Internet Of Things

UNIT-1

Long Answers:

***1.Explain about the various IOT levels with diagrams.

Examples for various levels:
Level 1 : home automation system
Level 2 : smart irrigation
Level 3 : package tracking
Level 4 : noise monitoring
Level 5 : forest fire detection
Level 6 : weather monitoring system
***2.Explain IOT communication models.
**3.Explain IOT enabling Technologies.

IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are

1. Wireless Sensor Network
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System
1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :
A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor
the environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists
of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors
attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of
routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the
internet.
Example –
 • Weather monitoring system
• Indoor air quality monitoring system
• Soil moisture monitoring system
• Surveillance system
• Health monitoring system
2. Cloud Computing :
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over
the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the
internet.
Characteristics –
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
Provides different services, such as –
• IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical
machines, virtual machines, servers, networking, storage and data center
space on a pay per use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute
Engine, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure etc.
Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
• PaaS (Platform as a service)
Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to
support the complete life cycle of building and delivering West web
based (cloud) applications – without the cost and complexity of buying
and managing underlying hardware, software provisioning and hosting.
Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems and libraries
etc. Basically, it provides a platform to develop applications.
Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine
 • SaaS (Software as a service)
It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service.
Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via
the internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware
management.
SaaS Applications are sometimes called web-based software on demand
software or hosted software.
SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s service and they manage
security availability and performance.
Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
3. Big Data Analytics :
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and
tough to store, control, process and examine the data using traditional
databases.
Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos,
digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
Several steps involved in analyzing big data –
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization
Examples –
• Bank transactions
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
• E-commerce and in Big-Basket
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands
4. Communications Protocols :
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and
linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange
data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a
single communication. A group of protocols designed to work together is
known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol
stack.
They are used in
1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes
5. Embedded Systems :
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units
(Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and
storage devices (flash memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Embedded systems used in
Examples –
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.
*4.Explain about various IOT protocols.(communication protocol / communication API)
*5.Explain IOT characteristics and give its block diagram.
Short answers:

1. define IOT.

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—

“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from
ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools.
2.how is big data related to IOT.

Big data and IoT are strongly linked as IoT devices generate vast amounts of
data, known as IoT data, which necessitates the utilization of big data
technologies for effective management, processing, and analysis.
Big data analytics techniques enable organizations to extract valuable insights
from IoT data, leading to improved operational efficiency, predictive
maintenance, and data-driven decision-making.
3. list various communication API’s used in IOT.

1. MQTT (message queue telemetry transport)

2. HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)
3. RESTful APIs (Representational state transfer APIs)
4. CoAP (Constrained Application protocol)
5. WebSockets
6. DDS (Data distribution service)
4. give various applications of IOT and give IOT’s impact on economic growth.

Applications of IOT:

1. smart home automation

2. healthcare and remote patient monitoring
3. agriculture and precision farming
4. smart energy management
5.environmental monitoring
Impact of IOT on economic growth:
IOT improves productivity and efficiency of industries which directly impacts
enocomic growth.
As an emerging technology , IOT also creates employment opportunities.
smart city initiatives leverage IoT technologies to enhance urban infrastructure,
transportation systems, energy management, and public services , which
attract investments and thus , leading to economic growth.
5. give importance of self adapting and self configuring nature of IOT systems.

Self-configuring IoT systems can automatically discover and connect devices

without the need for manual configuration or intervention. They can easily
scale up or down based on the number of devices and their dynamic presence
in the network. Also , They can optimize resource utilization based on real-time
conditions and requirements.
 UNIT-2

Long answers:

***1. explain various python packages :

a)JSON

The Python JSON package provides functions for encoding and decoding data in
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format. JSON is a lightweight data
interchange format widely used for data serialization and communication
between systems.
b)XML

The Python XML package provides functions for working with XML (eXtensible
Markup Language) data. XML is a markup language used for structuring and
representing data in a hierarchical format.
c) HTTP lib and URL lib

d) SMTP lib
***2. give the diagram and architecture of Raspberry Pi.(components of Raspberry Pi)
**3. explain about the Raspberry Pi interfaces SPI and I2C.
**4. write python program to interface LED with Raspberry pi.(blinking of LED)

import RPi.GPIO as g
from time import sleep
from gpiozero import LED
g.setwarnings(False)
g.setmode(g.BCM)
led=LED(17)
g.setup(17,g.OUT)
while(True):
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

sleep(1)

Short answers:

1. what are the uses of MISO and MOSI in SPI interface.

