REPORT

ON

VILLAGE ATTACHMENT

(AGR-402)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) IN AGRICULTURE

SUBMITTED BY

Name: Kotikala Uday Kiran

Registration Number: 12019933

UNDER SUPERVISION OF

Dr. Sapna Jarial

School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University

Phagwara-144401, Punjab, India

2023

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the report presented herein is an authentic record of my work carried out
under Village Attachment Programme at Lovely professional university as requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Agriculture, under the guidance of Dr. Sapna jarial,
Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture Economics and Extension, School of
Agriculture and no part of this has been copied from any other sources.

Kotikala Uday Kiran

(Registration No.12019933)

Supervisor Name: Dr. Sapna Jarial

Designation: Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture Economics and Extension, School

of Agriculture.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would want to offer my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who assisted and directed me through the
completion of the village attachment. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Sapna Jarial, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University for her exceptional
mentorship, guidance, and support during my RAWE village attachment.

I would like to thank all the farmers in the village who helped me throughout this village
attachment. Their unwavering support, guidance, and willingness to share their knowledge and
expertise made a significant difference in my understanding of agriculture and rural life.

Thank you once again for your generosity and guidance.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter No. Contents Page number

1 Introduction 1-6

2 Material and methodology 7-8

3 Result and Discussion 9-40

4 Summary and Conclusion 41

5 Annexures 42-146

4
 INTRODUCTION

Village attachment is one of the important component of the RAWE programme, The primary goal
of village attachment is to provide participants with the opportunity to connect with farmers and
learn about actual agriculture.

Activities done during village attachment include-

1. Orientation and Survey of Village

2. Soil Improvement Interventions (Soil sampling and testing)

3. Agronomical Interventions

4. Fruit and Vegetable production interventions

5. Plant protection interventions

6. Marketing, Food processing and Storage interventions

7. Animal production intervention

8. Extension and transfer of technological activities

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT VILLAGE:

• As a part of the curriculum the village attachment was conducted in Kankanampadu, Prakasam
District, Andhra Pradesh.
• I have done my village attachment in the month of August- October.

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 Overview of the village

Gram Panchayat Kankanampadu Agraharam

Block/Mandal Veligandla

District Prakasam

State Andhra Pradesh

Pin code 523224

Area 998 ha

Nearest Town Kanigiri

Population 3362

NATURE OF WORK

Most of the people in the village are relied on agriculture and its allied activities. Tobacco, Red
Gram and Bajra are the main agriculture commodities grown in this village.

Selection of farmers:

Throughout my village attachment, I spoke with a variety of farmers. Based on the requirements
of the annexures, the farmers were chosen accordingly. Before selection of farmers, I met village
sarpanch to take the permission for starting the village attachment.

6
 MANOHARAMMA

SARPANCH OF KANKANAMPADU VILLAGE

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

The data required was collected from the selected farmers through direct communication. The
required data was collected from both primary and secondary source.

TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION:

(A) Primary Data Collection: - Gathering of raw data collected directly from different farmers
from field. I collected the original data related to all farm activities, problems, inputs, outputs and
many more.

(B) Secondary Data Collection: - I took quantitative data related to weather, climate, geographic
details of that area, demography, etc by visiting Gram Sachivalay and Raitu Barosa Kendra.

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 GRAM SACHIVALAY RAITU BAROSA KENDRA

METHODOLOGY USED FOR DATA COLLECTION: -

• Village survey
• Observations
• Direct interview
• Questionnaire (According to the annexures provided)

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Annexure-1 Orientation and survey of village

First week of the village attachment is all about the village Information like geographical location,
demography, literacy, occupation, and infrastructure etc.

ABOUT VILLAGE:

➢ Kankanampadu is a Village in Veligandla Mandal in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh

State, India.
➢ It belongs to Andhra region.
➢ It is located 90 KM towards west from District headquarters Ongole.
➢ Kankanampadu Pin code is 523224 and postal head office is Veligandla.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: -

• Kankanampadu is located at latitude of 15.391485°N and longitude of 79.363038°E.

• Kankanampadu is surrounded by Turakapalli towards North, Veligandla towards South,
Ballavaram towards East, Gannavaram towards West.
• Kanigiri is the nearest town to the village.

MAP VIEW OF KANKANAMPADU

VILLAGE

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POPULATION DETAILS:

Total population of Kankanampadu village is 3362 out of this male population is 1746 and female
population is 1616 and number of households are 830.

