\

Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis Testing

LESSON 12.2
Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Table of Contents

Learning Competency 1
Learning Objectives 1
Essential Questions 2
Prerequisite Skills and Topics 2
Lesson Proper 3
A. Introduction to the Lesson 3
B. Discussion 6
C. Practice & Feedback 9
Performance Assessment 13
Worksheet Answer Key 14
Synthesis 18
Bibliography 18
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing

Unit 12 | Basic Concepts in Hypothesis Testing

Lesson 2: Types of Errors in

Hypothesis Testing

Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to illustrate types of errors in

hypothesis testing (M11/12SP-IVa-1).

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

 Determine when a type I error occurs.

 Determine when a type II error occurs.

1
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing

Essential Questions

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to answer the following questions:
● Which type of error in hypothesis testing is worse? Why?
● Why do you need to understand the possible errors in hypothesis testing?

Prerequisite Skills and Topics

Skills:
● Translating words into mathematical symbols and vice versa
● Stating null and alternative hypotheses

Topics:
● Math 7 Unit 6: Algebraic Expressions | Lesson 1: Writing Algebraic Expressions
● Statistics and Probability Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis Testing | Lesson 1:
The Null and Alternative Hypotheses

2
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing

Lesson Proper

A. Introduction to the Lesson

Suggested Warm-up Activities
Choose from any of the following warm-up activities. These warm-up activities should either
stimulate recall of the previous lesson or introduce the lesson that is not already used in
the study guide.

Activity 1: Null and Alternative Hypotheses

In this activity, the students will be able to recall how to state the null and alternative hypotheses.

Duration: 7 minutes

Materials Needed: pen and paper

Methodology:
1. Ask the students to write the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses in the
following situation.

An online website claims that its product can kill 99.9% of germs. You want to
test this claim for your quantitative research.

2. Ask volunteers to share their answers.

Expected Results:
Sample Result:

3
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
𝐻0: The mean amount of bacteria left after using the product is 0.1% of the initial
amount.
𝐻𝐴: The mean amount of bacteria left after using the product is not 0.1% of the initial amount.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the null hypothesis?
2. What is the alternative hypothesis?
3. What are some misconceptions you had about statistical hypotheses that were
clarified in this activity?

Activity 2: Guilty or Not?

In this activity, the students will be able to determine the correct and incorrect decisions in
the criminal justice system. This can be related to correct and incorrect decisions in
hypothesis testing.

Duration: 10 minutes

Materials Needed: pen and paper

Methodology:
1. Divide the class into four groups.
2. Explain to the students the criminal justice system in our country; in court, a
defendant can either be guilty or not guilty, and the burden of proof lies on the
prosecution.
3. Ask them Guide Questions 1 and 2.
4. Let them complete the following table by writing “correct decision” or “error”
in each cell.

4
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Defendant
The
The defendant
defendant is
is guilty.
not guilty.
Decision:
Guilty
Decision
Decision:
(Judge)
Not
Guilty

5. Ask a representative from each group to answer each cell.

6. Ask volunteers to answer Guide Question 3.

Expected Results:
Defendant
The
The defendant
defendant is
is guilty.
not guilty.
Decision:
Correct decision error
Guilty
Decision
Decision:
(Judge) Correct
Not error
decision
Guilty

Guide Questions:
1. What are the two possible decisions of the judge in a criminal case?
2. What are the possible errors a judge can make?
3. What are the consequences of making errors in the criminal justice system?

5
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Teacher’s Notes
To help better gauge students’ readiness for this lesson, you may assign the short test
given in the Test Your Prerequisite Skills section of the corresponding study guide.

B. Discussion

1. Define and Discover

Teacher’s Notes
You may use the Learn about It! slides in the presentation file to discuss the following key
concepts and examples. Make sure to address student questions before jumping from one
concept to another.

● Type I Error – an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a true null
hypothesis is rejected

Example:
Let us say a medical researcher has the following hypotheses about the
population mean number 𝜇 of patients in an emergency room daily.

𝐻0: The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is 74.

