namespace is used for SOAP Serialization?

Ans. In .NET Framework, SOAP serialization is provided by System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap
namespace.

Q10. What is Custom Serialization?

Ans. You can also, write your own custom class for serialization and deserialization process. The custom class
must be marked as SerializableAttribute and implement the ISerializable interface.
81
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 8
Property and Indexer
Q1. What is Property?
Ans. A Property acts as a wrapper around a field. It is used to assign and read the value from that field by using
set and get accessors. The get accessor is executed when the property is read and the set accessor is executed
when the property is assigned a new value. A property can be created for a public, private, protected and internal
field.

Unlike fields, properties do not denote storage locations and you cannot pass a property as a ref or out parameter.

using System;

class Example
{
string name;
public string Name
{
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Example obj = new Example();
obj.Name = "Dot Net Tricks"; // called set { }
Console.WriteLine(obj.Name); // called get { }
}
}

Q2. When to use the property?

Ans. There are following cases where you should use properties:

1. Need to validate data before assigning it to a field

2. Need to do intermediate computation on data before assigning or retrieving it to a field
82

3. Need to log all access for a field

4. Need to protect a field by reading and writing
Page
Q3. What are different types of properties?
Ans. Properties can be divided into three categories read-only, write-only, and read-write properties.

1. Read-Only Property - A read-only property allows you to only retrieve the value of a field. To create a
read-only property, you should define the get accessor.

class User
{
string name;
public string Name
{
get { return name; }
}
}

2. Write-Only Property - A write-only property allows you to only change the value of a field. To create a
write-only property, you should define the set accessor.

class User
{
string name;
public string Name
{
set { name = value; }
}
}

3. Read-Write Property - A read-write property allows you to assign and read the value of a field. To create
a read-write property, you should define the set and get accessors.

class User
{
string name;
public string Name
{
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
}

Q4. What is auto-implemented property?

Ans. Auto-implemented properties were introduced with C# 3.0, which make property declaration more
concise. Unlike standard property, in auto-implemented property, wrapped or backing field is automatically
created by the compiler but it is not available for use by the class members.
public int Name { get; set; }
83

To make an auto-implemented property read-only or write-only, you need to specify both get and set accessors.
Page

public int ReadOnly { get; private set; }

 public int WriteOnly { private get; set; }

Q5. When to use auto-implemented property?

Ans. It is useful when you want to store a default value and you don’t want to add any additional functionality
to either of the accessors.

Q6. What is static Property?

Ans. You can also declare a property static. To make a static property you must ensure that the backing store
field is also static. Typically, a static property is used to make a singleton class.
public class MySingleton
{
private static MySingleton instance = new MySingleton();
private MySingleton() { }

public static MySingleton GetInstance

{
get { return instance; }
}
}

Q7. What is abstract Property?

Ans. An abstract property declaration does not have any implementation for the property accessors. The
accessors would be implemented into derived classes. Abstract properties can be declared with an abstract class
and an interface.
Public abstract class Person
{
public abstract string Name { get; set; }

}
class Student: Person
{
private string name;

// Override Name property

public override string Name
{
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
}

public interface IPerson

{
string Name { get; set; }

}
84

class Student: IPerson

Page

{
 private string name;

// implement Name property

public string Name
{
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
}

Q8. What is Indexer in C#?

Ans. An indexer enables a class or struct instances to be indexed in the same way as an array. Unlike, property
an indexer is defined using this keyword.

Just like methods, an indexer can be overloaded and can multiple parameters with a different type. Unlike an
array, an indexer cannot be passed as a ref or out parameter.
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Example names = new Example();
names[0] = "Shailendra";
names[1] = "Aman";
names[2] = "Pavan";
names[3] = "Mohan";
names[4] = "Deepak";

for (int i = 0; i < Example.size; i++)

{
Console.WriteLine(names[i]);
}

Console.ReadKey();
}

class Example
{
static public int size = 10;
private string[] namelist = new string[size];

public string this[int index]

{
get
{
string tmp;

if (index >= 0 && index <= size - 1)

85

{
tmp = namelist[index];
Page

}
else
 {
tmp = "";
}

return (tmp);
}
set
{
if (index >= 0 && index <= size - 1)
{
namelist[index] = value;
}
}
}
}
/* Output
Shailendra
Aman
Pavan
Mohan
Deepak
*/

Q9. Which one to choose between Property and Method?

