Instructor’s Manual Materials to Accompany

GO! ALL IN ONE COMPUTER CONCEPTS & APPLICATIONS - CHAPTER 1

COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING
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OBJECTIVES
Objective 1: Recognize Computers
Computer A programmable machine that converts raw data into useful information.
Convergence The integration of technology on multifunction devices, such as smartphones.
Data Numbers, words, pictures, or sounds that represent facts about people, events, things, or ideas.
The unprocessed, or raw, form of information.
Embedded computer A specialized computer found in common devices, such as gasoline pumps,
supermarket checkouts, traffic lights, and home appliances.
Green computing The efficient and eco-friendly use of computers and other electronics.
Information The processed, useful form of data.
Internet of Things (IoT) The connection of the physical world to the internet. Objects are tagged and
can be located, monitored, and controlled using small embedded electronics.
Mobile payment system Using a mobile device rather than cash or credit cards to pay for items.
Smart appliance A home appliance that monitors signals from the power company, and when the
electric grid system is stressed, can react by cutting back on power consumption.
Smart grid A network for delivering electricity to consumers that includes communication technology
to manage electricity distribution efficiently.
Smart home A building that uses automation to control lighting, heating and cooling, security,
entertainment, and appliances.
Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) Sometimes called invisible computing, technology that recedes into
the background and becomes part of the user’s environment.
TEACHING NOTES
Lead students in a discussion about our reliance on computers. Discuss ubiquitous computing and how
computers are so much a part of our daily lives and activities that we do not even realize we are using
a computer at times.
Teaching Tips
Discuss the different types of data computers convert into useful information. Review smart home
technology and discuss embedded computers. Make sure students understand convergence and
discuss the types of technology they are carrying with them right now.
Discuss the Internet of Things. Have students give examples that aren’t already mentioned in the text.
Have students go online and research green computing and smart appliances and share their
information with the class.
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Objective 2: Explain the Functions of a Computer
Information processing cycle (IPC) The process a computer uses to convert data into information. The
four steps of the IPC are input, processing, storage, and output.
Input The process of entering raw data into a system.
Output The display of processed data.
Processing The manipulation, calculation, or organization of data to create useful information.
Storage Saving digital information for archiving or later access.
TEACHING NOTES
Focus on the many functions of a computer and the information processing cycle. Spend as much time
as is needed for students to master the concept of the computer as a machine that performs four basic
operations: input, processing, output, and storage. Refer to Figure 1.5 to enforce this concept.
Teaching Tips
Spend time on the four basic steps in the information processing cycle. Ask students to give examples
for each step.
Input: raw data is entered into the system. An example would be typing a paper using Microsoft Word.
Processing: input data is manipulated, calculated, or organized to create useful information. An
example would be using the spelling checker to check the paper you typed for errors.
Output: processed data is returned to you. An example would be the result of the spelling checker
processing operation showing the misspelled words on your document.
Storage: digital information is saved for archiving for later access. An example would be saving a spell-
checked document to a hard disk or flash drive.
Objective 3: Describe How Computers Represent Data Using Binary Codes
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) An 8-bit binary code set with 256
characters.
Binary code A system that represents digital data as a series of 0s and 1s that can be understood by a
computer.
Binary number system (base 2) A number system that has only two digits—0 and 1.
Bit (binary digit) The smallest unit of digital information.
Byte A unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits; used to represent a single character in modern
computer systems.

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Unicode An extended ASCII set that has become the standard on the internet and includes codes for
most of the world’s written languages, mathematical systems, and special characters. It has codes for
about 100,000 characters.
TEACHING NOTES
After information is entered into a system, it must be converted into something that the computer can
understand. Computers have switches and use the binary number system, also referred to as base 2, a
number system that has only two digits—0 and 1. All information entered into a computer system
must be converted into binary digits.
Teaching Tips
Use an analogy to help students relate this concept to something they already know. In addition to the
“traffic officer” analogy, try using the analogy of the operating system as the puppeteer and the
various applications or programs as the puppets. Expand on the analogy by stating that the officer
must speak the same language as the drivers and pedestrians; otherwise, they will not be able to work
together. The puppeteer must use the appropriate method to communicate with the puppets or else
nothing will happen.
Explain how the binary code works like a bank of light switches, and more switches are added to
increase the possible combinations by a factor of two. Define bit and byte and review Figure 1.6.
Discuss the standard decimal prefixes to measure data, shown in Figure 1.7. Explain how the cost of
storage decreases over time. How could this be a benefit to an organization that collects and stores
data?
Objective 4: Describe the Evolution of Computer Systems
Analytical Engine A mechanical computer designed, but not built, in the early 19th century by
mathematician Charles Babbage that could be programmed using punch cards.
Artificial intelligence The branch of science concerned with making computers behave like humans.
Central processing unit (CPU) The primary microprocessor that behaves as the brain of the computer,
controls all functions performed by other components, and processes all the commands it receives.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) The first working, digital, general-purpose
computer; built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1946.
Integrated circuit A chip that contains a large number of tiny transistors fabricated into a
semiconducting material called silicon.
Microprocessor A complex integrated circuit that contains processing circuitry.
Moore’s Law An observation made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of transistors that can
be placed on an integrated circuit had doubled roughly every two years.
Transistor A tiny electric switch used in second-generation computers.