CENSUS PARAMETER DATA

Total Population 3362
Male Population 1746
Female Population 1616
No of households 830
Scheduled Caste 380
Scheduled Tribe 364

LITERACY:

The literacy rate is nearly 56.16%. The male literacy is 69.19% and the female literacy rate is
42.55%. This show that the people here some are literate and some are illiterate. But in my
experience, most of them have just passed the 10th standard. This makes them literate but most
people are ignorant of many information.

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 CENSUS PARAMETER DATA
Total literacy rate 56.16%
Male 69.19%
Female 42.55%

SOCIAL STRUCTURE:

The main religion in this region is Hindu and the second biggest is Christianity. The major caste
in this region is OC, BC, SC.

WEATHER:

Weather in Kankanampadu is relatively hot and dry in summer and so most of the cultivation is
rainfed. Over the course of the year the maximum temperature is around 44°C and minimum
temperature is around 20°C. Average rainfall is about 794.5mm and humidity is about 59%.

Village Average annual Average

Average
rainfall humidity(%)
temperature(°C)
Kankanampadu 38°C 794.5mm 59%

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EDUCATION:

Totally there are 7 government schools in which 6 of them are elementary schools(primary) and
one is upper primary. Anganwadis are also there which are 5 in number. There are no private or
government arts and science degree colleges in the village. However, there is a private arts and
science degree college in Machavaram, which is more than 10 kms away from KankanamPadu.

Primary Schools Anganwadi

TRANSPORTATION:

Public bus service is not available within the village. Bus service is available upto the nearest town
Kanigiri Which is 20km far. Autos are available within the village. There is no railway station
within 80km from kanigri.

HEALTH:

There is one primary health care centre, one veterinary hospital

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 DETAILS OF THE FARMERS

FARMER-1

Name K. Balakeshwar rao

Father’s name [Link]

Education Intermediate

Village Kankanampadu

Block Veligandla

District Prakasam

Size of land holding 5 acres

FARMER-2

Name Ganduri chennaiah

Father’s name Ganduri Yerukulaiah

Education 5th standard

Village Kankanampadu

Block Veligandla

District Prakasam

Size of land holding 4.5 acres

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 FARMER-3

Name P. Chaitanya kumari

Father’s name Vykuntakeshawaratnam

Education Intermediate

Village Kankanampadu

Block Veligandla

District Prakasam

Size of land holding 1.77 acres

FARMER-4

Name P. Velugondaiah

Father’s name P. Kondaiah

Education 10th standard

Village Kankanampadu

Block Veligandla

District Prakasam

Size of land holding 4.39acres

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 FARMER-5

Name Pidathala Kondaiah

Father’s name P. Gundaiah

Education Intermediate

Village Kankanampadu

Block Veligandla

District Prakasam

Size of land holding 4.39acres

Annexure-2 soil improvement interventions (soil sampling& testing)

This week is all about soil sampling and testing programme. So, among the five farmers no one is
involved in soil health card scheme or any other schemes because the reason is they don’t need the
soil testing and there are getting good returns ,but I would like to include the basic idea of soil
health card scheme and how the soil sampling is done.

Soil health card scheme:

In soil health card scheme each farmer is given a Soil Health Card that contains information on
the nutrient status of the soil (with respect to 12 nutrients: pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC),
Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Zinc (Zn), Boron
(B), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu)) as well as recommendations on the dosage of
nutrients to be used to improve its fertility and health.

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Process of soil sampling-

Quatering is done
Selecting by dicviding the
Mix the samples
mixed samplke
sampling plot thoroughly
into four equal
parts

Two opposite
collect samples quarters are
Remove the
at different discarded and the
surface litter
place of the plot remaining is
mixedCo

Make a 'V' Collect the

shaped cut to a Collect the soils sample in a
depth of 15cm in using khurpi clean cloth or
the sampling plot polythene bag

Points to be considered

1. Collect the soil sample during fallow period.

2. In the standing crop, collect samples between rows.
3. Sampling at several locations in a zig-zag pattern ensures homogeneity.
4. Fields, which are similar in appearance, production and past-management practices, can be
grouped into a single sampling unit.
5. Collect separate samples from fields that differ in colour, slope, drainage, past management
practices like liming, gypsum application, fertilization, cropping system etc.
6. Avoid sampling in dead furrows, wet spots, areas near main bund, trees, manure heaps and
irrigation channels.
7. For shallow rooted crops, collect samples up to 15 cm depth. For deep rooted crops, collect
samples up to 30 cm depth. For tree crops, collect profile samples.
8. Always collect the soil sample in presence of the farm owner who knows the farm better.

