Measurement of angles

Circular System
n
Def : Radian is the angle subtended
Sexagesimal System Centesimal System
by an arc of equal radius at centre of
the circle.
1 right angle = 900 1 right angle = 100 grades (= 100g)
1800 = πc
10 = 60’ 1g = 100’ 𝛑
1’ = 60’’ 1’ = 100’’ = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝟐
10 = 0.01746 radian

Theorem 1: Radian is a constant angle.

Theorem 2: s = rθ, s is the length of the arc, r is the radius, θ is the angle subtended by the arc at the centre
measured in radian.
Theorem 3: Area of sector = r θ
Some useful points: (I) The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is 300
(II) The hour hand rotates through an angle of 300 in one hour i.e. (1 2)0 in one minute.
(III) The minute hand rotates through an angle of 60 in one minute.
Relation between Three systems of measurement of an angle:
= =

Trigonometric function

Important Trigonometric identities

𝟏 𝟏
Fundamental Trigonometric identities
sin θ x cosec θ = 1 ⇒ sin θ = and cosec θ =
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 sin θ + cos2 θ = 1 ⇒ sin2 θ = 1 - cos2 θ and cos2 θ = 1 - sin2 θ
2

𝟏 𝟏
cos θ x sec θ = 1 ⇒ cos θ = and sec θ =
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1 ⇒ sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ and tan2 θ = sec2 θ – 1
𝟏 𝟏
tan θ x cot θ = 1 ⇒ cot θ = and tan θ =
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉 cosec2 θ – cot2 θ =1 ⇒ cosec2 θ = 1 + cot2 θ and cot2 θ = cosec2 θ - 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
tan θ = and cot θ =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉

sin (- θ) = - sin θ; cos (- θ) = cos θ; tan (- θ) = - tan θ;

cot (- θ) = - cot θ; sec(- θ) = sec θ; cosec (- θ) = - cosec θ

sin (900 - θ) = cos θ; cos (900 - θ) = sin θ; tan (900 - θ) = cot θ;

cot (900 - θ) = tan θ; sec (900 - θ) = cosec θ; cosec (900 - θ) = sec θ

Algorithm to find the values of TR of any angle 𝜽

1. Express θ = n x 900 ± α;
2. If n is even given TR does not change and if n is odd given TR changes like sin ⟶ cos, cos
⟶ sin, tan ⟶ cot, cot ⟶ tan, sec ⟶ cosec and cosec ⟶ sec
3. Check + or – comes before TR (obtained from 2) accordingly in which quadrant θ lies.
If θ lies in the quadrant of given TR then the sign will be + (plus) otherwise the sign will
be – (minus).
 Trigonometric ratios of compound angles

TR of Sum & Difference of two angles

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B; Sin (A - B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B; cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁
tan (A + B) = tan (A - B) =
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐁 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐁 𝟏
cot (A + B) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐀
cot (A - B) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐀

sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = sin2 A – sin2 B = cos2B – cos2A; cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – sin2 A

TR of sum of three angles

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
sin (A + B + C) =
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑪 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑪)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
cos (A + B + C) =
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 (𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑪 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑪 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐂
tan (A + B + C) =
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐁 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀

Max. & Min. values of Trigonometrical Expressions

-1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1; -1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1; -∞ < tan θ < ∞; -∞ < cot θ < ∞; sec θ ≥ 1 or sec θ ≤ -1; cosec θ ≥ 1 or cosec θ ≤ -1;

- 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 ≤ a cos 𝛉 + b sin 𝛉 ≤ 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 , for all values of 𝛉

c - 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 ≤ a cos 𝛉 + b sin 𝛉 + c ≤ 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 + c , for all values of 𝛉

a cos 𝛉 ± b sin 𝛉 = c has solution if |𝒄| ≤ 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐

𝐚
a cos 𝛉 ± b sin 𝛉 = r sin (∝ ± 𝛉); a = r sin 𝛂 and b = r cos 𝛂 ⇒ r = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 and 𝛂 = tan-1 ( )
𝐛
𝐛
a cos 𝛉 ± b sin 𝛉 = r cos (∝ ∓ 𝛉); a = r cos 𝛂 and b = r sin 𝛂 ⇒ r = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 and 𝛂 = tan-1 ( )
𝐚