The MOSI and MISO terminals are master out slave in and master in
slave out terminals, respectively, that are used in the spi interface.
The MOSI pin is responsible for transmitting bits from the master to
the slave. The MISO pin is used to transfer information from one
slave to another.
2. what is the difference between a conventional desktop computer and a Raspberry Pi.

Aspect Desktop Computer Raspberry Pi

Less powerful ARM-based processors

Processing More powerful CPUs with higher clock optimized for low power consumption and
Power speeds and multiple cores basic computing tasks
 Aspect Desktop Computer Raspberry Pi

Memory and Limited RAM options, typically smaller

Storage Larger RAM and storage options capacities and storage via microSD cards

Dedicated graphics cards for

Graphics and demanding graphical tasks and Integrated graphics sufficient for basic tasks
Display multiple monitors and HD video playback, single-display support

Operating Support for various operating systems Primarily runs Linux-based OS like Raspberry Pi
System (Windows, macOS, Linux) OS, Ubuntu, specialized distributions

Limited number of USB ports, Ethernet port,

Connectivity Wide range of ports (USB, Ethernet, HDMI/composite video outputs, audio jack,
and Ports audio, expansion slots) microSD slot

Size and Form Larger size, housed in tower or Compact size, small form factor, suitable for
Factor desktop cases embedded systems and DIY projects

Software Software compatibility optimized for ARM

Compatibility Extensive software compatibility architecture

Resource-intensive tasks, gaming,

multimedia editing, complex software Embedded computing, IoT projects, DIY
Use Cases applications projects, educational use
 Aspect Desktop Computer Raspberry Pi

Price Higher cost range Affordable, budget-friendly pricing

3. what are the advantages of using I2C over SPI.

4. define Raspberry Pi and what is it used for.

Raspberry Pi refers to a family of credit card-sized single-board computers that

consist of a microprocessor, memory, input/output (I/O) ports, and various
interfaces, all integrated onto a single circuit board. They are powered by ARM-
based processors and run on Linux-based operating systems.
Uses:
Home automation and IOT
Educational purposes
Robotics
Prototyping and proof of concept
5. what are the operating systems used for Raspberry Pi? What are their uses.
Uses:
They provide a lightweight and efficient operating system for running various
applications on the Raspberry Pi board.
They come with a range of software packages and tools suitable for educational
use, programming, and general-purpose computing.

6. what is the use of SD card slot in raspberry Pi.

The SD card slot in Raspberry Pi is used for:

Operating System Storage
Storage for Software and Applications
User Data Storage
Portable and Interchangeable Storage
 UNIT-3

Long answers:

***1. Explain IOT system management with NETCONF-YANG with diagram. (give required steps)

NETCONF:
YANG:

IOT system management with NETCONF and YANG:

**2. explain IOT system management using NETOPEER.
***3. explain the SDN architecture with a neat diagram, and give its advantages over conventional
network architecture.
Diagram:

SDN architecture
A typical representation of SDN architecture comprises three layers: the
application layer, the control layer and the infrastructure layer. These layers
communicate using northbound and southbound application programming
interfaces (APIs).
Application layer
The application layer contains the typical network applications or functions
organizations use. This can include intrusion detection systems, load
balancing or firewalls. Where a traditional network would use a specialized
appliance, such as a firewall or load balancer, a software-defined network
replaces the appliance with an application that uses a controller to
manage data plane behavior.

Control layer
The control layer represents the centralized SDN controller software that
acts as the brain of the software-defined network. This controller resides on
a server and manages policies and traffic flows throughout the network.

Infrastructure layer
The infrastructure layer is made up of the physical switches in the network.
These switches forward the network traffic to their destinations.

APIs
These three layers communicate using respective northbound and
southbound APIs. Applications talk to the controller through its northbound
interface. The controller and switches communicate using southbound
interfaces, such as OpenFlow, although other protocols exist.

ADVANTAGES OF USING SDN:

1. Greater Reliability via Automation

SDN is a great option for large, complex networks that require lots of up-time. It
gives engineers the ability to re-route networks on the fly. For example, when an
outage occurs, a software defined network can be configured to automatically
reroute around that area and maintain the connections your users need.
2. More Efficient Network Management

SDN offers real-time visibility into your network performance. This visibility gives
you the ability to optimize your network’s performance and to drive its efficiency
(as well as that of your team’s).

