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Question Bank 2

Mobile Computing (Anna University)

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2 Marks and 16 Marks Questions and Answers

Mobile Computing
1. What is mobile computing?
Mobile computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, via a computer,
without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.

2. What is Mobility?

• A person who moves

Between different geographical locations
Between different networks
Between different communication devices
Between different applications
• A device that moves
Between different geographical locations
Between different networks

2. What are two different kinds of mobility?

User Mobility: It refers to a user who has access to the same or similar telecommunication
services at different places.
Device Portability: many mechanisms in the network and inside the device have to make sure that
communication is still possible while the device is moving.
3. Find out the characteristics while device can thus exhibit during communication.
 Fixed and Wired
 Mobile and Wired
 Fixed and Wireless
 Mobile and Wireless
4. What are applications of Mobile Computing?
 Vehicles
 Emergencies
 Business
 Replacement of wired networks
 Infotainment
 Location dependent services
 Mobile and wireless services
5. What are the obstacles in mobile communications?
 Interference
 Regulations and spectrum
 Low Bandwidth
 High delays, large delay variation
 Lower security, simpler to attack
 Shared Medium
 Adhoc-networks

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6. Give the information’s in SIM?

 Card type, serial no, list of subscribed services
 Personal Identity Number(PIN)
 Pin Unlocking Key(PUK)
 An Authentication Key(KI)
7. What are the Advantages of wireless LAN?
 Flexibility
 Planning
 Design
 Robustness
8. Mention some of the disadvantages of WLANS?
 Quality of service
 Proprietary solutions.
 Restrictions
 Safety and Security

9. Describe about MAC layer in DECT architecture.

The medium access control (MAC) layer establishes, maintains and releases channels for
higher layers by activating and deactivating physical channels. MAC multiplexes several logical
channels onto physical channels. Logical channels exist for signaling network control, user data
transmission, paging or sending broadcast messages. Additional services offered include
segmentation/reassembly of packets and error control/error correction.

10. What are the basic tasks of the MAC layer?

Medium access Fragmentation of user data Encryption
11. What are the basic services provided by the MAC layer?
Asynchronous data service (mandatory)
Time-bounded service (optional)

12. What are the techniques used for MAC management?

Synchronization
Power management
Roaming
Management information base(MIB)
13. Describe about MAC layer in DECT architecture.
The medium access control (MAC) layer establishes, maintains and releases channels for
higher layers by activating and deactivating physical channels. MAC multiplexes several logical
channels onto physical channels. Logical channels exist for signaling network control, user data
transmission, paging or sending broadcast messages. Additional services offered include
segmentation/reassembly of packets and error control/error correction.

14. Define hidden terminal.

The transmission range of A reaches B but not C. The transmission range of C reaches B
but not A. B reaches A and C. A cannot detect C and vice versa.
A starts sending to B, but C does not receive this transmission. C also wants to send something to B
and senses the medium. The medium appears to be free, the carrier sense fails. C also starts

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sending, causing a collision at B. But A can’t detect this collision at B and continues with its
transmission. A is hidden for C and vice versa.

15. What is Mobile Computing and the applications?

Mobile computing is the process of computation on a mobile device. In such computing, a
set of distributed computing systems or service provider servers participate, connect , and
synchronize through mobile communication protocols.

APPLICATIONS:

i) Mobile computing offers mobility with computer power.

ii) It provides decentralized computations on diversified devices, systems, and
networks, which are mobile, synchronized, and interconnected via mobile communication
standards and protocols.
iii) Mobile computing facilitates a large number of applications on a single device.

16. Limitations of Mobile Computing?

i)Resource constraints.
ii)Interface
iii)Bandwidth
iv)Dynamic changes in communication environment.
v)Network issues.
vi)Interoperability issues.
vii)Security Constraints.

17. Give the difference between the network 1G,2G,2.5G,3G mobile communication?

1G - Voice-only communication.
2G – Communicate voice as well as data signals.
2.5G – Enhancements of the second generation and sport data rates up to 100 kpbs.
3G – Mobile devices communicate at even higher data rates and support voice, data , and
multimedia streams. High data rates in 3G devices enable transfer of video clips and faster
multimedia communication.
18. Difference between Hidden and Exposed Terminal, Near and Far Terminals.
Hidden and Exposed Terminals

Let us consider three mobile phones A,B and C

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Transmission range of A reaches B but not C, C reaches B, but not A


B reaches both A andC

A starts sending to B but C does not receive this transmission ,C also wants to send something to
B and senses the medium
For C medium appears to be free and carrier sense fails, then C sends but it collides at B. Now A
cannot detect collision at B and A also transmits; now A is hidden for C and vice versa. A is
hidden terminal and these hidden terminals may cause collision and unnecessary delay.

Let us consider another scenario where ‘B’ sends something to ‘A’ and ‘C’ wants to transmit
data to some other mobile phones outside the interference ranges pf A and B. C senses the
carrier and detects that the carrier is busy ; C postpones its transmission until it detects the
medium is free ; but as A is outside the interference range of C, waiting is not necessary. I.e.
collision at B does not matter because the collision is too weak to propagate to A.

Near and Far Terminals

B C



Let us consider that A and B both sending with the same transmission power. When the
signal strength decreases proportionally to the square of the distance B’s signal drowns out A’s
signal .As a result ‘C’ cannot receive ‘A’s transmission.

Now think of ‘C’ as being an arbiter for sending rights. In this case terminal B would already

drown out terminal A on the physical layer.
‘C’ in return would have no chance of applying a fair scheme as it would only hear B.

The near/far effect is a severe problem of the wireless network using the CDM.All signals should
arrive at the receiver with more or less the same strength.
Otherwise a person standing closer to somebody could always loud than a person farther away.
Even if the sender were separated by code , the closest one would simply drown out the others.

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19. What is MAC?

Message authentication codes (MAC) are also used to authenticate messages during
transmission. MAC of a message is created using a cryptographic MAC function which is similar to
the hash function but has different security requirements.

20. Define Mobile Binding?

A binding created for providing mobility to a mobile node after registration at a foreign
network.
21. Agent-based Computing
An agent is any program that acts on behalf of a (human) user. A software mobile agent is a
process capable of migrating from one computer node to another.
22. Ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing enhances computer use by making many computers available
throughout the physical environment, while making them effectively invisible to users.

