PathFit 2

MODULE 5: Part 2, Unit 4

Monitoring Exercise Intensity

ABOUT PATHFIT 2
PathFit 2 builds on the foundation of motor skills
achieved through core training. It will provide
experiences in a variety of exercise programs for
the purpose of maintaining and enhancing
cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness (I.e.,
core stability, muscle strength, endurance and
power). It includes speed and agility training with a
focus on body coordination and balance. In
conjunction with fitness and wellness concepts,
exercise and healthy eating principles, learners will
be able to enhance their fitness through goal
setting and application of the exercise principles
(I.e., frequency, intensity, time, type, progression,
and volume); adapt their movement
competencies to independent physical activity
(PA) pursuits and periodically evaluate their PA
and eating patterns to monitor their progress and
achievement of personal fitness and dietary goals.
Unit 4: MONITORING EXERCISE INTENSITY
Overview:

In this chapter, Cardiorespiratory and Musculoskeletal system will be

discussed to better understand how to monitor one’s exercise intensity. One’s level of
cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility will be
assessed, and the results of which are interpreted in order to monitor progress and
prescribe modifications to the program.

Objectives:

At the end of this unit, you are expected to:

1. Assess your cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and
endurance, and flexibility;
2. Interpret the assessment results according to health and fitness standards;
and
3. Evaluate improvements in fitness achieved through exercise programs and
modify the prescriptions accordingly.

Pre-assessment:

Part I: Identification
Direction: Look at the figure below, and try to identify the different parts of
the heart. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. _______________

2. _______________
6. ___________

3. _______________

4. _______________

5. _______________
 Part II: Essay
Direction: Read the following questions and try to answer it. Write your
answer on the space provided.

1. What do you think is/are the function/s of cardiorespiratory system in our

body?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. For you, what exercises are helpful to improve your cardiorespiratory

endurance?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Learning Activity:

4.1. Cardiorespiratory System

The cardiovascular system keeps the blood circulating when tissue cells take
in nutrients from and excrete metabolic by-products such as lactic acid and carbon
dioxide to their immediate environment . This ensures a continuous supply of oxygen
and nutrients and prevents pollution from the build-up of wastes.Using blood as the
transport medium, the heart pumps the oxygen, nutrients, metabolic by-products, and
other substances into the vessels that move to and from the cells.
Heart
The heart has four chambers: two superior atria and two inferior
ventricles. The right side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit pump.
Deoxygenetaed blood returning from the body enters the right atrium and
passes into the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary
trunk. In the lungs, the blood unloads CO2 and picks up O2. The freshly
oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins back to the left side of the
heart.
The left side of the heart is the systemic circuit pump. Freshly
oxygenated blood leaving the lungs is returned to the left atrium and passes
into the left ventricle, which pumps it into the aorta. Considering the heart’s
two sides, we may observe that our circulatory system is a double circulatory
system.
Although equal volumes of blood are flowing into the pulmonary and
systemic circuits at any moment, the right ventricles have unequal workloads.
The pulmonary circuit, served by the right ventricle, is a short, low-pressure
circulation, whereas the systemic circuit, associated with the left ventricle,
takes a long pathway through the entire body and encounters great
resistance to blood flow. Consequently, the left ventricle can generate much
more pressure than the right and is a more powerful pump.
The heart undergoes some fairly dramatic movements as it alternately
contracts, forcing blood out of its chambers, and then relaxes, allowing its
chambers to refill with blood. The terms systole and diastole refer respectively,
to these contraction and relaxation periods of heart activity.
Figure 1
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuit of the Heart
2
Pulmonary Circuit 2 Blood flows from the
2 right atrium into the
1 Waste-carrying,
oxygen-poor blood right ventricle; from
enters the right there it is pumped
atrium from the through the
superior and inferior pulmonary arteries
vanae cavae. into the lungs.

