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Advanced Calculus
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Integral Calculus
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USMKCC-COL-F-050
 Integration Concepts/Principles and Formulas
Chapter 1

Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Explain integration or anti-differentiation concepts and definition
2. Solve integration problems on variety of functions
3. Solve definite integration problems

1.1 Integration Concepts and Definition

Integration- it is the process of finding the most general anti-derivative of a given

functions and this is the inverse of differentiation.

In symbol ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐶
Where: ∫ = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥= integrand
𝐹(𝑥)= particular integral
𝐶= constant of integration

1.2 Indefinite Integrals

In Calculus, the two important processes are differentiation and

integration. We know that differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of
a function, whereas integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Here, we
are going to discuss the important component of integration called “integrals”
here. The integrals are generally classified into two types, namely:

• Definite Integral
• Indefinite Integral
Here, let us discuss one of the types of integral called “indefinite integral”
with definition and properties in detail.
An integral which is not having any upper and lower limit in known as
indefinite integral.

Indefinite Definite
𝐹(𝑥) is the way function 𝑓(𝑥) is integrated and it is represented by:

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐

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 Where in respect to 𝑥 the integral of 𝑓(𝑥) is on the right-hand side primitive
or anti-derivative is termed as 𝐹(𝑥). Integrand is termed as 𝑓(𝑥). Integrating agent
is termed as 𝑑𝑥. The constant of integration is an arbitrary constant termed as 𝐶.
The variable of integration is termed as 𝑥

Properties of Indefinite Integrals:

Let us now look into some properties of indefinite integrals.

Property 1:
Differentiation and integration are inverse processes of each other since:
𝑑
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) and ∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥

where 𝐶 is any arbitrary constant. Let us now prove this statement.

Proof: Consider a function 𝑓 such that its anti-derivative is given by 𝐹, i.e.
𝑑
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Then,
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
On differentiating both the sides with respect to 𝑥 we have,
𝑑 𝑑
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝐹(𝑥 ) + 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Since derivative of any constant function is zero, therefore
𝑑 𝑑
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
The derivative of a function 𝑓 in 𝑥 is given as 𝑓’(𝑥), therefore 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
Thus, ∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝐶 where 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant called as the
constant of integration.
Property 2: Two indefinite integrals having the same derivative have the same
family of integrals or curves and therefore they are equivalent.
Proof:
Consider two functions f and g in x such that:
𝑑 𝑑
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
or,
𝑑 𝑑
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

On integrating both sides, we get

∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

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 where 𝐶 is any real number.

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

From this equation, we can say that the family of the curves of
[ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐3, 𝑐3 ∈ 𝑅] and [ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2 , 𝑐2 ∈ 𝑅] are same. Therefore,
we cay say that, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
Property 3:
The integral of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of integrals of the given
functions, i.e.,
∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Proof: By the first property of integrals we have,
𝑑
[∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 =] = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)-------1
𝑑𝑥

Also,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
[∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ] = 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)-------2

Therefore, from equation (1) and (2) we have,

∫ [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Property 4: For any real value of 𝑝,
∫ 𝑝𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Proof: From property 1 we can say that
𝑑
∫ 𝑝𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Also,
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑝∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥] = 𝑝 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From property 2 we can say that

∫ 𝑝𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Property 5:
For a finite number of functions 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 … . 𝑓𝑛 and the real numbers
𝑝1 , 𝑝2 … 𝑝𝑛 ,
∫ [𝑝1 𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑝2 𝑓2 (𝑥) … . +𝑝𝑛 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) ]𝑑𝑥
= 𝑝1 ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝2 ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + … . . + 𝑝𝑛 ∫ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1.3 Fundamental Integration Formulas

Algebraic Functions:
Integration Formula:
1.) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

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 2.) ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
3.) ∫ 𝑎𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
4.) ∫[𝑎𝑓1 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑏𝑓2 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑓3 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑓4 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ]
= 𝑎𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝑏𝐹2 (𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝐹3 (𝑥 ) + 𝑒𝐹4 (𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑛+1
5.) 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1

1.3.1 Simple Power

Example:

1.) ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1+1
=4 +c
1+1
𝑥2
= 4 2 +c
= 2𝑥 2 +c