23. Client-Server Computing

An architecture in which the client is the requesting machine and the server is the supplying
machine. The client contains the user interface and may perform some or all of the application
processing.
24. What do you mean by Digital Signature?
Digital signatures are used to enable verification of the records. A DSA (Digital Structure
Algorithm) is used to sign a record before transmitting. It provides for a variable key length of
maximum 512 0r 1024 bits. The DSS(Digital Signature Standard) is based on the DSA. Signatures
enable identification of the sender identify the orgin of the message, and check message integrity.

25. Define the term wireless?

Wireless telecommunications refers to the transfer of information between two or more
points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television
remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio
communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including
two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless net working.
26. What are the different types of mobile Middleware?
1.Adaptation
2.Agent
27. What are the logical channels in GSM?
• Traffic channel(TCH)
• Control channel(CCH)
28. Define the term wireless?
Wireless telecommunications refers to the transfer of information between two or more
points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few metres for television
remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio
communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including
two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wirelessnetworking.

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29. Define GPRS?

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented service for mobile devices data
communication which utilizes the unused channels in TDMA mode in a GSM network and also
sends and receives packet of data through the internet.

30. What is Communication?

Communication is a two-way transmission and reception and reception of data streams.
Transmissions are of two types,
Guided Transmission
Unguided Transmission
31. Explain difference between wired and wireless networks

Wired Vs. Wireless Networks

Wired Networks Mobile Networks

- high bandwidth - low band width
- low band width variability - high band width variability
- can listen on wire - hidden terminal problem
- high power machines - low power machines
- high resource machines - low resource machines
- need physical access(security) - need proximity
- low delay - higher delay

32. Types of Wireless Devices

Laptops
Palmtops
PDAs
Cell phones
Pagers
Sensors
33. Why Mobile Computing?
Enable anywhere/anytime connectivity
Bring computer communications to areas without pre existing infrastructure
Enable mobility
Enable new applications
An exciting new research area
34. what are the New Forms of Computing available?.
Wireless Computing
Nomadic Computing
Mobile Computing
Ubiquitous Computing
Pervasive Computing
Invisible Computing

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35. Mobile Communication Networks: Examples

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): worldwide standard for digital, cellular Mobile
Radio Networks
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System): European Standard for future digital
Mobile Radio Networks
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System): analog Mobile Radio Networks in USA
DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications): European standard for cordless phones
TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio): European standard for circuit switched radio networks
ERMES (European Radio Message System): European standard for radio paging systems (Pager)
802.11: International standard for Wireless Local Networks
Bluetooth: wireless networking in close/local area
Inmarsat: geostationary satellite systems
Teledesic: planned satellite system on a non-geostationary orbit
36. Components of a wireless communication system
Transmitter, receiver, filter, antenna, amplifier, mixers

37. Wireless Networking Standards(Table1.1)

ITU, IEEE and ISO
IEEE 802.11 standards(a,bc,d,e,f…u)
38. Classification of wireless MAC protocols

39. What are the disadvantages of small cells?

a) Infrastructure b) Handover c) Frequency

40. What are the benefits of reservation schemes?

a) Increased no other station is allowed to transit during this slot b) Avoidance of congestion.

c) Waiting time in clearly known.

3. Differentiate between free space loss and path loss.

Free space loss Path loss

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41. Define hidden terminal.

The transmission range of A reaches B but not C. The transmission range of C reaches B but not A. B
reaches A and C. A cannot detect C and vice versa.

A starts sending to B, but C does not receive this transmission. C also wants to send something to B and
senses the medium. The medium appears to be free, the carrier sense fails. C also starts sending, causing a
collision at B. But A can’t detect this collision at B and continues with its transmission. A is hidden for C
and vice versa.

42. Mobile Computing -Characteristics

–Mobile devices
•Laptops
•Palmtops
•Smart cell phones
–Requirements
•Data access:
–Anywhere
–Anytime
•Nomadic users
–Constraints
•Limited ressources
•Variable connectivty:
–Performance
–Reliability

43. What are the different types of modulation?

The Modulation types are: i).Amplitude

Modulation. ii).Frequency Modulation.
iii).Phase Modulation.
44. What are the multiplexing techniques?
The Multiplexing techniques are: i)Space division multiplexing. ii)Time division
multiplexing. iii)Frequency division multiplexing. iv)Code division multiplexing.
45. Define Space Division Multiplexing Access?
Space division multiple access (SDMA) means division of the available space so that
multiple sources can access the medium at the same time. SDMA is the technique in which a
wireless transmitter transmits the modulated signals and accesses a space slot and another
transmitter accesses another space slot such that signals from both can propagate in two separate
spaces in the medium without affecting each other.

46. Define Code division multiplexing Access?

CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) is an access method in which multiple users are
allotted different codes (sequence of symbols) to access the same channel (set of frequencies)

47. Define Time division multiplexing Access?

Time division multiplexing (TDMA) is an access method in which multiple users, data
services, or sources are allotted different time-slices to access the same channel. The available
time-slice is divided among multiple modulated-signal sources. These sources use the same
medium, the same set of frequencies, and the same channel for transmission of data.

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48. Define Frequency division multiplexing Access?

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is an access method in which entails
assignments of different frequency-slices to different users for accessing the same carrier.
49. Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching?
CIRCUIT SWITCHING:
Circuit switching is a method of data transmission in which a circuit (Communication
channel or path) once established, continues to be used till the transmission is complete.
PACKET SWITCHING :
Packet switching is a means of establishing connection and transmitting data in which the
message consists of packets containing the data frames. A packet is a formatted series of data,
which follows a distinct path directed by a router from among a number of paths, available at that
instant.
50. What isCSMA
The capacity of ALOHA or slotted ALOHA is limited by the large vulnerability period of a
packet.
•By listening before transmitting, stations try to reduce the vulnerability period to one
propagation delay.
•This is the basis of CSMA (Kleinrock and Tobagi, UCLA, 1975).
The capacity of ALOHA or slotted ALOHA is limited by the large vulnerability period of a
packet.
•By listening before transmitting, stations try to reduce the vulnerability period to one
propagation delay.
•This is the basis of CSMA (Kleinrock and Tobagi, UCLA, 1975).
Station that wants to transmit first listens to check if another transmission is in progress
(carrier sense).
• If medium is in use, station waits; else, ittransmits.
•Collisions can still occur.
•Transmitter waits for ACK; if no ACKs, retransmits.

