VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI

LAB MANAUL
of
DBMS LABORATORY WITH MINI PROJECT
Subject Code: 21CSL55
For
V SEMESTER B.E
COMPUTER SCIENCE &ENGINEERING
2023-24

Compiled by
Ms. Shravya S
Asst Prof., Dept of CS&E
CEC, Bengaluru

CITY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Kanakapura Rd, near METRO Station, Doddakallasandra, Bikasipura,
Bengaluru, Karnataka 560062
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Consider the following schema for a Library Database:
BOOK(Book_id, Title, Publisher_Name, Pub_Year) BOOK_AUTHORS(Book_id, Author_Name)
PUBLISHER(Name, Address, Phone) BOOK_COPIES(Book_id, Programme_id, No-of_Copies)
BOOK_LENDING(Book_id, Programme_id, Card_No, Date_Out, Due_Date)
LIBRARY_PROGRAMME(Programme_id, Programme_Name, Address)
Write SQL queries to
1.Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher, authors, number of copies in
each Programme, etc.
2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than 3 books, but from Jan 2017 to Jun
2017.
3. Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect this data manipulation
Operation
4. Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate its working with a simple query.
5.Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently available in the Library
2 Consider the following schema for Order Database:
SALESMAN(Salesman_id, Name, City, Commission)
CUSTOMER(Customer_id, Cust_Name, City, Grade, Salesman_id)
ORDERS(Ord_No, Purchase_Amt, Ord_Date, Customer_id, Salesman_id)
Write SQL queries to
1. Count the customers with grades above Bangalore‟s average
2. Find the name and numbers of all salesman who had more than one customer.
3. List all the salesman and indicate those who have and don‟t have customers in their cities (Use
UNION operation.)
4. Create a view that finds the salesman who has the customer with the highest order of a day.
5. Demonstrate the DELETE operation by removing salesman with id 1000. All his orders must also be
deleted.
3. Consider the schema for Movie Database:
ACTOR(Act_id, Act_Name, Act_Gender) DIRECTOR(Dir_id, Dir_Name, Dir_Phone)
MOVIES(Mov_id, Mov_Title, Mov_Year, Mov_Lang, Dir_id)
MOVIE_CAST(Act_id, Mov_id, Role) RATING(Mov_id, Rev_Stars)
Write SQL queries to
1. List the titles of all movies directed by ‘Hitchcock’.
2. Find the movie names where one or more actors acted in two or more movies.
3. List all actors who acted in a movie before 2000 and also in a movie after 2015 (use JOIN operation).
4. Find the title of movies and number of stars for each movie that has at least one rating and find the
highest number of stars that movie received. Sort the result by movie title.
5. Update rating of all movies directed by ‘Steven Spielberg’ to 5.
4. Consider the schema for College Database:
STUDENT(USN, SName, Address, Phone, Gender)
SEMSEC(SSID, Sem, Sec) CLASS(USN, SSID) COURSE(Subcode, Title, Sem, Credits)
IAMARKS(USN, Subcode, SSID, Test1, Test2, Test3, FinalIA)
Write SQL queries to
1. List all the student details studying in fourth semester ‘C’ section.
2. Compute the total number of male and female students in each semester and in each section.
3. Create a view of Test1 marks of student USN ‘1BI15CS101’ in all Courses.
4. Calculate the FinalIA (average of best two test marks) and update the corresponding table for all
students.
5. Categorize students based on the following criterion: If FinalIA = 17 to 20 then CAT = ‘Outstanding’
If FinalIA = 12 to 16 then CAT = ‘Average’ If FinalIA< 12 then CAT = ‘Weak’ Give these details only
for 8th semester A, B, and C section students.
5. Consider the schema for Company Database:
EMPLOYEE(SSN, Name, Address, Sex, Salary, SuperSSN, DNo)
DEPARTMENT(DNo, DName, MgrSSN, MgrStartDate) DLOCATION(DNo,DLoc)
PROJECT(PNo, PName, PLocation, DNo) WORKS_ON(SSN, PNo, Hours)
Write SQL queries to
1. Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last name is ‘Scott’,
either as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls the project.
2. Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘IoT’ project is given a 10 percent raise.
3. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well as the maximum
salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this department
4. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects controlledby department number 5
(use NOT EXISTS operator).
5. For each department that has more than five employees, retrieve the department number and the
number of its employees who are making more than Rs. 6,00,000.
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INTRODUCTION TO SQL

Pronounced as SEQUEL: Structured English QUERY Language

 Pure non-procedural query language
 Designed and developed by IBM, Implemented by Oracle
 1978 System/R IBM- 1st Relational DBMS
 1979 Oracle and Ingres
 1982 SQL/DS and DB2 IBM
 Accepted by both ANSI + ISO as Standard Query Language for any RDBMS
 SQL86 (SQL1) : first by ANSI and ratified by ISO (SQL-87), minor revision on 89
(SQL-89)
 SQL92 (SQL2) : major revision
 SQL99 (SQL3) : add recursive query, trigger, some OO features, and non-scholar type
 SQL2003 : XML, Window functions, and sequences (Not free)
 Supports all the three sublanguages of DBMS: DDL, DML, DCL
 Supports Aggregate functions, String Manipulation functions, Set theory operations, Date
Manipulation functions, rich set of operators ( IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS NULL,
EXISTS)
 Supports REPORT writing features and Forms for designing GUI based applications

DATA DEFINITION, CONSTRAINTS, AND SCHEMA CHANGES

Used to CREATE, ALTER, and DROP the descriptions of the database tables (relations)
Data Definition in SQL
CREATE, ALTER and DROP
table .............................................................. relation
row ................................................................ tuple
column.......................................................... attribute
DATA TYPES
 Numeric: NUMBER, NUMBER(s,p), INTEGER, INT, FLOAT, DECIMAL
 Character: CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n), VARCHAR2(n), CHAR VARYING(n)
 Bit String: BLOB, CLOB
 Boolean: true, false, and null

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 Date and Time: DATE (YYYY-MM-DD) TIME( HH:MM:SS)

 Timestamp: DATE + TIME
 USER Defined types

CREATE SCHEMA
Specifies a new database schema by giving it a name

Ex: CREATE SCHEMA COMPANY AUTHORIZATION Jsmith;

CREATE TABLE
 Specifies a new base relation by giving it a name, and specifying each of its attributes and
their data types
Syntax of CREATE Command:
CREATE TABLE <table name> ( <Attribute A1> <Data Type D1> [< Constarints>],
<Attribute A2> <Data Type D2> [< Constarints>],
…….
<Attribute An> <Data Type Dn> [< Constarints>],
[<integrity-constraint1>, <integrity-constraint k> ] );
- A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attribute
A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attribute
Ex: CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT (
DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL,
MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9) );
 Specifying the unique, primary key attributes, secondary keys, and referential integrity
constraints (foreign keys).
Ex: CREATE TABLE DEPT (
DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL,
MGRSSN CHAR(9),
MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9),
PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER),
UNIQUE (DNAME),

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FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP(SSN));

 We can specify RESTRICT, CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT on referential
integrity constraints (foreign keys)
Ex: CREATE TABLE DEPT (
DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL,
MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9),
PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER),
UNIQUE (DNAME),
FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP
ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE);
DROP TABLE
 Used to remove a relation (base table) and its definition.
 The relation can no longer be used in queries, updates, or any other commands since its
description no longer exists

Example: DROP TABLE DEPENDENT;

ALTER TABLE:
 Used to add an attribute to/from one of the base relations drop constraint -- The new
attribute will have NULLs in all the tuples of the relation right after the command is
executed; hence, the NOT NULL constraint is not allowed for such an attribute.
Example: ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD JOB VARCHAR2 (12);
 The database users must still enter a value for the new attribute JOB for each
EMPLOYEE tuple. This can be done using the UPDATE command.