Reduced
cardiac output
To the lungs
From lungs

Left ventricle

Systemic Systemic Reduced flow of

veins arteries oxygen-rich blood

Pressure increase in
venous return system

4 Oxygen-rich blood
flows from the left
3 In the lungs, blood picks atrium into the left
up oxygen and discards
carbon dioxide; it then Systemic Circuit ventricle; from there it
flows through the is pumped through the
pulmonary veins into the aorta into the rest of
left atrium. the body’s blood
vessels.
The alternating expansion and recoil of elastic arteries during each
cardiac cycle creates a pressure wave which is felt as the pulse. By
compressing an artery against the firm tissue, the heart rate can be counted.
The radial pulse (at the wrist) and the carotid pulse (at the side of the neck)
are routinely used because of their accessibility. (see Figure 2 below)

Figure 2
Radial and Carotid Pulse

Lungs
 The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system.
Deoxygenated blood that is pumped by the heart to the lungs unloads its
carbon dioxide. This is expelled from the body through expiration or
exhalation (breathing out). Through inspiration or inhalation, the body
breathes in air that contains oxygen which diffuses into the blood. This
oxygenated blood returns to the heart, which now pumps it to the rest of the
body. When the oxygenated blood reaches the cells, gas exchange takes
place - cells give off their waste products, and take in oxygen from the blood.
This process is known as internal respiration. Deoxygenated blood now
returns to the heart and the entire process is repeated.

Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, and Heart Rate

Cardiac output refers to the heart’s ability to pump out blood every
minute. When the heart contracts, it pumps blood out of its chambers. This
amount of blood pumped out with each contraction is referred to as stroke
volume. The frequency at which the heart beats or contracts is called our
heart rate. Cardiac output is, therefore, the product of stroke volume and
heart rate.
At rest, only 15-20% of the cardiac output goes to the muscles. During
the intense exercises, the muscle receives 80-85% of the cardiac output. This
shift in blood flow to the muscles is accomplished primarily by a decrease in
blood flow to the kidneys, liver, stomach, and intestines. When the body
temperature increases as the direct result of exercise and/or high
environmental temperatures, an increasing amount of blood is redirected to
the skin to dissipate heat. This increase in skin blood flow reduces the
amount of blood available to supply the muscles and explains why most
physical activities performed in hot conditions are well below average.
Hydration, is therefore, key to maintaining one’s participation and ensuring
safety under such conditions.

Try to answer this:

Explain how does respiratory and circulatory system work together. How are
they interconnected?
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________

4.2. Assessing Cardiorespiratory Endurance

The best quantitative measure of cardiorespiratory endurance is VO₂ max, or
the maximum amount of oxygen your body can transport and utilize during maximum
exercise.

How do we assess Cardiorespiratory Endurance?

A. Step Test
The Queens College step test is also known as the McArdle Step Test.
It requires you to step up and down to a step which has the height of 16.25
inches (41.25 cm) high for three minutes. One complete cycle consists of
 step up with one leg, step up with the other leg, step down with the first leg,
and step down with the last leg (up-up-down-down). The four-step cadence is
at a rate of 24 per minute for men, and 22 per minute for women. Set the
metronome beat at 96 beats per minute for men, and 88 beats per minute for
women. After three minutes, stop and palpate your pulse while standing
within the first six seconds. Multiply by 10 to determine your recovery heart
rate. Determine your VO₂ max using the following formula.

B. Fixed Distance Test

1. The Rockport 1-mile walk test is recommended for those who are unable
to run because of low fitness (e.g. deconditioned, obese, elderly). It
requires you to walk briskly for 1 mile or 4 laps around a standard 400
meters track oval. You need to determine your body weight in pounds first
before the test.
After completing four laps, immediately:
(a) Record your completion time, and
(b) Count your pulse for 15 seconds and multiply it by 4 to obtain your
recovery heart rate in beats per minute.
Convert your walking time such that the seconds is divided into 60
(because there are 60 seconds in one minute). For example, if you
completed the test in 12 minutes and 15 seconds, your walking time is
12 + 15/60 = 12.25 minutes.

