Unit i

Tutioduliow
The conapt sigunads amd ylins

Commnialions, cot

The phegial nalae

shae a comnon gaae tht eve
thiy
iaa covtain bome Rgormaliow abot
ti bhawio

aoth

Block diagum

a
from cxenal

are
prdad

dimad dijid as a
Sigual : Vaauius yaitabley

istormaliw nvasious
caisia cuiit
Jhe sianalforme t vlg, mhai
eke

Muthdimenional
Che dimicnal siga i a

Mahiaimesional ignal
 in vo Ho

btologicol ig

Can be takinos

4ollia ofealko suding

hwnan lmm

fae Convaalin 0r Ove

I fau-t
a 4deçhone]
moniton
eason,
diognigo a disase
detouil
frecad
 a slok makl
to
(Bio medil
dalllili ommuialed

ndepsudat vaniablu
Some ingormmaliw"

one dinnemsional
Vald
sMgval has a hig

valad signal
tain ana
 x(t)
tie Coutios
tiet.
n(*) higual 4ime
be tr Baid A
dctd +ie
This
tme Disuele tine
4Conhinvos
A
Determinislie
an 4
signali
*gnale
odd 2
findisneti
e thieConlimons
 vale a dana

Standard Coitovw time

Lopenehal
bl
x(t) = A e
heal n

b0

b<o
t
b>0
Siseidal Signal
In Centinvew time signe
dent vaiable ia
deyined to ontimwow Valus
IR twdpendent vaniable.

ot disue times
at disle tines,

Contimvos time

-3 -2 2 3 4 S

Discdi tinne igua

maakul iude
Gime alt pouads
cawl tabudatid ogpn
hig, populatem
ue tanniy
Vaaiables
tirre
 i the danepliny henZnod, 4
dansplk vals L(n)

huutokon o Diuudt. *me kiynal

Rep
DT& Can be
1. Mathemalical

2. Ae Tabwa
Jhe valu DTS.

2
o2

3
 vale an=0

Comiqond to n= 1, 2, 3
n= -, 2,-3.
ie ahO to

rin L !, 2
A-,-2,-3.. RHS 1 , 2, 3

5. Fundion hipkesmtaon
4

Evew an odd
0Y sqund to
(t)
tor all
a t) or

xt) - 4)
- a{a)
 xlo)

-T
T i 2

symal about
phi veaal ais
ane a h
Vuhial auis
abot

hut compl valuad

daid to
AComplx valud bignal xlt) o

z(t) - mtt)+j nt)

then x ): m)-jn(t)
 Coiwow tim
dtuoposed ints bum
bact
odd barl
,(t),

2() = {t) + o (t)

For olt) to be ven
<,(-t)= (t)
(t) to be vod
7,4)= - ,t)

ol-t)
K(- t) e(-t)
(- t) - Xe (t) - o(t)

x(t) + z<t) 2 Xe (t)

gor disat tie

 Copond

2) Find tie ewen and dd cost

Sintt Sint
X(4) Cost +

x+) + * (-1)
e 4):

(os (t)
(t) + in (t) (os(t) 7
7o(t) = + Sin Sin c) cose))
osst) 4 Sin (t)+

Bn (t) li+ co (4)

Osta'n the

x(1)- (+ t') cos iot)

 X)t *(-1)
2.

odd compowad
x(t) - x-t)

(+) etGot) - (i-) suot

2.

odd part
|a(+).

a(t)+ a(-)
X(1) =
2

at alt
)

x(-4)
2
to
oLtoin )4
at allt
mltiplging
shon

Addiny H) X{)

have x(t) - x(-t)

2
 at) shen
halt)

- 2.

+ )

2 - 1

2
examgla q9

Cod Cwi )
Co stne gn'm
but co Cwtt ) 14 mot an
mu mwss aniy
4= 0 OY

Poble

x()
 ( ) &cor41t3 Sin zl+4 Cod:
Giren x

Sigl

ost int
3Sn2 - 4
Sen Conponnt

|2 cos 4t 6 cos 4l
2

X% (+) =
2

2t+ 4 Cost sn
- 3Sn

the wew 4 sdd conpo

xEn]-[,2,9.4.3
2

os,sg,ir,
2
 line
dis ttme
hon

2 3 4

Adding

2
Suthactin1

4, -1, -4, 0, 4, , s,

as shaon

1
1 2 3 4
 (n) *,(n) X, (n)
x(-n) (-n) , (n)
(n)(-,(n))

