Computer Parts

I-P-O-S
 Input Devices

• is any hardware device that sends data to

a computer, allowing you to interact with
and control the computer. (Computer
Hope)
 Process

• refers to a set of instructions currently

being processed by the computer
processor.
 Output Devices

• is any peripheral that receives data from a

computer, usually for display, projection,
or physical reproduction.
 Storage

• is any hardware capable of holding

information either temporarily or
permanently.
INPUT DEVICES
 Four Types of Input

1. data
2. programs
3. commands
4. user responses.
 Four Types of Input
• Data
– Data is a collection of unorganized facts that
can include words, numbers, pictures, sounds,
and videos.
– A computer manipulates and processes data
into information, which is useful.

– Although technically speaking, a single item of

data should be called a datum, the term data
commonly is used and accepted as both the
singular and plural form of the word.
 Four Types of Input

• Program
– A program is a series of instructions that
tells a computer how to perform the tasks
necessary to process data into information
– Programs are kept on storage media such
as a floppy disk, hard disk, CD-ROM, or
DVD-ROM.
– Programs respond to commands issued by
a user.
 Four Types of Input

• Command
– A command is an instruction given to a
computer program.
– Commands can be issued by typing keywords
or pressing special keys on the keyboard.
– A keyword is a specific word, phrase, or code
that a program understands as an instruction.
– Some keyboards include keys that send
command to a program when you press them.
 Four Types of Input

• Command
– Instead of requiring you to remember
keywords or special keys, many programs
allow you to issue commands by selecting
menu choices or graphical objects.
• For example, programs that are menu-driven
provide menus as a means of entering
commands.
 Four Types of Input

• Command
– Today, most programs have a graphical
user interface that use icons, buttons, and
other graphical objects to issue
commands.
– Of all of these methods, a graphical user
interface is the most user- friendly way to
issue commands.
 Four Types of Input

• User Response
– A user response is an instruction you issue
to the computer by replying to a question
posed by a computer program, such as Do
you want to save the changes you made?
– Based on your response, the program
performs certain actions.
• For example, if you answer, Yes, to this
question, the program saves your changed file
on a storage device.
 Four Types of Input

• User Response
– A user response is an instruction you issue
to the computer by replying to a question
posed by a computer program, such as Do
you want to save the changes you made?
– Based on your response, the program
performs certain actions.
• For example, if you answer, Yes, to this
question, the program saves your changed file
on a storage device.
 Input Devices

• Keyboard • Steering Wheel • OMR

• Mouse • Microsoft Kinect • Stylus or Pen
• Audio Conversion • Touchscreens • Punch Card Reader
Devices • Graphics Tablets • Remote
• Barcode Reader • Light Gun • Scanner
• Biometrics • Light Pen • VR Helmet and
• Business Card • Magnetic Card Gloves
Reader Reader • Webcam
• Digital Cameras • Microphone • Yoke
• Gamepad • MIDI Keyboard
• Paddle • MICR Recognition
Keyboard
 Keyboard

• is one of the primary input devices used

with a computer that looks similar to those
found on electric typewriters, but with
some additional keys. Keyboards allow
you to input letters, numbers, and other
symbols into a computer that can serve as
commands or be used to type text.
Keyboard
Keyboard
 Keyboard Interface

Today, most desktop

computer keyboards
connect to the computer
using either USB or
Bluetooth for wireless
communication. Before
USB, a computer may
have used PS/2 or AT
(Din5) as a keyboard
interface.
 Keyboard Questions

• How many keys are there in a standard keyboard?

• How many function keys are on a keyboard?
• How many keys are on the numeric keypad?
• How many number keys are on a keyboard?
• How many alphabetic keys are on a keyboard?
• How many symbols are on a keyboard?
• How many arrow keys are on a keyboard?
• How many rows of keys are there on a keyboard?
 Keyboard Answers

How many keys are there in a standard keyboard?

- 104 keys
How many function keys are on a keyboard?
- 12 for PC, 19 for Apple
How many keys are on the numeric keypad?
- 17 keys on PC, 18 keys on most Apple keyboards
How many number keys are on a keyboard?
- 10 (0-9), if it has numeric keypad, 20
How many alphabetic keys are on a keyboard?
- 26
 Keyboard Answers

How many symbols are on a keyboard?

- On an English QWERTY keyboard there are 40
symbols on 28 keys
How many arrow keys are on a keyboard?
- 4; 8 if it has numeric keypad
How many rows of keys are there on a keyboard?
- there are six rows, three of those have the alphabetic
letters
 Laptop Keyboard

• A laptop keyboard is different from a desktop keyboard

to help reduce the size and the overall weight of the
laptop.
• Most laptop keyboards are made smaller by placing
the keys closer to each other and not always including
control keys or a keypad.
• use a Fn key that is used in conjunction with other keys
to perform special functions.
• Another difference with a laptop keyboard is the type of
switch beneath each key or how the keys feel when
pressed down
Laptop Keyboard
 Smartphone and tablet keyboards

Today's smartphones
and tablets do not come
with a physical
keyboard, although it
may be purchased as an
optional peripheral
add-on. These devices
utilize a thumb
keyboard or on-screen
keyboard to type
messages and enter text
into various fields.
 Flexible Keyboard

• junction between normal type and laptop type

keyboards: normal from the full arrangement of keys,
and laptop from the short key distance.
• allows the user to fold/roll the keyboard for better
storage and transfer.
• for typing the keyboard must be resting on a hard
surface.
• are made from silicone; this material makes them water
and dust proof, a very pleasant feature especially in
hospitals where keyboards are subjected to frequent
washing.
Flexible Keyboard
Handheld ergonomic keyboards

• designed to be held like a game controller, and can be

used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table
surface.
• hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a
standard keyboard would have, yet only be accessed
by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a
function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for
capital letters on a standard keyboard.
• allow the user the ability to move around a room or to
lean back on a chair while also being able to type in
front or away from the computer.
Handheld Ergonomic Keyboard
Ergonomic Keyboard
 Thumb-sized Keyboard
• Smaller external keyboards have been
introduced for devices without a built-in
keyboard, such as PDAs, and smartphones.
Small keyboards are also useful where there is a
limited workspace.
• A thumb keyboard (thumb board) is used in
some personal digital assistants such as the
Palm Treo and BlackBerry and some Ultra-
Mobile PCs such as the OQO.
Thumb-sized Keyboard
 Multifunctional Keyboards

• Multifunctional keyboards may feature

customized keypads, fully programmable
function or soft keys for macros/pre-sets,
biometric or smart card readers, trackballs,
etc.
• are complex, high-performance workplaces for
financial traders and control room operators
(emergency services, security, air traffic
management; industry, utilities management,
etc.).
Multifunctional Keyboards
 Chorded Keyboard

• chorded keyboards associate actions with

combinations of key presses.
• Since there are many combinations available,
chorded keyboards can effectively produce more
actions on a board with fewer keys.
• Court reporters' stenotype machines use
chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text
much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke
instead of one letter at a time.
Chorded Keyboard
 Software Keyboard

• or on-screen keyboards often take the form of

computer programs that display an image of a
keyboard on the screen. Another input device
such as a mouse or a touchscreen can be
used to operate each virtual key to enter text.
 Projection Keyboard

• project an image of keys, usually with a

laser, onto a flat surface
• uses a camera or infrared sensor to
"watch" where the user's fingers move,
and will count a key as being pressed
when it "sees" the user's finger touch the
projected image.
Projection Keyboard
 Mouse

is a handheld hardware
input device that controls a
cursor in a GUI and can
move and select text, icons,
files, and folders. For
desktop computers, the
mouse is placed on a flat
surface such as a mouse
pad or a desk and is placed
in front of your computer.
 Who invented the mouse?