Determine your VO2max* using the following formula:

VO₂ max= 88.768 - (0.0957 x weight ) + (8.892 x sex ) - (1.4537 x

time ) - (0.1194 x HR recovery)

Where: weight is in pounds; sex is 0 for women, and 1 for men; time
is walking time in minutes and HR recovery is 15 second pulse count
x 4.

2. The 1.5 mile run test is for individuals who are able to jog continuously for
15 minutes. It requires completing 1.5 mile distance or 6 laps around
standard track oval. Record the walking time (divide the seconds into 60)
to complete the test and determine the VO2max using the formula:

VO₂ max= 3.5 + (483/time)

C. Fixed Time Test

The 12 - minute walk /run test (also known as the Cooper test)
requires you to cover the maximum distance in 12 minutes by walking,
running, or combination of both. At the end of 12 minutes, record the distance
covered in meters and determine VO2max using the formula:

VO₂ max= (distance in meters - 504.9 ) / 44.73

 After obtaining your VO₂ max you can determine your current fitness level
based on the table:

Table 1:
CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS ACCORDING TO MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO₂ MAX)
VO₂ MAX VALUES
Sex Age Very Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
Poor
Female 13-19 <25 25-30.9 31-34.9 35-38.9 39-41.9 >41.9

20-29 <23.6 23.6-28.9 29-32.9 33-36.9 37-41 >41

Male 13-19 <35 35-38.3 38.4-45.1 45.2-50.9 51-55.9 >55.9

20-29 <33 33-36.4 36.5-42.4 42.5-46.4 46.5-52.4 >52.4

(Cooper Institute for Academic Research, 1997 as cited in Heyward, 1998)

*Adapted from Hoeger, W.K. & Hoeger, S. (2009). Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program, 10th
ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, CEngage Learning p.183

Activity 1: Computing your

VO2max
Direction: Choose between Step test, Fixed Distance Tests, and Fixed Time Test
assessment will you perform to compute your own VO2max (maximum amount of
oxygen your body can transport and utilize during maximum exercise). Write your
solution in the box.

4.3. Assessing Exercise Intensity

The most individualized and critical criterion for determining an exercise prescription
is the exercise intensity. It reflects the level of difficulty of an exercise or how much
effort one exerts during exercise. You can monitor the intensity through the heart rate,
rating of perceived exertion, talk test, metabolic equivalent (MET) and caloric
expenditure.
Heart Rate
When performing low-to-moderate exercise, there is a linear
relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption. This means that an
increase in heart rate is accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption.
 Conversely, if heart rate decreases, so does the oxygen consumption. To
monitor your heart rate response, locate and measure your pulse. Next,
calculate your training zone, which represents your target heart rate during
exercise.

Try to answer this:

What do you think will happen if the exercise intensity goes beyond the
moderate range?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What will be the result if there’s a reduction in blood flow to the body?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Rating of Perceived Exertion

RPE, sometimes called the Borg Scale (Borg, 1982), was design by
Dr. Gunner Borg in order to indicate one’s level of perceived physical effort. It
avoids the need to stop and count heart rate during exercise. The original
scale was based on numerical (6-20) and descriptive associations (light to
hard) of fatigue or exertion. “There tends to be a relatively good relationship
between the RPE number/scale and exercise heart rate. If you multiply the
number from the scale by 10, you will find it relates well with your current
exercise heart rate” (Kotecki, 2011, p.67). Moderate intensity is associated
with an RPE rating of 12 (somewhat hard) to 16 (very hard) and is
recommended to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (ACSM, 2010).