2.) ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑥 + 𝑐

3.) ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3+1
= 4 3+1 + 𝑐
𝑥4
=4 4 +𝑐
= 𝑥4 + 𝑐

4.) ∫(3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10)𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 10 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
=3 − 2 2+1 + 4 1+1 − 10𝑥 + 𝑐
3+1
𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
=3 −2 +4 − 10𝑥 + 𝑐
4 3 2
3 4 2 3 2
= 4 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 10 + 𝑐

1 1 1 1 1 1
5.) ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 7 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
+1 +1 +1
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
= 1 −4 1 +2 1 +𝑐
+1 +1 +1
3 5 7
4 6 8
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
= 4 −4 6 +2 8 +𝑐
3 5 7
3 4 5 6
7 8
= 4 𝑥 − 4 (6) 𝑥 5 + 2 (8) 𝑥 7 + 𝑐
3
4 6 8
3 20 14
= 4 𝑥3 − 𝑥5 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑐 Get the lowest term
6 8
4 6
3 10 7 8
= 4𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 4 𝑥7 + 𝑐
5
3

Generalized Power Formula

If 𝑔 is differentiable functions and if 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)

Then:

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 ∫[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑔′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 use this if the next term will be the
derivative of 𝑢
𝑢𝑛+1
= +𝑐
𝑛+1
where: 𝑛 ≠ (−1)

Examples. Integrate the following:

1
1.) ∫ √𝑥 2 − 1 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 using general power formula
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
+1
(𝑥 2 −1)2
= 1 +𝑐
+1
2
3
(𝑥 2 −1)2
= 3 +𝑐
2
3
2
= (𝑥 2 − 1)2 + 𝑐 transform into radical symbols
3
2
= 3 √(𝑥 2 − 1)3 +c

(𝑥−2)2+1
2.) ∫(𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2+1
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥−2)3
= +𝑐
3

𝑑𝑥
3.) ∫ (2𝑥−7)4 = ∫(2𝑥 − 7)−4 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 7
𝑑𝑢 = 2

1 −4
= 2 ∫(2𝑥 − 7) (2)𝑑𝑥
1 (2𝑥−7)−4+1
= 2[ ]+𝑐
−4+1
1 (2𝑥−7)−3
= [ ]+𝑐
2 −3
(2𝑥−7)−3
=− +𝑐
6
−1
= +𝑐
6(2𝑥−7)3

Note: The denominator can be transferred to the numerator as long as the

exponent of denominator is not equal to 1, then the sign of denominator will
be change. Balancing of equation can be applied if lacking of value of variable
after deriving the u happened. Like for example, 𝑢 = 2𝑥 and the derivative is
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 but the second term is dx only, it is lack the value of 2, then we can
1
use balancing of equation by multiplying 2 before the integral sign and
multiplying 2 to 𝑑𝑥 so it becomes 2𝑑𝑥 then proceed to integration.

1
4.) ∫(3𝑥 − 2)3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫(3𝑥 − 2)3 (3𝑑𝑥 ) use balancing of equation
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥

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 1 (3𝑥−2)3+1
= 3 [ 3+1 ] + 𝑐
1 (3𝑥 − 2)4
= [ ]+𝑐
3 4
(3𝑥 − 2)4
= +𝑐
12
3+2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
5.) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥2 + 2 ∫
𝑥2 𝑥2

= 3 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2+1
= 3 −2+1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
3𝑥 −1
= + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
−1
−3
= 𝑥
+ 2𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 3 −1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
6.) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥−1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1

Divide numerator by denominator or factor numerator then cancel out the

common
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= + +𝑥+𝑐
2+1 1+1
𝑥3 𝑥2
= + +𝑥+𝑐
3 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7.) ∫ 𝑥 2𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥( 2 )( 𝑥)
√ √ √
1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥)
√2
1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 1
√2 𝑥(𝑥 2 )
1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 3
√2 𝑥2
−3
1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
√2
−3
+1
1 𝑥2
= ( −3 )+𝑐
√2 +1
2
−1
1 𝑥2
= ( −1 )+𝑐
√2
2
1 −2
= 1 ( )+𝑐
√2 𝑥 2
1 −2
= ( )+𝑐
√2 √𝑥
−2
= +𝑐
√2𝑥

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