The mouse was originally

known as the X-Y Position
Indicator for a Display
System and was invented
by Douglas Engelbart in
1963 while working at Xerox
PARC. However, due to
Alto's lack of success, the
first widely used application
of the mouse was with the
Apple Lisa computer.
Mouse Prototype and Apple’s Mouse
 Functions of Mouse

1. Move the mouse cursor - The primary function

is to move the mouse cursor on the screen.
2. Open or execute a program - Once you've
moved the cursor to an icon, folder, or other object
clicking or double clicking that object opens the
document or executes the program.
3. Select - A mouse also allows you to select text
or a file or highlight and select multiple files at
once.
 Functions of Mouse

4. Drag-and-drop - Once something is selected it can also

be moved using the drag-and-drop method.
5. Hover - Moving the mouse cursor over objects with
additional hover information can help discover the function
of each object on the screen. For example, hover the
mouse over the hover link to see an example.
6. Scroll - When working with a long document or viewing
a long web page you may need to scroll up or down which
can be done using the mouse wheel or clicking and
dragging the scroll bar.
7. Perform other functions
 Types of Computer Mouse

• Cordless (Wireless) • Optical

• Footmouse • Touchpad
• IntelliMouse (Wheel (Glidepoint)
mouse) • Trackball
• J-Mouse • TrackPoint
• Joystick
• Mechanical
 Cordless (Wireless)

• Cordless computer hardware devices such as a

cordless mouse or cordless keyboard can use
Bluetooth, Infrared, or RF. However, today most
often use either Bluetooth or RF.
 Footmouse

• a type of computer mouse that allows a

user to control the mouse cursor with their
feet.
• to allow a user to keep their hands on their
keyboard and still be able to use a mouse.
• An example of a company who develops
this is Hunter Digital.
Foot Mouse
 IntelliMouse

• Alternatively referred to as the Microsoft

mouse, wheel mouse or scroll mouse
• is an optical mouse brand first developed by
Microsoft in 1996.
• It has a wheel between the left and right buttons
that enable the user to scroll up and down a web
page; as opposed to using the vertical scroll bar.
The picture below shows an example of the
original Microsoft IntelliMouse.
IntelliMouse
 J-Mouse

• Alternatively referred to as a JMouse or J

Mouse
• was used with older portable
computers that utilized the "J" key on the
keyboard to perform the functions of a
computer mouse
• It commonly had two separate buttons for
the left and right-click below the spacebar
J-Mouse
 Mechanical Mouse

• is a computer mouse that contains a metal

or rubber ball on its under side
• When the ball is rolled in any direction,
sensors inside the mouse detect this
motion and move the on-screen mouse
pointer in the same direction
• Today, this mouse has been replaced by
the optical mouse.
Mechanical Mouse
 Optical Mouse

• is a computer mouse first introduced by

Microsoft on April 19, 1999 that utilizes
light-emitting diodes (LED) or laser to help
track movement.
• Drawbacks of some optical mice include
working properly in rooms with bright lights
and on some surfaces such as a glass
table.
Optical Mouse
 Touchpad

• Alternatively referred to as a glide pad,

glide point, pressure sensitive tablet, or
trackpad
• is an input device on laptops and some
keyboards to move a cursor with your
finger
• It can be used in place of an external
mouse.
Touchpad
 Trackball

• An input device that looks like an upside-

down mouse.
• The onscreen pointer is moved by the
trackball with a thumb or finger.
Trackball
 Joystick

• is an input device that allows the user to

control a character or machine in a
computer program, such as a plane in a
flight simulator.
• look similar to the control device you
would find on an arcade game, but nearly
always include extra buttons for additional
functionality.
Joystick
 TrackPoint

• Alternatively referred to as a pointing stick,

style pointer, or nub
• is a mouse solution used with portable
computers that was first introduced by IBM
in 1992
• is a small, isometric joystick that
resembles a pencil's eraser head, located
between the "G," "H," and "B" keys on the
keyboard.
TrackPoint
 Computer Mouse Ports

• Bluetooth
• Infrared
• PS/2 Port
• Serial Port
• USB
 Audio Conversion Devices

• are designed to convert audio of various

formats into a digital format for use on a
computer.
• The most common types of audio
conversion devices include cassette tape
to MP3, LP record to MP3 and audio CD
to MP3.
Audio Conversion Devices
 Barcode Reader

• also known as a point of sale (POS)

scanner is a hardware device capable of
reading a barcode.
• It can also call the details of the product or
log information about that product into a
database.
Barcode Reader
 Biometrics

• is the identification of a person by the

measurement of their biological features.
• When compared to a password, this type
of system is much more difficult to fake
since it is unique to the person
Face Scanner
Hand Scanner
Finger Scanner
Retina Scanner
Voice Scanner
 Business Card Reader

• business card reader allows a user to scan

business cards into their computer for
digital storage
• reads the text on the business card and
converting to typed text on the computer.
• Today, many people are replacing
business card readers with smartphones
with apps capable of scanning and storing
business card information.
Business Card Reader
 Digital Cameras

• is a hardware device that takes pictures

like a regular camera, but stores the image
as data instead of printing it to film.
 Gamepad

• A gamepad, game controller, joypad, or

video game controller is a peripheral
device designed to be connected to a
computer or console gaming system.
• It has multiple buttons and may have one
or two mini joysticks.
• A gamepad is used for playing video
games of many types, including sports,
first-person shooters, role-playing, and
others.
Gamepad
 Paddle

• is an input device that provides left-and-

right controls by means of a small wheel
held in the fingers of one hand.
Paddle
 Steering Wheel

• is a peripheral game controller used for

racing games or driving programs.
Connected via USB, it usually includes
both acceleration and brake pedal
devices; some even include a mechanism
for shifting gears.
Steering Wheel
 Microsoft Kinect

• Microsoft introduced the Kinect device for the

Xbox 360, allowing users to play games with the
use of their own body as the game controller.
• eliminates the need for a physical game
controller, fully immersing the user in the game
environment.
• uses an optical "eye" to detect the movement of
the user and translates the movement into game
control.
Microsoft Kinect
 Touchscreens
• is a display device that allows the user to
interact with a computer by using their
finger
• quite useful as an alternative to a mouse
or keyboard for navigating a graphical user
interface (GUI)
• are used on a variety of devices such as
computer and laptop monitors,
smartphones, tablets, cash registers, and
information kiosks.
Touchscreens
 Graphics Tablet