DROP A COLUMN (AN ATTRIBUTE)

 ALTER TABLE COMPANY.EMPLOYEE DROP ADDRESS CASCADE; All

constraints and views that reference the column are dropped automatically, along with the
column. ALTER TABLE COMPANY.EMPLOYEE DROP ADDRESS RESTRICT;
Successful if no views or constraints reference the column. ALTER TABLE
COMPANY.DEPARTMENT ALTER MGRSSN DROP DEFAULT;

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 ALTER TABLE COMPANY.DEPARTMENT ALTER MGRSSN SET DEFAULT

“333445555”;

BASIC QUERIES IN SQL

 SQL has one basic statement for retrieving information from a database; the SLELECT
statement
 This is not the same as the SELECT operation of the relational algebra
 Important distinction between SQL and the formal relational model;
 SQL allows a table (relation) to have two or more tuples that are identical in all their
attribute values
 Hence, an SQL relation (table) is a multi-set (sometimes called a bag) of tuples; it is not a
set of tuples
 SQL relations can be constrained to be sets by using the CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
command, or byusing the DISTINCT option
 Basic form of the SQL SELECT statement is called a mapping of a SELECT-FROM-
WHERE block
SELECT <attribute list> FROM <table list> WHERE <condition>
 <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be retrieved by the query
 <table list > is a list of the relation names required to process the query
 <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies the tuples to be retrieved
by the query

SIMPLE SQL QUERIES

Basic SQL queries correspond to using the following operations of the relational algebra:
SELECT
PROJECT
JOIN
All subsequent examples uses COMPANY database as shown below:
Example of a simple query on one relation
Query 0: Retrieve the birth date and address of the employee whose name is 'John B.
Smith'.
Q0: SELECT BDATE, ADDRESS FROM EMPLOYEE

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WHERE FNAME='John' AND MINIT='B’ AND LNAME='Smith’

Similar to a SELECT-PROJECT pair of relational algebra operations: The SELECT-
clause specifies the projection attributes and the WHERE-clause specifies the selection condition
However, the result of the query may contain duplicate tuples

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Example of a simple query on two relations

Query 1: Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the 'Research'
department.
Q1: SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research' AND DNUMBER=DNO
Similar to a SELECT-PROJECT-JOIN sequence of relational algebra operations
(DNAME='Research') is a selection condition (corresponds to a SELECT operation in relational
algebra) (DNUMBER=DNO) is a join condition (corresponds to a JOIN operation in relational
algebra)
Example of a simple query on three relations
Query 2: For every project located in 'Stafford', list the project number, the controlling
department number, and the department manager's last name, address, and birth date.
Q2: SELECT PNUMBER, DNUM, LNAME, BDATE, ADDRESS FROM PROJECT,
DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER AND MGRSSN=SSN
AND PLOCATION='Stafford'

In Q2, there are two join conditions The join condition DNUM=DNUMBER relates a project to
its controlling department The join condition MGRSSN=SSN relates the controlling department
to the employee who manages that department

ALIASES, * AND DISTINCT, EMPTY WHERE-CLAUSE

 In SQL, we can use the same name for two (or more) attributes as long as the attributes
are in different relations
 A query that refers to two or more attributes with the same name must qualify the
attribute name with the relation name by prefixing the relation name to the attribute name
Example: EMPLOYEE.LNAME, DEPARTMENT.DNAME
 Some queries need to refer to the same relation twice. In this case, aliases are given to the
relation name
Example
Query 3: For each employee, retrieve the employee's name, and the name of his or her
immediate supervisor.

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Q3: SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, S.FNAME, S.LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE E S

WHERE E.SUPERSSN=S.SSN
In Q3, the alternate relation names E and S are called aliases or tuple variables for the
EMPLOYEE relation We can think of E and S as two different copies of EMPLOYEE; E
represents employees in role of supervisees and S represents employees in role of supervisors
Aliasing can also be used in any SQL query for convenience. Can also use the AS
keyword to specify aliases

Q3: SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, S.FNAME, S.LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE AS

E, EMPLOYEE AS S WHERE E.SUPERSSN=S.SSN

UNSPECIFIED WHERE-clause
A missing WHERE-clause indicates no condition; hence, all tuples of the relations in the
FROM-clause are selected. This is equivalent to the condition WHERE TRUE
Example:
Query 4: Retrieve the SSN values for all employees.
Q4: SELECT SSN FROM EMPLOYEE
If more than one relation is specified in the FROM-clause and there is no join condition, then the
CARTESIAN PRODUCT of tuples is selected
Example:
Q5: SELECT SSN, DNAME FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

Note: It is extremely important not to overlook specifying any selection and join conditions in
the WHERE-clause; otherwise, incorrect and very large relations may result

USE OF *
To retrieve all the attribute values of the selected tuples, a * is used, which stands for all the
attributes
Examples:
Retrieve all the attribute values of EMPLOYEES who work in department 5.
Q1a: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO=5
Retrieve all the attributes of an employee and attributes of DEPARTMENT he works in for
every employee of ‘Research’ department.

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Q1b: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE DNAME='Research'

AND DNO=DNUMBER

USE OF DISTINCT
SQL does not treat a relation as a set; duplicate tuples can appear. To eliminate duplicate
tuples in a queryresult, the keyword DISTINCT is used
Example: the result of Q1c may have duplicate SALARY values whereas Q1d does not have
any duplicate values

Q1c: SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE Q1d: SELECT DISTINCT

SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE

SET OPERATIONS
SQL has directly incorporated some set operations such as union operation (UNION), set
difference (MINUS) and intersection (INTERSECT) operations. The resulting relations of these
set operations are sets of tuples; duplicate tuples are eliminated from the result. The set
operations apply only to union compatible relations; the two relations must have the same
attributes and the attributes must appear in the same order
Query 5: Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is 'Smith' as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls the
project.
Q5: (SELECT PNAME FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE
DNUM=DNUMBER AND MGRSSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith')
UNION

(SELECT PNAME FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE WHERE

PNUMBER=PNO AND ESSN=SSN AND NAME='Smith')

NESTING OF QUERIES

A complete SELECT query, called a nested query, can be specified within the WHERE-
clause of another query, called the outer query. Many of the previous queries can be specified in
an alternative form using nesting
Query 6: Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the 'Research'
department.

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Q6: SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO IN

(SELECT DNUMBER FROM DEPARTMENT WHERE DNAME='Research' )
Note: The nested query selects the number of the 'Research' department. The outer query selects
an EMPLOYEE tuple if its DNO value is in the result of either nested query. The comparison
operator IN compares a value v with a set (or multi-set) of values V, and evaluates to TRUE if v
is one of the elements in V

In general, we can have several levels of nested queries. A reference to an unqualified

attribute refers to the relation declared in the innermost nested query. In this example, the nested
query is not correlated with the outer query

CORRELATED NESTED QUERIES

If a condition in the WHERE-clause of a nested query references an attribute of a relation
declared in the outer query, the two queries are said to be correlated. The result of a correlated
nested query is different for each tuple (or combination of tuples) of the relation(s) the outer
query
Query 7: Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same first
name as the employee.
Q7: SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE AS E WHERE E.SSN IN
(SELECT ESSN FROM DEPENDENT WHERE ESSN=E.SSN AND
E.FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME)
In Q7, the nested query has a different result in the outer query. A query written with nested
SELECT... FROM… WHERE... blocks and using the = or IN comparison operators can always
be expressed as a single block query. For example, Q7 may be written as in Q7a

Q7a: SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPENDENT D

WHERE E.SSN=D.ESSN AND E.FNAME=D.DEPENDENT_NAME

THE EXISTS FUNCTION

EXISTS is used to check whether the result of a correlated nested query is empty
(contains no tuples) or not. We can formulate Query 7 in an alternative form that uses EXIST.
Q7b: SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT WHERE SSN=ESSN
AND FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME)

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Query 8: Retrieve the names of employees who have no dependents.

Q8: SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT WHERE SSN=ESSN)

Note: In Q8, the correlated nested query retrieves all DEPENDENT tuples related to an
EMPLOYEE tuple. If none exist, the EMPLOYEE tuple is selected

EXPLICIT SETS
It is also possible to use an explicit (enumerated) set of values in the WHERE-clause
rather than a nested query
Query 9: Retrieve the social security numbers of all employees who work on project
number 1, 2, or 3.