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Turing machine A machine that can perform mathematical computations.
Turing test A measure of a computer’s ability to display intelligent behavior.
Vacuum tube A tube that resembles an incandescent light bulb that was used in first-generation
computers.
TEACHING NOTES
In their careers, students will work with a variety of systems. Discuss current job opportunities, how
employees use computers, and what their jobs would be like if they did not have computers.
Teaching Tips
Review the history of computers and ask students where they think technology will be in 10, 20, or 50
years.
Technology systems are updated and replaced at a rapid pace. Discuss why students need to keep their
computer skills up to date to be successful.
Discuss how technology has helped make information more accurate than hand-calculated
information.
Discuss Moore’s Law and how the increase in the capabilities has affected the processing speed and
storage capacity of modern electronic devices.
Objective 5: List the Various Types and Characteristics of Personal Computers
All-in-one computer A compact desktop computer with an integrated monitor and system unit.
Chromebook A subnotebook that runs the Chrome OS—a version of the Linux operating system
released by Google.
Convertible notebook A type of notebook computer that has a screen that can swivel to fold into what
resembles a notepad or tablet.
Desktop computer A personal computer that fits into a workspace, such as a desk or counter.
Laptop A portable personal computer. Also referred to as a notebook.
Mac computer A personal computer manufactured by Apple that runs the macOS operating system.
Mobile application (mobile app) A program that extends the functionality of a mobile device.
Netbook A lightweight, inexpensive notebook computer designed primarily for internet access, with
built-in wireless capabilities, a small screen, and limited computing power and storage.
Notebook A portable personal computer. Also referred to as a laptop.
Operating system (OS) System software that provides the user with an interface to communicate with
the hardware and software on a computer. A computer cannot run without an operating system
installed.
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Personal computer (PC) A small microprocessor-based computer designed to be used by one person at
a time.
Stylus A special pen-like input tool that enables you to write directly on a touchscreen.
Subnotebook A notebook computer that is thin and light and that has high-end processing and video
capabilities.
Tablet A handheld mobile device that falls somewhere between a notebook and a smartphone.
Two-in-one notebook A portable computer that converts to a tablet by detaching the screen from the
keyboard.
Ultrabook A small Windows notebook computer with high-end processing and video capabilities built
into a lightweight system.
Workstation A high-end desktop computer or one that is attached to a network in a business setting.
TEACHING NOTES
A personal computer is a small microprocessor-based computer designed to be used by one person at
a time. A personal computer can be a notebook, mobile device, or desktop.
Teaching Tips
Discuss the different types of computers and have students research how much it would cost to
purchase a computer that satisfies their needs. Ask how much they think an organization pays annually
for technology resources.
Compare personal computers and discuss the advantages of owning a Mac, PC, and Chromebook.
Objective 6: Give Examples of Other Personal Computing Devices
Augmented reality (AR) An overlay of virtual content on the physical world. The virtual content does
not interact with the physical world.
Backlit A device that includes an internal light source.
Backward compatibility The ability to run some older programs on a newer system.
Drone An aircraft piloted by remote control or onboard computers. Also known as an unmanned
aircraft system (UAS).
E-book A book in a digital format that can be read on a screen.
E-ink An e-reader technology that creates a screen that is easy on the eyes and most like the
experience of reading a printed book.
E-reader A special class of tablet specifically to read books, magazines, and other publications.
Game console A home entertainment system that connects to a television or monitor to display a
game.