• Alternatively referred to as a drawing

tablet and pen tablet
• is a hardware input device that enables an
artist to draw or sketch digitally using a
pen or stylus.
• They are helpful because they provide a
more natural and precise feel than a
standard computer mouse.
Graphics Tablet
 Light Gun

• is a pointing input device that detects light

using a photodiode in the gun barrel.
Light Gun
 Light Pen
• A light pen is a light-sensitive pointing
input device commonly used to select or
otherwise modify text or data on a screen.
• Used with a CRT monitor, these devices
were an early form of manipulating and
highlighting data on the screen.
• A light pen may also be used to describe
the pen (stylus) used with a graphics
tablet.
Light Pen
 Magnetic Card Reader

• is a device that can retrieve stored

information from a magnetic card either by
holding the card next to the device or
swiping the card through a slot in the
device.
Magnetic Card Reader
 Microphone

• Sometimes abbreviated as mic

• is a hardware peripheral originally
invented by Emile Berliner in 1877 that
allows computer users to input audio into
their computers.
Microphone
 MIDI Keyboard

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface, MIDI

is a standard for digitally representing and
transmitting sounds that was first
developed in the 1980s
MIDI Keyboard
 MICR Recognition

• Short for Magnetic-Ink Character

Recognition, MICR is a font capable of
recognition using magnetically charged
ink. Computers equipped with the right
hardware and software can print or read
the character printed in such ink.
MICR Recognition
 OMR

• Short for Optical Mark Reading or Optical

Mark Recognition
• gathering information from human beings
by recognizing marks on a document
• is accomplished by using a hardware
device (scanner) that detects a reflection
or limited light transmittance on or through
a piece of paper.
OMR
 Stylus or Pen

• a stylus is a pen-shaped instrument used

with graphics tablets or devices that utilize
touchscreen input
• used to write or draw on a screen, similar
to how you would on a sheet of paper
• Unlike a pen, styluses have a plastic or felt
tip depending on the its purpose and
functionality.
Stylus or Pen
 Punch Card Reader

• Punch cards also known as Hollerith

cards and IBM cards are paper cards
containing several punched holes that
were punched by hand or machine to
represent data.
• These cards allowed companies to store
and access information by entering the
card into the computer.
Punch Card Reader
 Remote

• A hardware device that allows a user to

control a device or object in another
location.
• Dr. Robert Adler of Zenith invented the
first cordless TV remote control in 1956,
before that TV remotes had wires attached
from the TV to the remote.
Remote
Remote
Remote
 Scanner

• a scanner may be used to convert a

printed picture, drawing, or document
(hard copy) into a digital file which can
be edited on a computer.
Scanner
 When was scanner invented?
• The scanner as we know it today was
created in 1957 by a man named Russell
Kirsch at the United States National
Bureau of Standards.
• The first image scanned by this device
was a picture of Kirsch's son. This black
and white image measured only 5x5 cm
and had a resolution of 176 pixels on each
side.
First Scanner
 VR Helmet and Gloves

• short for Virtual Reality

• is a computer-generated artificial environment
that allows a user to view, explore, and
manipulate the environment and a term
popularized by Jaron Lanier.
• a computer generated reality manipulated and
explored using various input devices such as
goggles, headphones, gloves, or a computer.
Using these devices a user can browse
throughout a virtual world or pickup and
manipulate virtual objects.
VR Helmet and Gloves
Oculus Rift
 Webcam

• is a hardware camera and input device

that connects to a computer and the
Internet and captures either still pictures or
motion video of a user or other object.
Webcam
 Webcam
• XCoffee, also known as the Trojan Room coffee pot
• camera started in 1991 with the help of Quentin
Stafford-Fraser and Paul Jardetzky and connected to
the Internet in November of 1993 with the help of
Daniel Gordon and Martyn Johnson
• camera monitored a coffee pot outside the Trojan
Room in the University of Cambridge, so people didn't
have to make trips to the coffee pot when it didn't have
any coffee
• After being mentioned in the press, the website had over
150,000 people online watching the coffee pot
XCoffee
 Yoke

• is a hardware input device used with

computer games, such as flight simulation
games, that allow a player to fly up or
down, or back or forth by pulling or
pushing the device.
Yoke
OUTPUT DEVICES
 OUTPUT

• Four common types of output are:

– Text
• Text consists of characters that are used to create
words, sentences, and paragraphs.
• A character is a letter, number, punctuation mark,
or any other symbol that requires one byte of
computer storage space.
 OUTPUT

– Graphics
• Graphics are digital representations of nontext
information such as drawings, charts, and
photographs.
• Graphics also can be animated, giving them the
illusion of motion.
• Animation is created by displaying a series of still
images in rapid sequence.
 OUTPUT

– Graphics
• Many of today’s software programs support
graphics.
• For example, you can include a photograph in a
word processing document or create a chart of
data in a spreadsheet program.
• Some software packages are designed specifically
to create and edit graphics.
• Paint programs, for instance, allow you to create
graphics that can be used in brochures,
newsletters, and Web pages.
 OUTPUT

– Audio
• Audio is music, speech, or any other sound.
• Recall that sound waves, such as the human voice
or music, are analog.
• To store such sounds, a computer converts the
sounds from a continuous analog signal into a
digital format.
• Most output devices require that the computer
convert the digital format back into analog signals.
 OUTPUT

– Video
• Video consists of images that are played back at
speeds that provide the appearance of full motion.
• Video often is captured with a video input device
such as a video camera or VCR.
• Most video signals are analog; however, some
video devices record the video images digitally.
 OUTPUT

– Video
• A video capture card converts an analog video
signal into a digital signal that a computer can
understand.
• The digital signal then is stored on the computer’s
hard disk.
• Some output devices accept the digital signal,
while others require that the computer convert the
digital signals back into analog signals.
 Output Devices

An output device is any computer component

capable of conveying information to a user.
• Monitor • Braille Embosser
• Printer • Display
• Speakers • Computer Output Microfilm
• Headphones (COM)
• Voice output • Projector
communication aid • Facsimiles
• Automotive navigation • Multifunction devices
system
 Monitor

• alternatively referred to as a video display

terminal (VDT) and video display unit (VDU)
• an output device that displays video images and
text
• made up of circuitry, a screen, a power supply,
buttons to adjust screen settings, and casing
that holds all of these components.
 When was the first computer
monitor invented?

• The first computer monitor was part of the Xerox

Alto computer system, which was released on
March 1, 1973.
Early version of monitor
 Types of Monitor

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

• is a vacuum tube that contains one or

more electron guns and a phosphorescent
screen, and is used to display images.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

• is a flat-panel display or other

electronically modulated optical device
that uses the light-modulating properties of
liquid crystals.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
 Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)

• is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the

emissive electroluminescent layer is a film
of organic compound that emits light in
response to an electric current.
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)
 “p” versus “i”

• You may have seen the screen resolution

described as something like 720p or
1080i. What does that mean?
• A "p" stands for progressive , and an "i"
stands for interlaced .
Progressive vs Interlaced
 720p? 1080p? 4K?