Ans. Typically, properties represent data and methods represent actions. Properties are used like fields, but
they can be used to validate data before assigning to a class field or doing any manipulation before accessing its
value.

Methods are preferable to properties in the following situations:

• The operations which need to access the network resources or the file system or database operations.
• The operations return an array.
• The operation is a type conversion, such as ToString() method.

Q10. What are the differences between Property and Indexer?

Ans. The differences between property and indexer are given below:

Property Indexer
It is identified by its name. It is identified by its signature.
Can be a static or an instance member. Must be an instance member.
Accessed through a simple name. Accessed through an index.
A get accessor of a property has no parameters. A get accessor of an indexer has the same
parameters as it has.
A set accessor of property has an implicit value A set accessor of an indexer has the same parameters
parameter. as it has, along with the value parameter.
Supports shortened syntax using Auto-Implemented Does not support shortened syntax.
86

Properties.
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 9
Abstract Class and Interface
Q1. What is an abstract Class?
Ans. An abstract class is a special type of class which cannot be instantiated and acts as a base class for other
classes. Abstract class members declared as abstract must be implemented by the derived classes.

Key points about abstract class

1. An abstract class cannot be instantiated.
2. An abstract class contains abstract members as well as non-abstract members.
3. An abstract class cannot be a sealed class because the sealed modifier prevents a class from being
inherited and the abstract modifier requires a class to be inherited.
4. A non-abstract class which is derived from an abstract class must include actual implementations of all
the abstract members of parent abstract class.
5. An abstract class can be inherited from a class and one or more interfaces.
6. An Abstract class can have access modifiers like private, protected, internal with class members. But
abstract members cannot have a private access modifier.
7. An Abstract class can have instance variables (like constants and fields).
8. An abstract class can have constructor and destructor (only default and not parameterized).
9. An abstract method is implicitly a virtual method.
10. Abstract properties behave like abstract methods.
11. An abstract class cannot be inherited by structures.
12. An abstract class cannot support multiple inheritance or implementation.

Q2. How to create an abstract Class in C#?

Ans. An abstract class can be created using abstract keyword and future it can be derived by Square and
Rectangle as given below:

For example,
abstract class ShapesClass
{
abstract public int Area();
}
87

class Square : ShapesClass

{
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int side = 0;
 public Square(int n)
{
side = n;
}
// Override Area method
public override int Area()
{
return side * side;
}
}

class Rectangle: ShapesClass

{
int length = 0, width = 0;

public Rectangle(int length, int width)

{
this.length = length;
this.width = width;
}
// Override Area method
public override int Area()
{
return length * width;
}
}

Q3. When to create an abstract class?

Ans. The purpose of an abstract class is to provide either basic or default functionality or common
functionalities that multiple derived classes can share and override.

Another need of abstract is to create multiple versions of your component since versioning is not a problem with
the abstract class. You can add properties or methods to an abstract class without breaking the code and all
inheriting classes are automatically updated with the change.

Q4. What are common design guidelines for an abstract class?

Ans. The common design guidelines for the abstract class are given below-

1. Don't define public constructors inside the abstract class. Since an abstract class cannot be instantiated.
2. Define a protected or an internal constructor inside an abstract class. Since a protected constructor allows
the base class to do its own initialization when derived classes are instantiated. An internal constructor
will limit the implementation of the abstract class to the same assembly which contains that class.

Q5. What is an interface and how to use it?