Table 2: RPE (BORG) SCALE

Rating Description Rating Description
6 Very, very light 13 Somewhat hard
7 14 Hard
8 Very light 15
9 16 Very hard
10 17
Fairly light
11 18
Very, very hard
12 Somewhat hard 19-20

Try to answer this:

How will you rate the intensity of the step test after performance? How does
this compare to your RPE in the 1.5 mile run? What can you say about your
current fitness level in light of these ratings?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 Talk Test
Individual should be able to breathe comfortably and rhythmically
KEY TERMS
RPE
throughout all phases of a workout to ensure a safe and comfortable level of
Rating of exercise, especially for those just beginning a exercise program. A moderate-
perceived exertion intensity exercise is one wherein you can carry on a conversation, but cannot
or Borg Scale sing. If you struggle to say a few words and need to take a breath to do so,
indicates one’s you are exercising at a vigorous-intensity. Like the RPE, it is subjective
level of perceived ( measure relative intensity) but is quite useful in determining a “comfort zone”
physical effort
of aerobic intensity.
without having to
stop and count
one’s heart rate Metabolic Equivalent (MET)
during exercise. The metabolic equivalent or MET is equal to the oxygen consumption
at rest (1 MET = 3.5 ml of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute). Multiples
MET of a MET are then used to classify various activities in terms of their intensity
Metabolic
equivalent is a
relative to the resting state. For example, walking 3.5 miles per hour is equal
physiological to 4 METs. This means that the oxygen you consume while performing this
measure of the activity is four times above that of resting time.
amount of oxygen It is generally recommended that you use MET level between 50 and
consumed while 85% of your maximal MET capacity for cardiorespiratory fitness gains (ACSM,
sitting at rest and 2010). What does this mean? If you have the capacity of 10 METs, exercise
is equal to 3.5 ml
at 5 to 8.5 METS.
O2 per kg body
weight x min.
The table below provides approximate MET values for a variety of
light, moderate, and vigorous activities.

Table 3: MET Values

Light Moderate Vigorous

< 3.0 METs 3.0–6.0 METs > 6.0 METs

Sitting at a desk: Housework (cleaning, Walking at very brisk pace

1.3 sweeping): 3.5 (4.5 mph): 6.3

Sitting, playing Weight training (lighter Bicycling 12–14 mph (flat

cards: 1.5 weights): 3.5 terrain): 8

Golf (walking, pulling clubs): Circuit training (minimal rest):

Standing at a desk:
4.3 8
1.8

Strolling at a slow Brisk walking (3.5–4 mph):

Singles tennis: 8
pace: 2.0 5

Washing dishes: Weight training (heavier Shoveling, digging ditches:

2.2 weights): 5 8.5

Yard work (mowing,

Hatha yoga: 2.5 Competitive soccer: 10
moderate effort): 5
 Swimming laps (leisurely
Fishing (sitting): 2.5 Running (7 mph): 11.5
pace): 6

For example: Let’s say you weigh 160 pounds (approximately 73 kg)
and you play singles tennis, which has a MET value of 8 (according to
the table).

The formula would work as follows: 8 x 3.5 x 73 / 200 = 10.2 calories

per minute. If you play tennis for an hour, you’ll burn about 613
calories.

Highlighted numbers are constant.

Caloric Expenditure
Calories are used to measure the cost of energy expenditure of
physical activities. The more work we do, the more energy we expend and
that more calories we use.
(BMR and TDEE formula and computation)

4.4 Muscular System

The word muscle was coined from the Latin word ‘mus’ which means ‘mouse’
because flexing the muscle looks like a mouse scurrying beneath the skin.
Muscles are classified into cardiac, skeletal (striated, or striped in appearance and
voluntary), and smooth (non-striated and involuntary). They all possess the following:
1. Excitability – respond to stimulus;
2. Contractility – generate force to produce movement;
3. Extensibility – to stretch beyond resting length; and
4. Elasticity – to resume original length after being stretch.