(n)
hene n) eád
A
 tinmot
odie called i. Any
D aferi alu] higkal disneti
ot donblid.
hadian. N
called qiu
value Sualled
a whae
N
+ve
a
non ct
)
 2

veln)a
Gt awmplitde
cotwt
Wo 47 27 (2)
47
Wo 2

o5

T D5
fuied]
x4+7)

z(t)

is heniodie wilt T- Di5 Sce

(4)
 not
x) die
o4 (an)]u þeto lione
tnlaatal periodi
Piodie gnd

aw val)Ja
u cowtatie
JH Jerm
Comparing wikt
47
27 (2)

22
o5

lzundanneutal the
þuiod]
xt +) -

zlt)
T- Di5 Se
(t) is banio di oilt
 mwt
be we
toable then
be to 4
hee
only Can 0TS a
be btValue
peiod an tme
be
Can
 time The
wibe. sational
time witi
The
Bom
kignaa
Time
Aafional
-me the
 S -ak)
%CH) -
K -2
shown in
þuiodie
4undamtal

-2

2
x(t) =
Siyad
t--5 44 = 5

X(4) i non seicdie,

(4)= 2 Cos (3t+ na)

x

lv- 3 2T

(ntantal
 ()ot

þariod T 2K
tundatal Wo

þalodi hue
xt)= , ()+7, (t toiu

atio
mdamtad hniod
2 <i N
convessi On
mot pOible,
u not heriodi

Aum
Soln Pested

40D
31s 989

not aationa
3 V2
brought to Hhe form
Canmt be
T
not þoiodi
problama oith Jaeniod
Repeat teA 2-025 Sc<
J.08, 3.6

3-G see
T, =
2-025 See
T3 =

2-02
T3
nt) àpeaiodie
Bolk ane
sational.'.

35
 3(1)
T,
2,3, S 90 3
A

Sum
32-4e

x4) =
Periodie

x) [sin ( t - 7
x(1)>4fi- toset- ]
- -coztos+ sin Sin)

a4)-(Co 2 t) u4)
 (st- 4) u þostodie
Sin
Tme þuniod
See

sin (st- 4)
time peniod
3

4
T2
u aabional
Sina Qaio
pusodiu.
gi'ven

(12t+t 4) - Sin (4t-3)

x(4) = B Cos
Sefn

x(t) (os (2cE) + Sin

2
 S

þeiod
2 u() +3 Sin 3

afu todie
1)

i4) (4) =

nyniodie .
utfollewing D1s ne puiodie
Is) Find

cos (4n )
Time feriod

N 2Am idegu
N
whi N

Amalle vale m for

h 2
þeiedie,
)
271 m
N

mfor wt

afniodie
x(n) u
() (h) = e

m5
for
(*l>) n
19) x(n) =
4-m twn me1

3ft4 3 Aha m

2
 2

111
TTT 1

to an
a
klaying

n haclio Reve,
 im P
for im)
So futte a
h time
the kindy
a
ru, could
be voltag be
ti mathunati t he tn
eitation o
awaispond
advily
al phyiu All
 Jn dutail syln, a ignmy be
Cowsda Jnt. þewei
votoye

p)
eapinded
The to teale g y

ides val
t

jival ie

x) dr
 hot

The hine aveage peuet

N N

wot conveagc
cyualion dok
desale tie

-
pesiod N
 CTS

Nb2N41

0<p<to

frobley

|<t)
 T

l -
a
(4) e
o HherwJR,
A

fle -at
J2at
-2.a
 t cos37t
4) a(4)- T 2h
T

(A%2 2

Nola
No heal
have iniut
 DTS

lr

show

n
 2

O. jacot )
2

o.

For tthe

(+eos'y
4
 2.

7() wi be

x(4)
x(t+7)

(127t) +4 coj (1&7:)

x(4) o Sin
}21 27
127
27
 Q. 3

3. 3

Sin ( 2 t ) 4co sst

(t) = lo

(n)x
not a sAakoal
T
(4t)
x(4) = 5 co (nt).sin
sin (at 6) Sin a-5)
Kefn Sin A og
- Cal t Sin =Sin
B CAt8) +5in (A -

57 - Sin
) sin
1

T2
 Cos 37 n

N=2
with feiod N2,

bigpal in pusodiu
[: samphi.
Sin 3n.
X(n) : wo an
27 m

2
m
N 2 m
36 24
(4) 4

Cua)3 1(4)
(to-sy'+ Cre 4) o-to)'7
 Basie Comntinwou tie Sgws

ulo)