Ans. An interface acts as a contract between itself and class or a structure which implements it. It means a class
that implements an interface is bound to implements all its members. The interface has only the member’s
88

declaration or signature and implicitly every member of an interface is public and abstract.
Page
For example, the most common use of interfaces is, within SOA (Service Oriented Architecture). In SOA (WCF), a
service is exposed through interfaces to different clients. Typically, an interface is exposed to a group of clients
which needs to use common functionalities.
interface IStore
{
void Read();
void Write();
}
interface ICompress
{
void Compress();
void Decompress();
}

public class Document : IStore, ICompress

{
#region IStore

public void Read()

{
Console.WriteLine("Executing Document's Read Method for IStore");
}

public void Write()

{
Console.WriteLine("Executing Document's Write Method for IStore");
}

#endregion // IStore

#region ICompress

public void Compress()

{
Console.WriteLine("Executing Document's Compress Method for ICompress");
}
public void Decompress()
{
Console.WriteLine("Executing Document's Decompress Method for ICompress");
}
#endregion // ICompress
}

Key points about the interface

1. An interface doesn't provide inheritance like a class or abstract class but it only declares members which
an implementing class need to be implemented.
2. It cannot be instantiated but it can be referenced by the class object which implements it. Also, Interface
reference works just like object reference and behave like as object.
89

IStore IObjStore = new Document();

Page

ICompress IObjCompress = new Document();

 3. It contains only properties, indexers, methods, delegates and events signature.
4. It cannot contain constants members, constructors, destructor, instance variables, static members or
nested interfaces.
5. Members of interfaces cannot have any access modifiers not even public.
6. Implicitly, every member of an interface is public and abstract. Also, you are not allowed to specify the
members of an interface public and abstract or virtual.
7. An interface can be inherited from one or more interfaces.
8. An interface can extend another interface.
9. A class or structure can implement more than one interface.
10. A class that implements an interface can mark any method of the interface as virtual and this method can
be overridden by derived classes.
11. Implementing multiple interfaces by a class, sometimes result in a conflict between member signatures.
You can resolve such conflicts by explicitly implementing an interface member.
12. It is a good practice to start all interface names with a capital ‘I’ letter.

Q6. When to use an interface?

Ans. The use cases of an interface are given below:

1. Need to provide common functionality to unrelated classes.

2. Need to group objects based on common behaviours.
3. Need to introduce polymorphic behaviour to classes since a class can implement more than one interface.
4. Need to provide a more abstract view to a model which is unchangeable.
5. Need to create loosely coupled components, easily maintainable and pluggable components because the
implementation of an interface is separated from itself.

Q7. What are the disadvantages of an interface?

Ans. There are following disadvantages of interfaces:

1. The main issue with an interface is that when you add a new member to its, then you must implement
those members within all of the classes which implement that interface.
2. Interfaces are slow as these required extra in-directions to find the corresponding method in the actual
class.

Q8. What are common design guidelines for the interface?

Ans. The common design guidelines for an interface are given below-

1. Keep your interfaces focused on the problem you are trying to solve and keep related tasks (methods)
into an interface. Interfaces that have multiple unrelated tasks tend to be very difficult to implement in a
class. Split up interfaces that contain unrelated functionality.
90

2. Make sure your interface does not contain too many methods. Since too many methods make
implementing the interface difficult as the implementing class has to implement each and every method
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in the interface.
 3. Don't make interfaces for specific functionality. An interface should define the common functionality that
can be implemented by the classes of different modules or subsystems.

Q9. How can you achieve multiple inheritances (implementation) using

interfaces?
Ans. In the interface, you implement rather inherit and which is possible as shown in the following the
example.
interface I1
{
void Show();
}
interface I2
{
void Hide();
}
class MyClass : I1, I2
{
// implementing interface method
void Show()
{
Console.WriteLine("Show() from I1 is implemented");
}
void Hide()
{
Console.WriteLine("Hide() from I2 is implemented");
}
public static void Main()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Multiple interfaces implement Example\n");

MyClass obj = new MyClass();

I1 i1 = (I1)obj;
i1.Show();

I2 i2 = (I2)obj;
i2.Hide();

Console.ReadKey();
}
}

/*
Output

Multiple interfaces implement Example

Show() from I1 is implemented

91

Hide() from I2 is implemented

Page

*/
Q10. What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?
Ans. The differences between an interface and an abstract class are given below-

Interface Abstract Class

The interface has only the member’s declaration or An abstract class contains at least one abstract member
signature and implicitly every member of an and others, non-abstract members. Like a simple class,
interface is public and abstract. It contains only an abstract class can have data members and member
properties, indexers, methods, delegates and events functions.
signature

It cannot contains constants members, constructors, It can contains constants members, constructors,
destructors, instance variables, static members or destructor, instance variables, static members or
nested interfaces. nested class.