• These are all video resolutions.

• The raw numbers shown indicates the amount of
vertical columns featuring pixels.
– 352 x 240 (240p) (SD) (VCD Players)
– 480 x 360 (360p)
– 858 x 480 (480p)
– 1280 x 720 (720p) (HD) (Some HDTVs)
– 1920 x 1080 (1080p) (HD) (Blu-Ray Players, HDTV)
– 3860 x 2160 (2160p) (Ultra-HD) (4K Players /
Televisions)
 What is the Aspect Ratio?

• indicates how wide the picture was in relation to its

height

• 4:3 aspect ratio resolutions: 640×480, 800×600,

960×720, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1400×1050, 1440×1080
,1600×1200, 1856×1392, 1920×1440, and 2048×1536.
• 16:10 aspect ratio resolutions: - 1280×800, 1440×900,
1680×1050, 1920×1200 and 2560×1600.
• 16:9 aspect ratio resolutions: 1024×576, 1152×648,
1280×720, 1366×768, 1600×900, 1920×1080,
2560×1440 and 3840×2160.
 Types of monitor connections

• Computer monitors have at least one of the

following types of connections to connect to a
computer.
– DVI
– HDMI
– VGA
• Video adapters are available to convert from one
type of connector to another, such as DVI to
VGA or HDMI to VGA, and vice versa.
 Printer

• is an external hardware output device that

takes the electronic data stored on a
computer or other device and generates a
hard copy of it.
 Types of printer

• Dot matrix printer

• Inkjet printer
• Laser printer
• 3D printer
• All-in-one (AIO) printer
• LED printer
• Plotter
• Thermal printer
 Dot matrix printer

• Alternatively referred to as a pin printer, dot

matrix printers were first introduced by
Centronics in 1970.
• use print heads to shoot ink or strike an ink
ribbon to place hundreds to thousands of little
dots to form text and images.
• Today, dot matrix printers are rarely used or
found because of the low quality print compared
to ink jet printers and laser printers.
 Inkjet Printer

• The most popular printer for home

computer users that prints by spraying
streams of quick-drying ink on paper.
• The ink is stored in disposable ink
cartridges, often a separate cartridge is
used for each of the major colors. These
colors are usually Black, Red/Magenta,
Green/Cyan, and Yellow (CMYK).
 Laser Printer

• was first developed at Xerox PARC by

Gary Starkweather and released in 1971
that utilizes laser technology to print
images on the paper.
• are often used for corporate, school, and
other environments that require print jobs
to be completed quickly and in large
quantities.
 3D Printers

• Created by Charles Hull in 1984, the 3D

printer is a printing device that creates a
physical object from a digital model using
materials such as metal alloys, polymers,
or plastics.
 AIO Printer

• Alternatively referred to as a Multifunction

printer (MFP)
• AIO is short for All-In-One.
• is a printer, fax, and scanner all in one
device.
AIO Printer
 LED Printer

• Similar to a laser printer, they are non-impact but

use a light-emitting diode instead of a laser in
the printhead.
• were originally developed by Casio and function
by focusing light across the entire length of the
drum, thus creating areas that are less charged,
which attracts toner.
• The printer then transfers the toner from the
drum to the paper and applies intense heat to
fuse the toner to the paper.
 Plotters

• is a computer hardware device much like a

printer that is used for printing vector graphics.
• are used to produce a hard copy of schematics
and other similar applications.
Plotters
 Thermal Printer

• Also known as electrothermal printer

• is a printer that uses heated pins to "burn"
images onto heat-sensitive paper.
• These printers are commonly used in
calculators and fax machines; and
although they are inexpensive and print
relatively fast, they produce low resolution
print jobs.
Thermal Printer
 Dye-sublimation printer

• is a computer printer which uses heat to

transfer dye onto materials such as a
plastic, card, paper, or fabric.
Dye-sublimation printer
 Daisy Wheel Printer

• is an impact printing technology invented

in 1969 by David S. Lee at Diablo Data
Systems.
• It uses interchangeable pre-formed type
elements, each with typically 96 glyphs, to
generate high-quality output comparable
to premium typewriters such as the IBM
Selectric, but two to three times faster.
Daisy Wheel Printer
 Line Printers

• Line printers print an entire line of text at a

time. Four principal designs exist.
– Drum Printer
– Chain or train printers
– Bar printers
– Independent type bar printer
 Drum Printer

• Drum printers, where a horizontally

mounted rotating drum carries the entire
character set of the printer repeated in
each printable character position.
Drum Printer
 Chain or train printers

• Chain or train printers, where the

character set is arranged multiple times
around a linked chain or a set of character
slugs in a track traveling horizontally past
the print line.
Chain or train printers
 Bar printers

• Bar printers, where the character set is

attached to a solid bar that moves
horizontally along the print line.
 Independent type bars

• Independent type bars, one for each

printable position. Each bar contains the
character set to be printed. The bars
moves vertically to position the character
to be printed in front of the print hammer.
 Digital Minilab

• is a small photographic developing and

printing system, as opposed to large
centralized photo developing labs.
• Many retail stores use minilabs (or digital
minilabs) to provide on-site photo finishing
services.
• A typical minilab consists of two machines,
a film processor and a paper
printer/processor.
Digital Minilab
Barcode Printer
Billboard Printer
Laser Etching Printer
ID Card Printer
 Speakers

• is a hardware device that connects to a

computer to generate sound. The signal
used to produce the sound that comes
from a computer speaker is created by the
computer's sound card.
 Common Types of Speakers

• Dynamic
• Subwoofer
• Horn
• Electrostatic
• Planar-Magnetic
 Dynamic Speakers

• The most common type of speaker,

these devices are typically passive
speakers.
• They generally have one or more woofer
driver to produce low-frequency sound,
which is also known as bass.
Dynamic Speakers
 Subwoofer Speakers

• Subwoofers are one-driver dynamic loudspeakers with a

single woofer driver.
• The speaker’s enclosure typically includes a bass port to
increase low-frequency performance.
• These speakers are used to transmit bass or low-
frequency sound.
• They are also used to enhance bass from any
accompanying main speakers in a multi-speaker system,
allowing users to offer and deliver bass enhancement
without compromising other sound at higher frequencies.
Subwoofer Speakers
 Horn Speakers

• Horn speakers are similar to dynamic

speakers in that they use similar drivers
arranged at the small end of a cone-type
structure.
• The most traditional type of speaker is the
horn.
• This type of speaker offers a high degree
of sensitivity and transmits sound
efficiently in large areas.
Horn Speakers
 Electrostatic Speakers

• Along with ribbon or planar-magnetic speakers,

electrostatic speakers are a type of flat-panel
loudspeaker or diaphragm speaker.
• They feature one driver and a thin membrane over two
conductive, stationary panels.
• Electrostatic speakers generally have an outside power
source and are plugged into an electrical outlet.
• Sound delivered using electrostatic speakers is crisp and
detailed. They are often used for high frequencies and
are not ideal speakers for bass or low-frequency sound
since the thin membrane moves very little.
Electrostatic Speakers
 Planar-Magnetic Speakers