𝐻𝐴: The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is not 74.

Suppose the null hypothesis is true. That is, the population mean number of patients
in the emergency room daily is really 74. A type I error will occur if the

6
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
medical researcher concludes that the mean number of patients is not 74, thus rejecting
the true null hypothesis.

● Type II Error – an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a false null
hypothesis is not rejected

Example:
Let us say a medical researcher has the following hypotheses about the population
mean number 𝜇 of patients in an emergency room daily.

𝐻0: The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is 74.

𝐻𝐴: The mean number of patients in the emergency room daily is not 74.

Suppose the null hypothesis is not true. That is, the mean number of patients in the
emergency room daily is not 74. A type II error will occur if the medical researcher
concludes that the mean number of patients is 74, thus not rejecting the false null
hypothesis.

2. Develop and Demonstrate

Example 1
Consider the following hypotheses.

𝐻𝑂: 𝜇 = 200
𝐻𝐴: 𝜇 ≠ 200

When will a type I error and a type II error occur?

7
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Solution:
A type I error occurs if we reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is true. Hence, a type I error occurs when the
population mean is 200, but the researcher concludes that it is not 200.

A type II error occurs if we do not reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is false. Hence, a type II error
occurs when the population mean is not 200, but the researcher concludes that it is
200.

Example 2
Consider the following hypotheses.

𝐻0: The population mean number of hours students spend studying after school is at most
2.5 hours.

𝐻𝐴: The population mean number of hours students spend studying after school is greater
than 2.5 hours.

When will a type I error and a type II error occur?

Solution:
A type I error occurs if we reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is true. Hence, a type I error occurs when the
mean number of hours students spend studying after school is at most 2.5 hours,
but it is concluded that they spend greater than 2.5 hours.

A type II error occurs if we do not reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is false. Hence, a type II error
occurs when the mean number of hours students spend studying after school is greater than
2.5 hours, but it is concluded that they spend less than or equal to 2.5 hours.

8
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Example 3
A researcher wants to test whether there is a difference between the mean frequency of
exercise between teens and adults. When will a type I error and a type II error occur?

Solution:
A type I error occurs if we reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is true. Hence, a type I error occurs when there
is no difference between the frequency of exercise of teens and adults, but it is
concluded that there is a difference.

A type II error occurs if we do not reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is false. Hence, a type II error
occurs when there is a difference between the frequency of exercise of teens and adults,
but it is concluded that there is no difference.

C. Practice & Feedback

For Individual Practice
1. Ask the students to answer the following problem items individually using pen and
paper.
2. Give students enough time to answer the problem items.
3. Call a student at random to show his or her work on the board afterward.
4. Let the student share how he or she comes up with his or her solution.
5. Inform the student the accuracy of his answer and solution, and in the case when
there is some sort of misconception, lead the student to the right direction to find the
correct answer.

9
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Problem 1
A gym instructor wants to test if the weights of his students were reduced after an exercise
program. The hypotheses are as follows:

𝐻0: The mean weight of the students after the exercise program is at least 145 lb.

𝐻𝐴: The mean weight of the students after the exercise program is less than 145 lb. When

will a type I and a type II error occur?

Solution:
A type I error occurs if we reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is true. Hence, a type I error occurs when
the mean weight of the students after the exercise program is at least 145 lb, but the
gym instructor concludes that it is less than 145 lb.

A type II error occurs if we do not reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is false. Hence, a type II error
occurs when the mean weight of the students after the exercise program is less than 145 lb,
but the gym instructor concludes that it is at least 145 lb.

Problem 2
Researcher A claims that an average professional typist has a mean typing speed of 75 words
per minute. Researcher B wants to test whether this claim is true.

When will a type I and a type II error occur?

10
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Solution:
A type I error occurs if we reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is true. Hence, a type I error occurs when the
mean typing speed of a professional typist is 75 words per minute, but Researcher B
concludes it is not.

A type II error occurs if we do not reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is false. Hence, a type II error
occurs when the mean typing speed of a professional typist is not 75 words per minute, but
Researcher B concludes it is.