51. What is the aim of ubiquitous computing? (AUT-NOV/DEC2012)

• The aim of ubiquitous computing is to design computing infrastructures in such a
manner that they integrate seamlessly with the environment and become almostinvisible.
• Present Everywhere Bringing mobile, wireless and sensor Ubiquitous computing
(ubicomp) integrates computation into the environment, rather than having computers
which are distinctobjects
52. What are the characteristics of mobile computingdevices?
• Adaptation Data dissemination andManagement
• Heterogeneity Interoperability Contextawareness

53. What are the key constraints of mobilecomputing?

• unpredictable variation in networkquality
• lowered trust and robustness of mobileelements

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54. N-Tier Client-Server Framework andTools

N-Tier -Any Number of Tiers – No Limits
• 3-Tier
Client (User Agent)
Application Server
Database

55. Define FDMA?

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
This comprises all algorithms allocating frequencies to transmission channelsaccording to
the frequency division multiplexing (FDM).
Frequency can be fixed or dynamic.

56. Define CDMA?

An access method in which multiple carriers, channels, or sources are allotted different
codes (Sequences and Symbols) to access the same channel (set of frequencies at the same time in
same space).
57. What is ALOHA?
The ALOHAnet used a new method of medium access (ALOHA random access) and
experimental UHF frequencies for its operation, since frequency assignments for communications
to and from a computer were not available for commercial applications in the 1970s. But even
before such frequencies were assigned there were two other media available for the application of
an ALOHA channel – cables and satellites. In the 1970s ALOHA random access was employed in
the widely used Ethernet cable based network and then in the Marisat (now Inmarsat) satellite
network.
In the early 1980s frequencies for mobile networks became available, and in 1985 frequencies
suitable for what became known as Wi-Fi were allocated in the US. These regulatory developments
made it possible to use the ALOHA random access techniques in both Wi-Fi and in mobile
telephone networks.

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UNIT-II

1. What are the requirements of mobile IP?

 Compatibility
 Transparency
 Scalability and efficiency
 Security

2. Mention the different entities in a mobile IP.

 Mobile Node
 Correspondent Node
 Home Network
 Foreign Network
 Foreign Agent
 Home A gent
 Care-Of address
 Foreign agent COA
 Co-located COA

3. Define Mobile node:

A mobile node is an end-system or router that can change its point of attachment to the
Internet using mobile IP. The MN keeps its IP address and can continuously with any other system
in the Internet as long as link layer connectivity is given.
4. Explain Cellular IP.
Cellular IP provides local handovers without renewed registration by installing a single
cellular IP gateway for each domain, which acts to the outside world as a foreign agent.
5. What do you mean by mobility binding?
The Mobile Node sends its registration request to the Home Agent. The HA now sets up a
mobility binding containing the mobile node’s home IP address and the current COA.
6. Define COA.
The COA (care of address) defines the current location of the MN from an IP point of view.
All IP packets sent to the MN are delivered to the COA, not directly to the IP address of the MN.
Packet delivery toward the MN is done using the tunnel. DHCP is a good candidate for supporting
the acquisition of Care Of Addresses.
7. Define a tunnel.
A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel entry and a tunnel
endpoint. Packets entering a tunnel are forwarded inside the tunnel and leave the tunnel unchanged.
8. What is encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header and data
putting it into the data part of a new packet.

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9. What is decapsulation?
The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another packet, is called
decapsulation.

10. What is MOT? Give its primary goal.

DAB faces a broad range of different receiver capabilities. So to solve this problem it
defines a common standard for data transmission, the multi-media object transfer (MOT) protocol.
The primary goal of MOT is the support of data formats used in other multi- media systems.

11. What is SUMR?

An important register in satellite networks is the satellite user mapping register (SUMR).
This stores the current position of satellites and a mapping of each user to the current satellite
through which communication with a user is possible.
12. Give the two basic reasons for a handover in GSM.
The mobile station moves out of the range of a BTS or a certain antenna of a BTS. The
received signal level decreases continuously until it falls below the minimal requirements for
communication. The error rate may grow due to interference. All these effects may diminish the
quality of the radio link.
The wired infrastructure may decide that the traffic in one cell is too high and shift some MS to
other cells with a lower load. Handover may be due to load balancing.

13. Give the security services offered by GSM.

Access control and authentication
Confidentiality
Anonymity
14. What is the primary goal of GSM?
The primary goal of GSM was to provide a mobile phone system that allows users to roam
throughout Europe and provides voice services compatible to ISDN and other PSTN systems.
15. Differentiate GSM and DECT.
GSM DECT
1. Global systems for mobile communications
2. Digital enhanced cordlessele communications
3. Range is up to70km.
4. Range is limited to about300m.
16. What are the two new network elements in GPRS architecture?
Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN): It is the inter-working unit between the GPRS
network and external packet data networks (PDN). Serving GPRS support node (SGSN): It
supports the MS.

17. Describe about MAC layer in DECT architecture.

The medium access control (MAC) layer establishes, maintains and releases channels for
higher layers by activating and deactivating physical channels. MAC multiplexes several logical
channels onto physical channels. Logical channels exist for signaling network control, user data
transmission, paging or sending broadcast messages. Additional services offered include
segmentation/reassembly of packets and error control/error correction.

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18. Give the full form for the following:

a) CKSN b) EIR c) DTMF d) MOC
a) CKSN- Ciphering key sequence number b) EIR- Equipment Identity Register
c) DTMF- Dual Tone multiple frequency d) MOC- Mobile originated call

19. Define Snooping TCP?

A protocol in which an agent buffers the packets from the fixed connection layer for
transmission to the mobile node on a wireless transceiver; the agent also buffers the packets on the
wireless transceiver from the node for transmitting to a layer at the fixed line. The agent snoops at
the transmission and reception in place of acknowledgement-or-timeout-based TCP method in the
mobile part of the network.

20. Define Mobile TCP?

A method of splitting the TCP layer into two TCP sub-layers using a mechanism that
reduces window size to zero. The split is asymmetric; The window is set to zero to prevent the
transmission from the TCP transport layer at the mobile node (MN) or at the fixed node when
disconnection is noticed. The window opens again on getting the packet, there is no slow start by
the base transceiver and it is presumed that packet loss is due to disconnection and not due to
congestion or interference.
21. Explain the concept “Fast Retransmit/ Fast Recovery Transmission”?
A method in which there are four or more phases of fast retransmit and fast recovery –first
phase as slow start and beginning (exponential), then fast retransmit/recovery phase 1 (FRR1) on
three duplicate acknowledgements, fast retransmit/fast recovery phase 2 (FRR2), and wait
(Constant time out and window size).

