MTH121 NOTE

Fundamental Integration Formulae

Introduction:
Integration is reverse process of integration of differentiation. In differentiation a function is given
and we are required to find its derivative or differential coefficient. In integration, the derivative
of some function is given and we are required to find that function.

Integration is a process of summation or adding parts together and an elongated S, shown as  , is

Thus  4xdx means the integral of 4x with respect to x , students should be familiar with the fact
that the differential coefficient of 2x 2 is 4x , hence =  4xdx = 2x 2 . However, the differential co-
efficient of
1
2 x 2  7 , 2 x2  2, 2x 2  are all equal to 4 x. To allow for the possible presence of a constant ,
2
whenever the process of integration is performed, a constant c is added to the result.
Thus,

 4xdx = 2x
2
+c.

c is called the indefinite constant or arbitrary constant of integration.

1.2 The general solution of integrals of the forms

ax n ,
It is given by

ax n1
  ax dx  c
n
(1)
n 1
Eq(1) is true when n is fractional , zero, or a positive or negative integer, with the exception of
n  1
Proof:

Page 1
We simply differentiate the result of the integral

d  ax n 1  a d n 1 
 
dx  n  1  n  1 dx
 x 


 n  1 x n 
a
 (2)
n 1 
 an 



ax n1
  ax n dx  c
n 1
Examples: Evaluate the following:
3
2 2
i   x2 dx (ii)  x 2 dx  iii  x 2
dx

Solution

3 x 41 
 3x dx   c
4

4 1 
5 
c 
3x

5 

2
(ii) x 2
dx

solution
3
1 
 x 2 dx  3  c 
2 x2
1 
2 
5

x 2

 5 c  (3)
2 
5 
2x 2 
 c 
5 


Page 2
 2
 iii   2 dx
x
solution

2
x 2
dx   2x 2 dx

2 x 21
 c
2  1

2 x 1
 c
1
2
 c
x

Remark:
(a)The integral of a constant k is kx  c .For example

 8 xdx  8 x  c and  dx  x  c
(b)When a sum of several terms is integrated the result is the sum of the integrals of the separate
terms. Example,

  3x  2 x  1dx   3 xdx   2 x 2dx   dx

3x 2 2 x3
  5x  c
5 3
This only applies for addition and subtraction.
1.3 Standard Integrals.
Listed below are some of the standard integrals which may be deduced and carefully checked by
differentiation.

ax n1
1  ax n dx   c n  1
n 1
1
2  cos axdx  sin ax  c
a

Page 3
 1
3  sin axdx  cos ax  c
a
1
4  sec2 axdx  tan ax  c
a
1
5  cos ec 2 axdx  cot ax  c
a
1
6  cos ecax cot axdx  cos ecax  c
a
1
7  sec ax tan axdx  sec ax  c
a
1
8  eax dx  eax  c
a
1
9  dx  ln x  c or log x  c
x

ax
10  a xdx   c a>0, a  1
log a

Exercise 1A
Give the detail working to the following Indefinite Integrals

1  4dx  4 x  c

7 2
2  7dx  x c
2
2 2
3  x 2 dx  x 3 c
5 15

 3x 2  5 x  3x 2
4   dx   5x  c
 x  2

3
5   2    d  4  2 2  c
3
3sin 2 x
6  3cos 2 xdx  c
2

Page 4
 x4
7  e3log x dx  c
4

x4
8  a3log a dx  c
x

4
7
9  7sin 3 d   cos3  c
3
1
10  2cos c 2 4 d   cot 4  c
2
2 dx 2
11  5x
  5x  c
3e 15e

3 15 5 15 15
12  dx  x  c or x c
75 x4 7 7

14 5 14 9
13  x  x c
4 9
3 3
14  e2 x dx  e2 x  c
4 8
2 2 2
15  dx  ln x  c or log x  c
3x 3 3
EXERCISE 1B
Give the detail working to the following problems

1 1
1 Find the function whose derivative is  K
x2 x
1
2 dx  2 x  k
x

1 x2
3  xdx   k
4 8
1
4 Integrate  cos x with respect to x is ln x  sin x  k
x

5 Integrate tan 2 x  tan x  x  k

Page 5
 1
6 Evaluate  sin 3xdx   cos3x  k
3
1
7 Find the unction whose first derivative is sin 2 x   cos 2 x  k
2

8  sec 2 xdx  tan x  k

9  9e dx  3e3 x  k
3x

10 A function f ( X ) passes through the origin and its first derivative is 3x  2. what is f ( X ) ?
3
Answer x 2  2 x
2
11The gradient of a curve is 2 x  7 and the curve passes through point (2, 0) . Find the equation of
the curve. Answer x 2  7 x  18
dA
12 If  3r 2  1 and A  2 where r=1, find A where r=2 Answer 2
dr

Page 6