It cannot have field member. It can have field member.

It can have only public member. It can have public, protected and private member.

Methods have only declaration. It can have non abstract method with body definition.

It provides full abstraction. It provides partial abstraction.

Static and Instance constants are possible. Only static constants are possible.

It supports multiple inheritances and so a class can It does not support multiple inheritances and so a class
inherit more than one interface. can inherit only one abstract class.

Use an interface when you need to provide common Use an abstract class when you need to create multiple
functionality to unrelated classes and to create versions of your component and to provide default
loosely coupled components, easily maintainable behaviours as well as common behaviours that multiple
and pluggable components because the derived classes can share and override.
implementation of an interface is separated from
itself.

92
Page
 10
Delegates and Events
Q1. What are Delegates?
Ans. A delegate is a reference type that holds the reference to a class method. Any method which has the same
signature as a delegate can be assigned to delegate. It is very similar to the function pointer but with a difference
that delegates are type-safe. We can say that it is the object-oriented implementation of function pointers.

Key points about delegates

• Delegates are like C++ function pointers but they are type safe.
• Delegates allow methods to be passed as parameters.
• Delegates are used in event handling for defining callback methods.
• Delegates can be chained together i.e. these allow defining a set of methods that can be executed as a
single unit.
• Once a delegate is created, the method it is associated will never change because delegates are immutable
in nature.
• Delegates provide a way to execute methods at runtime.
• All delegates are implicitly derived from System.MulticastDelegate, class which is inheriting from
System.Delegate class.
• Delegate types are incompatible with each other, even if their signatures are the same. These are
considered equal if they have the reference of the same method.

Q2. What are the steps to create a Delegate?

Ans. There are three steps for defining and using delegates:

1. Declaration - A delegate is declared by using the keyword delegate, otherwise it resembles a method
declaration.
2. Instantiation - To create a delegate instance, we need to assign a method (which has the same signature
as a delegate) to delegate.
3. Invocation - Invoking a delegate is like as invoking a regular method.

//1. Declaration
public delegate int MyDelagate(int a, int b); //delegates having the same signature as a
93

method
Page

public class Example

 {
// methods to be assigned and called by the delegate
public int Sum(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}

public int Difference(int a, int b)

{
return a - b;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Example obj = new Example();

// 2. Instantiation : As a single cast delegate

MyDelagate sum = new MyDelagate(obj.Sum);
MyDelagate diff = new MyDelagate(obj.Difference);

// 3.Invocation
Console.WriteLine("Sum of two integer is = " + sum(10, 20));
Console.WriteLine("Difference of two integer is = " + diff(20, 10));
}
}

/* Output
Sum of two integer is = 30
Difference of two integer is = 10
*/

Q3. What are the different types of delegates?

Ans. There are two types of delegates as given below-

1. Single cast delegate - A single cast delegate holds the reference of the only a single method. In the
previous example, the created delegate is a single cast delegate.
2. Multicast delegate - A delegate which holds the reference of more than one method is called the multicast
delegate. A multicast delegate only contains the reference of methods which return type is void. The +
and += operators are used to combine delegate instances. Multicast delegates are considered equal if
they reference the same methods in the same order.

//1. Declaration
public delegate void MyDelagate(int a, int b);
public class Example
{
// methods to be assigned and called by the delegate
public void Sum(int a, int b)
94

{
Console.WriteLine("Sum of integers is = " + (a + b));
Page

}
 public void Difference(int a, int b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Difference of integer is = " + (a - b));
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Example obj = new Example();
// 2. Instantiation
MyDelagate multicastdel = new MyDelagate(obj.Sum);
multicastdel += new MyDelagate(obj.Difference);

// 3. Invocation
multicastdel (50, 20);
}
}

/* Output
Sum of integers is = 70
Difference of integer is = 30

*/

Q4. What are Events?

Ans. An event enables a class or object to provide notifications in your application. An event is declared like a
field except that the declaration includes an event keyword and the type must be a delegate type. An event can
have many handlers. A method that handles an event is called an event handler.

