Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Basic and Applied Science

Mathematics (2) BA124

Lectures No.1-2
Revision-Definition of Indefinite Integrals
Standard Integrals
F ( x ) F( x)
Integrals of the form  dx and  dx
F( x ) F( x )
Integration of Trigonometric
and
Exponential Functions

Prepared by:
Hossam Shawky
Professor of Engineering Mathematics

Spring 2015-2016
1
 Revision
r x


y

(I) Pythagoras' theorem: x 2  y2  r 2

(II) Trigonometric Functions:

x
(1) sin  
r

y
(2) cos  
r

2
 sin  x
(3) tan   
cos  y

1 cos  y
(4) cot    
tan  sin  x

1 r
(5) sec   
cos  y

3
 1 r
(6) cosec   
sin  x

(III)Trigonometry
(1) cos2   sin 2   1

 cos2   sin 2 

(2) 1  tan 2   sec2 

(3) 1  cot 2   cos ec2

(4) sin 2  2 sin  cos 
(5) sin 6  2 sin 3 cos 3
 
(6) sin   2 sin cos
2 2
cos2   1  cos 2
1
(7)
2

(8) sin 2  
1
1  cos 2
2
(9) cos2   sin 2   cos 2
4
(IV) Hyperbolic Functions:
eax  e ax
(1) sinh ax 
2
eax  eax
(2) cosh ax 
2
sinh ax eax  eax
(3) tanh ax   ax
cosh ax e  eax

1 cosh ax eax  eax

(4) coth ax   
tanh ax sinh ax eax  eax

1 2
(5) sec h ax   ax
cosh ax e  eax
1 2
(6) cos ech ax   ax ax
sinh ax e  e

5
(V) Differentiation:
dy
y y 
dx

y  un y  nu n 1u

y  sin u y  cos u.u

y  cos u y   sin u.u

y  tan u y  sec2 u.u

y  cot u y   cos ec2u.u

y  sec u y  sec u. tan u.u

y  cos ec u y   cos ec u. cot u.u

1
y  sin u1
y  .u
1 u 2
1
y  cos 1 u y   .u
1 u 2
1
y  tan 1 u y  .u
1 u 2
1
y  cot 1 u y   .u
1 u 2
1
y  sec1 u y  .u
u u 1
2

6
 1
y  cos ec u 1 y   .u
u u 12

y  eu y  eu .u
y  au y  a u .u. ln a
1
y  ln u y  .u 
u
1 1
y  log a u y  .u.
u ln a
y  sinh u y  cosh u.u
y  cosh u y  sinh u.u
y  tanh u y  sec h 2u.u
y  coth u y   cos ech 2u.u

y  sec h u y   sec h u. tanh u.u

y  cos ech u y   cos ech u. coth u.u
1
y  sinh 1 u y  .u
u 1
2

1
y  cosh 1 u y  .u
u 1
2

1
y  tanh 1 u y  .u
1 u 2
1
y  coth 1 u y  .u
1 u 2
1
y  sec h 1u y   .u
u 1 u 2

1
y  cos ech 1u y   .u
u 1 u 2

7
 Integration
Integration is the reverse of differentiation. In differentiation, we start with a function
and proceed to find its differential coefficient. In integration, we start with the
differential coefficient and have to work back to find the function which it has been
derived.

Standard Integrals:
Every differential coefficient, when written in reverse, gives us an integral.

dy
Say,  F( x ) , from which d y  F( x)d x
dx
The function F(x ) is called the differential coefficient

You know that d( y  C)  dy , since C is a constant.

So,
d ( y  C)  F( x)d x
Integrate both sides yields
y  C   F( x) dx
In other word,
y   F( x) dx  C
( C is a constant. You can write it C or  C)
where,

y : is the antiderivative of F(x )

 : is the integration symbol

F(x ) : is the differential coefficient
x : is the variable of integration

C : is the constant of integration

8
What about the constant of integration “C”?

You know that

d 4
x  5x  3  4x3  5
dx

 4x  5dx ; without knowing the past history of the function,

3
If we had to find
we should have no indication of the size of the constant term involved. All we can do
is to indicate the constant term by a symbol C.