22. Define T-TCP?

A protocol which is efficient and is used in situations where short messafes are to be sent
in sequence and a packet is delivered after the SYN and SYN_ACK packet exchanges and the
connection closes after the packet exchanges of FIN, FIN_ACK, and CLOSING.
23. Define ISR?
Interrupt Service Routine(ISR):
A program unit (function, method, or subroutine) which runs when a hardware or software
event occurs and running of which can be masked and can be prioritized by assigning a priority.

24. Define IST?

Interrupt Service Thread(IST):
A special type of ISR or ISR unit (function, method , or subroutine) which initiates and runs
on an event and which can be prioritized by assigning a priority.
25. Features of TCP?

The main features of TCP are:

1) Transmission as data Streams
2) Buffering and retransmission
3)Session-start, data transfer, and session-finish fully acknowledged end to
end. 4)In-order delivery
4) Congestion Control and avoidance

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26. What is explicit notification?

A method of congestion control by explicit notification of congestion, for example, when a
base transceiver at the receiver end is not able to transmit a packet to the mobile node then it sends
an ESBN (explicit bad state notification) to the sender (on fixed line ) at the other end.
27. What is selective retransmission?
A method in which there is an additional acknowledgement, known as selective
acknowledgement; a timeout is set at transmitting end for receiving SACKs. Only the lost packet
corresponding ta a SACK needs to be retransmitted.
28. Methods of Congestion Control.
The methods of congestion control:

1) Slow start and congestion avoidance

2) Fast recovery after packet loss
3) Fast retransmit and fast recovery
4) Selective acknowledgement
5) Explicit congestion notification
29. TCP header.
A header used in the TCP protocol; it consists of fields in five 32-bit words
followed by words for the option fields and padding.
30. Describe the three subsystems of GSM.
Radio subsystem (RSS): It comprises all radio specific entities i.e. the mobile stations (MS)
and the base station subsystem (BSS).
Networking and switching subsystem (NSS): The heart of the GSM system is formed by the
NSS. This connects the wireless network with standard public networks.
Operating subsystem (OSS): It monitors and controls all other network entities.
31. What are the applications of satellites?
Weather forecasting
Radio and TV broadcast satellites
Military satellites
Satellites for navigation
32. Application Layer n protocols
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Network File System (NFS)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Terminal emulation protocol (telnet)
Remote login application (rlogin)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Domain Name System (DNS)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
33. What are Advantage and Disadvantage of Mobile TCP?
Advantages: i. M-TCP maintains the TCP end-to-end semantice. The SH does not send any
ACK itself but forwards the ACKs from the MH. ii.If the MH is disconnected, M_TCP avoids
useless retransmissions, slow starts or breaking connections by simply shrinking the sender’s
window to 0; iii. Since M-TCP does not buffer data in the SH as I-TCP does, it is not necessary to
forward buffers to a new SH. Lost packets will be automatically retransmitted to the new SH.

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Disadvantages: i. As the SH does not act as proxy as in I-TCP, packet loss on the wireless link due
to bit errors is propagated to the sender. M-TCP assumes low bit error rates, which is not always a
valid assumption. ii. A modified TCP on the wireless link not only requires modification to the MH
protocol software but also new network elements like the bandwidth manager
34. What is mobile routing?
Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still has to route the traffic
through the network to the access point currently responsible for the wireless terminal. Each time a
user moves to a new access point, the system must reroute traffic. This is known as mobile routing.
35. What are the functions which support service and connection control?
Access point control function
>Call control and connection control function
>Network security agent
>Service control function >Mobility management function
36. What are the examples for service scenarios identified in WATM?
>Office environments
>Universities, schools, training, centres
>Industry >Hospitals
>Home
>Networked vehicles

37. What is slows tart?

TCP’s reaction to a missing acknowledgement is necessary to get rid of congestion
quickly. The behavior TCP shows after the detection of congestion is called slow start.
38. What is the use of congestion threshold?
The exponential growth of the congestion window in the slow start mechanism is
dangerous as it doubles the congestion window at each step. So a congestion threshold is set at which
the exponential growth stops.
39. What led to the development of Indirect TCP?
TCP performs poorly together with wireless links
TCP within the fixed network cannot be changed. ,This led to the development of I-TCP which
segments a TCP connection into a fixed part and a wireless part.
40. What is the goal of M-TCP?
The goal of M-TCP is to prevent the sender window from shrinking if bit errors or
disconnection but not congestion cause current problems.
It wants
• To provide overall throughput
• To lower the delay
• To maintain end-to-end semantics of TCP
• To provide a more efficient handover.
41. What do you mean by persistent mode?
Persistent mode is the state of the sender will not change no matter how long the
receiver is disconnected. This means that the sender will not try to retransmit the data.

42. What are the characteristics of 2.5G/3.5G wireless networks?

Data rates
Latency
Jitter

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Packet loss
43. What are the configuration parameters to adapt TCP to wireless environments?
Large Windows
Limited Transmit
Large MTU
Selective Acknowledgement
Explicit Congestion Notification
Timestamp
No header compression

44. Requirements to Mobile IP

Transparency
mobile end-systems keep their IP address
continuation of communication after interruption of link possible
point of connection to the fixed network can be changed
Compatibility
support of the same layer 2 protocols as IP
no changes to current end-systems and routers required
mobile end-systems can communicate with fixed systems
Security
authentication of all registration messages
Efficiency and scalability
only little additional messages to the mobile system required (connection typically via a low
bandwidth radio link)world-wide support of a large number of mobile systems in the whole Internet
45. Mobile IP Terminology
Mobile Node (MN)
system (node) that can change the point of connection to the network without changing its IP
address
Home Agent (HA)
system in the home network of the MN, typically a router
registers the location of the MN, tunnels IP datagrams to the COA
Foreign Agent(FA)
system in the current foreign network of the MN, typically a router
forwards the tunneled datagrams to the MN, typically also the default router for the MN
Care-of Address (COA)
address of the current tunnel end-point for the MN (at FA or MN)
actual location of the MN from an IP point of view
can be chosen, e.g., via DHCP
Correspondent Node (CN)
communication partner
46.Mobile IP solves the following problems:

if a node moves without changing its IP address it will be unable to receive its packets,
if a node changes its IP address it will have to terminate and restart its ongoing connections
everytime it moves to a new network area (new network prefix).
Mobile IP is a routing protocol with a very specific purpose.
Mobile IP is a network layer solution to node mobility in the Internet.
Mobile IP is not a complete solution to mobility, changes to the transport protocols need to be
made for a better solution (i.e., the transport layers are unaware of the mobile node’s point of
attachment and it might be useful if, e.g., TCP knew that a wireless link was being used!).
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UNIT III