Q5. How to define an Event or Event Handler?

Ans. You can declare your event handlers as you define any other delegate. By convention, event handlers in
the .NET Framework always return void and take two parameters. The first parameter is the "source" of the
event and a second parameter is an object derived from EventArgs. Your event handlers will need to follow this
design pattern. EventArgs is the base class for all event data. The EventArgs class inherits all its methods from
Object class.
Class MyEventClass
{
public delegate void EventHandler();

static void VB()

{
Console.WriteLine("VB.NET");
}
static void C()
{
95

Console.WriteLine("C#.NET");
}
Page

static void SQL()

 {
Console.WriteLine("MS-SQL");
}
static void AJAX()
{
Console.WriteLine("AJAX.NET");
}

public static event EventHandler show;

static void Main()

{
// Add event handlers to Show event.
show += new EventHandler(VB);
show += new EventHandler(C);
show += new EventHandler(SQL);
show += new EventHandler(AJAX);

// invoke the event.

show.Invoke();
}

}
/*Output
VB.NET
C#.NET
MS-SQL
*/

class MyEventHandler
{
public event EventHandler EventRaised; //declaration of event handler
public void RaiseAnEvent()
{
EventHandler handler = EventRaised; // instance
if (handler != null)
{
handler(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
}
}
class MyEventObserver
{
public void MyMethodHandleEvent(object sender, EventArgs args) // event
{
Console.WriteLine("Event occurred at " + sender);
}
}
class ExecutionClass
{
static void Main()
96

{
MyEventHandler objHandler = new MyEventHandler();
Page

MyEventObserver objObserver = new MyEventObserver();

 objHandler.EventRaised += objObserver.MyMethodHandleEvent; //invoke
objHandler.RaiseAnEvent();
}
}
/* Output
Event occurred at TestApplication.MyEventHandler.
*/

Q6. What are the differences between Events and Delegates?

Ans. The differences between events and delegates are given below:

Events Delegates
While defining interface we can use events We can’t use delegate in the interface definition.

An event can only be invoked from the class that Delegates can be invoked from derived classes and
declares it. clients.
The event comes with its pair of assessors i.e. Add No such accessors are required here.
and Remove. Which is assigned and unassigned
with a += and -= operator.
The event has a restrictive signature and must Delegates are not bounded of such restrictive signature.
always be of the form
Event(object sender, EventArgs args)

Q7. Do Events have a return type?

Ans. No, events have not any return type, not even void type.

Q8. Can Events have access modifiers?

Ans. Yes, you can have all access modifiers in events. You can have events with the protected keyword, which
will be accessible only to inherited classes. You can have private events only for objects in that class.

Q9. What is Attribute?

Ans. An attribute provides declarative information about types, class, methods, properties, fields etc.
Attributes are accessed at compile-time or runtime through the metadata or reflection.

Q10. Can you explain some built-in attributes?

Ans. The list of some inbuilt attributes is given below-

Inbuilt Attribute Targets Description

DllImport Method Specifies the DLL location that contains the
implementation of an external method.
Serializable Field, class Applies to a class or field which specifies that class or fields
97

will be serialized.
NonSerialized Class, struct, enum, delegate Specifies that all public and private fields of this type can
Page

be serialized.
 Obsolete All, except Assembly, Specify a type or method obsolete i.e. it informs to the user
Parameter, and Return Type that this one will be removed in future versions of the code.

Q11. How to show a message in your latest version of code about your old
method removal?
Ans. This can be handled using Obsolete attribute as given below:
For example,
public class Example
{
[Obsolete("This method is obsoleted, use NewShow method", true)]
public void Show()
{
//To DO:
}
public void NewShow()
{
//To DO:
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Example obj = new Example();
obj.Show();
}
}

When you will run this program, you will get the following error as given below-

Q12. How to create a custom attribute class?