Skeletal Muscle Structure

The structure of skeletal muscle forms the basis for understanding
how it contracts. A skeletal muscle is composed of individual fibers bond
together by a sheath of connective tissues. These individual fibers appear
elongated and are called myofibrils. Myofibrils are the basic unit of a muscle.
Strength training increases the size (hypertrophy) of the myofibrils. Myofibrils
are called a fascicle.
The contractile unit within the myofibrils contains myofilaments named actin
(thin one) and myosin (thick one). The myosin filaments have tiny projection
(called cross bridges) on each end that extend toward the actin filaments. A
myofibril consists of two protein filaments, the actin (thin) and myosin (thick
with cross bridges). When powered by ATP, these filaments slide over each
other and overlap to a certain degree, thereby producing significant force.
When this happens, we describe it as muscle contraction.
 Figure 3: Structure of Skeletal Muscles

KEY TERMS
Muscle
Muscle Contraction
Contraction There are two types of muscular contraction:Dynamic and Static.
Significant force Dynamic contraction is refers to a change in the length of the muscle
produced by the when it applies force as a result of cross bridge activity. When the muscle
sliding and applies force as it shortens, the contraction is referred to as concentric. When
overlapping of it lengthens, it is referred to as eccentric contraction. Just like performing a
myofilaments
push up, when you lower your self to the ground, the biceps muscles are
powered by ATP.
contracting eccentrically, while the triceps muscles are contracting
Slow-twitch (ST) eccentrically. Furthermore, static or isometric contraction produces significant
versus fast-twitch force without any considerable change in the length of the muscle. An
(FT) Muscle Fibers example of this contraction is plank position, where the core hip, and leg
ST muscle fibers muscles are contracting isometrically.
have greater
capacity for
aerobic work, are Assessing Muscular Fitness
highly resistant to Musculoskeletal fitness integrates not just muscular strength,
fatigue but but also muscular endurance, and flexibility. Muscle strength, or the
contract slowly. FT maximal force that can be generated, is specific to the muscle group
muscle fibers tested , the type of contraction, and the angle of the joint. Thus, there
contract rapidly
is no single test for muscle strength because of these various specific
and forcefully and
are recruited for considerations.
high-intensity One-repetition maximum or 1-RM, which represents the
work, but fatigue greatest resistance that can be moved through the full range of motion
more quickly. in a controlled manner, has been traditionally used to measure
dynamic strength. An example of this includes the one-repetition or 1-
RM of bench press test and 1-RM leg press test. 1-RM testing is
 determined through trial-and-error, which means, it involves several
maximal or near-maximal attempts at lifting a certain weight or
resistance. Finally, a true 1-RM might be difficult to establish because
of fatigue.
Since, you are not used to bench or leg press, typically, push-
ups and curl-ups are exercises used to assess the muscular strength
and endurance of the students, while sit-and-reach for the flexibility.
The result of these assessments are useful in developing your
musculoskeletal fitness which provides significant benefits that include
developing proper posture, reducing risk of injury, enhancing body
composition, and improving your performance of motor skills.

The following tables are used to interpret the test score for push-up,
curl-up, and sit-and-reach.

Table 4: Push-Up Test

SEX RATING AGE (years)
15-19 y/o 20-29 y/o
*in terms of repetition*
Excellent ≥39 ≥36
Very good 29-38 29-35
Men Good 23-28 22-28
Fair 18-22 17-21
Needs more improvement ≤17 ≤16
Excellent ≥33 ≥30
Very good 25-32 21-29
Women Good 18-24 15-20
Fair 12-17 10-14
Needs more improvement ≤11 ≤9

Table 5: Curl-Up Test

SEX RATING AGE (years)
15-19 y/o 20-29 y/o
*in terms of repetition*
Excellent 25 25
Very good 23-34 21-24
Men
Good 21-22 16-20
Fair 16-20 11-15
Needs more improvement ≤15 ≤10
Excellent 25 25
Very good 22-24 18-24
Women Good 17-21 14-17
Fair 12-16 5-13
Needs more improvement ≤11 ≤4
 Table 6: Sit-and-Reach Test for 18 - 25 y/o Male and Female
SEX RATING TEST SCORE
well above average >22 in.
Above average 19-21in.
MEN Average 17-18 in.
Below average 14-16 in.
Well below average <12 in.
Well above average >24 in.
Above average 21-23 in.
WOMEN Average 19-20 in.
Below average 17-18 in.
Well below average <16 in.