1. Define GSM?
The global system for mobile communication (GSM) was developed by Group Speciale
Mobile(GSM) which was founded in Europe in 1992. The Gsm is a standard for mobile
telecommunication through a cellular network at data rates if upto 14.4 kbps. Now a days it consist
of a set of standards and protocols for mobile telecommunication.
2. Define GPRS?
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented service for mobile devices data
communication which utilizes the unused channels in TDMA mode in a GSM network and also
sends and receives packet of data through the internet.
3. What are subsystems in GSM system?
Radio subsystem (RSS)
Network & Switching subsystem (NSS)
Operation subsystem (OSS)
4. What are the control channel groups in GSM?
The control channel groups in GSM are:
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH)
Dedicated control channel(DCCH)
5. What are the four types of handover available in GSM?
Intra cell Handover
Inter cell Intra BSC Handover
Inter BSC Intra MSC handover
Inter MSC Handover

6. What is the frequency range of uplink and downlink in GSM network?

The frequency range of uplink in GSM network is 890-960 MHz
The frequency range of downlink in GSM network is 935-960 MHz

7. What are the security services offered by GSM?

The security services offered by GSM are:
Access control and authentication.
Confidentiality.
Anonymity.
8. What are the reasons for delays in GSM for packet data traffic?
Collisions only are possible in GSM with a connection establishment. A slotted ALOHA
mechanism is used to get access to the control channel by which the base station is told about the
connection establishment attempt. After connection establishment, a designated channel is installed
for the transmission. What is meant by beacon?
A beacon contains a timestamp and other management information used for power management and
roaming. e.g., identification of the base station subsystem (BSS)

10 . List out the numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS.
The numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS are:
Mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN)
International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI)
Mobile station roaming number (MSRN)

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11 . What is meant by GPRS?

The General Packet Radio Service provides packet mode transfer for applications that exhibit
traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of small volumes.
12. What is meant by GGSN?
GGSN is Gateway GPRS Support Node. It is the inter-working unit between the GPRS network
and external packet data networks. The GGSN is connected to external networks via the Gi interface
and transfers packets to the SGSN via an IP based GPRS backbone network.
13. What is meant by SGSN?
SGSN is Serving GPRS Support Node. It supports the MS via the Gb interface. The GSN is
connected to a BSC via frame relay.
14. What is meant by BSSGP?
BSSGP is Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol. It is used to convey routing and QoS- related
information between the BSS and SGSN.BSSGP does not perform error correction and works on top
of a frame relay network.
15. Expand GSM, GPRS and UMTS.
 Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)
 General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
16. Mention the types of Interface in GSM system and its use.
• A interface
 Makes the connection between the RSS and the NSS
 Basedoncircuit-switchedPCM-30systems(2.048Mbit/s),carryingupto30 64
kbit/s connections

• 0interface
 Makes the connection between the RSS and the OSS
 Uses the Signalling System No.7 (SS7) based on X.25 carrying management
data to/from the RSS
 U interface

o Makes the connection between the BTS and MS

o Contains all the mechanisms necessary for wireless transmission
 Ab. interface
IS
Makes the connection between the BTS.and BSC
Consists of 16 or 64 kbitls connections

17. What is RSS?

 RSS stands for Radio subsystem(RSS)
 RSS comprises all radio specific entities
18. Name the entities of RSS.

 Base Station Subsystem(BSS)

 Base Transceiver Station(BTS)
 Base Station Controller(BSC)
 Mobile Station(MS)

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19. Mention the advantages of GSM.

o Communication
 Total mobility
 World wide connectivity
 High capacity
 High transmission quality'
 Security functions
20. What does SIM card contain?
• a personal identity number(PIN)
• a PIN unblocking key(PUK)
• an authentication key Ki
• the international mobile subscriber identity(IMSI)
21. Mention the disadvantages of GSM.
 No end-to-end encryption of user data
 Reduced concentration while moving
 Electro magnetic radiation
 High complexity of system
 Several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
 Card-type
 Serial number
 A list of subscribed services

22. Mention the use ofSS7.

• Used for handling all signaling needed for
 Connection set up,
 connection release and
 connection release and
 handover of connections to other MSCs

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UNIT IV

1. Define MANET.
• MANET - Mobile Adhoc NET works
. Continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices
connected without wires

2. List the advantages of MANET.

Independence from central network administration
• Self-configuring, nodes are also routers
• Self-healing through continuous re-configuration
• Scalable-accommodates the addition of more nodes
• Flexible-similar to being able to access 'the Internet from many different locations
• Ease of deployment
• Speed of deployment
• Decreased dependence on infrastructure
. Reduced administrative cost
• Supports anytime and any where computing

3. What are the limitations of MANET?

•Each node must have full performance

•Throughput is affected by system loading
•Reliability requires a sufficient number of available nodes
•Large networks can have excessive latency (time delay), which affects some applications
•Limited wireless range
•Hidden terminals
•Packet losses due to transmission errors
•Routes changes
•Devices heterogeneity
•Battery power constraints
•Link changes are happening quite often
•Routing loop may exist

7. List the Types of Communications.

• Unicast
o Message is sent to a single destination node
 Multicast

o Message is sent to a selected subset of network nodes

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 Broadcast
 Broadcasting is a special case of multicasting
 Message is sent to all the nodes in the network
8. Define Proactive (table-driven)protocols.
 Also known as table-driven routing protocols
 Each node in the routing table maintains information about routes to every other
node in the network
o Tables are updates frequently due to
• Changes in network topology
• Node Movements
 N odes shutting down
o Nodes can determine the best route to a destination
 Generates a large number of control messages to keep. the routing tables
up-to-date
o Generates overhead which consumes large part of available bandwidth
9. Define Reactive protocols.
 Also called as On-demand routing protocol
 Nodes do not maintain up-to-date routing information
o New routes are discovered only when required
 Uses flooding technique to determine the route
O Flooding technique is used when the node does not have routing knowledge

10. Compare MANET Vs VANET

MANET VANET
MANET - Mobile AdhocNET work VANET- Vehicular AdhocNET works
Nodes moves randomly Nodes moves regularly
Mobility is low Mobility is high
Reliability is medium Reliability is high
Node lifetime depends on power source N ode lifetime depends on vehicle life
time
Network topology is sluggish and slow Network topology is frequent and fast

11.Define computer network and give its two components.