So,

 4x  5dx  x4  5x  C
3

Basic Rules:
(1)
d   C
(2)
 K d   K  d   K  C , i.e.  2 dx  2x  C
n 1
x
   C , provided that n  1
n
(3) x dx
n 1
x5
 x dx  C
4
i.e.
5

If n  1, rule No.3 can be written in the following form

 
1
(4) x  1dx  d x  ln x  C
x

In general,

n 1
   C , provided that n  1
n
(5) d
n 1

9
I think you know that,
 cos x dx  sin x  C.
What about
 cos x d cos x ?
Look at the integration variable. It’s cos x not x .
So, by applying rule No.5, we get

(cos x)2
 cos x d cos x  2  C
(6) Functions of a linear function of x

1 ( a x  b )n  1
 (a x  b) dx  a  (a x  b) d(a x  b)  a(n  1)  C
n n

since, d(ax  b)  adx

Example:

( 3x  4)5 ( 3x  4)5
 (3x  4) dx  3 * 5  C  15  C
4

In general:

(a  b) n 1
 (a  b) d  C
n
(7)
a (n  1)

(8)
 F(x)  g(x)dx   F(x)dx   g(x)dx

10
Note:
F( x )
For integrals in the form
 g( x )
dx , the degree of F( x) must be less than that of
g( x) . If it is more than or equal the degree of g( x ) , you have to make long division.

‫ الحصول علي الكل من الجزء‬:Integration ‫معنى‬

11
 Sheet (1)
No.1  ( x  x 2  3) dx

1 1
Solution:  ( x  x 2  3) dx  x 2  x 3  3x  C
2 3
dx
No.2  x x
1
3 
dx  x 2 2
Solution:  x x
  x 2 dx 

1
C
x
C

2
1 4 
No.3  
 x 2 x x  2  dx
Solution:
 
3 
 1 4   2  2  dx
 
2

 x 2 x x  2  dx  x  4 x
 
 
1

x 1 x 2 1 8
 4  2x  C     2x  C
1 
1 x x
2
 1 3
No.4 
 4 x  x  dx
Solution:
3
 1 3 
3
 1 3 x 4 x4 4
  4 x x  dx  
  
x
dx 
3
 3 ln x  C  x 4  3 ln x  C
3
 
4
12
 ( x  5)2
No.5  x
dx
Solution:

( x  5) 2  x 2  10 x  25 
 dx   x  10  25  dx
 x
dx   

 x 

 x
1
 x 2  10 x  25 ln x  C
2
1 2
No.6  
 x 3 x 2  dx
Solution:

 x 
1 2 x 2 x 1 1 2

3 2
 x 3 x 2  dx 
  2x dx 
2
2
1
C 2  C
2x x

No.7  ( 2x  5)5 dx
Solution:

(2x  5)6 (2x  5)6

 (2x  5) dx  C C
5
6*2 12

Example: What about

 ( 2x 2  5)2 dx ?
Wrong Solution:
(2x 2  5)3 (2x 2  5)3

(2x  5) d x  C C
2 2
3* 2 6
2
You cannot apply rule No.6 because the integration variable is x not x

True Solution:

 (2x 2  5)2 dx   4x 4  20x 2  25 dx  54 x5  203 x3  25x  C

13
Rules:
F( x)
(1)
F( x )
dx  ln F( x)  C
d 1 1
Recall:
dx
(ln x ) 
x
  x
dx  ln x  C

d
(x)  1
dx
F( x)
(2)
 F( x )
dx  2 F( x)  C

Sheet (2):
ex
No.1  1 e x
dx

ex
   C
x
Solution: dx ln 1 e
1 e x

d
Since: (1  e x )  e x
dx
x2
No.2 x 5
3
dx

x2 1 3x 2 1
    5 C
3
Solution: dx dx ln x
x 5
3
3 x 5
3
3
x
No.3  x 3
2
dx

x 1 2x 1
Solution:
 x2  3
dx 
2  x2  3
dx  .2 x 2  3  C  x 2  3  C
2

14
 dx
No.4  x ln x
1
dx
Solution:
 x ln x 
 x dx  ln ln x  C
ln x

dx
No.5  x ln x ln ln x
1
dx
Solution:
 x ln x ln ln x 
 x ln x dx  ln ln ln x  C
ln ln x

dx
No.6  x ln x 2
1
dx dx 1 x 1
Solution:
 x ln x 2 
  
2x ln x 2 ln x
 dx 
2
ln ln x  C

tan 2 x
No.7  tan x  x
dx

tan 2 x sec2 x  1
Solution:
 tan x  x
dx  
tan x  x
dx  ln tan x  x  C

15
 dx
No.8  cos2 x 3 tan x  1
Solution:

dx 1 3 sec2 x 1
 
cos 2 x 3 tan x  1 3 3 tan x  1 
dx  .2 3 tan x  1  C
3
2
 3 tan x  1  C
3
sin 2x
No.9  a 2  b 2 sin 2 x
dx