Q9: SELECT DISTINCT ESSN FROM WORKS_ON WHERE PNO IN (1, 2, 3)

NULLS IN SQL QUERIES

SQL allows queries that check if a value is NULL (missing or undefined or not
applicable). SQL uses IS or IS NOT to compare NULLs because it considers each NULL value
distinct from other NULL values, so equality comparison is not appropriate.
Query 10: Retrieve the names of all employees who do not have supervisors.
Q10: SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SUPERSSN IS NULL

Note: If a join condition is specified, tuples with NULL values for the join attributes are not
included in the result

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
Include COUNT, SUM, MAX, MIN, and AVG
Query 11: Find the maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary among
all employees.
Q11: SELECT MAX (SALARY), MIN(SALARY), AVG(SALARY)
FROM EMPLOYEE
Note: Some SQL implementations may not allow more than one function in the SELECT-clause

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Query 12: Find the maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary among
employees who work for the 'Research' department.
Q12: SELECT MAX (SALARY), MIN(SALARY), AVG(SALARY) FROM
EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE DNO=DNUMBER AND DNAME='Research'
Queries 13 and 14: Retrieve the total number of employees in the company (Q13), and the
number of employees in the 'Research' department (Q14).
Q13: SELECT COUNT (*) FROM EMPLOYEE
Q14: SELECT COUNT (*) FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

WHERE DNO=DNUMBER AND DNAME='Research’

GROUPING
 In many cases, we want to apply the aggregate functions to subgroups of tuples in a
relation
 Each subgroup of tuples consists of the set of tuples that have the same value for the
grouping attribute(s)
 The function is applied to each subgroup independently
 SQL has a GROUP BY-clause for specifying the grouping attributes, which must also
appear in the SELECT-clause
Query 15: For each department, retrieve the department number, the number of
employees in the department, and their average salary.
Q15: SELECT DNO, COUNT (*), AVG (SALARY)
FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY DNO
 In Q15, the EMPLOYEE tuples are divided into groups. Each group having the same
value for the grouping attribute DNO
 The COUNT and AVG functions are applied to each such group of tuples separately
 The SELECT-clause includes only the grouping attribute and the functions to be applied
on each group of tuples
 A join condition can be used in conjunction with grouping
Query 16: For each project, retrieve the project number, project name, and the number of
employees who work on that project.
Q16: SELECT PNUMBER, PNAME, COUNT (*)

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FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON

WHERE PNUMBER=PNO

GROUP BY PNUMBER, PNAME

THE HAVING-CLAUSE
Sometimes we want to retrieve the values of these functions for only those groups that
satisfy certain conditions. The HAVING-clause is used for specifying a selection condition on
groups (rather than on individual tuples)
Query 17: For each project on which more than two employees work, retrieve the project
number, project name, and the number of employees who work on that project.
Q17: SELECT PNUMBER, PNAME, COUNT (*)
FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON
WHERE PNUMBER=PNO
GROUP BY PNUMBER, PNAME

HAVING COUNT (*) > 2

SUBSTRING COMPARISON
The LIKE comparison operator is used to compare partial strings. Two reserved
characters are used: '%' (or '*' in some implementations) replaces an arbitrary number of
characters, and '_' replaces a single arbitrary character.
Query 18: Retrieve all employees whose address is in Houston, Texas. Here, the value of the
ADDRESS attribute must contain the substring 'Houston,TX‘ in it.
Q18: SELECT FNAME, LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ADDRESS LIKE '%Houston,TX%'
Query 19: Retrieve all employees who were born during the 1950s.
Here, '5' must be the 8th character of the string (according to our format for date), so the
BDATE value is ' 5_', with each underscore as a place holder for a single arbitrary
character.
Q19: SELECT FNAME, LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE BDATE LIKE '_ 5_’
Note: The LIKE operator allows us to get around the fact that each value is considered atomic
and indivisible. Hence, in SQL, character string attribute values are not atomic

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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

The standard arithmetic operators '+', '-'. '*', and '/' (for addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, respectively) can be applied to numeric values in an SQL query
result
Query 20: Show the effect of giving all employees who work on the 'ProductX' project a
10% raise.
Q20: SELECT FNAME, LNAME, 1.1*SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEE, WORKS_ON, PROJECT
WHERE SSN=ESSN
AND PNO=PNUMBER AND PNAME='ProductX’

ORDER BY

The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the tuples in a query result based on the values of
some attribute(s)
Query 21: Retrieve a list of employees and the projects each works in, ordered by the
employee's department, and within each department ordered alphabetically by employee
last name.
Q21: SELECT DNAME, LNAME, FNAME, PNAME
FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE, WORKS_ON, PROJECT
WHERE DNUMBER=DNO
AND SSN=ESSN
AND PNO=PNUMBER
ORDER BY DNAME, LNAME
The default order is in ascending order of values. We can specify the keyword DESC if
we want a descending order; the keyword ASC can be used to explicitly specify ascending order,
even though it is the default
Ex: ORDER BY DNAME DESC, LNAME ASC, FNAME ASC

MORE EXAMPLE QUERIES:

Query 22: Retrieve the names of all employees who have two or more dependents.
Q22: SELECT LNAME, FNAME FROM
EMPLOYEE

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WHERE (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM DEPENDENT

WHERE SSN=ESSN) ≥ 2);
Query 23: List the names of managers who have least one dependent.
Q23: SELECT FNAME, LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT WHERE SSN=ESSN)

AND EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENT WHERE SSN=MGRSSN );

SPECIFYING UPDATES IN SQL

There are three SQL commands to modify the database: INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE.

INSERT

 In its simplest form, it is used to add one or more tuples to a relation

 Attribute values should be listed in the same order as the attributes were specified in the
CREATE TABLE command
Example:
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES ('Richard','K','Marini', '653298653', '30-DEC-52',
'98 Oak Forest,Katy,TX', 'M', 37000,'987654321', 4 )
 An alternate form of INSERT specifies explicitly the attribute names that correspond to
the values in the new tuple. Attributes with NULL values can be left out
Example: Insert a tuple for a new EMPLOYEE for whom we only know the FNAME, LNAME,
and SSN attributes.
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (FNAME, LNAME, SSN)VALUES ('Richard', 'Marini',
'653298653')
Important Note: Only the constraints specified in the DDL commands are automatically
enforced by the DBMS when updates are applied to the database. Another variation of INSERT
allows insertion of multiple tuples resulting from a query into a relation
Example: Suppose we want to create a temporary table that has the name, number of employees,
and total salaries for each department. A table DEPTS_INFO is created first, and is loaded with
the summary information retrieved from the database by the query.
CREATE TABLE DEPTS_INFO
(DEPT_NAME VARCHAR (10),

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NO_OF_EMPS INTEGER, TOTAL_SAL INTEGER);

INSERT INTO DEPTS_INFO (DEPT_NAME, NO_OF_EMPS, TOTAL_SAL)

SELECT DNAME, COUNT (*), SUM (SALARY) FROM DEPARTMENT,
EMPLOYEE WHERE DNUMBER=DNO GROUP BY DNAME ;

Note: The DEPTS_INFO table may not be up-to-date if we change the tuples in either the
DEPARTMENT or the EMPLOYEE relations after issuing the above. We have to create a view
(see later) to keep such a table up to date.

DELETE
 Removes tuples from a relation. Includes a WHERE-clause to select the tuples to be
deleted
 Referential integrity should be enforced
 Tuples are deleted from only one table at a time (unless CASCADE is specified on a
referential integrity constraint)
 A missing WHERE-clause specifies that all tuples in the relation are to be deleted; the
table then becomes an empty table
 The number of tuples deleted depends on the number of tuples in the relation that satisfy
the WHERE-clause
Examples:
1: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE LNAME='Brown’;
2: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SSN='123456789’;
3: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO IN (SELECT DNUMBER
FROM DEPARTMENT WHERE DNAME='Research');

4: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

UPDATE
 Used to modify attribute values of one or more selected tuples
 A WHERE-clause selects the tuples to be modified
 An additional SET-clause specifies the attributes to be modified and their new values
 Each command modifies tuples in the same relation
 Referential integrity should be enforced

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Example1: Change the location and controlling department number of project number 10 to
'Bellaire' and 5, respectively.
UPDATE PROJECT
SET PLOCATION = 'Bellaire', DNUM = 5 WHERE PNUMBER=10;
Example2: Give all employees in the 'Research' department a 10% raise in salary.

UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET SALARY = SALARY *1.1
WHERE DNO IN (SELECT DNUMBER FROM DEPARTMENT

WHERE DNAME='Research');

SQL TRIGGERS
 Objective: to monitor a database and take initiate action when a condition occurs
 Triggers are nothing but the procedures/functions that involve actions and fired/executed
automatically whenever an event occurs such as an insert, delete, or update operation or
pressing a button or when mouse button is clicked
VIEWS IN SQL
 A view is a single virtual table that is derived from other tables. The other tables could be
base tables or previously defined view.
 Allows for limited update operations Since the table may not physically be stored
 Allows full query operations
 A convenience for expressing certain operations
 A view does not necessarily exist in physical form, which limits the possible update
operations that can be applied to views.

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LAB EXPERIMENTS

PART A: SQL PROGRAMMING

A. Consider the following schema for a Library Database:

BOOK (Book_id, Title, Publisher_Name, Pub_Year)

BOOK_AUTHORS (Book_id, Author_Name)
PUBLISHER (Name, Address, Phone)
BOOK_COPIES (Book_id, Programme_id,
No_of_Copies)
BOOK_LENDING (Book_id, Programme_id, Card_No, Date_Out,
Due_Date)
LIBRARY_PROGRAMME(Programme_id, Programme_Name, Address)

Write SQL queries to

1. Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher, authors,
number of copies in each programme, etc.
2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than 3 books, but from Jan
2017 to Jun 2017
3. Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect this data
manipulation operation.
4. Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate its working with a
simple query.
5. Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently available in the
Library.

Solution:
Entity-Relationship Diagram

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Schema Diagram
Book

Book_id Title Pub_Year Publisher_Name

Book_Authors

Book_id Author_name

Publisher

Name Phone_no Address

Book_Copies

Book_id Progrm_id No_of_Copies

Book_Lending

Book_id Progrm_id Card_no Date_out Due_date

Library_Programme

Progrm_id Address Progrm_name

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE PUBLISHER

(NAME VARCHAR (20) PRIMARY KEY,
PHONE INTEGER,
ADDRESS VARCHAR (20));

CREATE TABLE BOOK

(BOOK_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TITLE VARCHAR(20),
PUB_YEAR VARCHAR(20),
PUBLISHER_NAME VARCHAR(20),
FOREIGN KEY(PUBLISHER_NAME) REFERENCES PUBLISHER (NAME) ON DELETE CASCADE);

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CREATE TABLE BOOK_AUTHORS (AUTHOR_NAME

VARCHAR (20),
BOOK_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(BOOK_ID) REFERENCES
BOOK(BOOK_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID, AUTHOR_NAME));

CREATE TABLE LIBRARY_PROGRAMME

(PROGRAMME_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
PROGRAMME_NAME VARCHAR(50),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (50));

CREATE TABLE BOOK_COPIES(NO_OF_COPIES INTEGER,

BOOK_ID INTEGER ,
FOREIGN KEY(BOOK_ID) REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
PROGRAMME_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(PROGRAMME_ID) REFERENCES LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME
(PROGRAMME _ID) ON DELETECASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID, PROGRAMME _ID));

CREATE TABLE CARD

(CARD_NO INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);

CREATE TABLE BOOK_LENDING

(DATE_OUT DATE,
DUE_DATE DATE,
BOOK_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(BOOK_ID) REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE
CASCADE,
PROGRAMME_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(PROGRAMME_ID) REFERENCESLIBRARY_ PROGRAMME
(PROGRAMME _ID) ON DELETECASCADE,
CARD_NO INTEGER);
Table Descriptions

DESC PUBLISHER;

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DESC BOOK;

DESC BOOK_AUTHORS;

DESC LIBRARY_BRANCH;

DESC BOOK_COPIES;

DESC CARD;

DESC BOOK_LENDING;

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Insertion of Values to Tables

INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘MCGRAW-HILL’, 9989076587, ‘BANGALORE’);

INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘PEARSON’, 9889076565, ‘NEWDELHI’);
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘RANDOM HOUSE’, 7455679345, ‘HYDRABAD’);
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘HACHETTE LIVRE’, 8970862340, ‘CHENAI’);
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘GRUPO PLANETA’, 7756120238, ‘BANGALORE’);

INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (1,’DBMS’,’JAN-2017’, ‘MCGRAW-HILL’);

INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (2,’ADBMS’,’JUN-2016’, ‘MCGRAW-HILL’);
INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (3,’CN’,’SEP-2016’, ‘PEARSON’);
INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (4,’CG’,’SEP-2015’, ‘GRUPO PLANETA’);
INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (5,’OS’,’MAY-2016’, ‘PEARSON’);

INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’NAVATHE’, 1);

INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’NAVATHE’, 2);
INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’TANENBAUM’, 3);
INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’EDWARD ANGEL’, 4);
INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’GALVIN’, 5);

INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME

VALUES(10,’RRNAGAR’,’BANGALORE’);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (11,’APSCE’,’BANGALORE’);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (12,’N R COLONY’,
’BANGALORE’);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (13,’NITTE’,’MANGALORE’);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (14,’MANIPAL’,’UDUPI’);

INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (10,1, 10);

INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (5,1, 11);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (2,2, 12);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (5,2, 13);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (7,3, 14);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (1,5, 10);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (3,4, 11);

INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’01-JAN-17’,’01-JUN-17’, 1, 10, 101);

INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’11-JAN-17’,’11-MAR-17’, 3, 14, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’21-FEB-17’,’21-APR-17’, 2, 13, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’15-MAR-17’,’15-JUL-17’, 4, 11, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (‘12-APR-17’,’12-MAY-17’, 1, 11, 104);

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SELECT * FROM PUBLISHER;

SELECT * FROM BOOK;

SELECT * FROM BOOK_AUTHORS;

SELECT * FROM LIBRARY_BRANCH;

SELECT * FROM BOOK_COPIES;

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SELECT * FROM BOOK_LENDING;

Queries:

1. Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher, authors,
number of copies in each programme etc.

SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, B.PUBLISHER_NAME, A.AUTHOR_NAME,

C.NO_OF_COPIES, L. PROGRAMME _ID
FROM BOOK B, BOOK_AUTHORS A, BOOK_COPIES C, LIBRARY_
PROGRAMME L
WHERE B.BOOK_ID=A.BOOK_ID
AND B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID
AND L. PROGRAMME _ID=C. PROGRAMME _ID;

2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than 3 books, but from
Jan 2017 to Jun 2017.

SELECT CARD_NO
FROM BOOK_LENDING
WHERE DATE_OUT BETWEEN ’01-JAN-2017’ AND ’01-JUL-2017’
GROUP BY CARD_NO
HAVING COUNT (*)>3;

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3. Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect this data
manipulation operation.

DELETE FROM BOOK

WHERE BOOK_ID=3;

4. Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate its working with a
simple query.

CREATE VIEW V_PUBLICATION AS

SELECT PUB_YEAR
FROM BOOK;

5. Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently available in the
Library.

CREATE VIEW V_BOOKS AS

SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, C.NO_OF_COPIES
FROM BOOK B, BOOK_COPIES C,
LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME L
WHERE B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID AND
C. PROGRAMME _ID=L.PROGRAMME _ID;

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B. Consider the following schema for Order Database:

SALESMAN (Salesman_id, Name, City, Commission)

CUSTOMER (Customer_id, Cust_Name, City, Grade, Salesman_id)
ORDERS (Ord_No, Purchase_Amt, Ord_Date, Customer_id, Salesman_id)
Write SQL queries to
1. Count the customers with grades above Bangalore’s average.
2. Find the name and numbers of all salesmen who had more than one customer.
3. List all salesmen and indicate those who have and don’t have customers in their cities
(Use UNION operation.)
4. Create a view that finds the salesman who has the customer with the highest order of a
day.
5. Demonstrate the DELETE operation by removing salesman with id 1000. All his orders
must also be deleted.