A computer network is an interconnected collection of independent computers which consists of two components
o Distributed applications
o Networking infrastructure

12.Give some example of distributed applications.

o Internet
o E-mail
o Banking applications
o Reservation system

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13.List the high and low frequency bands in the electromagnetic spectrum.

o High frequency bands X-rays and Gamma rays

o Low frequency bands-radio, Microwave, infrared and visible waves.

1 4.What are the method of spectrum allocation?

o Comparative bidding
o Lottery system
o Auctioning method

15. What is multipath propagation? How it affect the signal quality?

Multi path is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or
more paths. The effects of multipath include constructive and destructive interference, and phase shifting of the
signal. Multi path propagation of signals causes fading of the transmitted signal.

16. What is inter symbol interference?

Give a mechanism that is used for overcoming problems arising due to inter symbol interference. Inter symbol
interference is a type of interference, where distortion in the received signal is caused by the temporal spreading
and the consequently overlapping of individual pulses in the signal. It can be avoided by introducing guard bands.

17. List the characteristics of the wireless Channel.

1.Path loss
2.Fading
3.Interference
4.Doppler shift
5.Transmission rate constraints.

18.Define fading.

Fading is fluctuations in signal strength when received at the receiver. It has two types, o Fast fading or small scale
fading o slow fading or large scale fading.

19.Explain the Doppler shift.

It is defined as change in the frequency of the received signal when the transmitter and receiver move with respect
to each other. The Doppler shift is given by fd=v/λ

20.State Shannon theorem.

The upper bound on the information rate of data which is sent with a given average signal power S through
an analog communication channel subject to additive white Gaussian noise of power N,is given as

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UNIT V
1. Define Operating System.
 Interface between hardware and user
 Manages hardware and software resources of the system
 Provides set of services to application programs
2. Name the features of Operating System.
• Multitasking
• Scheduling
• Memory Allocation
• File System Interface
• Keypad Interface
• I/O Interface
• Protection and Security
• Multimedia features
3. How is the operating system structured?
 Kernel Layer
 Shell Layer
4. Give the types of Operating System.
 Monolithic Kernel
 Microkernel
5. Specify the motivation of Monolithic Kernel OS design.
 Kernel contains the entire OS operations except shell code
 Motivation
o OS services can run more securely and efficiently in supervisor mode
6. Mention the examples of Monolithic Kernel OS design.
Windows
Unix
7. List the Advantages of Monolithic Kernel OS design.
Provides good performance

Always runs in supervisor mode

More efficient and secure

8. List the disadvantages of Monolithic Kernel OS design.
o Makes kernel
• Massive
 Non-modular
 Hard to tailor
• Maintain
 Extend
 Configure

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9. List the disadvantages of Microkernel OS design.

• Flexible
• Modular
Easier to port
Easy to extend and implement
10. List the disadvantages of Microkernel OS design,
 Difficult to debug compared to application programs
 Bog in the kernel crashes the system and the debugger
 Non-reliable
11. What is Mobile OS?
 Facilitate third party development of application software
 Allow manufacturers of different brands of mobile devices to build their choice
set of functionalities for the users
12. Give some examples of Mobile OS.
• Windows Mobile
• Palm OS
• Symbian OS
• iOS
• Android
• Blackberry
13. What are the five parts in Android architecture or Android software stack?
 Application Layer
 Application Framework
 Android Runtime
 Native libraries (Middleware)
 Linux kernel
14. What are the Key services provided in Application Framework?
• Activity Manager
• Content Providers
• Resource Manager
• Notifications Manager
• View System
15. List the Native libraries in Android architecture.
Web Kit - web browser
engine OpenGL
Free Type - font support
• . SQLite – SQL database
Media - playing and recording audio and video formats
MP3
MPEG-4, •C runtime library (libc)etc

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16. Mention the responsibilities of Linux Kernel.

• Device drivers
• Power management
• Networking Functionalities.
• Memory management
• Device management
• Resource access

17. What is M-Commerce?

• M-Commerce stands for Mobile Commerce
• Buying and selling of goods and services through mobile handheld devices
18. Compare B2C andB2B.

B2C B2B
B2C stands for Business- to-Consumer B2B stands for Business- to- Business
Form of commerce in which products or Form of commerce in which products or
services are sold by a business firm to a services are sold from a company to its
consumer dealers

17. What is the function of transport layer in WAP?

The transport layer offers a bearer independent, consistent datagram-oriented service to the higher
layers of the WAP architecture. Communication is done transparently over one of the available bearer
services.
18. What is the use of WCMP?
The wireless control message protocol provides error handling mechanisms for WDP. WCMP is
used for diagnostic and informational purposes. It is used by WDP nodes and gateways to report errors.
19. What are the advantages of WTP?
WTP offers several advantages to higher layers, including an improved reliability over datagram
services, improved efficiency over connection-oriented services and support for transaction-oriented
services such as web browsing.
20. How is reliability achieved in WTP?
WTP achieves reliability using duplicate removal, retransmission, acknowledgements and unique
transaction identifiers.
21. What are the service primitives offered by WTP?
The three service primitives offered by WTP are
o TR-Invoke to initiate a new transaction
o TR-Result to send back the result of a previously initiated transaction
o TR-Abort to abort an existing transaction.
22. What are the features offered by WSP?
WSP offers certain features for content exchange between cooperating clients and servers:
Session management
Capability negotiation
Content encoding.

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23. What are the features offered by WSP/B?

In addition to the general features of WSP, WSP/B offers the following features adapted to web
browsing:
HTTP/1.1 functionality
Exchange of session headers
Push and pull data transfer
Asynchronous requests
24. What is meant by WML?
The wireless markup language(WML) is based on the standard HTML known from the www and on
HDML. WML is specified as an XML document type. WML follows a deck and card metaphor.
25. What are the capabilities of WML Script?
WML Script offer several capabilities:
Validity check of user input
Access to device facilities
Local user interaction
Extension to the device software

26. Define WTA

Wireless telephony application (WTA) is a collection of telephony specific extensions for call and
feature control mechanisms, merging data networks and voice networks.
27. What do you mean by MMS?
The multimedia messaging service (MMS) transfers asynchronous multi-media content. MMS
supports different media types such as JPEG, GIF, text and AMR coded audio. There is no fixed upper
bound for the message size. Depending on the network operator and device capabilities typical sizes are 30-
100 Kbytes.
29 What are the two functions of transport layer in the internet ?
1) Check summing over user data.
2) Multiplexing/ De multiplexing from /to applications.
30. Distinguish TCP&UDP ?
TCP Vs UDP
1) Connection oriented protocol Connection less protocol
2) TCP is network friendly UDP is not network friendly
3) TCP guarantees in-order delivery or
reliable data transmission using
Retransmission techniques. Does not pull back in case of congestion to
send packets in to an already congested network.