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 Annexure-3 Agronomical interventions

This week is all about related to agronomical crops like pulses, oilseeds cereals, millets, fodder
etc. Among the five farmers three of them were not started cultivation because of unavailability of
rains not only these three farmers most of the farmers in the village didn’t started cultivation , so I
asked the details of previous crops grown by the three farmers. I asked farmers about the amount
of land they own on which crops are grown, the amount of labour used from planting to harvesting,
agricultural resources owned by the farmer, and the crops grown by the farmer.

Farmer number one (Balakeshwar rao) owns the most land, while Farmer number three
(Chaitanya kumari) owns the least.

When it comes to human resource Farmer 1(Balakeshwar rao) and farmer 4(Velugondaiah)
has highest no of human resource.
Tobacco which is one of the cash crop is grown by Farmer 1(Balakeshwar rao) in 2 acres
and Farmer 3 (Chaitanya kumari) in 1.5 acres.

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 NAME OF THE FARMER CROPS GROWN

Balakeshwar rao Red gram, Tobacco

Ganduri chennaiah Napier grass

Chaitanya kumari Tobacco

Velugondaiah Bajra(Pearl millet)

Pidathala kondaiah Green gram (Mung bean)

• Farmers in the village are confined to monocropping and majorly grown crop is red gram and
bajra and napier grass as a fodder crop.
• Most of the cultivation is rainfed.
• Red gram and bajra are very resistant to dry conditions so the farmers prefer cultivating these
crops most.

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 FARMER-1 FARMER-2 NAPIER
GRASS

FARMER-3 FARMER-4

19 FARMER-5 MUNG
BEAN
 Annexure-4 Fruit and vegetable production intervention

This week is all about survey on horticultural and vegetable crops, due to lack of diversified
farming in the village I have changed and selected farmers accordingly. I asked the farmers about
the land preparation, planting distance, seed rate, source of planting material, method of planting,
prevalent pest and disease.

Name of the farmer Crops grown Area under crop

Ganduri chennaiah Lemon 2 acres
Venkateshwar reddy Tomato 0.5 acre
Thirupalreddy Ivy gourd 0.5 acre
Umamaheshwar rao Drumstick 3 acres
Ganta subamma Guava 1 acre

FARMER-1 LEMON FARMER-2 TOMATO

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 FARMER-3 IVY GOURD FARMER-4 DRUMSTICK

FARMER-5 GUAVA

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 [Link] Name of the farmer Implements owned
1 Ganduri chennaiah Tractor, trolley, cultivator,
fertilizer tank, rotavator, mb
plough
2 Venkateshwar reddy Tractor, Cultivator, leveller, Cage
wheel
3 Thirupalreddy Tractor, cultivator, power tiller

4 Umamaheshwar rao -
5 Ganta subamma -

Farm resources owned by farmer -1

Tractor Trolley MB Plough

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 Rotavator Tractor drawn fertilizer
tank

Cultivator

Farm resources owned by farmer -2

Cultivator Leveller
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 Cage wheel

Farm resources owned by farmer -3

Tractor Cultivator

24
Power tiller
 Annexure-5 Plant protection interventions

This week is all about weeds, diseases and pests prevailing on the farmers’ fields. Below is the
list of weeds, diseases and pests that I have identified in the fields.

1. Cyperus rotundus
2. Commelina benghalensis
3. Portulaca oleracea
4. Amaranthus viridis
5. Dactyloctenium aegyptium
6. Parthenium hysterophorous
7. Acalypha indica
8. Chloris virgata
9. Trianthema portulacastrum
10. Euphorbia hirta
11. Tridax procumbens

Lemon-Citrus leaf miner

Mung bean- Blister beetles, stem fly, pod borer.
Tomato – Leaf miner

Lemon – Citrus canker

Identified Diseases Mung bean - Mung bean yellow mosaic virus,
Cercospora leaf spot

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 WEEDS

Parthenium hystereophorus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Cyperus rotundus

Euphorbia hirta Amaranthus viridis Commelina benghalensis

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 Acalypha indica Tridax procumbens Trianthema portulacastram

Chloris virgata

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 DISEASES

Citrus canker of lemon Cercospora leafspot of green Mung bean yellow mosaic
caused by Xanthomonas gram caused by Cercospora virus
campestris p.v citri canesens

PESTS

Citrus leaf miner Blister beetle ( Mylabris Stem fly (Ophiomyia

(Phyllocnistis citrella) pustulata) phaseoli)

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 Tomato leaf miner(Tuta
absoluta)

INSECTICIDES

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 FUNGICIDES

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 Annexure-6 Marketing, Food processing and Storage interventions

This Week is all about “Marketing, Food Processing and Storage interventions” in the village or
nearby village.

