Control and Coordination
Control and Coordination
COORDINATION
STIMULI
The factors which bring response or change in the environment example Light, Heat, Cold, Sound,
Smell, Touch etc.
HORMONES
These are chemical messengers which are secreted by endocrine glands. They coordinate the
movements in plants.
RECEPTORS
These are special tips of some nerve cells that detect information from the environment. These are
located in our sense organs.
RECEPTORS
1. Eyes
It acts as photoreceptors.
It helps in seeing.
RECEPTORS
2. Ear
It acts as phono receptors.
It helps in hearing and maintaining the balance of the body.
RECEPTORS
3. Skin
It acts as thermoreceptors. It helps in feeling heat or cold and touch.
RECEPTORS
4. Nose
It acts as olfactory receptors. It helps in detection of the smell.
RECEPTORS
5. Tongue
It acts as Gustatory receptors. It helps in detection of taste.
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
The information or signals from receptors is acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve
cell as chemical reaction that creates an electric impulse.
This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then at the end of the axon.
There is a gap between two neurons called as (Synapse). These chemicals cross the gap and
transfers the same signal to next neuron.
Chemicals are released at the end of the axon by the effect of electrical impulse.
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. Mid Brain
3. Hind Brain
FORE BRAIN
It mainly consists of Cerebrum
In formation from sense organs like (eyes, ears, nose, tongue or skin) is received in cerebrum.
It also has motor areas from which instructions are sent to muscles to do voluntary actions.
MID BRAIN
It is composed of the hypothalamus -
Hypothalamus
HYPOTHALAMUS
It lies at the base of the cerebrum.
It controls sleep and wake cycle of the body.
It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
Hypothalamus
HIND BRAIN
It is composed of three parts
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons
Medulla
CEREBELLUM
It lies below cerebrum
It coordinates the motor functions.
It controls posture and balance.
It controls voluntary activities.
MEDULLA
If forms the brain stem.
It lies at the base of the brain & continues into the Spinal Cord.
It controls involuntary functions like hearing, heart beating and Respiration, salivation,
vomiting.
PONS
It also controls involuntary actions
It regulates respiration
SPINAL CORD
A cylindrical structure
Begins in continuation with medulla.
It is enclosed in a bony case called vertebral column
It is surrounded by membranes called meninges
SPINAL CORD
31 pairs of nerves arise from the Spinal Cord.
It is concerned with spinal reflections
It helps in conduction of nerve impulses to & from the brain.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
REFLEX ACTION
It is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a stimulus.
Example – Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching an object.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Three types of Nerves
Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord along most of the length of the spinal cord and spread
through out the body (except the head).
Cranial nerves arise from the brain and spread throughout the head. They carry both sensory
and motor neurons.
The visceral nerves arise from the spinal cord. They are connected to the internal organs of the
body. They carry both sensory and motor neurons.
REFLEX ARC
The pathway through which nerve impulses pass during reflex action is called Reflex arc.
For example, the salivary gland secrets the saliva into a duct called salivary duct.
GLANDS
2. Endocrine Glands
A group of endocrine glands which produces various hormones are called endocrine
glands.
The endocrine glands present in the human body are : Pineal gland; Hypothalamus gland;
Pituitary gland; Thyroid gland; Parathyroid glands; Thymus; Pancreas; Adrenal glands;
Testes (only in males) and Ovaries (only in females).
GLANDS
HYPOTHALAMUS
Hypothalamus gland is present in the brain. Hypothalamus produces ‘releasing hormones’ and
‘inhibitory hormones’. The function of hypothalamus is to regulate the secretions of hormones
from pituitary gland. That is how, hypothalamus controls the pituitary hormones.
Hypothalamus
PITUITARY GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
Pituitary gland is present just below the brain.
For example, growth hormone controls the development of bones and muscles.
PITUITARY GLAND
A person having a deficiency of growth hormone in childhood remains very short and becomes a
dwarf.