Problem 3
A department head wants to test the claim that the daily average water intake of each employee is
greater than 1.3 liters. When will a type I error and a type II error occur?

Solution:
A type I error occurs if we reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is true. Hence, a type I error occurs when the
mean daily water intake of each employee is less than or equal to 1.3 liters, but the
department head concludes it is greater than 1.3 liters.

A type II error occurs if we do not reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is false. Hence, a type II error
occurs when the mean daily water intake of each employee is greater than 1.3 liters, but the
department head concludes it is less than or equal to 1.3 liters.

For Group Practice

1. Ask the students to form a minimum of two groups to a maximum of five groups.
2. Each group will answer problem items 4 and 5. These questions are meant to test
students’ higher-order thinking skills by working collaboratively with their peers.
3. Give students enough time to analyze the problem and work on their solution.

11
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
4. Ask each group to assign a representative to show their solution on the board and discuss as
a group how they come up with their solution.
5. Inform the student the accuracy of his answer and solution, and in the case when there is
some sort of misconception, give the student opportunity to work with his/her peers to
re-analyze the problem, and then lead them to the right direction to find the correct
answer.

Problem 4
The owner of a coffee shop believes that an average of 500 customers per day visit their
shop. Earlier in the month, a competitor opened another coffee shop nearby. The owner
would like to test whether there is a decrease in the number of customers visiting their shop daily.
What are the possible errors the owner may commit in testing her hypothesis?

Solution:
A type I error will occur when the average number of customers that visit the shop daily
is greater than or equal to 500, but the owner concludes that it is less than 500.

A type II error will occur when the average number of customers that visit the shop daily
is less than 500, but the owner concludes that it is greater than or equal to 500.

Problem 5
A researcher wants to know if there is a difference between the mean number of math
anxiety cases for females and males. What are the possible errors the researcher may commit
in testing his hypothesis?

12
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Solution:
A type I error will occur when there is no difference between the mean number of
math anxiety cases for females and males, but the researcher concludes that there is.

A type II error will occur when there is a difference between the mean number of math
anxiety cases for females and males, but the researcher concludes that there is not.

Performance Assessment
This performance assessment serves as a formative assessment, divided into three sets based on the
student's level of learning. Click on the link provided on the lesson page to access each worksheet.

● Worksheet I (for beginners)

● Worksheet II (for average learners)
● Worksheet III (for advanced learners)

Teacher’s Notes
For a standard performance assessment regardless of the student’s level of learning, you may
give the problem items provided in the Check Your Understanding section of the study guide.

13
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Worksheet Answer Key
Worksheet I

1. A type I error occurs when the population mean is greater than or equal to 7, but it is
concluded that the population mean is less than 7. A type II error occurs when the
population mean is less than 7, but it is concluded that the population mean is
greater than or equal to 7.
2. A type I error occurs when the population mean of the first group is equal to the
population mean of the second group, but it is concluded that the population mean of the
first group is not equal to that of the first group. A type II error occurs when the
population mean of the first group is not equal to the population mean of the
second group, but it is concluded that the population of the first group is equal to that of
the first group.
3. A type I error occurs when the population mean is less than or equal to 25, but it is
concluded that the population mean is greater than 25. A type II error occurs when the
population mean is greater than 25, but it is concluded that the population mean is less than
or equal to 25.
4. A type I error occurs when the mean weight of the parcels in the warehouse is less than
or equal to one kilogram, but it is concluded that the mean weight is more than one kilogram.
A type II error occurs when the mean weight of the parcels in the warehouse is more
than one kilogram, but it is concluded that the mean weight is
less than or equal to one kilogram.
5. A type I error occurs when the mean age of students in the contemporary dance class is
greater than or equal to the mean age of students in the tap dance class, but it is concluded
that the mean age of students in the contemporary dance class is
less than the mean age of students in the tap dance class. A type II error occurs when the
mean age of students in the contemporary dance class is less than the mean age of students in
the tap dance class, but it is concluded that the mean age

14
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
of students in the contemporary dance class is greater than or equal to the mean age of
students in the tap dance class.