• These speakers feature a tall, thin, and

narrow metal ribbon instead of the wide
diaphragms found on electrostatic
speakers.
• This type of speaker does not need to be
connected to an electrical system to
operate.
Planar-Magnetic Speakers
 Speaker Driver Types

• Full-Range
• Mid-Range
• Woofer
• Tweeter
 Full-Range

• Designed for a wide range of frequencies,

these drivers are typically smaller
devices.
• This type of driver is commonly used for
public address or public announcement
(PA) systems, televisions, radios and
computers, earphones, and some toys.
Full-Range
 Mid-Range

• This type of driver is designed to handle

mid-range frequencies.
• They are typically used for frequencies
between 200 Hz and 2000 Hz.
Mid-Range
 Woofer

• Handles low-frequency or bass ranges

under 200 Hz for consumer systems
and below 100 Hz for professional
audio systems.
Woofer
 Tweeter

• Designed to handle high-frequency

ranges, or treble. Typically these drivers
are used for frequencies above 2000 Hz.
Tweeter
 Speaker System Designs

• Ceiling
• Standing
• Surface Mount
• Column
 Ceiling

• Also known as ceiling mount, in-ceiling or

in-wall speakers
• these speakers are designed to use a
wall or ceiling’s interior space as an
enclosure.
• They require no floor space and help
streamline the appearance of a room.
Ceiling
 Standing

• These mobile speakers are generally the

largest types of speakers.
• They are also known as floor-standing,
bookshelf and in-room speakers, and are
available in a range of sizes catering to
individual needs.
• Bookshelf speakers are typically smaller,
whereas floor-standing speakers are
larger units.
Bookshelf Speakers*
Floor Standing Speakers*
 Surface Mount

• Also known as on-wall or wall-mounted

speakers
• these fixed speakers are mounted to a flat
surface such as a wall.
• They are commonly used for home
entertainment systems, as well as audio
systems in a variety of small and medium size
venues.
• They are also used to enhance sound systems
in larger venues.
Surface Mount
 Column

• These speakers contain numerous drivers of the

same type arranged vertically in an
enclosure.
• They reduce sound travelling towards the floor
and ceiling, therefore reducing diffusion of sound
energy and output loss.
• They are often found in venues with high
reverberation and when high voice clarity is
required, such as in conference rooms, lecture
halls, gyms and churches.
Column
 Types of Computer Speakers

• Two Speakers
• 2.1 Speaker
• 5.1 Speaker
• 7.1 Speaker
• Wireless
 Two Speakers

• A 2-speaker system is one of the most

common types of speaker setups. It
offers moderate quality sound and doesn't
take up any space.
Two Speakers
 2.1 Speaker

• The 2.1 speaker setup involves 2 satellite

speakers and 1 subwoofer.
• This setup offers a much fuller spectrum
of sound while still saving space.
• This system is also most appropriate for
music.
2.1 Speaker
 5.1 Speaker

• 5.1 speaker setups consist of 5 satellite

speakers and 1 subwoofer.
• These systems are the most common
surround sound setups in use today.
• Offering multi-channel output, surround
sound systems are excellent for movies
and video games, as they give the viewer
a more "engulfing" audio experience.
5.1 Speaker
 7.1 Speaker

• The 7.1 speaker system is one of the most

complex systems, consisting of 7 satellite
speakers and 1 subwoofer.
• These allow for some of the most
precise surround sound environments
provided that the source media can
output that level of accuracy--otherwise
the output will actually output 5.1 surround
sound.
7.1 Speaker
 Wireless
• More recently, wireless speakers have
allowed users to avoid the mess of wires
associated with surround sound
speaker setups.
• While these are excellent for many users,
they can often conflict with a home Wi-
Fi network.
Wireless
 Headphones

• are a hardware output device that either

plug into your computer line out or your
speakers to privately listen to audio
without disturbing others.
 Circumaural Headphones

• (sometimes called full size headphones)

have circular or ellipsoid earpads that
encompass the ears.
• Because these headphones completely
surround the ear, circumaural headphones
can be designed to fully seal against the
head to attenuate external noise.
Circumaural headphones
 Supra-aural headphones

• have pads that press against the ears,

rather than around them.
• They were commonly bundled with
personal stereos during the 1980s.
Supra-aural headphones
Circumaural vs Supra-aural
 Earphones

• are very small headphones that are fitted

directly in the outer ear, facing but not
inserted in the ear canal.
• Earphones are portable and convenient,
but many people consider them to be
uncomfortable.
Earphones
 In-ear headphones

• also known as in-ear monitors (IEMs) or

canalphones, are small headphones with
similar portability to earbuds that are
inserted in the ear canal itself.
In-ear headphones
 Headset

• is a headphone combined with a

microphone.
• Headsets provide the equivalent
functionality of a telephone handset with
hands-free operation.
 Single and Double-earpiece

• Headsets are available in single-earpiece

and double-earpiece designs.
• Single-earpiece headsets are known as
monaural headsets.
• Double-earpiece headsets may support
stereo sound, or use the same audio
channel for both ear-pieces.
Single and Double-earpiece
 Microphone style

• The microphone arm of headsets may

carry an external microphone or be of the
voicetube type.
Microphone style
 Headband styles

• Standard headsets with a headband worn

over the head are known as over-the-head
headsets.
Headband styles
 Telephone headsets

• connect to a fixed-line telephone system.

• functions by replacing the handset of a
telephone.
Telephone headsets
 Bluetooth headsets

• With a base station that connects via

cables to the fixed-line telephone and also
the computer via soundcard, users with
any Bluetooth headset can pair their
headset to the base station, enabling
them to use the same headset for both
fixed-line telephone and computer VoIP
communication.
Bluetooth headsets
Speech-generating devices (SGDs)

• also known as voice output

communication aids
• are electronic augmentative and
alternative communication (AAC) systems
used to supplement or replace speech
or writing for individuals with severe
speech impairments, enabling them to
verbally communicate.
Speech-generating devices (SGDs)
Speech-generating devices (SGDs)
 Automotive Navigation System

• is part of the automobile controls or a third

party add-on used to find direction in an
automobile.
• It typically uses a satellite navigation
device to get its position data which is
then correlated to a position on a road.
When directions are needed routing can
be calculated. On the fly traffic information
can be used to adjust the route.
Automotive Navigation System
 Braille Embosser

• is an impact printer that renders text as

tactile braille cells.
 Display Devices

• display device is an output device for

presentation of information in visual or
tactile form

• Types
– Full-area 2-dimensional displays
– Three-dimensional
 2-dimensional displays
• Cathode ray tube display (CRT)
• Light-emitting diode display (LED)
• Electroluminescent display (ELD)
• Electronic paper, E Ink
• Plasma display panel (PDP)
• Liquid crystal display (LCD)
• High-Performance Addressing display (HPA)
• Thin-film transistor display (TFT)
• Organic light-emitting diode display (OLED)
• Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) (experimental)
• Field emission display (FED) (experimental)
• Laser TV (forthcoming)
• Carbon nanotubes (experimental)
• Quantum dot display (experimental)
• Interferometric modulator display (IMOD)
• Digital microshutter display (DMS)
 Electroluminescent Displays (ELDs)