DETAILS OF THE MARKET: Within 25km from the village Kanigiri Market Yard is there
but the farmers here in the village are selling their produce(vegetables) directly to the local
vegetable markets. The reason for not selling in the market yard is small scale production, if the
production is higher the produce goes to the yard. Most of the time farmers directly sell in the local
shops.

PICTURES OF LOCAL MARKET

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 KANIGIRI MARKET YARD

Tobacco is the one of the major cash crop grown here, after curing the tobacco in barns it is
sold to the tobacco board for marketing and there in tobacco board for every 10 days auction
will be conducted. The tobacco buyers shall present on the auction floor and see the tobacco
bale for its colour, texture, aroma, flavour, moisture, size, etc., and offer the price.

PICTURES OF TOBACCO BOARD

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 TOBACCO BOARD AUCTION HALL

For marketing of grains there is no special market for that there will be some persons called
middlemen (we call them here as “Dallarulu”) who has money will buy the produce.
Lemon is the major cultivated fruit crop here and whatever the produce is sold to the lemon
trading centres these companies grade out the lemons based on size, shape and quality and
pack them into gunny bags of 50kgs and these bags are transported to other states like banglore,
Chennai and pune etc.

Lemon Trading centres

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STORAGE FACILITY:

There is no storage facility (public, private, or own) in village or nearby because of small scale of
production farmers will directly sell them in the market.

PROCESSING UNIT

Other than the rice mill no other processing industries are there in the village or nearby

Details of the rice mill-

Name: Malkondaswamy Rice Mill

Place: - Papireddypally

Turn over: 1,80,000

This rice mill is a small unit in which they will get hardly 5 bags for milling per day and for
each bag they charges 100/-. So on an average they will get 500 per day and for annually they
will get 1,80,000rs.
At the end of milling process we will get milled rice and rice bran which is used in brick
factory.

Rice Mill
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 Annexure-7 Animal production intervention

This week deals with animal husbandry. The farmers I selected haven’t own any livestock so I
selected farmers who owns livestock and asked them about the breed, milk production and monthly
maintenance expenses etc.

Name of the farmer Livestock type Breed

Balakeshwar rao Buffalo Local breed
Keshamma Cow Krishna valley
Shiva kumar Sheep Nellore jodipi
Venkatakondaiah Goat Osmanabadi
Ankamma Goat Osmanabadi

➢ Balakeshwar rao owns 6 buffaloes of local breed in which 3 of them are dry and three of them
are milch animals. Daily he will get 12L of milk and price of 1L milk costs 45rs.

Buffaloes of local breed

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➢ Keshamma owns 2 indigenous cows of breed krishna valley. Among the two cows one is dry
and other one is milch animal. From that one milch animal 3L of milk is obtained and price of
1L cow milk is 35rs.

Krishna valley cows

➢ Shiva kumar owns 12 sheeps of breed Nellore jodipi. These sheeps are for meat purpose.

36 Nellore jodipi sheeps

➢ Venkatakondaiah owns 10 sheeps of breed osmanabadi which are tolerant to heat . These
goats are for meat purpose only.

Osmanabadi goats

➢ Ankamma owns 8 sheeps of breed osmanabadi which are tolerant to heat . These goats are
for meat purpose only.

Osmanabadi goats

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Feed material for livestock-

Super napier is commonly used as green fodder for the livestock in the village.
Dry feed such as straw and hay is given.
Rice bran powder is mixed in water and it is given as feed.
For sheeps bajra , jowar and red gram pods also given
For goats there is no any special feed they eat all kinds of leaves.

Annexure-8 Extension and Transfer of Technology activities

Krishi vigyan kendra (KVK) and Raitu bharosa kendra (RBK) are the two which are involved in
tranfer of technology activities.

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA(KVK)

Krishi Vigyan Kendra at Darsi

of Prakasam district was established
in the year 2001 under the
administrative control of Acharya
N.G Ranga Agricultural University,
Lam, Guntur. KVK is situated 3 km
away from Darsi town on Kurchedu
road. It has a total of 50 acres land of
which 20 acres of land was
partitioned from the field of Agricultural Research Station, Darsi. Later thirty acres of land was
added to KVK at another place 1 Km away in 2009. Out of total land available only 35 acres is
cultivable.