4) iu
1)2 -o1)
diuoniow at t o

t>-to
uCt+ to)
u)

to

budding
)

- -
Kannp Sigu
Denoled nct)

(4) = t ult)
Amplihade (1) anwiawy

(t)

Deoid

aln)- o , 3, 2, 3, t5
(n): ulh)
 X(4)
{A, b )

at

(4) A
at

B
A e

Csponehalia
 2 4

2:-0.5

Stnwtdal sg
- ked as
«(t) A s (ut +)

Snwoids 4
e Jo

x ()
 jut

2
jwt
Sin wt e

dauyld Snusoid
kv¡onnktolly
Sin (wtt ) «>0,
x(!) Ae
 Banie olukion on
tti

to Aenon nos
rom aohde audio
Awql:tde sling
wilt a oustaut
ut a)
 LontinvOw

yCt)

2
 Muh
X, () 4 7, (4) twD
()a, )
Ánländ, sigual y ) har a vole

y(n) <, (n) %, (n)

()

,4)
4)

Pot
, ()
 I 2 3 4

y). c)

Ihe comdapad diyyntin in

diuet time sylins diyting
The

Ix (n-i) x()- x(n-)

 Vaiable

&omneliw

i7 w)- x)+y) ii)V) ) x ()-ye)

i) q ) y4)- ()

{) 3)
 ofcal~an ygormad an dudeyndod
LVanable (time)

oHainedby bcaling indepe

Signal yc) a

|xt)

Veaion x()

x(2t)

tn disucta time bhere n0 i Gn

li!!z
-3 -
 at x ) be a continvous time

aelaliie to time Bs hy
a

amomt to Bs

a continwan tine sal

ket xt) b

by epbein
aboul velical ay
aet)ylt)
xt)
ik y4) demot 'a' cotwow time sigua

londnahion (i. ime

(<-})1
This sulion ol

obtain a align
o time scaling 4
a lonut oyde
"must be fospormd
aus ini an 'ikamedialt signa
3t) dyid as s ) x(t-b)

je YC)= s(at)
= x(at- b)

zle43)
 4label

3 23 4

x(2t)

i)

x()
Sen ) «(t -2) x)

) x()

3) alth)

4)

dsute time hign

skekdh lael
b) x (en)

3 4

ln-)

3
 x-)

)x

4 DT

x(n)

2
(uh uz) (z+
 (a)r

at)
2

2
-4 -2 0

2.

2 + -4 - 0 2 4

by 2 uit.
4
dali
 PAecade Bule tor ime
time

t
yC4) anvo wen amplttude saalig *i

A-s

(x()
Cx (at) ca (ot-t))
() (e(at- ato)

Drdu
Oskeled the jolleoig
YA)24t3)

9)

-32

-l-s -t-j

t-0

2 (2t-2)
 x (t% -)

xt-)

alt)- 4)t alt)

 The
applicd to a
y0)
y)4

--4 StS 4

y) de)
1 -5<tK-t
 -5

) yt) (34) +x (t+)

>t

D )= z (st+>) x (3tt)

A
 9or zt) Shon r

A
bt-)

9)y4) - 1(2(t-) s (2t-)

x
zlt- +)

) 2(2-n)
i) (2 - 2r)

zfn»)
 or x) Shon dia

x4)

bt-)

O)y4)-a(lt-)- x(zt-)
zlt +)

z
)(2-n)
i) (2 -2n)

zfn+)
 1,1,2.0, 2, L
) -2n) 2n42)

|·$-25

2 (n-)

14, 5,2,022
3c). (2t). yot+ 1)

y(24)

3(4)-c
-1

zlt) 4 y4) shoon daan

For
1()

yet-)

3) t<-!
+) =o
()X

()t
 ()x

()|
 skutuh

2, , , 2,

x (2n) = o

n=

tor n1
x+) u) - ut-2)
ut)

ult-)
<ts2. uG). 4.

x(t)
x(4)= |-l=0
2

u(t+3)+ 2 u(t+) -2 u(t-)

a(t) =-
|-u(4+3)

2. ultt1)

(-)
| -2u

3
alt)
 (9

(c+t)*

(4-1)n
So(n) =

ul2-) , 4,*,1, o, o, o

hln)
 witk a
at t=0 inw
x(4)

2.

cHhusi

is locate!

q
a

im
la)
 q'la)

Svaua t go liooing

Ssihing pofehy
z) J Ct-to) =
-(st)
2

- fo

o
Sefo

S(at) = a
),
We

b)
u(I-t)