3. Cost-Savings

In the past, the most effective way to ensure network availability was through
redundancy, which of course comes with additional equipment and circuits and
costs. Because SDN offers the real-time ability to automatically reroute or to
stand-up new functions and routes, you can increase your nines of uptime without
adding new hardware and increasing costs.

4. Faster Scalability

SDN offers automated scaling-up (and scaling down). This ability, combined with
the additional visibility it brings, gives engineers the operational ability to
normalize traffic across a wide space, and to do it quickly and seamlessly.

**4. what are the differences between M2M and IOT.

**5. discuss about the architecture of NFV and its advantages.

NFV (Network Function Virtualization) is an architectural framework that aims

to virtualize and consolidate traditional network functions onto standard
hardware, providing flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency in network
infrastructures. The architecture of NFV typically consists of the following key
components:
Infrastructure Layer:
Hardware: This layer comprises standard servers, switches, storage devices,
and other networking equipment that form the foundation for virtualization.
Virtualization Platform: It includes hypervisors or virtual machine managers
that create and manage virtual machines (VMs) on the underlying hardware.
Management and Orchestration (MANO): This component handles the
management and orchestration of virtual resources, including VM provisioning,
scaling, and monitoring.
Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs):
VNFs are software implementations of traditional network functions that run
on virtualized infrastructure.
Examples of VNFs include virtual routers, firewalls, load balancers, WAN
optimizers, and intrusion detection systems.
VNFs are decoupled from the underlying hardware and can be instantiated,
scaled, and managed independently.
Virtualized Infrastructure Resources:
This layer consists of virtualized computing resources (CPU, memory), storage
resources (virtual disks, file systems), and network resources (virtual switches,
virtual networks).
These resources are dynamically allocated and scaled to meet the demands of
VNFs and enable efficient resource utilization.
Management and Orchestration (MANO):
MANO layer is responsible for the overall management and orchestration of
NFV infrastructure and services.
It includes functions like VNF lifecycle management, service orchestration,
performance monitoring, fault management, and service assurance.

Advantages of using NFV:

NFV reduces the need for dedicated hardware to deploy and manage networks by
offloading network functions into software that can run on industry-standard hardware
and can be managed from anywhere within the operator’s network.

Separating network functions from hardware yields numerous benefits for the network
operator, which include:

• Reduced space needed for network hardware

• Reduce network power consumption
• Reduced network maintenance costs
• Easier network upgrades
• Longer life cycles for network hardware
• Reduced maintenance and hardware costs
Short answers:

1. define M2M.

2. list applications of M2M.

Also for on-premise diagnosis applications

3. what are the differences between SDN and NFV.

4.what is the function of a centralized network controller in SDN.

The function of a centralized network controller in SDN (Software-Defined

Networking) is to manage and control the behavior of the network. It acts as a
central point of control and provides a unified view of the entire network
infrastructure.
5. define NETOPEER.

NETOPEER is an open-source implementation of the NETCONF protocol. It is a

software framework that allows developers to build NETCONF servers and
clients.
NETOPEER simplifies the development and deployment of NETCONF-based
network management applications. It enables network administrators and
developers to interact with network devices programmatically, automate
configuration tasks, and build network management systems that leverage the
capabilities of the NETCONF protocol.
 UNIT-4

Long answers:

***1. explain about the various cloud storage models. (Service and deployment models)

Service models:
Deployment models:
**2.a)exlpain Importance of cloud In IOT solutions and explain how Xively supports these
functions. explain the steps involved in Xively cloud deployment model for IOT solution.

b) write program for sending temperature data to Xively Cloud and explain its operation.

A)

The cloud plays a crucial role in IoT (Internet of Things) solutions and offers
several important benefits. Some of them are:
1. Scalability and Flexibility
2. Data Storage and Processing
3. Connectivity and Integration
4. Remote Management and Monitoring
5. Security and Reliability
6. Cost-Efficiency
Xively supports above mentioned functions by:
Scalability and Flexibility:
Xively offers a scalable cloud infrastructure that can handle large-scale IoT
deployments and accommodate the growing number of connected devices.
Data Storage and Processing:
Xively provides secure and reliable data storage for IoT data. It offers a time-
series data store optimized for storing and querying large volumes of time-
stamped IoT data.
Connectivity and Integration:
Xively supports seamless connectivity with IoT devices using standard protocols
such as MQTT and RESTful APIs.
Remote Management and Monitoring:
Xively offers comprehensive device management features, allowing
organizations to remotely manage and monitor their IoT devices.
Security and Reliability:
Xively incorporates robust security measures to protect IoT data and
infrastructure. It offers secure authentication, encryption, and access controls
to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data.
Cost-Efficiency:
Xively follows a pay-as-you-go pricing model, allowing organizations to optimize
costs based on their usage.