Solution:

Entity-Relationship Diagram

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Schema Diagram

Salesman

Salesman_id Name City Commission

Customer

Customer_id Cust_Name City Grade Salesman_id

Orders
Ord_No Purchase_Amt Ord_Date Customer_id Salesman_id

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE SALESMAN

(SALESMAN_ID NUMBER (4),
NAME VARCHAR2 (20),
CITY VARCHAR2 (20),
COMMISSION VARCHAR2 (20),
PRIMARY KEY (SALESMAN_ID));

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER

(CUSTOMER_ID NUMBER (4),
CUST_NAME VARCHAR2 (20),
CITY VARCHAR2 (20), GRADE NUMBER (3),
PRIMARY KEY (CUSTOMER_ID), SALESMAN_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(SALESMAN_ID) REFERENCES SALESMAN (SALESMAN_ID) ON DELETE SET
NULL);

CREATE TABLE ORDERS

(ORD_NO NUMBER (5),
PURCHASE_AMT NUMBER (10, 2),
ORD_DATE DATE,
PRIMARY KEY
(ORD_NO),CUSTOMER_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(CUSTOMER_ID) REFERENCES CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_ID) ON
DELETE CASCADE,

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SALESMAN_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(SALESMAN_ID) REFERENCES SALESMAN (SALESMAN_ID) ON
DELETE CASCADE);

Table Descriptions

DESC SALESMAN;

DESC CUSTOMER;

DESC ORDERS;

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Insertion of Values to Tables

INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (1000, ‘JOHN’,’BANGALORE’,’25 %’);

INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (2000, ‘RAVI’,’BANGALORE’,’20 %’);
INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (3000, ‘KUMAR’,’MYSORE’,’15 %’);
INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (4000, ‘SMITH’,’DELHI’,’30 %’);
INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (5000, ‘HARSHA’,’HYDRABAD’,’15 %’);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (10, ‘PREETHI’,’BANGALORE’, 100, 1000);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (11, ‘VIVEK’,’MANGALORE’, 300, 1000);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (12, ‘BHASKAR’,’CHENNAI’, 400, 2000);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (13, ‘CHETHAN’,’BANGALORE’, 200, 2000);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (14, ‘MAMATHA’,’BANGALORE’, 400, 3000);

INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (50, 5000, ‘04-MAY-17’, 10, 1000);

INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (51, 450, ‘20-JAN-17’, 10, 2000);
INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (52, 1000, ‘24-FEB-17’, 13, 2000);
INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (53, 3500, ‘13-APR-17’, 14, 3000);
INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (54, 550, ‘09-MAR-17’, 12, 2000);

Table Description:

SELECT * FROM SALESMAN;

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER;

SELECT * FROM ORDERS;

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Queries:

1. Count the customers with grades above Bangalore’s average.

SELECT GRADE, COUNT (DISTINCT CUSTOMER_ID)
FROM CUSTOMER
GROUP BY GRADE
HAVING GRADE > (SELECT AVG(GRADE)
FROM CUSTOMER1
WHERE CITY='BANGALORE');

2. Find the name and numbers of all salesmen who had more than one customer.

SELECT SALESMAN_ID, NAME

FROM SALESMAN A
WHERE 1 < (SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE SALESMAN_ID=A.SALESMAN_ID);

3. List all salesmen and indicate those who have and don’t have customers in their
cities (Use UNION operation.)

SELECT SALESMAN.SALESMAN_ID, NAME, CUST_NAME, COMMISSION

FROM SALESMAN, CUSTOMER
WHERE SALESMAN.CITY = CUSTOMER.CITY
UNION
SELECT SALESMAN_ID, NAME, 'NO MATCH', COMMISSION
FROM SALESMAN
WHERE NOT CITY = ANY
(SELECT CITY
FROM CUSTOMER)
ORDER BY 2 DESC;

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4. Create a view that finds the salesman who has the customer with the highest order
of a day.

CREATE VIEW ELITSALESMAN AS

SELECT B.ORD_DATE, A.SALESMAN_ID, A.NAME
FROM SALESMAN A, ORDERS B
WHERE A.SALESMAN_ID = B.SALESMAN_ID
AND B.PURCHASE_AMT=(SELECT MAX (PURCHASE_AMT)
FROM ORDERS C
WHERE C.ORD_DATE = B.ORD_DATE);

5. Demonstrate the DELETE operation by removing salesman with id 1000. All his
orders must also be deleted.

DELETE FROM SALESMAN

WHERE SALESMAN_ID=1000

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C. Consider the schema for Movie Database:

ACTOR (Act_id, Act_Name, Act_Gender)

DIRECTOR (Dir_id, Dir_Name, Dir_Phone)
MOVIES (Mov_id, Mov_Title, Mov_Year, Mov_Lang, Dir_id)
MOVIE_CAST (Act_id, Mov_id, Role)
RATING (Mov_id, Rev_Stars)
Write SQL queries to
1. List the titles of all movies directed by ‘Hitchcock’.
2. Find the movie names where one or more actors acted in two or more movies.
3. List all actors who acted in a movie before 2000 and also in a movie after
2015 (use JOIN operation).
4. Find the title of movies and number of stars for each movie that has at least one
rating and find the highest number of stars that movie received. Sort the result by
movie title.
5. Update rating of all movies directed by ‘Steven Spielberg’ to 5.

Solution:

Entity-Relationship Diagram

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Schema Diagram
Actor
Act_id Act_Name Act_Gender

Director
Dir_id Dir_Name Dir_Phone

Movies
Mov_id Mov_Title Mov_Year Mov_Lang Dir_id

Movie_Cast
Act_id Mov_id Role

Rating
Mov_id Rev_Stars

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE ACTOR (

ACT_ID NUMBER (3),
ACT_NAME VARCHAR (20),
ACT_GENDER CHAR (1),
PRIMARY KEY (ACT_ID));

CREATE TABLE DIRECTOR (

DIR_ID NUMBER (3),
DIR_NAME VARCHAR (20),
DIR_PHONE NUMBER (10),
PRIMARY KEY (DIR_ID));

CREATE TABLE MOVIES (

MOV_ID NUMBER (4),
MOV_TITLE VARCHAR (25),
MOV_YEAR NUMBER (4),
MOV_LANG VARCHAR (12),
DIR_ID NUMBER (3),
PRIMARY KEY (MOV_ID),
DIR_ID INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY (DIR_ID) REFERENCES DIRECTOR (DIR_ID));

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CREATE TABLE MOVIE_CAST (

ACT_ID NUMBER (3),
MOV_ID NUMBER (4),
ROLE VARCHAR (10),
PRIMARY KEY (ACT_ID, MOV_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (ACT_ID) REFERENCES ACTOR (ACT_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (MOV_ID) REFERENCES MOVIES (MOV_ID));

CREATE TABLE RATING (

MOV_ID NUMBER (4),
REV_STARS VARCHAR (25),
PRIMARY KEY (MOV_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (MOV_ID) REFERENCES MOVIES (MOV_ID));

Table Descriptions

DESC ACTOR;

DESC DIRECTOR;

DESC MOVIES;

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DESC MOVIE_CAST;

DESC RATING;

Insertion of Values to Tables

INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (301,’ANUSHKA’,’F’);

INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (302,’PRABHAS’,’M’);
INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (303,’PUNITH’,’M’);
INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (304,’JERMY’,’M’);

INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (60,’RAJAMOULI’, 8751611001);

INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (61,’HITCHCOCK’, 7766138911);
INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (62,’FARAN’, 9986776531);
INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (63,’STEVEN SPIELBERG’, 8989776530);

INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1001,’BAHUBALI-2’, 2017, ‘TELAGU’, 60);

INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1002,’BAHUBALI-1’, 2015, ‘TELAGU’, 60);
INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1003,’AKASH’, 2008, ‘KANNADA’, 61);
INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1004,’WAR HORSE’, 2011, ‘ENGLISH’, 63);

INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (301, 1002, ‘HEROINE’);

INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (301, 1001, ‘HEROINE’);
INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (303, 1003, ‘HERO’);
INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (303, 1002, ‘GUEST’);
INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (304, 1004, ‘HERO’);

INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1001, 4);

INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1002, 2);
INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1003, 5);
INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1004, 4);

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SELECT * FROM ACTOR;

SELECT * FROM DIRECTOR;

SELECT * FROM MOVIES;

SELECT * FROM MOVIE_CAST;

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SELECT * FROM RATING;

Queries:

1. List the titles of all movies directed by ‘Hitchcock’.

SELECT MOV_TITLE
FROM MOVIES
WHERE DIR_ID IN (SELECT DIR_ID
FROM DIRECTOR
WHERE DIR_NAME = ‘HITCHCOCK’);

2. Find the movie names where one or more actors acted in two or more movies.

SELECT MOV_TITLE
FROM MOVIES M, MOVIE_CAST MV
WHERE M.MOV_ID=MV.MOV_ID AND ACT_ID IN (SELECT ACT_ID
FROM MOVIE_CAST GROUP BY ACT_ID
HAVING COUNT (ACT_ID)>1)
GROUP BY MOV_TITLE
HAVING COUNT (*)>1;

3. List all actors who acted in a movie before 2000 and also in a movie after 2015 (use
JOIN operation).

SELECT ACT_NAME, MOV_TITLE, MOV_YEAR

FROM ACTOR A

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JOIN MOVIE_CAST C
ON A.ACT_ID=C.ACT_ID
JOIN MOVIES M
ON C.MOV_ID=M.MOV_ID
WHERE M.MOV_YEAR NOT BETWEEN 2000 AND 2015;

OR

SELECT A.ACT_NAME, A.ACT_NAME, C.MOV_TITLE, C.MOV_YEAR

FROM ACTOR A, MOVIE_CAST B, MOVIES C
WHERE A.ACT_ID=B.ACT_ID
AND B.MOV_ID=C.MOV_ID
AND C.MOV_YEAR NOT BETWEEN 2000 AND 2015;

4. Find the title of movies and number of stars for each movie that has at least one
rating and find the highest number of stars that movie received. Sort the result by
movie title.

SELECT MOV_TITLE, MAX (REV_STARS)

FROM MOVIES
INNER JOIN RATING USING (MOV_ID)
GROUP BY MOV_TITLE
HAVING MAX (REV_STARS)>0
ORDER BY MOV_TITLE;

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5. Update rating of all movies directed by ‘Steven Spielberg’ to 5

UPDATE RATING
SET REV_STARS=5
WHERE MOV_ID IN (SELECT MOV_ID FROM MOVIES
WHERE DIR_ID IN (SELECT DIR_ID
FROM DIRECTOR
WHERE DIR_NAME = ‘STEVEN
SPIELBERG’));

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D. Consider the schema for College Database:

STUDENT (USN, SName, Address, Phone, Gender)

SEMSEC (SSID, Sem, Sec)
CLASS (USN, SSID)
SUBJECT (Subcode, Title, Sem, Credits)
IAMARKS (USN, Subcode, SSID, Test1, Test2, Test3, FinalIA)
Write SQL queries to
1. List all the student details studying in fourth semester ‘C’ section.
2. Compute the total number of male and female students in each semester and in each
section.
3. Create a view of Test1 marks of student USN ‘1BI15CS101’ in all subjects.
4. Calculate the FinalIA (average of best two test marks) and update the
corresponding table for all students.
5. Categorize students based on the following criterion:
If FinalIA = 17 to 20 then CAT = ‘Outstanding’
If FinalIA = 12 to 16 then CAT = ‘Average’
If FinalIA< 12 then CAT = ‘Weak’
Give these details only for 8th semester A, B, and C section students.
Solution:

Entity - Relationship Diagram

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Schema Diagram

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE STUDENT (

USN VARCHAR (10) PRIMARY KEY,
SNAME VARCHAR (25),
ADDRESS VARCHAR (25),
PHONE NUMBER (10),
GENDER CHAR (1));

CREATE TABLE SEMSEC (

SSID VARCHAR (5) PRIMARY KEY,
SEM NUMBER (2),
SEC CHAR (1));

CREATE TABLE CLASS (

USN VARCHAR (10),
SSID VARCHAR (5),
PRIMARY KEY (USN, SSID),
FOREIGN KEY (USN) REFERENCES STUDENT (USN),
FOREIGN KEY (SSID) REFERENCES SEMSEC (SSID));

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CREATE TABLE SUBJECT (

SUBCODE VARCHAR (8),
TITLE VARCHAR (20),
SEM NUMBER (2),
CREDITS NUMBER (2),
PRIMARY KEY (SUBCODE));

CREATE TABLE IAMARKS (

USN VARCHAR (10),
SUBCODE VARCHAR (8),
SSID VARCHAR (5),
TEST1 NUMBER (2),
TEST2 NUMBER (2),
TEST3 NUMBER (2),
FINALIA NUMBER (2),
PRIMARY KEY (USN, SUBCODE, SSID),
FOREIGN KEY (USN) REFERENCES STUDENT (USN),
FOREIGN KEY (SUBCODE) REFERENCES SUBJECT (SUBCODE),
FOREIGN KEY (SSID) REFERENCES SEMSEC (SSID));

Table Descriptions

DESC STUDENT;

DESC SEMSEC;

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DESC CLASS;

DESC SUBJECT;

DESC IAMARKS;

Insertion of values to tables

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP13CS020','AKSHAY','BELAGAVI',

8877881122,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP13CS062','SANDHYA','BENGALURU',
7722829912,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP13CS091','TEESHA','BENGALURU',
7712312312,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP13CS066','SUPRIYA','MANGALURU',
8877881122,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENTVALUES ('1AP14CS010','ABHAY','BENGALURU',
9900211201,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP14CS032','BHASKAR','BENGALURU',
9923211099,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENTVALUES ('1 AP14CS025','ASMI','BENGALURU', 7894737377,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP15CS011','AJAY','TUMKUR', 9845091341,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP15CS029','CHITRA','DAVANGERE',
7696772121,'F');

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INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP15CS045','JEEVA','BELLARY', 9944850121,'M');

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP15CS091','SANTOSH','MANGALURU',
8812332201,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP16CS045','ISMAIL','KALBURGI',
9900232201,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP16CS088','SAMEERA','SHIMOGA',
9905542212,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1AP16CS122','VINAYAKA','CHIKAMAGALUR',
8800880011,'M');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE8A’, 8,’A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE8B’, 8,’B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE8C’, 8,’C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE7A', 7,’A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE7B’, 7,'B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE7C', 7,'C');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE6A', 6,'A');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE6B’, 6,’B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE6C’, 6,’C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE5A’, 5,'A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE5B', 5,'B');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE5C', 5,'C');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE4A’, 4,’A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE4B', 4,’B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE4C’, 4,'C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE3A', 3,'A');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE3B', 3,'B');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE3C’, 3,’C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE2A', 2,’A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE2B’, 2,'B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE2C', 2,'C');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE1A', 1,'A');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE1B’, 1,’B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE1C', 1,’C’);

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INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP13CS020’,’CSE8A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP13CS062’,’CSE8A’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP13CS066’,’CSE8B’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP13CS091’,’CSE8C’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP14CS010’,’CSE7A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP14CS025’,’CSE7A’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP14CS032’,’CSE7A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP15CS011’,’CSE4A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP15CS029’,’CSE4A’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP15CS045’,’CSE4B’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP15CS091’,’CSE4C’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP16CS045’,’CSE3A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP16CS088’,’CSE3B’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1AP16CS122’,’CSE3C’);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS81','ACA', 8, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS82','SSM', 8, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS83','NM', 8, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS84','CC', 8, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS85','PW', 8, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS71','OOAD', 7, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS72','ECS', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS73','PTW', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS74','DWDM', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES (‘10CS75','JAVA', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS76','SAN', 7, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS51', 'ME', 5, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS52','CN', 5, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS53','DBMS', 5, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS54','ATC', 5, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS55','JAVA', 5, 3);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS56','AI', 5, 3);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS41','M4', 4, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS42','SE', 4, 4);