2t
t) e u(-t)

4
t-1
u-t)u(-)
t-)
eie-:
) z(n) = Osnt
d) x(n)- t (o-5)uln)

x(a)= -1

co5)"hen)
x(a) = 8
&. út x(n) 2"u(n4+)-u (n-)]

) - (-n+ 4)
14n) x(-1-)

u (n-+)

2 S 4
o, oo,

(n+) -u(n))

() = 2

2
3

x(n)=h,2, 4, 8

2 3
 Hon) = (o, 8, t, 2, l , )
A

d)

-S
linm alled danoted
1,oYHby
modelly 4
tool Common
Joehaviou
gcolins tommn some
thi on
baud
plicakn divee
te by
Fhyial,
n aeAgleme
byskems
 otinvoy me or discalz
Synal, Cm be ConinyoWs tme
Laacing to.
disute t'me
be aphntd
The Syliny,(an

Rit)41 oi)
Vict)

Ssaie Connlion

faralle dwiiiconton
2
y)

x(4)
 Au audio

tudback Jule Cconmlion

Hk

molii,

ofusati, deine
 (OF)

ha

2. Caual
3. nvatabilit
4. stabiit
S, Time Unvarnlt
6.

Memery be memon si

ycE)= x(6)

i)= ae also (alle

 di

Muhaniad

Caualig

fout vabuu inp

avhi otive

slodk mankal anaiyis

S
band
Val

The
Ahod he dtattngished
4in (t+4)
YCt) = X(t) Sin tti) iu a no
Cawsa Binc

oxtion is applied a Cad sylim ii as

duuaig o7
given
ae kaid -to be
u e </ps
dgnänie!

s seid to te nyert ble i

be
 the invess bylm

H
hee I t idenity
ofealt

at suiring
ct)- 2 z(t)
Mod commen stobi lit; q
BiB0,
is BIBo table and
bouw

a
yet)= txE)

Ti chvawanee
(ausey

d'autr
 Reprne te

to be ime invtiant

- H

to
sHa)/ : H(* ())
(ommyta m time

also wit
of-4)49t
()o

()x (ru)x
 ddetnatne,
For Ike (olloing ydi ies.
iu i) time
mmory en iv (a
invotian iy
x (n-n)

Ne have

a Hj*yco)|+ b Hba,n}
) lim ovasian

ú time anvaia othesuiAe

yn-na) x(n-^,-nd)
 les

4. Gausatelg
(ausal ottu

ulincas
)Time Unvan'ane
 halotvrd

n--5

depuuds
Habililg

bo
Caus
Ibne Jnvahi ane

Yin) ()
hme oantan

tast valy
non Cawin

n zuie p valu

X)

Kinasiby +b,(n)
n (n) = a x, (n)(o)- , (n)
 a (n)+ b x, ( n)

Kyatem ix linea
vaianc)
Z(n-no )
x()

x(n)

tíme Vaiant

2, Qausal
vales
3
slabilty < a

So t is asle
iasity
 (ax b()+un)

Jirne dovay (ayt

(n-noj u (nt )
y(9-no) x

rn)

-time variant
Aylem u

invaniot ) Memohy,
lna a hme ) stab
i) a Causal

emony: slate

not dapud
 (an 4)4 4c))
e
a b,l)

is not lnea

Jime hyaianc
Y4)- e
x4)

tme invasiat

Dn
pat

Mabtils x) M
ye z,) | M
 (2f), 45

Kiineathg
X) -ax (t) +bx, ()

.sylem i hna
ime gnvan'an
4 ) = x(t- to)

e time yasian
Aylom
cosxy)
Memong cacal

Kncasil x) ax (t) + bX.()

yct) losart) + b xsct)7
a coakt)) 4 b cs (,(t)
 Timc dnyariane

ytom le time invaian

Memory : Memoyle

x() a xf (n) 46ln)

yo)=acn)+ ba,(ny Ss(n-)
- ax(n) Sdon-k)
 hme ivahiand

M
x(n)+ S (n-4)
a
not time invasiant
u

1 t

t has memory

lamens
 the sylem h ?n
) Consid
(o

mammong

axce +ba,c0} cosut

yco: ct) Cotut
+b ,
a act) coiut

d)
&i Jn a Capaito,the yolta Ve c)

) ye) depend as memony

7,()
X) a a, (t) + b

Reupone t
Y(t).. xt - o)dt
t-to

Kt x)- Aut)
t
ye) 'Aut)dt:
yt)o