Worksheet II

1. A type I error occurs when the population mean is equal to, 5 but it is concluded that
the population mean is not equal to 5. A type II error occurs when the
population mean is not equal to 5, but it is concluded that the population mean is equal to
5.
2. A type I error occurs when the population mean of the first group is less than or
equal to the population mean of the second group, but it is concluded that the population

mean of the first group is greater than the population mean of the second group. A type

II error occurs when the population mean of the first group is

greater than the population mean of the second group, but it is concluded that the
population mean of the first group is less than or equal to the population mean of the
second group.
3. A type I error occurs when there is no difference between the stress levels of
employees with pets and employees without pets, but it is concluded that there is a
difference between their stress levels. A type II error occurs when there is a difference
between the stress levels of employees with pets and employees without
pets, but it is concluded that there is no difference between their stress levels.
4. A type I error occurs when the mean weight of the athletes after the one-month
training is greater than or equal to their mean weight before the training, but it is
concluded that their mean weight became lower. A type II error occurs when the
mean weight of the athletes after the one-month training is less than their mean weight
before the training, but it is concluded that their mean weight became higher or stayed the
same.
5. A type I error occurs when the mean level of statistical reasoning of the
experimental group is less than or equal to that of the control group, but it is
15
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
concluded that the mean level of statistical reasoning of the experimental group is higher
than that of the control group. A type II error occurs when the mean level of statistical
reasoning of the experimental group is higher than that of the control
group, but it is concluded that the mean level of statistical reasoning of the experimental
group is less than or equal to that of the control group.

Worksheet III

1. A type I error occurs when the population mean of the first group is less than or equal
to the population mean of the second group, but it is concluded that the population mean
of the first group is greater than that of the first group. A type II error occurs when
the population mean of the first group is greater than the
population mean of the second group, but it is concluded that the population of the first
group is less than or equal to that of the second group.
2. A type I error occurs when the number of vehicles that pass through EDSA every
day is 370 000, but it is concluded that it is not 370 000. A type II error occurs when the
number of vehicles that pass through EDSA every day is not equal to 370 000, but it is
concluded that it is 370 000.
3. A type I error occurs when the mean income of teachers in the provinces is greater than
or equal to the mean income of teachers in the cities, but the researcher concludes that the
mean income of teachers in the province is less than the mean
income of teachers in the cities. A type II error occurs when the mean income of
teachers in the province is lower than the mean income of teachers in the cities, but the
researcher concludes that the mean income of teachers in the province is greater than or
equal to the mean income of teachers in the cities.
4. A type I error occurs when the mean internet usage of the students in the private
school is 3 hours, but it is concluded that it is not 3 hours. A type II error occurs when
the mean internet usage of the students in the private school is not 3 hours, but it is
concluded that it is 3 hours.

16
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
5. A type I error occurs when the mean number of books sold by the bookstore per day is
less than or equal to 100 but the researcher concludes that it is greater than
100. A type II error occurs when the mean number of books sold by the bookstore per
day is greater than 100 but the researcher concludes that it is less than or equal to 100.

17
 Grade 11 • Unit 12: Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
Synthesis

Wrap-up To summarize the lesson, ask students the following questions:

1. When does a type I error occur?
2. When does a type II error occur?

Application and To integrate values and build connection to the real world, ask students
Values Integration the following questions:
1. What are the errors that you have made in your life?
2. What did you do to correct these errors?

Bridge to the Next To spark interest for the next lesson, ask students the following questions:
Topic 1. In hypothesis testing, can you be 100% sure that you will not
commit an error?
2. How can you increase the probability of not committing an
error in hypothesis testing?

Bibliography

Lane, David M. “Logic of Hypothesis Testing.” Online Statistics Education: A Multimedia

Course of Study. Retrieved 21 August 2019 from https://bit.ly/2MsiPfT.

“What are type I and type II errors?” Minitab. Retrieved 21 August 2019 from
https://bit.ly/2S4OQtn

18