Ans. You can also create your own custom attributes by defining a custom attribute class that must be derived
directly or indirectly from Attribute class, which makes identifying attribute definitions in metadata fast and easy.
[System.AttributeUsage(System.AttributeTargets.Class)]
public class AuthorInfoAttribute : System.Attribute
{
private string name;
public string address;
98

public AuthorInfoAttribute(string name)

Page

{
this.name = name;
 address = "Delhi";
}
}
[AuthorInfo("Shailendra Chauhan", address = "Noida")]
class Author
{
// TO DO:
}

The custom attribute class name may or may not have attribute suffix; it is optional.

99
Page
 11
Collections and Generics
Q1. What are Collections?
Ans. A collection is a set of related objects. Unlike arrays, a collection can grow and shrink dynamically as the
number of objects added or deleted. A collection is a class, so you must declare a new collection before you can
add elements to that collection.

Q2. What are various collections in C#?

Ans. The .NET Framework provides various collections like ArrayList, HashTable, SortedList, Stack and Queue
etc. All these collections exist in System.Collections namespace.

Class Description

Represents an array of objects whose size is dynamically increased or decreased as

ArrayList required. It is an alternative to an array. It supports add and remove methods for adding
and removing objects from the collection.
Represents a collection of objects which are stored in key/value pair’s fashion, where the
key is a hash code and value is an object. The key is used to access or manipulates the
Hashtable
objects in the collection. It supports add and remove methods for adding and removing
objects from the collection.
Represents a collection of objects which are stored in key/value pairs fashion like
HashTable and can be sorted by the keys. It can accessible by key or by index number.
SortedList
Typically, it a combination of ArrayList and HashTable. It supports add and remove
methods for adding and removing objects from the collection.
Represents a last in, first out (LIFO) collection of objects. It supports push and pop
Stack
methods for adding and removing objects from the collection.
Represents a first in, first out (FIFO) collection of objects. It supports Enqueue and
Queue
Dequeue methods for adding and removing objects from the collection.

Q3. What are Generics in C#?

Ans. In C# 2.0, Generics were introduced which enables you to define type-safe classes or interfaces or
100

methods or events or collections without compromising type safety, performance, or productivity.

In generics, a generic type parameter is supplied between the open (<) and close (>) brackets and which makes it
Page

strongly typed collections i.e. generics collections contain only similar types of objects.
Q4. What are the advantages of generics?
Ans. There are following advantages of generics:

• Generics provide code re-usability.

• Generics enforce type safety. So, retrieving the data from generics doesn't require any type casting which
makes your code clean and easier to write and maintain.
• Generics provide better performance since they don't require to do type casting.
• Generics decreases the number of run-time errors due to typecasting or boxing/unboxing because the
types used in generic operations are evaluated at compile time.

Q5. What are various Generic Collections in C#?

Ans. The .NET Framework provides various generics collections like List<T>, Dictionary<TKey, TValue>,
SortedList<T>, Stack<T> and Queue<T> etc.

Class Description

Represents a strongly typed list of objects that can be accessed by index.

List<T>
Provides methods to search, sort, and manipulate lists.
Represents a collection of keys and values. It supports add and remove
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>
methods for adding and removing objects from the collection.
Represents a collection of key/value pairs that are sorted by key based. It
SortedList<TKey, TValue> supports add and remove methods for adding and removing objects from the
collection.
Represents a last in, first out (LIFO) strongly typed collection of objects. It
Stack<T> supports push and pop methods for adding and removing objects from the
collection.
Represents a first in, first out (FIFO) strongly typed collection of objects. It
Queue<T> supports Enqueue and Dequeue methods for adding and removing objects
from the collection.

Q6. What is the name of the namespace for collections in C#?

Ans. The collections are the part of System.Collections.Generic namespace.

Q7. What are the differences between Generic Collections and Non-Generic
Collections in C#?
Ans. The differences between generic and non-generic collections are given below-

Generics Collections No-Generic Collections

Store elements of same data types. Can store elements of different data types.
101

There is no need of typecasting or

Need type casting or boxing/unboxing while retrieving
boxing/unboxing while retrieving elements from
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elements from collections.

collections.
 Provides code reusability. Do not provide code reusability.
Provide type safety hence, incompatible type Do not provide type safety which causes an error at
object cannot be stored in a generics collections. runtime if the incompatible type object is stored.
Generics are fast as compared to collections. Collections are slow as compared to generics.