There are 28 operational mandals under Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Darsi and 8 farming
situations. Operational jurisdiction of KVKs: Santhamaguluru, Ballikuarava, Martur,
Yeddanapudi, Inkollu, Parchuru, Karamchedu, Chirala, Vetapalem, Ardhaveedu, Dornala,
Yerragondapalem, Pullalacheruvu, Tripuranthakam, Kurichedu, Darsi, Mundlamuru, addanki,
[Link], Korisepadu, Markapur, Pedaraveedu, Donakonda, Podili, Tallur, Chimakurthi,
Tarlupadu, Konakanamitla. Major crops in the operational areas are pigeonpea, cotton, chilli,
tobacco, blackgram, chickpea, greengram and rice.
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Mandates of KVK

• To conduct "On farm testing" for identifying technologies in terms of location specific
sustainable land use systems

• To organize front line demonstrations on various crops to generate production data and
feedback information

• To organize training to update the extension personnel with emerging advances in agricultural
research on regular basis.

• KVK has mandate to cover the entire district and catering the needs of farmers by supplying
good quality foundation seed (Pigeonpea, LRG 52) and by disseminating need-based
technologies through KVK mandatory activities and other extension activities.

Infrastructure available at KVK-Darsi

KVK is having a 50 acres. of land of which 31 acres is cultivable, 5 acres farm buildings and roads
and reaming 14 acres is un cultivable. Farmers hostel is used as administrative building. Training
hall with well-equipped multimedia training facilities are available for conducting On Campus
Training Programmes for practicing farmers and extension functionaries.

Organizational structure of KVK

The KVK is leaded by Senior Scientist and Head of the KVK [Link] Prasad along
with their team which consist of various other scientists.

Senior scientist & Head Scientists Programme assistant

Supporting/other staff

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 RYTHU BHAROSA KENDRA’S

Government has decided to establish Rythu Bharosa Kendralu (RBKs) in all Gram Panchayath
Secretariats by integrating Agri Input shops and Farmer Knowledge Centres with an aim to supply
quality inputs in the village and to disseminate the knowledge pertaining to Agriculture and Allied
departments to the farmers through these centres with an aim to give "Bharosa" to farmers.

Services at Rythu Bharosa Kendra’s

✓ Supply of Certified-Guaranteed Multibrand Agri & Allied Inputs as per Farmers Choice at
Village level on market operating price.
✓ Soil testing and analysis.
✓ Seed testing (physical purity and germination test).
✓ Capacity building of the farmers will be taken up m RBKs through classroom and field
trainings, Polambadi meetings and demonstrations on best practices & new technologies for
adoption.
✓ Smart TV with Digital Signage : Live streaming of address by crop scientists/ experts and
arrange interactions with farmers on pest management and other issues pertaining to specific
crops.
✓ Library with Crop wise modules.
✓ Renting small farm equipment like sprayers (mini CHC).
✓ Conducting demonstrations on Natural products like Beejamrutham, Jeevamrutham,
Panchagavya etc.

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 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

✓ Agriculture has been the predominant profession for the survival in the village. It determines
the lifestyle of the villages here.
✓ About 90% of the people in this village were found to have agriculture as their main
occupation.
✓ Most of them are marginal and medium scale farmers.
✓ The major economic source of the majority of the villagers is agriculture and animal husbandry.
✓ Major growing commodities are tobacco, red gram and bajra.
✓ Most of the cultivation is rainfed.
✓ The disease, pest , weeds prevalent in the area are somewhat same but farmers have little to no
knowledge for their control . They use almost same type of chemicals for each crop.
✓ They are too much dependent on manual labour, unmanaged style of farming, negligence and
traditional way of farming.
✓ The income that they get from agriculture is enough to sustain them.

Constraints observed in the village-

1. Unemployment
2. Presence of improper roads
3. Lack of public transport
4. Lack of Drinking water availability
5. Monocropping
6. Lack of knowledge about government policies and schemes.

IN CONCLUSION: Many of the things should need changes so that the farmers can earn more
profit. Many of the farmers are uneducated so they even don’t know about the latest technology in
the market. The farmers in this village needs demonstration/training camps about new
technological things which makes farming better and more profitable. Multiple cropping should
be encouraged to prevent crop failures.

41