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INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS43','DAA', 4, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS44','MPMC', 4, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS45','OOC', 4, 3);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS46','DC', 4, 3);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS31','M3', 3, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS32','ADE', 3, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS33','DSA', 3, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS34','CO', 3, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS35','USP', 3, 3);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS36','DMS', 3, 3);

INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1AP13CS091','10CS81','CSE8C', 15, 16, 18);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1AP13CS091','10CS82','CSE8C', 12, 19, 14);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1AP13CS091','10CS83','CSE8C', 19, 15, 20);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1AP13CS091','10CS84','CSE8C', 20, 16, 19);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1AP13CS091','10CS85','CSE8C', 15, 15, 12);

SELECT * FROM STUDENT;

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SELECT * FROM SEMSEC;

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SELECT * FROM CLASS;

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SELECT * FROM SUBJECT;

SELECT * FROM IAMARKS;

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Queries:

1. List all the student details studying in fourth semester ‘C’ section.
SELECT S.*, SS.SEM, SS.SEC
FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, CLASS C
WHERE S.USN = C.USN AND
SS.SSID = C.SSID AND
SS.SEM = 4 AND
SS.SEc=’C’;

2. Compute the total number of male and female students in each semester and in each
section.

SELECT SS.SEM, SS.SEC, S.GENDER, COUNT (S.GENDER) AS COUNT

FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, CLASS C
WHERES.USN = C.USN AND
SS.SSID = C.SSID
GROUP BY SS.SEM, SS.SEC, S.GENDER
ORDER BY SEM;

3. Create a view of Test1 marks of student USN ‘1BI15CS101’ in all subjects.

CREATE VIEW STU_TEST1_MARKS_VIEW
AS
SELECT TEST1, SUBCODE
FROM IAMARKS
WHERE USN = '1RN13CS091';

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4. Calculate the FinalIA (average of best two test marks) and update the corresponding
table for all students.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE AVGMARKS
IS
CURSOR C_IAMARKS IS
SELECT GREATEST(TEST1,TEST2) AS A, GREATEST(TEST1,TEST3) AS B,
GREATEST(TEST3,TEST2) AS C
FROM IAMARKS
WHERE FINALIA IS NULL
FOR UPDATE;

C_A NUMBER;
C_B NUMBER;
C_C NUMBER;
C_SM NUMBER;
C_AV NUMBER;

BEGIN
OPEN C_IAMARKS;
LOOP
FETCH C_IAMARKS INTO C_A, C_B, C_C;
EXIT WHEN C_IAMARKS%NOTFOUND;
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C_A || ' ' || C_B || ' ' || C_C);
IF (C_A != C_B) THEN
C_SM:=C_A+C_B;
ELSE
C_SM:=C_A+C_C;
END IF;

C_AV:=C_SM/2;
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SUM = '||C_SM);
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('AVERAGE = '||C_AV);

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UPDATE IAMARKS SET FINALIA=C_AV WHERE CURRENT OF C_IAMARKS;

END LOOP;
CLOSE C_IAMARKS;
END;
/
Note: Before execution of PL/SQL procedure, IAMARKS table contents are:

SELECT * FROM IAMARKS;

Below SQL code is to invoke the PL/SQL stored procedure from the command line:
BEGIN
AVGMARKS;
END;

5. Categorize students based on the following criterion:

If FinalIA = 17 to 20 then CAT = ‘Outstanding’
If FinalIA = 12 to 16 then CAT = ‘Average’
If FinalIA< 12 then CAT = ‘Weak’
Give these details only for 8th semester A, B, and C section students.

SELECT S.USN,S.SNAME,S.ADDRESS,S.PHONE,S.GENDER,
(CASE
WHEN IA.FINALIA BETWEEN 17 AND 20 THEN 'OUTSTANDING'
WHEN IA.FINALIA BETWEEN 12 AND 16 THEN 'AVERAGE'
ELSE 'WEAK'

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END) AS CAT
FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, IAMARKS IA, SUBJECT SUB
WHERE S.USN = IA.USN AND
SS.SSID = IA.SSID AND
SUB.SUBCODE = IA.SUBCODE AND
SUB.SEM = 8;

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E. Consider the schema for Company Database:

EMPLOYEE (SSN, Name, Address, Sex, Salary, SuperSSN, DNo)

DEPARTMENT (DNo, DName, MgrSSN, MgrStartDate)
DLOCATION (DNo,DLoc)
PROJECT (PNo, PName, PLocation, DNo)
WORKS_ON (SSN, PNo, Hours)
Write SQL queries to
1. Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is ‘Scott’, either as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls
the project.
2. Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘IoT’ project is given a
10 percent raise.
3. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well
as the maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this
department
4. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects controlled by
department number 5 (use NOT EXISTS operator). For each department that has
more than five employees, retrieve the department number and the number of its
employees who are making more than Rs. 6,00,000.

Entity-Relationship Diagram

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Schema Diagram

Employee

SSN Fname Lname Address Sex Salary SuperSSN DNO

Department

DNO Dname MgrSSN MgrStartDate

DLocation

DNO DLOC

Project

PNO PName PLocation DNO

Works_on

SSN PNO Hours

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT

(DNO VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR (20),
MGRSTARTDATE DATE);

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(SSN VARCHAR (20) PRIMARY KEY, FNAME VARCHAR (20),
LNAME VARCHAR (20),
ADDRESS VARCHAR (20),
SEX CHAR (1), SALARY INTEGER,
SUPERSSN VARCHAR (20),
FOREIGN KEY(SUPERSSN) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),
DNO VARCHAR(20),
FOREIGN KEY(DNO) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

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NOTE: Once DEPARTMENT and EMPLOYEE tables are created we must alter department
table to add foreign constraint MGRSSN using sql command

ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT

ADD MGRSSN VARCHAR (20), FOREIGN KEY(MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN);

CREATE TABLE DLOCATION

(DLOC VARCHAR (20),
DNO VARCHAR(20),
FOREIGN KEY(DNO) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO),
PRIMARY KEY (DNO, DLOC));

CREATE TABLE PROJECT

(PNO INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
PNAME VARCHAR (20),
PLOCATION VARCHAR(20),
DNO VARCHAR(20),
FOREIGN KEY(DNO) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

CREATE TABLE WORKS_ON

(HOURS NUMBER (2),
SSN VARCHAR(20),
FOREIGN KEY(SSN) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),
PNO INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY(PNO) REFERENCES PROJECT(PNO),
PRIMARY KEY (SSN, PNO));

Table Descriptions

DESC EMPLOYEE;

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DESC DEPARTMENT;

DESC DLOCATION;

DESC PROJECT;

DESC WORKS_ON;

Insertion of values to tables

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSECE01’,’JOHN’,’SCOTT’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSCSE01’,’JAMES’,’SMITH’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSCSE02’,’HEARN’,’BAKER’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 700000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSCSE03’,’EDWARD’,’SCOTT’,’MYSORE’,’M’, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSCSE04’,’PAVAN’,’HEGDE’,’MANGALORE’,’M’, 650000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSCSE05’,’GIRISH’,’MALYA’,’MYSORE’,’M’, 450000);

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INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSCSE06’,’NEHA’,’SN’,’BANGALORE’,’F’, 800000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSACC01’,’AHANA’,’K’,’MANGALORE’,’F’, 350000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSACC02’,’SANTHOSH’,’KUMAR’,’MANGALORE’,’M’, 300000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSISE01’,’VEENA’,’M’,’MYSORE’,’M’, 600000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘APSIT01’,’NAGESH’,’HR’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 500000);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘1’,’ACCOUNTS’,’01-JAN-01’,’APSACC02’);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘2’,’IT’,’01-AUG-16’,’APSIT01’);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘3’,’ECE’,’01-JUN-08’,’APSECE01’);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘4’,’ISE’,’01-AUG-15’,’APSISE01’);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘5’,’CSE’,’01-JUN-02’,’APSCSE05’);

Note: update entries of employee table to fill missing fields SUPERSSN and DNO

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=NULL, DNO=’3’
WHERE SSN=’APSECE01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=’APSCSE02’, DNO=’5’
WHERE SSN=’APSCSE01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=’APSCSE03’, DNO=’5’
WHERE SSN=’APSCSE02’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=’APSCSE04’, DNO=’5’
WHERE SSN=’APSCSE03’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’5’, SUPERSSN=’APSCSE05’
WHERE SSN=’APSCSE04’;