Steps involved in Xively cloud deployment:

The deployment process for Xively cloud involves several steps to set up and
configure the platform for your IoT application. Here are the general steps
involved in deploying Xively:
1. Plan and Design:
• Define objectives and requirements for your IoT application.
• Identify devices, sensors, and data points to connect and monitor.
2. Sign up and Account Creation:
• Visit the Xively website and sign up for an account.
• Provide necessary information and complete registration.
3. Define Device Models:
• Define device models for your IoT devices in Xively.
• Specify attributes, data points, and metadata for each model.
4. Configure Data Ingestion:
• Set up data ingestion process to receive data from IoT devices.
• Define communication protocols (e.g., MQTT, RESTful APIs) for
device connection.
5. Data Storage and Management:
• Determine data storage requirements and configure options in
Xively.
 • Set data retention policies and backup or replication mechanisms.
6. Define Data Processing and Analytics:
• Determine data processing and analytics requirements.
• Utilize Xively's built-in tools or integrate with external analytics
platforms.
7. Configure User Interfaces and Dashboards:
• Set up user interfaces and dashboards to visualize IoT data.
• Customize interfaces to display relevant data and real-time
updates.
8. Testing and Deployment:
• Test connectivity between IoT devices and Xively.
• Verify data ingestion, storage, and processing functionalities.
9. Ongoing Monitoring and Maintenance:
• Continuously monitor performance, reliability, and security.
• Update and maintain the Xively platform regularly.
B)

**3. discuss about the WAMP – Auto Bahn protocol.

***4. Discuss the python web application framework implemented by Django.
Creating and running a simple Django web application:
Short answers:

1. define cloud computing.

2. what is handshake in WAMP protocol?

"handshake" refers to the initial process of establishing a connection between

the WAMP client and the WAMP router/server. The handshake involves a series
of steps to negotiate the protocol version, authenticate the client if necessary,
and perform any other necessary initialization steps before the actual
communication begins.
3. define web application framework.

A web application framework is a software framework that provides a

foundation and a set of tools and libraries for building web applications. It
offers a structured approach to developing web-based software by providing
pre-built components, libraries, and utilities that handle common tasks, such as
routing, handling HTTP requests and responses, database integration, user
authentication, and session management.
Ex: Django, Flask , Express etc
4. define virtualization.

5. what are the features of Autobahn?

Features of AutoBahn are :

WebSocket client and Server
Remote Procedure Calls
Publish Subscribe messaging
Event driven programming
Cross platform support

6. define transport in WAMP.

In WAMP , "transport" refers to the underlying communication mechanism

used for exchanging messages between the WAMP client and the WAMP
router/server.
 UNIT-5

Long answers:

***1. determine the various communication models that can be used for weather monitoring
system. Which model is appropriate? Describe the pros and cons.

Various communication models can be used for a weather monitoring system

depending on the specific requirements and constraints of the system. Here
are a few communication models commonly employed:
1. Point-to-Point Communication:
• Direct transmission of data from weather monitoring devices to a
central server or receiver.
• Suitable for small-scale systems; simple implementation but may
not scale well for a large number of devices.
2. Client-Server Communication:
• Weather monitoring devices act as clients and send data to a
central server.
• Enables centralized data management, scalability by adding more
clients, and allows for data processing and analysis on the server
side.
3. Publish-Subscribe (Pub/Sub) Communication:
 • Weather monitoring devices publish data to specific topics or
channels, while interested parties subscribe to receive updates.
• Provides efficient data distribution, real-time updates, and
decoupled communication between devices and subscribers.
4. Hybrid Models:
• Combines different communication models to leverage their
respective strengths.
• For example, using point-to-point communication for direct
device-to-server data transmission and a Pub/Sub model for real-
time data dissemination to multiple subscribers.

The most appropriate model would be the Publisher – Subscriber model due to
its efficient data distribution , Scalability and Decoupled communication
between monitoring devices and subscribers.