Q8. What are Concurrent Collections?

Ans. The concurrent collections were introduced with C# 4.0 in .NET Framework 4.0. Concurrent collections
are thread-safe and useful where multi-threaded read and write access to a collection is desired. These collections
are the key to parallel programming that was introduced in .NET Framework 4.0.

The .NET Framework provides various concurrent collections like ConcurrentDictionary<Key, Value>,
ConcurrentStack<T>, ConcurrentQueue<T>, ConcurrentBag<T> etc.

Class Description

ConcurrentDictionary< Key , Value> Represents a thread-safe collection of keys and values.

Represents a last in, first out (LIFO) thread safe and strongly typed
ConcurrentStack<T>
collection of objects.
Represents a first in, first out (FIFO) thread safe and strongly typed
ConcurrentQueue<T>
collection of objects
ConcurrentBag<T> Represents a thread-safe collection of unordered elements.

Q9. What is the name of the namespace for concurrent collections in C#?
Ans. The concurrent collections exist in System.Collections.Concurrent namespace.

Q10. What is a base interface for all the collection?

Ans. IEnumerable is the base interface for all the collection in .NET.

Q11. What are collection interfaces in C#?

Ans. All of the collection types use some common interfaces. These common interfaces define the basic
functionality of each collection class. The key collections interfaces are – IEnumerable, ICollection, IDictionary and
IList.

IEnumerable acts as a base interface for all the collection types that is extended by ICollection. ICollection is
further extended by IDictionary and IList.
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 Interface Description

IEnumerable Provides an enumerator which supports a simple iteration over a non-generic collection.
ICollection Defines size, enumerators and synchronization methods for all non-generic collections.
IDictionary Represents a non-generic collection of key/value pairs.
IList Represents a non-generic collection of objects that can be individually accessed by index.

All collections interfaces are not implemented by all the collections classes. It depends on the collection class
behaviours. For example, the IDictionary interface would be implemented by only those collection classes which
support key/value pairs, like HasTable and SortedList etc.

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 12
Threading
Q1. What are the thread and process?
Ans. As per MSDN “A thread is a basic unit to which the operating system allocates processor time”. A thread
can execute any part of the executing program which is known as a process. One or more threads can be used to
execute a process and share a process virtual address space and system resources.

Q2. What is Thread Synchronization?

Ans. Synchronization is useful when multiple threads access the same shared resources or data. You can
synchronize access to shared resources using the lock keyword. By doing so, only one thread at a time accesses
and changes the shared resources.

Q3. Explain Thread life cycle?

Ans. The most common thread states are illustrated in the following diagram, and what happens when a
thread moves into each state:

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 State Description
Unstarted Represents initial state and thread is not started yet.
Started Represents a thread has been started by invoking Thread.Start() method.
Running Represents a thread is running.
Stopped Represents a thread has been finished.
Represents a thread is blocked. This might be because of calling Thread.Sleep() or Thread.Join()
WaitSleepJoin
methods, or requesting a lock.
Suspended Represents a thread has been suspended.
Aborted Represents a thread has been aborted i.e. it is dead. But its state is changed to Stopped.

Q4. What is Multithreading in C#?

Ans. Multithreading allows you to perform more than one operation concurrently. The .NET Framework
System.Threading namespace is used to perform threading in C#.

For example, you can use one thread to monitor input from the user, second thread to perform background
tasks, third thread to process user input and fourth thread to show the output of the third thread processing.

Q5. What is a Thread Pool?

Ans. A thread pool is a collection of threads which are re-used when required, instead of creating a new thread
every time. The thread pool is used to decrease the number of threads within an application and provide a better
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threads management.

The .NET Framework ThreadPool class is used to implement a thread pool. This is a static class that you can directly
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access.
Thread pooling provides you better performance and better system stability when you need to create or destroy
too many threads for your applications.

Q6. What namespace is used for Threading?

Ans. System.Threading namespace is used for threading.

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 References

This book has been written by referring to the following sites:

1. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/overview - Microsoft Docs - ASP.NET

2. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/c# - Stack Overflow - C#
3. https://www.dotnettricks.com/learn/csharp - Dot Net Tricks - C#

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