Solution:
d 2
dx
 
a  b 2 sin 2 x  2b 2 sin x cos x  b 2 sin 2x

sin 2x 1 b 2 sin 2x 1
 2      x C
2 2 2
dx dx ln a b sin
a  b sin x
2 2
b a  b sin x
2 2 2 2
b 2

sin 4x
No.10  5  3 cos 2x 2
dx

Solution:
d
dx
 
5  3 cos 2 2x  6 cos 2x.(2 sin 2x )  6 sin 4x

sin 4x 1  6 sin 4x
  5  3 cos 2x 2
dx  
6  5  3 cos 2x2
dx

1 1
  .2 5  3 cos2 2x  C   5  3 cos2 2x  C
6 3

16
 ln x
No.11   x 1  (ln x)2
dx

Solution:
d
dx
 
1  (ln x ) 2  2 ln x.
1
x
ln x
2.
ln x 1 1
   
  x  
 C
2
dx dx ln 1 (ln x )
x 1  (ln x ) 2 2 1  (ln x ) 2 2

dx
No.12  1  ex
e x
Solution: *
e x

dx e x  e x
  1  e x  e x

1 e 1 
dx    x dx   ln e x  1  C

sin 4x
No.13  1  cos 2x
2
dx

Solution:
d
dx
 
1  cos2 2x  2 cos 2x.(2 sin 2x )  2 sin 4x

sin 4x 1  2 sin 4x 1
  (1  cos2 2x) dx       2x )  C
2
dx . ln (1 cos
2 (1  cos2 2x ) 2

17
Integration of trigonometric functions:
1
Recall that,

(cos x )d(cos x )  (cos x )2  C , but
2
 cos xdx  sin x  C .

i.e

 cos d  sin C

1 sin kx
 cos kxdx 
kcos kx d kx 
k
C

Rules:
sin ku
(1)
 cos ku du 
k
C

cos ku
(2)
 sin ku du  
k
C

tan ku
(3)
 sec2 ku du 
k
C

cot ku
(4)
 cos ec2ku du  
k
C

sec ku
(5)
 sec ku tan ku du 
k
C

cos ec ku
(6)
 cos ec ku cot ku du  
k
C

18
 ln sin ku
(7)
 cot ku du 
k
C

How???????
cos x
 cot x dx   sin x
dx  ln sin x C

ln sec ku
(8)
 tan ku du 
k
C

How???????

 sin x
 tan x dx    cos x
dx   ln cos x C

 ln( cos x ) 1  C  ln sec x  C

ln sec ku  tan ku
(9)
 sec ku du 
k
C

How???????

sec x  tan x sec2 x  sec x tan x

 
sec x dx  sec x.
sec x  tan x
dx  
sec x  tan x
dx

 ln sec x  tan x

ln cos ec ku  cot ku
(10)
 cos ec ku du 
k
C
How???????

cos ecx  cot x cos ec2 x  cos ecx cot x

 
cos ecx dx  cos ecx.
cos ecx  cot x
dx  
cos ecx  cot x
dx 

 ln cos ecx  cot x  C

19
No.14  cos5x dx
sin 5x
Solution:
 cos 5 x dx 
5
C

sin x  cos x
No.15  cos x
dx

sin x  cos x
Solution:
 cos x 
dx  (tan x  1) dx  ln sec x  x  C

No.16  sin(2x  3) dx
cos(2x  3)
Solution:
 sin( 2x  3) dx  
2
C

Integration of Exponential functions:

d x
Recall that,
dx
(e )  e x  e x dx  e x  C

d x ax
(a )  a x . ln a  a dx  C
x
Recall that,
dx ln a
Rules:
(1)
e d e C

1 kx ekx
 e dx  e d kx   C
kx
(2)
k k
1 kx a kx
 a dx  a d kx   C
kx
(3)
k k ln a

20
No.17  (e4 x  53 x ) dx

e4 x 53x
 (e  5 ) dx   C
4x 3x
Solution:
4 3 ln 5

No.18  (e 2 x  e  2 x ) 2 dx

e4x e4x
 (e 
2x 2 4x
Solution: 2x
e ) dx  (e 4x
2e ) dx   2x  C
4 4

2x  1  5x  1
No.19  10x
dx

Solution:
2 x 1  5x 1  2 x 1 5x 1   2.2 x 5.5x 
 10 x 
dx   x  x dx 
 10
 10    
 10 x 10 x 

dx

x x
1 1
 1 x x     
     5.    C
1

  2   5  dx  2.
5 2
 5  2   1 1
 ln ln
5 2

21