Pros and Cons of using Publisher – Subscriber model:

Pros:
Efficient Data Distribution:
Publishers only send data to specific topics or channels, and subscribers receive
updates only for the topics they are interested in.
Real-Time Updates:
The model enables real-time or near real-time updates to subscribers.
Subscribers receive data as soon as it is published, ensuring they have the most
up-to-date information.
Scalability and Flexibility:
The model allows for a scalable and flexible system architecture.
Publishers and subscribers can be added or removed without impacting each
other, enabling easy expansion and adaptation to changing requirements.
Cons:
Additional Complexity:
Implementing the Pub/Sub model introduces additional complexity compared
to simpler communication models.
Dependency on Pub/Sub Infrastructure:
Using the Pub/Sub model requires relying on a Pub/Sub infrastructure or
service.
If the infrastructure or service experiences downtime or performance issues, it
may impact the availability and reliability of the communication.
***2. develop the IOT levels for designing home automation IOT system including smart lightning
and intrusion detection.
Here are the IoT levels for designing a home automation system that includes
smart lighting and intrusion detection:
Level 1: Sensing and Actuation Layer
• Sensors: Install various sensors such as motion sensors, door/window
sensors, and light sensors to detect relevant environmental changes and
events.
• Actuators: Connect actuators like smart light bulbs and door locks to
enable remote control and automation of lighting and access.
Level 2: Connectivity Layer
 • Network Connectivity: Establish a reliable network infrastructure, such as
Wi-Fi or Zigbee, to connect the sensors, actuators, and other devices.
• Protocols: Implement communication protocols like MQTT or HTTP to
facilitate data transmission and device control between the sensing and
control components.
Level 3: Data Processing and Analytics
• Data Collection: Gather data from the sensors, including motion, light,
and intrusion detection information.
• Data Processing: Analyze and process the collected data to derive
meaningful insights and identify patterns or anomalies.
Level 4: Control and Automation
• Lighting Control: Enable remote control of smart lights, allowing users to
adjust brightness, color, or schedule lighting based on their preferences
or predefined scenarios.
• Intrusion Detection: Implement intrusion detection algorithms to analyze
sensor data and trigger alerts or actions, such as sending notifications or
activating alarms when unauthorized access is detected.
Level 5: User Interface and Applications
• User Interface: Develop a user-friendly interface, such as a mobile app or
web portal, to allow users to monitor and control their home automation
system.
• Customization and Automation: Provide options for users to customize
settings, create automation rules, and define scenes to personalize their
home environment and security settings.
Level 6: Integration and Interoperability
• Integration with Other Systems: Enable integration with other smart
home devices, platforms, or services, allowing seamless interoperability
and enhancing the overall home automation experience.
• Cloud Connectivity: Connect the system to the cloud for remote access,
data storage, and advanced analytics capabilities.
These levels provide a framework for designing a comprehensive IoT-based
home automation system with smart lighting and intrusion detection. It
encompasses the entire stack, from the sensing and actuation layer to the user
interface and integration with external systems.

**3. explain how IOT plays a vital role in agriculture, and propose an architecture to realize your
solution.
IoT plays a vital role in agriculture by enabling precision farming, optimizing
resource utilization, improving crop yield, and automating various tasks. Here is
a proposed architecture to realize an IoT solution for agriculture:
1. Sensing Layer:
• Deploy various sensors in the agricultural field to collect data on soil
moisture, temperature, humidity, light intensity, and other relevant
parameters.
• Use sensors such as weather stations to gather real-time weather data.
• Implement livestock monitoring sensors to track animal health and
behavior.
2. Connectivity Layer:
• Establish a robust and reliable network infrastructure, such as wireless
connectivity (e.g., Wi-Fi, LoRaWAN, or NB-IoT), to connect the sensors
and devices.
• Ensure sufficient network coverage across the agricultural area to
facilitate seamless data transmission.
3. Data Collection and Processing:
• Collect data from the sensors in real-time and transmit it to a centralized
data collection point.
 4. Decision Making and Control:
• Utilize data analytics and machine learning algorithms to make informed
decisions.
• Implement automated control systems to regulate irrigation, fertilization,
and pest control based on data-driven insights.
5. Visualization and User Interface:
• Develop a user-friendly interface, such as a web portal or mobile
application, to provide farmers with real-time information and control
over their agricultural operations.
6. Integration and Scalability:
• Ensure interoperability and seamless integration with existing
agricultural systems and equipment.