Transformation formulae

sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) = 2 sin A cos B; sin (A + B) - sin (A - B) = 2 cos A sin B;

𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐀 + 𝐁) – 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐀 − 𝐁) = − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐁
cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) = 2 cos A cos B;
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐀 − 𝐁) – 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐀 + 𝐁) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐁
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐁
tan (A + B) + tan (A - B) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐀 𝐁) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐀 𝐁)
tan (A + B) – tan (A - B) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐀 𝐁) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐀 𝐁)
𝒄 𝑫 𝒄 𝑫 𝒄 𝑫 𝒄 𝑫
sin C + sin D = 2 sin 𝟐
cos 𝟐
; sin C - sin D = 2 cos 𝟐
sin 𝟐
;
𝒄 𝑫 𝒄 𝑫
𝒄 𝑫 𝒄 𝑫
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐃 = − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
;
cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos ; 𝒄 𝑫 𝑫 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐂 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐃 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
,𝑫 > 𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐀 𝐁) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐀 𝐁
tan A + tan B = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐁 ; tan A - tan B = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐁 ;
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐀 𝐁) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐁 𝐀)
cot A + cot B = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐁 ; cot A - cot B = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐁 ;
 TR of multiple and submultiple angles

TR of angles 2θ in terms of angle θ

𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ; sin 2θ = 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
;
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
cos 2θ = cos2 θ – sin2 θ; cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ – 1; cos 2θ = 1 – 2 sin2 θ; cos 2θ = 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
;

1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ; 1 – cos 2θ = 2 sin2 θ;

𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉 𝟏 – 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉
𝟐
= cos2 θ; 𝟐
= sin2 θ;
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
tan2 θ = 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉
tan 2θ = 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
;
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉
= tan 𝛉 ; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉
= cot 𝛉 ;
𝝅 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉
tan 𝟒
+ 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
; tan 𝟒
+ 𝜽 =𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉
𝝅 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉
tan 𝟒
− 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
; tan 𝟒
− 𝜽 =𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉

(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉 ; (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉)𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉 ;

𝜽
TR of the angle θ in terms of angle
𝟐
𝛉
𝛉 𝛉 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧
sin θ = 2 sin cos ; sin θ = 𝟐
𝛉
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝟐
𝛉
𝛉 𝛉 𝛉 𝛉 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝟐
cos θ = cos2 𝟐 – sin2 𝟐; cos θ = 2 cos2 𝟐 – 1; cos θ = 1 – 2 sin2 𝟐; cos θ = 𝛉 ;
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝟐

𝛉 𝛉
1 + cos θ = 2 cos2 ; 1 – cos θ = 2 sin2 ;
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝛉 𝟏 – 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝛉
𝟐
= cos2 𝟐; 𝟐
= sin2 𝟐;
𝛉
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝛉 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
= tan2 𝟐 tan θ = 𝛉 ;
𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝟐

𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝛉 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝛉
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
= tan 𝟐 ; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
= cot 𝟐 ;

𝛉 𝛉 𝟐 𝛉 𝛉 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
= 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 ; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐
= 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 ;

TR ratios of angles 3θ in terms of angle θ

𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝛉
sin 3θ = 3 sin θ – 4 sin3 θ; cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ – 3 cos θ; tan 3θ = 𝟏 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉

TR of anle θ in terms of angle 𝜽 𝟑

𝛉 𝛉
𝜽 𝜽 𝜽 𝜽 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑
sin θ = 3 sin - 4 sin3 ; cos θ = 4 cos3 - 3 cos ; tan θ = 𝟑
𝛉
𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝟑
 Some other Important formulae
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐧 𝛉
cos θ cos 2θ cos 22θ cos 23θ ………………… cos 2n-1θ = 𝟐𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝟏
sin θ sin (600 - θ) sin (600 + θ) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝛉
𝟒
𝟏
cos θ cos (600 - θ) cos (600 + θ) = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝛉

tan θ tan (600 - θ) tan (600 + θ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝛉

𝛃 𝐧𝛃
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 (𝐧 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧
sin α + sin (α + β) + sin (α + 2β) + …………………… + sin {α + (n - 1)β} = 𝟐
𝛃
𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐
𝛃 𝐧𝛃
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 (𝐧 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧
cos α + cos (α + β) + cos (α + 2β) + …………………… + cos {α + (n - 1)β} = 𝟐
𝛃
𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐

TR of some important angles

√𝟑 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟏
sin 150 = 𝟐√𝟐
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 750; cos 150 = 𝟐√𝟐
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 750; tan 150 = 2 - √𝟑 = cot 750; cot 150 = 2 + √𝟑 = tan 750

𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
sin 𝟐𝟐 𝟐
=𝟐 𝟐 − √𝟐 cos 𝟐𝟐 𝟐
=𝟐 𝟐 + √𝟐 ; tan 𝟐𝟐 𝟐
= √𝟐 - 1 ; cot 𝟐𝟐 𝟐
= √𝟐 + 1 ;

√𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟐√𝟓
sin 180 = 𝟒
= cos 720; cos 180 = 𝟒
= sin 720 ;

𝟏𝟎 𝟐√𝟓 √𝟓 𝟏
sin 360 = 𝟒
= cos 540; cos 360 = 𝟒
= sin 540 ;

𝟑 √𝟓 – 𝟓 √𝟓 𝟑 √𝟓 𝟓 √𝟓
sin 90 = = cos 810 ; cos 90 = = sin 810
𝟒 𝟒

Sine and Cosine formulae and their Application

𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
Sine law: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐁
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐂
= 𝟐𝐑 , a, b & c are the length of the sides opposite of the angles ∠A, ∠B & ∠C

respectively. And R is the circum radius of the ∆.

𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐 𝐚𝟐
Cosine law: In any ∆ABC, (I) cos A = 𝟐 𝐛𝐜
; 𝐛𝟐 + 𝐜 𝟐 - 𝐚𝟐 = 2bc cos A
𝐜𝟐 𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐
(II) cos B = ; 𝐜 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐 = 2 ca cos B
𝟐 𝐜𝐚
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜 𝟐
(III) cos C = ; 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 − 𝐜 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐚𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐂
𝟐 𝐚𝐛

Projection formulae: In any ∆ABC, (I) a = b cos C + c cos B (II) b = c cos A + a cos C (III) c = a cos B + b cos A
𝑩 𝑪 𝒃 𝒄 𝐀 𝑪 𝑨 𝒄 𝒂 𝐁
Law of tangent (Napier’s Analogy): (I) tan = cot (II) tan = cot
𝟐 𝒃 𝒄 𝟐 𝟐 𝒄 𝒂 𝟐
𝑨 𝑩 𝒂 𝒃 𝐂
(III) tan 𝟐
= 𝒂 𝒃
cot 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Area of Triangle: Area of ∆ABC is given by: Area = 𝟐 bc sin A = 𝟐 ca sin B = 𝟐 ab sin C
 Trigonometric Equation

1. sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = nπ, n ∈ Z
𝝅
2. cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ = (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) ,n∈Z
𝟐
3. tan θ = 0 ⇒ θ = nπ, n ∈ Z
𝝅
4. cot θ = 0 ⇒ θ = (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) ,n∈Z
𝟐
5. sin θ = sin α ⇒ θ = nπ + (−𝟏)𝐧 𝛂 , n ∈ Z
6. cos θ = cos α ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± α , n ∈ Z
7. tan θ = tan α ⇒ θ = nπ + α , n ∈ Z
8. cosec θ = cosec α and sin θ = sin α are equivalent & hence same solution.
9. sec θ = sec α and cos θ = cos α are equivalent & hence same solution.
10. tan θ = tan α and cot θ = cot α are equivalent & hence same solution.
11. sin2 θ = sin2 α ⇔ cos2 θ = cos2 α ⇔ tan2 θ = tan2 α and all have solution: θ = nπ ± α , n ∈ Z.