• are a type of Flat panel display created by

sandwiching a layer of electroluminescent
material such as GaAs between two layers
of conductors.
Electroluminescent Displays (ELDs)
 Electronic Paper

• Also known as e-paper

• are display devices that mimic the
appearance of ordinary ink on paper.
• Unlike conventional backlit flat panel
displays that emit light, electronic paper
displays reflect light like paper.
Electronic Paper
 Plasma Display Panel (PDP)

• is a type of flat panel display common to

large TV displays 30 inches (76 cm) or
larger.
• are called "plasma" displays because they
use small cells containing electrically
charged ionized gases, which are
plasmas.
Plasma Display Panel (PDP)
Plasma Display Panel (PDP)
 Surface-conduction electron-
emitter display

• use nanoscopic-scale electron emitters to

energize colored phosphors and produce
an image.
• consists of a matrix of tiny cathode ray
tubes, each "tube" forming a single sub-
pixel on the screen, grouped in threes to
form red-green-blue (RGB) pixels.
SED
SED
 Laser color television

• (in short, Laser TV), or Laser color video

display utilizes two or more individually
modulated optical (laser) rays of
different colors to produce a combined
spot that is scanned and projected
across the image plane by a polygon-
mirror system or less effectively by
optoelectronic means to produce a color-
television display.
Laser color television
Laser color television
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
Holographic Display
Holographic Display
Computer Output Microfilm
 Projector

• is an optical device that projects an image

(or moving images) onto a surface,
commonly a projection screen.
• Most create an image by shining a light
through a small transparent lens, but
some newer types of projectors can
project the image directly, by using
lasers.
 Types of Projector

1. Portable Projectors
2. Installation Projectors
3. Short Throw/Ultra Short Throw Projectors
4. Large Venue Projectors
5. Home Cinema Projectors
 Portable Projectors

• are great for small to medium classrooms

and meeting rooms. They are light-weight,
compact, and easy to use.
Portable Projectors
 Installation Projectors

• These are used for seminar/lecture rooms,

museum/exhibitions, boardrooms,
corporate uses and digital signages.
• These are great to use if you want to do
wireless presentations
Installation Projectors
 Short Throws/Ultra Short
Throw Projectors
• are great for classroom/meeting rooms
with limited space because you are able to
project without setting up the projector
from afar.
Short Throws/Ultra Short
Throw Projectors
Short Throws/Ultra Short
Throw Projectors
 Large Venue Projectors

• are available for rental, staging,

auditoriums, large venue digital signage,
churches, and large venue events.
Large Venue Projectors
Large Venue Projectors
 Home Cinema Projectors

• These are made specifically for home

cinema purposes, since their resolution is
Full HD.
• They have excellent picture quality, seven
picture modes, and cinema color
management premium.
Home Cinema Projectors
 Facsimile(Fax) Machine
• Facsimile (Fax) Machine
– A facsimile (fax) machine is a device that transmits and
receives documents over telephone lines.
– The documents can contain text, drawings, or
photographs, or can be handwritten.
– When sent or received via a fax machine, these
documents are known as faxes.
– A stand-alone fax machine scans the original document,
converts the image into digitized data, and transmits the
digitized image.
– A fax machine at the receiving end reads the incoming
data, converts the digitized data into an image, and prints
or stores a copy of the original image.
Facsimile(Fax) Machine
 Facsimile(Fax) Machine
– Fax capability also can be added to your
computer using a fax modem.
– A fax modem is a communications device that
allows you to send (and sometimes receive)
electronic documents as faxes.
– A fax modem transmits computer-prepared
documents, such as a word processing letter, or
documents that have been digitized with a
scanner or digital camera.
– A fax modem is like a regular modem except that
it is designed to transmit documents to a fax
machine or to another fax modem.
 Facsimile(Fax) Machine
– When a computer (instead of a fax machine)
receives a fax, you can view the document on
the screen or print it using special fax
software.
– The quality of the viewed or printed fax is less
than that of a word processing document
because the fax actually is a large image.
– If you have optical character recognition
(OCR) software, you also can edit the
document.
 Facsimile(Fax) Machine

– A fax modem can be an external peripheral

that plugs into a port on the back of the
system unit or an internal card that is inserted
into an expansion slot on the motherboard.
– In addition, most fax modems function as
regular modems.
 Multi-Function Devices

– A multifunction device (MFD) is a single piece of

equipment that looks like a copy machine but
provides the functionality of a printer scanner,
copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine.
– Sometimes called a multifunction peripheral, the
features of multifunction devices vary widely.
• For example, some use color ink-jet printer technology,
while others include a black-and-white laser printer.
 Multi-Function Devices

– Small offices and home offices use multifunction

devices because they take up less space than having
a separate printer, scanner, copy machine, and fax
machine.
– Another advantage of an MFD is that it is significantly
less expensive than if you purchased each device
separately.
– The primary disadvantage of an MFD is that if the
machine breaks down you lose all four functions.
– Given the advantages, however, increasingly more
users are bringing multifunction devices into their
offices and homes.
Multi-Function Devices
Multi-Function Devices
STORAGE DEVICES
 Types of Storage Devices

• Primary Storage
– The primary storage is basically the memory in-built in the
computer itself
• Secondary Storage
– These storage devices are external to the basic built in of the
computer processor and are used to build more space for
storage.
• Offline Storage
– It is not directly connected to the computer and is used as a
transfer medium only. Offline devices are remotely located and
accessed as per need only.
– Subset of secondary storage
Types of Storage Devices
 Classification of Storage Devices

• Magnetic Storage Devices • Flash memory devices

– Floppy diskette – Jump drive or flash drive
– Hard drive – Memory card
– Magnetic strip – Memory stick
– SuperDisk – SSD
– Tape cassette
– Zip diskette
• Online and cloud
– Cloud storage
• Optical storage devices – Network media
– Blu-ray disc
– CD-ROM disc
• Paper storage
– CD-R and CD-RW disc
– OMR
– DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and
DVD+RW disc – Punch card
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Alternatively referred to as main memory,
primary memory, or system memory,
• is a hardware device that allows information to
be stored and retrieved on a computer.
• Because information is accessed randomly
instead of sequentially like it is on a CD or hard
drive, the computer can access the data much
faster.
• is a volatile memory and requires power to
keep the data accessible. If the computer is
turned off, all data contained in RAM is lost.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• is a storage medium that is used with

computers and other electronic devices
• data stored in ROM may only be read
• It is either modified with extreme difficulty
or not at all.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
 Floppy Diskette

• Alternatively referred to as a floppy or

floppy disk
• is a type of storage media, capable of
storing electronic data, like a computer file.
• The floppy diskette was first created in
1967 by IBM as an alternative to buying
hard drives, which were extremely
expensive at the time.
Floppy Diskette
 8" Floppy Disk

• The first disk was introduced in 1971.