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16 MARKS – KEYPOINTS

1. Explain in detail about SignalPropagation.

Path loss of radio signals
Groundwave
Sky wave
Line-of-sight
Additional Signal propagation effects
Blocking (or) Shadowing, Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, Diffraction
Multi-path propagation
Delay Spread
Intersymbol Interference
Short-term fading, long-term fading
Doppler Shift

2. Write a brief note aboutmultiplexing.

Space division multiplexing

Guard space
disadvantages
Frequency division multiplexing
Adjacent Channel Interference
disadvantages
Time division multiplexing
Guard spaces
Co-channel Interference
Advantages, disadvantages
Code division multiplexing
Guard spaces- orthogonal codes
Advantages, disadvantages

3. What is modulation? Explain in detail.

Introduction
Digital modulation, Analog modulation
Antennas
Frequency division Multiplexing
Medium Characteristics
Spectral efficiency, Power efficiency, Robustness
Amplitude Shift Keying
Advantages, disadvantages, Applications
Frequency Shift Keying
Binary FSK
Continuous Phase Modulation
Phase Shift Keying
Binary PSK
Phase lock loop
Advanced Frequency Shift Keying
Minimum Shift Keying, Gaussian MSK
Advanced Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature PSK
Reference signal
Differential QPSK
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Multi-carrier modulation
Advantages

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4. Briefly demonstrate the concept of spread spectrum.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Chipping Sequence
Pseudo-noise Sequence
Spreading factor
DSSS transmitter & receiver
Frequency hopping Spread Spectrum
Hopping Sequence
Dwell Time
Slow & Fast Hopping
FHSS transmitter & receiver

5. Describe in detail about cellular systems.

Base Station, cell
Advantages
Higher capacity, less transmission power, local interference only, Robustness
Disadvantages
Infrastructure needed, Handover needed, Frequency planning
Clusters, sectorized antennas, Borrowing Channel Allocation(BCA),
Fixed Channel Allocation(FCA), Dynamic Channel Allocation(DCA)

6. Describe the mobile services provided by GSM in detail.

Bearer Services
Transparent & Non- transparent Bearer Services
Tele Services
Telephony
Emergency number
Short Message Service
Enhanced Message Service
Multimedia Message Service
Group 3 fax
Supplementary Services
Typical services

7. Explain in detail about the GSM architecture.

Radio Subsystem
Base Station Subsystem
Base Transceiver Station
Base Station Controller
Mobile Station
Subscriber Identity Module
Personal Identity Number, PIN Unblocking
Key
Network and Switching Subsystem
Mobile Services Switching center
Home Location register
Visitor Location register
Operation Subsystem
Operation and Maintenance center
Authentication center
Equipment Identity Register

8. Briefly explain about GPRS

GPRS concepts
Time slots
PTP packet transfer service
QoS profile
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Delay
GPRS architecture
GSN
Mobility management
9. Give a detailed explanation about DECT
System architecture
Global network
Local network
Home database, visitor database
Protocol architecture
Physical layer
Medium access control layer
Data link control layer
Network layer
10. Explain briefly about Satellite systems
History
SPUTNIK
SYNCOM
INTELSAT1
Applications
Weather forecasting, Radio & TV broadcast satellites, military satellites, satellites for navigation.
Global telephone backbone, connections for remote or
developing areas, global mobile communication
Basics
Routing
Fg=Fc
Inclination angle, elevation angle
Footprint
GEO(Geostationary Earth Orbit) Advantages, disadvantages
LEO(Low Earth Orbit)
Advantages, disadvantages
MEO(Medium Earth Orbit)
Advantages, disadvantages
HEO(Highly Elliptical Orbit) Advantages, disadvantages
Localization
Home Location register(HLR)
Visitor Location register (VLR)
Satellite user mapping register(SUMR)
Handover.
Intra-satellite, inter-satellite, Gateway, Intersystem handover

11. Explain the types of broadcasting in detail.

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
Transport mechanisms
Main Service Channel
Fast Information Channel
Multi-media object Transfer protocol
Header core, Header extension, Body Object repetition, Interleaved objects, segmentrepetition,
Header repetition
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
Contents of DVB
Network Information Table, Service Description table, Event Information table, Time and date table
DVB Data Broadcasting
Data pipe, Data Streaming,, multiprotocol encapsulation, data carousels, object carousels.
DVB for high-speed Internet access

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12. Give a detailed description about the physical layer of IEEE802.11

Frequency hopping Spread Spectrum Functions
Synchronization, Start frame delimiter, PLCP_PDU length word, PLCP signaling field, Header
error check
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Synchronization, Start frame delimiter, signal, Service, Length, Header error check
Infra red

13. Make a detailed description about MAC management.

Synchronization
Timing Synchronization function
Beacon
Beacon transmission in
Infrastructure network
Ad-hoc network
Power management
Sleep &awake states
Power management in
Infrastructure network
Traffic indication map
Delivery Traffic indication map
PS(power saving)poll
Ad-hoc network
Ad-hoc Traffic indication map
Roaming
Steps
Scanning
Passive & active scanning
Association request
Association response
Updation of database
14. Explain briefly aboutHIPERLAN1
Phases
Prioritization
Elimination
Yield
Transmission
Quality of Service support and other specialties
MSDU Lifetime
Power Conservation
Encryption, decryption
15. Give a short description of the Bluetooth architecture
Networking
Pico net
Scatter net
Protocol stack
Core specifications, profile specifications
Core protocols
Link manager protocol, Logical link control &
adaptation protocol, service discovery protocol
Cable replacement protocol, telephony control protocol specification
Host controller interface

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16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of WLANs? Explain.