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Game controller A type of input device that is used to interact with video games.
Geocaching An electronic scavenger hunt where players (geocachers) hide geocaches and post GPS
coordinates on the internet for other geocachers to find.
Global Positioning System (GPS) A system of at least 24 satellites that transmit signals that can be
picked up by a receiver on the ground and used to determine the receiver’s current location, time, and
velocity through triangulation of the signals.
Hologram A 3-D image created by a laser or another light source.
Mixed reality Holograms that you can interact with in the real world.
Mobile device A portable computer such as a smartphone or tablet.
Smartphone A small computer that combines a cellular phone with such features as internet and email
access, a digital camera, GPS and mapping tools, the ability to edit documents, and access to mobile
apps.
Triangulation A mathematical principle used by GPS to determine the position of the receiving device
in three dimensions.
Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) An aircraft piloted by remote control or onboard computers. Also
known as a drone.
Video game simulation A system that replicates realistic environments and scenarios.
Video game system A computer system that is designed primarily for playing games.
Virtual reality (VR) An artificial world that consists of images and sounds created by a computer and
that is affected by the actions of a person who is experiencing it.
TEACHING NOTES
Handheld or mobile devices are portable computers for business and entertainment and come in many
shapes and sizes. Lead a discussion with students on the different types of handheld and mobile
devices available. Which ones do they use?
Teaching Tips
Ask students which technologies discussed in this section they currently use or have used. What would
they do if these technologies were not available?
Discuss how organizations can use mobile devices to be more efficient.
The use of technology is common in many careers including healthcare. Discuss how the ability to use
digital technologies is a critical skill for practitioners to have.
Review newer technology and devices relating to virtual reality, augmented reality, holograms, and
video game simulation systems.
Discuss unmanned aircraft systems and how drones are being used by industries outside of the
military.
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Objective 7: List the Various Types and Characteristics of Multiuser Computers
Client A computer that connects to, or requests services from, another computer called a server.
Distributed computing Processing of a task distributed across a group of computers.
Enterprise server A large multiuser computer that can perform millions of transactions in a day.
Grid computing Distributed computing using a group of computers in one location.
Mainframe A large multiuser computer that can perform millions of transactions in a day.
Multiuser computer A system that allows multiple, simultaneous users to connect to it, allowing for
centralized resources and security.
Petaflops A measure of computer performance obtainable by today’s supercomputers.
Server A multiuser computer system that provides services, such as internet access, email, or file and
print services, to client systems.
Supercomputer A very expensive and powerful computer system that is used to perform complex
mathematical calculations, such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research.
TEACHING NOTES
Multiuser computers are systems that allow simultaneous users to connect to them. The advantages of
multiuser systems include centralized resources and security. Multiuser computers are also more
powerful than personal computers.
Teaching Tips
Have students brainstorm ideas about what types of organizations would use servers and mainframes.
Discuss how the systems contribute to the organizations’ goals and objectives.
Have students brainstorm ideas about what types of organizations would use supercomputers and
distributed computing. Discuss how these systems contribute to the organizations’ goals and
objectives.
Discuss the key supercomputers listed in Figure 1.17, including the research institution who uses them,
the location, and the uses.
Discuss the advantages of multiuser computers, including centralized resources and security, and how
multiuser computers are more powerful than personal computers.
Objective 8: Explain the Safe and Efficient Use of Technology
Ergonomics The study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces.
Universal design Design principles that not only help create environments that accommodate people
with disabilities but also benefit those with no special needs.

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TEACHING NOTES
Students should understand how important it is to have a workspace that is comfortable and arranged
for safe, healthy work habits.
Teaching Tips
Ergonomics is the study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces. Ergonomic design
creates a work environment that reduces illnesses and musculoskeletal disorders. Discuss the basic
ergonomic principles and ask students if any of them follow these principles.
Discuss the characteristics of an ergonomically correct workstation.
Discuss universal design principles and how they not only help create environments that accommodate
people with disabilities but also benefit those with no special needs.

Discussion Questions for Chapter 1

1. How many computer devices that we use today were not in existence 10 years ago? Have students
select one from their lists that they believe will be the first to become obsolete and explain why they
think so.
2. Using a computer has many advantages and disadvantages. Have students state two advantages
and two disadvantages of using a computer and provide the reasoning for their answers.
3. There are many personal handheld computing devices we all use on a daily basis. Discuss which
devices students use the most. Why do they use these the most? What is easier now that they have
the use of these devices? What are the disadvantages?
4. How do students use their technology? Where do they sit? How do they sit? Are they following the
basic ergonomic principles?

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