**4. explain how IOT plays a vital role in healthcare, and propose an architecture to realize your
solution.
IoT plays a vital role in healthcare by revolutionizing patient care, improving
diagnostics, enhancing treatment outcomes, and enabling remote monitoring.
Here is a proposed architecture to realize an IoT solution for healthcare:
1. Sensing Layer:
• Deploy wearable devices, biosensors, and medical devices to collect real-
time patient data such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature,
oxygen levels, and other vital signs.
• Utilize smart beds, smart pill dispensers, and RFID tags to track patient
movements, medication adherence, and inventory management.
2. Connectivity Layer:
• Establish a secure and reliable network infrastructure, such as Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth, to connect the sensors, medical devices, and other healthcare
systems.
• Implement robust security protocols and encryption to protect patient
data during transmission.
3. Data Collection and Processing:
 • Collect and transmit patient data from the sensors to a centralized
healthcare data management system.
4. Decision Making and Treatment:
• Utilize artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyse
patient data, detect anomalies, and provide predictive insights for early
diagnosis and treatment.
• Develop decision support systems that provide healthcare professionals
with real-time alerts, recommendations, and treatment guidelines based
on the analysed data.
5. Remote Monitoring and Telehealth:
• Enable remote monitoring of patients' health conditions and provide
telehealth services.
• Implement remote monitoring devices and mobile apps for patients to
self-monitor and track their health conditions.
6. Integration and Interoperability:
• Integrate with existing healthcare systems such as electronic health
records (EHRs), hospital information systems (HIS), and pharmacy
systems.
By implementing this architecture, IoT can transform healthcare by improving
patient outcomes, enabling remote care, enhancing diagnostics, and facilitating
personalized medicine. It enables proactive healthcare interventions, real-time
monitoring, and early detection of health issues, leading to better patient care,
reduced hospital readmissions, and optimized resource utilization.
Short answers:

1. list out applications of IOT in smart homes.

1. smart lighting
2.smart appliances
3.Intrusion detection
4. smoke/gas detectors
2. list out applications of RFID.

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. It is a technology that uses

radio waves to wirelessly identify and track objects or individuals. RFID systems
consist of tags or labels attached to objects, readers or scanners that
communicate with the tags, and a backend system for data processing and
storage.
Applications:
Supply chain management
Asset tracking
Livestock and Agriculture
Waste management
3. list various types of sensors. What type of sensors are used in smart parking?

Sensors are designed to respond to specific types of conditions in

the physical world, and then generate a signal (usually electrical)
that can represent the magnitude of the condition being monitored.
The common IoT sensors that will be employed include:

• Temperature sensors
• Pressure sensors
• Motion sensors
• Level sensors
• Image sensors
• Proximity sensors
• Water quality sensors
• Chemical sensors
• Gas sensors
• Smoke sensors
Motion sensors, Infrared sensors and Image sensors are used in smart parking.
4.how noise pollution can be monitored using IOT?

Noise pollution can be monitored using IoT by deploying noise sensors or

microphones in strategic locations. These sensors capture ambient noise levels
and transmit the data to a centralized system through wireless or wired
connections. The data is then processed and analysed to monitor noise
pollution levels.
5. what is smart grid technology?

A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced
technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all
generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users.
6. define CBR.

CBR stands for Case Based Reasoning. In CBR, a new problem is compared to a
library of previously solved cases, and a solution is derived by adapting or
modifying the solutions from similar cases. CBR relies on the principle that
similar problems tend to have similar solutions. It is commonly used in areas
such as decision support systems, diagnosis, and expert systems.
7. what is fleet tracking?

An IoT fleet tracking system uses a combination of Global Positioning System

(GPS) technology and internet connectivity to track the location and status of
vehicles in a fleet. GPS devices, often in small, portable units, are installed in
each vehicle and transmit their location data to a central server.
8. what is greenhouse control?

Greenhouse control refers to the automated monitoring and control of

environmental conditions inside a greenhouse to create an optimal growing
environment for plants. IoT-based greenhouse control systems use sensors to
measure parameters such as temperature, humidity, light levels, CO2
concentration, and soil moisture.
9. what are the key enabling technologies in smart lightning?

1. LED lighting
2. wireless connectivity using Wi-Fi or Zigbee
3. ambient light sensors
4. centralized control systems