• The disk was 8" in diameter with a
magnetic coating, enclosed in a cardboard
case with the capacity of one megabyte.
• Conversely to hard drives, the heads
touched the disk, like in a cassette or
video player that wears the media down
over time.
8" Floppy Disk
 5.25" Floppy Disk

• First started development in 1976 and

later became a standard in 1978
• these disks were first released with only
160 KB of disk space.
• These diskettes were commonly used in
1980's and began stop being used in the
early 1990's.
5.25” Floppy Disk
 3.5" Floppy Disk
• Created by IBM in 1984, these diskettes
were first introduced with a total capacity
of 720 KB.
• The 1.44 MB floppy diskettes were used
widely in the 1990's and were seldom
found or used by 2000.
3.5" Floppy Disk
Floppy Disk Drives
 Hard Disk Drive

• sometimes abbreviated as Hard drive, HD,

or HDD
• is a non-volatile memory hardware device
that permanently stores and retrieves data
on a computer.
• consists of one or more platters to which
data is written using a magnetic head, all
inside of an air-sealed casing.
 History of Hard Drive
• The first hard drive was introduced to the
market by IBM on September 13, 1956.
• The hard drive was first used in the
RAMAC 305 system, with a storage
capacity of 5 MB and a cost of about
$50,000 ($10,000 per megabyte).
• The hard drive was built-in to the computer
and was not removable.
RAMAC 305 System
RAMAC 305’s HD
 History of Hard Drive

• In 1963, IBM developed the first

removable hard drive, having a 2.6 MB
storage capacity.
1963 Hard Drive
 History of Hard Drive

• 1973 - IBM released the boldly-colored

3340, which could hold up to 70MB or
work with another IBM processor to create
a composite 280MB drive.
1973 Hard Drive
 History of Hard Drive

• 1979 - IBM debuted the 3370, a 571MB

drive the size of a modern-day
photocopier.
• It used seven 14-inch "platters" to hold
data.
3370 Hard Drive
 History of Hard Drive

• 1980 - IBM introduced the first 1GB hard

drive. With its complete casing, it was the
size of a refrigerator, weighed about 550
pounds, and cost $40,000.
First 1 GB Hard Drive
 History of Hard Drive

• 1980 - Seagate introduced a competing

drive to IBM. By this point, the 5MB had
shrunk in size to just a 5.25-inch hard
disk. It cost $4,300 (in today's dollars).
Seagate’s 5 MB Hard Drive
 History of Hard Drive

• 1983 - Rodime released the first 3.5-inch

hard disk, the RO352, setting a standard
for desktop computer drives. It held
10MB at a cost of $1,895, or almost
$4,500 today.
Rodime’s 3.5 inch hard drive
 History of Hard Drive
• 1988 - Prairie Tek released the 220. The
2.5-inch drive was created for the
budding laptop market and is still the
standard size used in notebooks today.
Its two platters can store 20MB.
Prairie Tek’s 220
 History of Hard Drive

• 1992 - Hewlett-Packard pushed the limits

of minuscule drives with the C3013A Kitty
Hawk drive. It used two 1.3-inch platters
to store 2.1GB.
Hewlett-Packard’s 1.3” Platter
 History of Hard Drive

• 1998 - IBM's Microdrive was released to

the public, setting a new benchmark for
the smallest hard drive to date. Its 340MB
of storage fit on a single 1-inch platter.
IBM’s Microdrive
 History of Hard Drive

• 2004 - Not to be outdone, Toshiba

released a 0.85-inch hard drive that
could store 2GB on a single platter.
Toshiba’s 0.85” Hard Drive
 History of Hard Drive

• 2006 - Commercial storage began to ramp

up with Seagate's release of the
Barracuda 7200.10, the largest drive to
date at 750GB.
Seagate’s Barracuda 7200.10
 History of Hard Drive

• 2007 - Moving into the next order of

magnitude, Hitachi GST released the first
1 terabyte hard drive, the Deskstar
7K1000. It could hold 200,000 times as
much as IBM's original drive.
Deskstar 7K1000
 History of Hard Drive

• 2011 - Companies vied to outdo each

other for the next several years, with
Seagate eventually releasing the first 4TB
hard drive, the Barracuda XT.
Barracuda XT
 History of Hard Drive

• 2013 - HGST announced a helium-filled 6

TB hard disk drive. The device made for
less drag and faster processing because
helium is lighter than air, but increased
manufacturing costs.
HGST’s Helium-filled 6TB HD
 History of Hard Drive

• 2014 - The very next year, Seagate

introduced 6TB hard drives that don't use
helium. They were cheaper, but used
more power to operate at higher
temperatures.
Seagate’s 6 GB HD
 History of Hard Drive
• 2015 - HGST outdid itself to pass the
10TB mark with its Ultrastar Archive
Ha10 SMR. It was a world first.
Ultrastar Archive Ha10 SMR
 History of Hard Drive

• 2016 - Seagate unveiled the monstrous

60TB SSD, which is not yet available for
purchase. Accounting for inflation, it'll cost
$400,000 less than IBM's first 5MB drive,
but offer 12,000,000 times the storage
capacity.
Seagate’s 60TB SSD
 Magnetic Card
• a rectangular object that contains either a
magnetic strip on the outside or a
magnetic object within the card that
contains data.
• may contain information about an
individual such as available credit on a
credit card or pass codes for entering
secure buildings
Magnetic Card
 SuperDisk

• Alternatively referred to as an LS-120 and

LS-240
• is a disk drive and diskette introduced by
3M, which later became Imation.
• The drive was most popular with OEM
computers, such as Compaq and Packard
Bell computers.
 SuperDisk
• The original SuperDisk is capable of
holding 120 MB on a single disk the same
size of a traditional 1.44 MB floppy
diskette.
• Later SuperDisks were capable of holding
240 MB on a disk. The SuperDisk drive
was also backwards compatible with 1.44
MB disks.
• Its available interfaces were IDE (ATAPI),
parallel port, SCSI, and USB.
SuperDisk
SuperDisk
SuperDisk
 Magnetic Tape

• A magnetically thin coated piece of

plastic wrapped around wheels capable
of storing data.
• Tape is much less expensive than other
storage mediums, but it is a much slower
solution that was typically only used for
backup.
Magnetic Tape
 Zip Drive

• is a hardware data storage device

developed by Iomega that functions like a
standard 1.44" floppy drive and diskette.
• What makes the Iomega Zip drive unique
is its capability to hold up to 100 MB of
data or 250 MB of data on the later
models.
Zip Drive
 Blu-ray Disk

• BD or BD-ROM
• is an optical disc format developed by thirteen
consumer electronics and PC companies. These
companies include Dell, Hitachi, Hewlett
Packard, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Sony, and
TDK.
• Blu-ray was first introduced at the CES on
January 4, 2006 and can store up to 25 GB
single-layer disc and 50 GB on a dual-layer
disc, each disc being the same size as a
standard CD.
Blu-ray Disk
 CD-R vs CD-RW

• CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable) is a digital

optical disc storage format. A CD-R disc is a
compact disc that can be written once and
read arbitrarily many times.
• CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) is a digital
optical disc storage format. A CD-RW disc is a
compact disc that can be written, read
arbitrarily many times, erased, and written
again. The technology was introduced in 1997.
CD-R vs CD-RW
 Audio CD

• The logical format of an audio CD

(officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or
CD-DA) is described in a document
produced in 1980 by the format's joint
creators, Sony and Philips.
• Its capacity is up to 74–80 minutes (up to
24 minutes for mini 8 cm CD).
Audio CD
 Super Audio CD

• Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-

resolution read-only optical audio disc
format that was designed to provide higher
fidelity digital audio reproduction than the
Red Book.
• Introduced in 1999, it was developed by
Sony and Philips.
• Its capacity is 4.7 GiB/GB
Super Audio CD
 CD-MIDI

• a format used to store music-performance

data which upon playback is performed
by electronic instruments that
synthesize the audio.
CD-MIDI
 CD-ROM

• is a pre-pressed optical compact disc

which contains data.
• The name is an acronym which stands for
"Compact Disc Read-Only Memory".
• Computers can read CD-ROMs, but
cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not
writable or erasable.
Disk Drive
Which drive letter is the CD-ROM?

• By default, your CD-ROM should be

designated by D: when you are viewing
the various drives on your computer.
• However, if you add another hard drive to
the computer or create a partition, a CD-
ROM's drive letter may be moved further
down the alphabet (e.g. from D: to E:).
Capacities of CDs
Transfer Rate of CDs
CD-ROM
 VCD

• Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc

digital video) is a standard digital format for
storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable
in dedicated VCD players, most modern DVD-
Video players, personal computers, and some
video game consoles.
• The VCD standard was created in 1993 by
Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC
• Capacity: Up to 800 MB/80 minutes of Video
VCD
 SVCD

• Super Video CD (Super Video Compact

Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing
video media on standard compact discs.
• SVCD was intended as a successor to
VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and
falls somewhere between both in terms of
technical capability and picture quality.
• Encoding MPEG-2 video + audio
• Capacity Up to 800 MB
SVCD
 Photo CD

• is a system designed by Kodak for

digitizing and storing photos on a CD.
• Launched in 1992, the discs were
designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality
images, scanned prints and slides using
special proprietary encoding.
Photo CD
 CD-i
• The Philips CD-i (an abbreviation of
Compact Disc Interactive) is an
interactive multimedia CD player
developed and marketed by Royal Philips
Electronics N.V.
• It was created to provide more
functionality than an audio CD player or
game console, but at a lower price than a
personal computer with a CD-ROM drive
at the time.
CD-i Console
 CD+

• The Blue Book is a compact disc standard

developed in 1995 by Philips and Sony.
• It defines the Enhanced Music CD format
(E-CD, also known as CD-Extra, CD-Plus
and CD+), which combines audio tracks
and data tracks on the same disc.[
CD+
 VinylDisc

• a combination of a digital layer, either in

CD or DVD format, and an analog layer,
which is a vinyl record, developed by the
German company Optimal Media
Production.
VinylDisc
DVD
 DVD-R

• Short for Digital Versatile Disc-Recordable

• DVD-R is a drive capable of recording
once to a disc and reading many times
after it has been created.
• DVD-R is an approved standard by DVD
Forum and the drives are capable of
recording to DVD-R discs, also known as
"DVD-5" and "DVD-10" discs.
 DVD-RW (DVD-R/W)

• Short for Digital Versatile Disc-Read/Write,

DVD-RW is an approved standard by DVD
Forum.
• Similar to CD-RW, it's a technology that
enables a user to read and write to a
DVD-RW or DVD-R disc multiple times.
 DVD+R

• Short for Digital Versatile Disc-

Recordable, DVD+R is DVD+RW Alliance
standard of disc.
• DVD+R is a technology that enables a
user to read several times and write once
to a DVD+RW or DVD+R disc. DVD+RW
drives are capable of recording DVD+R
discs, also known as "DVD-5" or "DVD-10"
discs.
 DVD+RW

• Short for Digital Versatile Disc-Read/Write,

DVD+R is a DVD+RW Alliance standard
much like CD-RW and DVD-R.
• With DVD+RW you can read and write to
a DVD+RW or DVD+R disc several
times.
 DVD Capacities

• 4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer –

common)
• 8.5 GB (single-sided, double-layer)
• 9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)
• 17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer –
rare)
 Flash Technology
• Flash memory was invented by Fujio
Masuoka while working for Toshiba circa
1980.
• According to Toshiba, the name "flash"
was suggested by Masuoka's colleague,
Shōji Ariizumi, because the erasure
process of the memory contents reminded
him of the flash of a camera.
 Jump Drive
• Alternatively referred to as a USB flash
drive, data stick, pen drive, memory unit,
key chain drive and thumb drive, a jump
drive is a portable storage device.
• It is often the size of a human thumb
(hence the name), and it connects to a
computer via a USB port.
• Flash drives are an easy way to store and
transfer information.
Biggest Capacity of Flash Drive (to date)

Kingston’s DataTraveler Ultimate GT

 Flash Memory Cards

• a type of storage media that is often used

to store photos, videos, or other data in
electronic devices.
• Devices that commonly use a memory
card include digital cameras, digital
camcorders, handheld computers, MP3
players, PDAs, cell phones, game
consoles, and printers.
 Memory Stick

• The proprietary Sony Memory Stick was

first introduced by Sony in October 1998
and is a flash memory card used with
Sony digital cameras and other Sony
products.
• Capacity
– 128 MB (Original)
– 32 GB (PRO Series)
– 2 TB (XC Series)
Memory Stick
 SSD

• Short for Solid-State Drive or Solid-State Disk,

• is a drive that uses non-volatile memory as a
means of storing and accessing data, much like
computer RAM.
• Unlike a hard drive, an SSD has no moving
parts, which gives it advantages such as
accessing stored information faster, noiseless
operation, higher reliability, and lower power
consumption.
SSD
Hard Drive vs SSD
 Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing is a term used to

describe services provided over a network
by a collection of remote servers.
• This abstract "cloud" of computers
provides massive, distributed storage and
processing power, which can be accessed
by any Internet-connected device running
a web browser.
 Example of Cloud Computing
• Google Docs - A fantastic free solution
from Google that allows you to open
Microsoft Office documents as well as
share them with other users with Internet
access.
 Example of Cloud Computing
• Microsoft OneDrive - Formerly known as
SkyDrive, OneDrive is an online storage
service for Windows 8 and Windows 10
users to store Windows related files, Office
documents, and other files.
 Example of Cloud Computing
• Online backup - There are dozens of
online backup services to store your
important information offsite in the cloud.
For example, Mozy and Dropbox are two
good examples of cloud storage and
online storage backup solutions that store
information in the cloud.
 Network Media

• Network media is any audio, video, images or

text, used on a computer network, like the
Internet.
• It almost always requires a computer to send
and receive, as well as a community of people to
create and consume the content.
• Network media are decentralized and
contributed by many people, who not only
provide it to others, but are also recipients and
users of the media.