Advantages
Flexibility
Planning
Design
Robustness
Cost
Disadvantages
Quality of service
Proprietary solutions
Restrictions
Safety and security
17. Briefly explain about the goals, assumptions and requirements of mobile IP.
Quick ‘solutions’
Requirements
Compatibility
Transparency
Scalability and efficiency
Security
18. Give a detailed note about tunneling and optimization in mobile IP.
Tunneling & Encapsulation
IP-in-IP encapsulation
Minimal encapsulation
Generic routing encapsulation
Optimization
Triangular routing, binding cache
Four additional messages Binding request Binding update
Binding acknowledgement
Binding warning
Reverse tunneling
Firewalls
Multi-cast
TTL
19. Explain the concept of routing in MANET
Fundamental differences between wired & wireless ad-hoc networks
Asymmetric links
Redundant links
Interference
Dynamic topology
Problems with ad-hoc routing
Need for algorithms with high dynamic topology
Information from lower layers essential
Centralized approaches will not work
Efficient routing capabilities are needed
Notion of connection with certain characteristics will not work
Flooding

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20. Write short notes on DSR andDSDV

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
2 phases in routing
Route discovery
Route Maintenance
Basic operation
Optimization of the basic algorithm
Approaches for Route Maintenance
Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV)
Sequence numbers
Damping
Routing table
21. Give a detailed explanation about Agent Discovery and registration of mobile IP.
Agent advertisement.
Agent advertisement message
Agent advertisement packet
Type
#addresses Lifetime Preference
Length, bits
Agent solicitation
Three solicitations: one per second
Decrease solicitations exponentially
Registration
22. Give a detailed view of traditional TCP.
Congestion Control
Dropped packet
Retransmission of missing packet
Slow Start
Congestion window
Congestion threshold
Exponential growth
Fast retransmit/ Fast recovery
Implications on mobility
Error rates
Packet loss
23. Explain indirect TCP in detail.
Socket and state migration after handover of a mobile host
Advantages
No change in TCP protocol
Transmission errors on wireless links cannot propagate into the fixed network
Different solutions can be tested without jeopardizing the stability of the internet
Uses precise time-outs to guarantee retransmissions as fast as possible
Partitioning allows the use of different transport layer
protocol
Disadvantages
Loss of end-to-end semantics of TCP might cause problems
Increased handover latency may be problematic
FA must be a trusted entity.

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24. Give a detailed description about Mobile TCP.

2 parts
Unmodified TCP
Optimized TCP
Persistent mode
Bandwidth manager
Advantages
Disadvantages

25. Describe in detail about WAP architecture

Bearer services
Transport layer Service Access point (T-SAP)
Security layer
Security SAP (SEC-SAP)
Transaction layer
Transaction SAP (TR-SAP)
Session layer
Session-SAP (S-SAP)
Application layer
Integration of www and mobile telephony applications
Integration of WAP components.

26. Explain in about mobile operating systems.

Structure
Application
Advantages
Disadvantages

27. Write short notes on the following:

i)Android ii) Blackberry iii) Windows phone iv)M-Commerce
Definition
Features
Diagram
Merits and Demerits

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Questions Bank
Unit I

1. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of cellular system with small cells.(06)
2.Briefly explain the Frequency Division Multiplexing.(06)
3.Write short notes on DHSS(04)
4.Write short note on FHSS(04)
5.Explain the GSM system architecture with a neat diagram.(16)
6.Describe the security services provided by GSM.(08)
7.Explain the protocol architecture of GSM for signaling. (16)
8.Explain the architecture of GPRS with a neat diagram.(10)
9. What are typical steps for handover on GSM network?(08)
10. Explain the steps involved in the call delivery procedure in GSM network in the following cases:
(i) GSM mobile terminated call(08)
(ii) GSM mobile originated call(08)
11. Why are so many different identifiers/addresses needed in GSM?
Give reasons and distinguish between user-related and system related identifiers.(08)
13. Explain the services provided by GSM?(08)
14. Write short notes on
(i) Mobile management.(08)
(ii) Connection Establishment.(08)

UNIT-II

1. Compare Hyperlink and Blue tooth in terms of ad-hoc capabilities, power saving mode, solving hidden
terminal problem, providing reliability fairness problem regarding channel access.(16)
2. Write short notes on wireless PAN?(04)
3. Explain the operation of DFWMAC_DCF with a neat timing diagram.(8)
4. Draw the MAC frame of 802.11 and list the use of the fields.(8)
5.Describe Hyperlink architectural components and their interactions. (16)
6.Explain the architecture of Wi-Fi in detail.(16)
7.Explain the system architecture of IEEE802. 11(16)
8.Describe the architecture of Wi MAX in detail. (16)
9.Compare and Contrast Wi-Fi and Wi Max.(06)
10. Briefly explain about BRAN.(04)
11. Explain in detail about Wireless ATM. (10)
12. Explain the information bases and networking of adhoc HIPERLAN.(8)
13. Discuss MAC layer Bluetooth system (08)

UNIT – III

1. Show the steps required for a handover from one FA to another FA including layer-2 andlayer-3.
Assume 802.11aslayer-2.(08)
2. Name the ineffiencies of Mobile IP regarding data forwarding from CN
to MN. W hat are the optimizations possible?(08)
3. What are the differences between wired networks and ad-hoc networks
related to routing?(06)
4. What is the need for DHCP? With a state chart explain the operation of DHCP?(10)
5. List the entities involved in mobile IP and describe the process of data transfer from a mobile node to a
fixed node and vice versa.(08)
6. Why is conventional routing in wired networks not suitable for wireless
networks? Substantiate your answers with suitable examples.(08)
7. Discuss DSDV routing in detail.(16)

8. Describe how the multicast routing is done in ad-hoc networks.(08)

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9. Explain how tunneling works in general and especially for mobile IP using IP-in-IP,MINIMAL, and
generic routing encapsulation, respectively. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these three
methods.(16)
10. How does dynamic source routing handle routing? What is the motivation between dynamic source
routing compared to other routing algorithms from fixed networks?(16)
11. Briefly explain about CGSR.(06)
12. Compare and Contrast about Proactive and Reactive routing protocol(4)

UNIT IV

1. Explain the mechanisms of TCP that influence the efficiency in mobile

environment.(08)
2. Explain the operation of Mobile TCP.(08)
3. Compare and Contrast Traditional and Mobile TCP.(04)
4. Why has a scripting language been added to WML? How can this
language help saving bandwidth and reducing delay?(08)
5.Which WTP class reflects the typical web access best? How is unnecessary overhead avoided when using
WSP on top of this class of web browsing?(10)
6.State the requirements of WAP. Explain its architectural components.(16)
7.Explain WML and WML scripts with an example.(16)
8.What is WTP? Discuss about its classes.(08)
9.Explain the architecture of WTA.(08)

UNIT V

1. What are the design and implementation issues in mobile device operating Systems. (08)
2. Explain the operating system issues related to miniature devices.(08)
3. Explain the commercial mobile operating systems.(16)
4. Describe the software Development kit with an example.(8)
5. Discuss the following:
i)Android
ii) Black Berry
iii)Windows Phone
iv)M- Commerce
v)Mobile payment system

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