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UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’5’, SUPERSSN=’APSCSE06’
WHERE SSN=’APSCSE05’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’5’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’APSCSE06’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’1’, SUPERSSN=’APSACC02’
WHERE SSN=’APSACC01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’1’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’APSACC02’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’4’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’APSISE01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’2’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’APSIT01’;

INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’BANGALORE’, ‘1’);

INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’BANGALORE’, ‘2’);
INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’BANGALORE’, ‘3’);
INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’MANGALORE’, ‘4’);
INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’MANGALORE’, ‘5’);

INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (100,’IOT’,’BANGALORE’,’5’);

INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (101,’CLOUD’,’BANGALORE’,’5’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (102,’BIGDATA’,’BANGALORE’,’5’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (103,’SENSORS’,’BANGALORE’,’3’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (104,’BANK MANAGEMENT’,’BANGALORE’,’1’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (105,’SALARY MANAGEMENT’,’BANGALORE’,’1’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (106,’OPENSTACK’,’BANGALORE’,’4’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (107,’SMART CITY’,’BANGALORE’,’2’);

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INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (4, ‘APSCSE01’, 100);

INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (6, ‘APSCSE01’, 101);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (8, ‘APSCSE01’, 102);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (10, ‘APSCSE02’, 100);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (3, ‘APSCSE04’, 100);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (4, ‘APSCSE05’, 101);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (5, ‘APSCSE06’, 102);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (6, ‘APSCSE03’, 102);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (7, ‘APSECE01’, 103);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (5, ‘APSACC01’, 104);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (6, ‘APSACC02’, 105);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (4, ‘APSISE01’, 106);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (10, ‘APSIT01’, 107);

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENT;

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SELECT * FROM DLOCATION;

SELECT * FROM PROJECT;

SELECT * FROM WORKS_ON;

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Queries:

1. Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is ‘Scott’, either as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls the
project.

(SELECT DISTINCT P.PNO

FROM PROJECT P, DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E
WHERE E.DNO=D.DNO
AND D.MGRSSN=E.SSN
AND E.LNAME=’SCOTT’)
UNION
(SELECT DISTINCT P1.PNO
FROM PROJECT P1, WORKS_ON W, EMPLOYEE E1
WHERE P1.PNO=W.PNO
AND E1.SSN=W.SSN
AND E1.LNAME=’SCOTT’);

2. Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘IoT’ project is given a 10
percent raise.
SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, 1.1*E.SALARY AS INCR_SAL
FROM EMPLOYEE E, WORKS_ON W, PROJECT P
WHERE E.SSN=W.SSN
AND W.PNO=P.PNO
AND P.PNAME=’IOT’;

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3. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well as
the maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this department

SELECT SUM (E.SALARY), MAX (E.SALARY), MIN (E.SALARY), AVG

(E.SALARY)
FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPARTMENT D
WHERE E.DNO=D.DNO
AND D.DNAME=’ACCOUNTS’;

4. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects Controlled by
department number 5 (use NOT EXISTS operator).
SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE E
WHERE NOT EXISTS((SELECT PNO
FROM PROJECT
WHERE DNO=’5’)
MINUS (SELECT PNO
FROM WORKS_ON
WHERE E.SSN=SSN));

5. For each department that has more than five employees, retrieve the department
number and the number of its employees who are making more than Rs. 6, 00,000.
SELECT D.DNO, COUNT (*)
FROM DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E
WHERE D.DNO=E.DNO
AND E.SALARY>600000
AND D.DNO IN (SELECT E1.DNO
FROM EMPLOYEE E1
GROUP BY E1.DNO
HAVING COUNT (*)>5)
GROUP BY D.DNO;

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Viva Questions

1. What is SQL?
Structured Query Language
2. What is database?
A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning,
representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data
for a specific purpose.
3. What is DBMS?
It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other
words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining,
constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.
4. What is a Database system?
The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system.
5. Advantages of DBMS?
 Redundancy is controlled.
 Unauthorized access is restricted.
 Providing multiple user interfaces.
 Enforcing integrity constraints.
 Providing backup and recovery.
6. Disadvantage in File Processing System?
 Data redundancy & inconsistency.
 Difficult in accessing data.
 Data isolation.
 Data integrity.
 Concurrent access is not possible.
 Security Problems.
7. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
There are three levels of abstraction:
 Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.
 Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in
database and what relationship among those data.

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 View level:The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.
8. Define the "integrity rules"
There are two Integrity rules.
 Entity Integrity:States that “Primary key cannot have NULL value”
 Referential Integrity:States that “Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or
should be Primary Key value of other relation.
9. What is extension and intension?
Extension - It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time
dependent.
Intension -It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid
on it.
10. What is Data Independence?
Data independence means that “the application is independent of the storage structure and
access strategy of data”. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level
should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence:
 Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the
logical level.
 Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view
level.
NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve
11. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?
A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its
own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is
no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data
dictionary.
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can
insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for
logical data independence.
12. What is Data Model?

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A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and
constraints.
13. What is E-R model?
This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of
relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.
14. What is Object Oriented model?
This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance
variables within the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object.
These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same
methods are grouped together into classes.
15. What is an Entity?
It is an 'object' in the real world with an independent existence.
16. What is an Entity type?
It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.
17. What is an Entity set?
It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.
18. What is an Extension of entity type?
The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity
set.
19. What is an attribute?
It is a particular property, which describes the entity.
20. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?
A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, …, An) is made up of the relation name
R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r
be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ...,tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-
values t=(v1,v2, ..., vn).
21. What is degree of a Relation?
It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.
22. What is Relationship?
It is an association among two or more entities.
23. What is Relationship set?

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The collection (or set) of similar relationships.

24. What is Relationship type?
Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of
entitytypes.
25. What is degree of Relationship type?
It is the number of entity type participating.
26. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?
A data base schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language
called DDL.
27. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?
It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.
28. What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)?
This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping
between two schemas.
29. What is Data Storage - Definition Language?
The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a
set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage- definition language.
30. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?
This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate
data model.
 Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed
and how to get those data.
 Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are
needed without specifying how to get those data.
31. What is DML Compiler?
It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the
queryevaluation engine can understand.
32. What is Relational Algebra?
It is a procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or
two relations as input and produce a new relation.
33. What is Relational Calculus?

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It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed

by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL, ALPHA, QUEL.
34. What is normalization?
It is a process of analyzing the given relation schemas based on their Functional
Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties
 Minimizing redundancy
 Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.
35. What is Functional Dependency?
A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y
that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of
R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] =
t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of
component Y.
36. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?
 Everydependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.
 We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a
proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.
 We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is
equivalent to F.
37. What is Multivalued dependency?
Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X
and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two
tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the
following properties
 t3[x] = t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X]
 t3[Y] = t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y]
 t3[Z] = t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z]
where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ]
38. What is Lossless join property?
It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation
schemas after decomposition.

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39. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?

The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.
40. What is Fully Functional dependency?
It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is
fully functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency
does not hold any more.
41. What is 2NF?
A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully
functionally dependent on primary key.
42. What is 3NF?
A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the
following is true
 X is a Super-key of R.
 A is a prime attribute of R.
In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.
43. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?
A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies additional constraints that for
every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.
44. What is 4NF?
A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y
that holds over R, one of following is true
 X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.
 X is a super key.
45. What is 5NF?
A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ...,Rn} that
holds R, one the following is true
 Ri = R for some i.
 The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is keyof R.

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46. What is Domain-Key Normal Form?

A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the
constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the
relation.
47. What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?
Partial Key:
It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to
same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.
Alternate Key:
All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys.
ArtificialKey:
If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last
resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then
this is known as developing an artificial key.
CompoundKey:
If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then
combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a
compound key.
NaturalKey:
When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary
key, then it is called the natural key.
48. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?
Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.
 Binary search style indexing
 B-Tree indexing
 Inverted list indexing
 Memory resident table
 Table indexing

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