On the other hand, a person having too much growth hormone becomes very tall (or a giant)
THYROID GLAND
THYROID GLAND
Thyroid gland is attached to the wind pipe in our body.
Thyroid gland makes a hormone called thyroxine (which contains iodine).
The function of thyroxine hormone is to control the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins in the body.
GOITRE
Iodine is necessary for the making of thyroxine hormone in the body.
The deficiency of iodine in the diet of a person produces less thyroxine hormone and causes a
disease known as goitre.
SOURCES OF IODINE
Seaweed, Fish, shellfish, Table salts labeled “iodized”, Dairy (milk, cheese, yogurt), Eggs, Beef
liver, Chicken.
PARATHYROID GLANDS
PARATHYROID GLANDS
There are four small parathyroid glands which are embedded in the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid glands secrete a hormone called parathormone.
The function of parathormone hormone is to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.
THYMUS GLAND
THYMUS GLAND
Thymus gland lies in the lower part of the neck and upper part of chest. Thymus gland secretes
thymus hormone which plays a role in the development of the immune system of the body.
Thymus gland is large in young children but shrinks after puberty (or sexual maturity).)
PANCREAS
PANCREAS
The pancreas is just below the stomach in the body.
The function of insulin hormone is to lower the blood sugar level (or blood glucose level).
DIABETES
Deficiency of insulin hormone in the body causes a disease known as diabetes.
Diabetes is characterized by large quantities of sugar in the blood (and even urine).
When adrenaline is secreted in large amounts it prepares our body for action.
It speeds up heart beat and breathing, raises blood pressure and allows more glucose
(carbohydrate) to go into the blood to give us a lot of energy quickly to fight or flight (run away).
1. Cell division
2. Cell enlargement
Gibberellins help in breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds. They also promote growth in
fruits.
Cytokinin’s also help in breaking the dormancy of seeds and buds. They delay the ageing in
leaves.
Cytokinin’s promote the opening of stomata. They also promote fruit growth.
PLANT HORMONES (OR PHYTOHORMONES)
4. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Abscisic acid is a plant hormone which functions mainly as a growth inhibitor.
It promotes the dormancy in seeds and buds (this is the opposite of breaking of dormancy).
It also promotes the closing of stomata.
It promotes the wilting and falling of leaves (which is called abscission). It also causes the
detachment of flowers and fruits from the plants.
PLANT HORMONES (OR PHYTOHORMONES)
4. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
TROPISMS (OR TROPIC MOVEMENTS)
A growth movement of a plant part in response to an external stimulus in which the direction
of stimulus determines the direction of response is called tropism.
Thus, tropism is a directional movement of the part of a plant caused by its growth.
If the growth (or movement) of a plant part is towards the stimulus, it is called positive
tropism.
If the growth (or movement) of a plant part is away from the stimulus, then it is called negative
tropism.
TYPES OF TROPISMS
1. Phototropism
On the other hand, if the plant part moves away from light, then it is called negative
phototropism.
The stem (or shoot) of a growing plant bends towards light, so the stem (or shoot) of a plant
shows positive phototropism.
On the other hand, the roots of a plant move away from light, so the roots of a plant show
negative phototropism.
TYPES OF TROPISMS
2. Geotropism
The movement of a plant part in response to gravity is called geotropism.
If the plant part moves in the direction of gravity, it is called positive geotropism.
On the other hand, if the plant part moves against the direction of gravity, it is negative
geotropism.
TYPES OF TROPISMS
3. Chemotropism
The directional growth movement of a plant part in response to the touch of an object is
called thigmotropism.
The climbing parts of the plants such as tendrils grow towards any support which they
happen to touch and wind around that support. So, tendrils of plants are positively
thigmotropism.
RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO LIGHT: PHOTOTROPISM
Plants need sunlight, so the stems (or shoots) respond to sunlight by growing towards it.
This observation shows that the stem of plant responds to light and bends towards it.
The plant stem responds to light and bends towards it due to the action of ‘auxin hormone.
RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO LIGHT: PHOTOTROPISM
When sunlight comes from above, then the auxin hormone present in the tip of the stem
spreads uniformly down the stem. Due to the equal presence of auxin, both the sides of the
stem grow equally rapidly. And the stem grows straight up.
RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO LIGHT: PHOTOTROPISM
When the light falls only on the right side of the stem, then the auxin hormone collects in the
left side of the stem, away from light. This is because auxin hormone prefers to stay in shade.
RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO CHEMICALS: CHEMOTROPISM
The growth (or movement) of a plant part due to chemical stimulus is known as chemotropism.
The growth (or movement) of a pollen tube towards the ovule induced by a sugary substance as
stimulus, is an example of chemotropism.
The ripe stigma in the carpel of flower secretes a chemical substance (which is a sugary
substance) into the style towards the ovary.
RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO CHEMICALS: CHEMOTROPISM
This sugary substance acts as a stimulus for the pollen grains which fall on the stigma of the
carpel.
The pollen grain responds to this stimulus by growing a pollen tube in the downward direction
into the style of the carpel and reaches the ovule in the ovary of the flower for carrying out
fertilization.
This growth of the pollen tube in response to a chemical substance secreted by the stigma of a
flower is an example of Chemotropism.
RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO WATER: HYDROTROPISM
The roots of plants always go towards water, even if it means going against the pull of gravity.
THIGMOTROPISM
Tendrils are the thin, thread-like growth on the stems or leaves of climbing plants.
Thus, there are two types of tendrils : stem tendrils and leaf tendrils.
Tendrils are positive thigmotrophic which means that they grow towards things they happen to
touch.
THIGMOTROPISM
NASTIES (OR NASTIC MOVEMENTS)
The movement of a plant part in response to an external stimulus in which the direction of
response is not determined by the direction of stimulus is called nastic movement.
The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) on touching is an example of
nastic movement. Here the stimulus is touch.
NASTIES (OR NASTIC MOVEMENTS)
The opening up of the petals of dandelion flowers in morning in bright light and closing in the
evening when the light fades is an example of nastic movement. In this case the stimulus is
light.
NASTIES (OR NASTIC MOVEMENTS)
The closing of the petals of moonflower in the morning in bright light and opening at dark
when the light fades is also an example of nastic movement. In this case also the stimulus is
light.
THIGMONASTY
The non-directional movement of a plant part in response to the touch of an object is called
thigmonasty.
The nastic movement in plants caused by touch (or thigmonasty) is provided by the sensitive
plant (Mimosa pudica) which is also known as touch-me-not plant. It is called chhui-mui in
Hindi.
THIGMONASTY
If we touch the leaves (or rather leaflets) of the sensitive plant with our fingers, then its leaves
fold up and droop almost immediately.
THIGMONASTY
The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant on touching is due to the sudden loss of water
from pad-like swellings called ‘pulvini’ present at the base of all leaves of the sensitive plant
which make the pulvini lose their firmness causing the leaves to droop and fall.
PHOTONASTY
The non-directional movement of a plant part (usually petals of flowers) in response to light is
called photonasty.
The opening and closing of flowers in response to light (or photonasty) are growth movements.
Petals open when their inner surfaces grow more than their outer surfaces. On the other hand,
petals close when their outer surfaces grow more than their inner surfaces.
FUNCTIONS OF PLANT HORMONES (OR PHYTOHORMONES)
Germination of seeds (or Breaking the dormancy of seeds)
FUNCTIONS OF PLANT HORMONES (OR PHYTOHORMONES)
Growth of root, stem and leaves
FUNCTIONS OF PLANT HORMONES (OR PHYTOHORMONES)
Movement of stomata (or stomatal movement) in leaves
FUNCTIONS OF PLANT HORMONES (OR PHYTOHORMONES)
Flowering of plants
FUNCTIONS OF PLANT HORMONES (OR PHYTOHORMONES)
Ripening of fruits