Unit Wrap Up!

Assessments are helpful in establishing initial exercise
prescriptions (mode, intensity, frequency,and time) and determining changes in
fitness levels. Knowing how to assess yourself independently, interpreting the
test results accurately, and setting your personal fitness goals are important in
the development of an exercise program. Most of all, information from
assessments can be useful in modifying your program necessarily to keep it
grounded on the training principles, safe and effective.

Assessment:

Part I: Identification
Direction: Read the following statement, and identify what is being described. Write
your answer on the space provided.

______________ 1. This happens when tissue cells take in nutrients from and
excrete metabolic by-products such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide to their
immediate environment, the cardiovascular system keeps the blood circulating.

______________ 2. The maximum amount of oxygen your body can transport and
utilize during maximum exercise is interpreted as ________.
______________ 3. Which side of the heart is the systemic circuit pump?
______________ 4. What type of cardiorespiratory assessment requires you to step
up and down to a step which has the height of 16.25 inches (41.25 cm) high for three
minutes?
______________ 5. What is the formula for the fixed time test?
______________ 6. The most individualized and critical criterion for determining an
exercise prescription is the _____________.
______________ 7. What type of assessment of exercise intensity is used to indicate
one’s level of perceived physical effort?
______________ 8. What do you call a term used to measure the cost of energy
expenditure of physical activity?
______________ 9. What are the three classifications of Muscles?
______________ 10. What are the two types of muscle contraction?

Part II: Essay (10 points each)

Direction: Read the following questions, and briefly answer it. Use the space
provided to write your answers.

Rubric: 5 - relevance of the answer to the topic

3 - grammar
2 - effort

1. Based on your cardiorespiratory endurance assessment result (Activity 1 of

this Unit), what are fitness goals that will guide your exercise progress design?
State these in terms of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic,
and Time-bound) goals.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Explain the process of Pulmonary and Systemic Circuit of the Heart.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. What is the relevance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. What is the relevance of assessing muscular fitness?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Bibliography
American College of Sports Medicine (2010). ASCM’s guidelines for exercise testing
and prescription, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Borg G.A (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise, 14:377-381.

Heyward, V. & Gilbson, A. (2010). Advanced fitness assessment and exercise

prescription, 6th ed. Chicago, Illinois: Human Kinetics.

James Roland. October 21, 2019. “What Exactly are METs and What Should You
Know About Them?” What Are METs, and How Are They Calculated?
(healthline.com). Accessed April 27, 2021.

Photo Credits
LipeSHtogu. “Pulmonary and Systemic Circuit of the Heart.” p. 2, Pinterest Photo,
https://favpng.com/png_view/lime-green-dove-cardiovascular-disease-clip-art-heart-
circulatory-system-png/74TzAP2L. Accessed April 13, 2021

Luciano Cosmo. “Radial and Carotid Pulse: Radial Artery” p. 3, Shutterstock Photo,
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/first-aid-illustration-person-measuring-
pulse-290113193. Accessed. April 13, 2021

Luciano Cosmo “Radial and Carotid Pulse: Carotid Artery” p. 3, Shutterstock Photo,
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/person-measuring-pulse-through-
carotid-artery-vector-27651274. Accessed April 13, 2021

Answer Key:

Pre- Assessment
1. Aorta
2. Left Atrium
3. Pulmonary Artery
4. Left Ventricle
5. Right Ventricle
6. Right Atrium

Assessment (Part I)
1. Cardiorespiratory system
2. VO2max / maximum amount of oxygen
3. Left side/ left
4. Step test
5. VO2max = (distance in meters - 504.9) / 44.73
6. Exercise Intensity
7. RPE / Rating of Perceived Exertion/ Borg Scale
8. Calories/ Calorie Expenditure
9. Cardiac, Skeletal, smooth
10. Dynamic and Static