Modern Systems Analysis and Design

Ninth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 1

The Systems Development

Environment

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Learning Objectives
1.1 Define information systems analysis and design
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme
Programming, and Scrum
1.4 Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP)

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Introduction
• Information Systems Analysis and Design
– Defined as the complex, challenging, and simulating
organizational process that a team of business and
systems professionals uses to develop and maintain
information systems
• Application Software
– Software designed to support organizational function or
process
• Systems Analyst
– Organizational role most responsible for analysis and
design of information systems
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Figure 1-1: An Organizational Approach to
Systems Analysis and Design Is Driven by
Methodologies, Techniques, and Tools

(Sources: Top: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock; Left: benchart/Shutterstock; Right: Lifestyle Graphic/Shutterstock)

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A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (1 of 3)
1.1 Define information systems analysis and design
• 1950s
– Goal was efficiency of processing
– Emphasis was on automating existing processes
– All applications developed in machine or assembly language
• 1960s
– Advent of procedural (third-generation) languages
– Enabled development of smaller, faster, less expensive computers
• 1970s
– System development came to be more disciplined
– Became more like engineering as focus shifted from process first to
data first

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A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (2 of 3)
1.1 Define information systems analysis and design
• 1980s
– Marked by major breakthroughs in organizations as microcomputers
became key organizational tools
– Software industry expanded writing off-the-shelf software
– 4GL development led to instructing computers what to do instead of
how to do it
• 1990s
– Focused on system integration
– Developers used visual programming environments (Visual Basic)
– Relational and object-oriented databases developed
– Enterprise-wide systems developed
– Web and Internet applications begun and expanded
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A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (3 of 3)
1.1 Define information systems analysis and design
• Present day
– Continued focus on developing systems for the Internet and for
firm’s intranets and extranets
– Implementation involving three-tier design
▪ Database on one server
▪ Application on second server
▪ Client logic located on user machines
– Move to wireless system components (access from anywhere)
– Continuing trend toward assembling systems from programs and
components purchased off the shelf

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Developing Information Systems and
the Systems Development Life Cycle
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
• Systems development methodology
– A standard process followed in an organization to
conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design,
implement, and maintain information systems
• The systems development life cycle (SDLC)
– The traditional methodology used to develop, maintain,
and replace information systems
▪ Features several phases that mark the progress of
the systems analysis and design efforts

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Systems Development Life Cycle
Figure 1-2 Systems development life cycle
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
• A circular process, with the end of the useful life leading to
the start of another
• At any given phase the project can return to a previous
phase when needed
• Can be an iterative process

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Figure 1-2: Systems Development Life
Cycle

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Evolutionary Model
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
• A spiral process in which one is constantly cycling through
phases at different levels

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Figure 1-3: Evolutionary Model

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Phases of the SDLC (1 of 3)
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle (SDLC)
• Planning
– Need for a new or enhanced system is identified
– Needs are identified, analyzed, prioritized, and arranged
– Determine the scope of the proposed system
– Baseline project plan is developed
• Analysis
– System requirements are studied from user input and structured
– Requires careful study of current systems, manual and
computerized, that might be replaced or be enhanced
– Output is description of the alternate solution recommend by the
analysis team

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Phases of the SDLC (2 of 3)
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle (SDLC)
• Design
– Analyst converts the alternate solution into logical and physical
specifications
– Logical Design
▪ The design process part that is independent of any specific
hardware or software platform
– Physical Design
▪ The logical specifications of the system from logical design are
transformed into technology-specific details from which all
programing/system construction can be accomplished
– Choices of language, database, and platform are many times
already decided by the organization or client

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Phases of the SDLC (3 of 3)
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle (SDLC)
• Implementation
– Occurs when the information system is coded, tested, installed,
and supported in the organization
– New systems become part of the daily activities of the
organization
• Maintenance
– The phase in which an information system is systematically
repaired and improved
– Organization’s needs may change over time requiring changes to
the system based on user’s needs

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Table 1-1: Products of SDLC Phases
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle (SDLC)

Phase Products, Outputs, or Deliverables

Planning • Priorities for system and projects; an architecture for data, networks, and selection
hardware, and information systems management are the result of associated systems
• Detailed steps, or work plan, for project
• Specification of system scope and planning and high-level system requirements or features
• Assignment of team members and other resources
• System justification or business case
Analysis • Description of current system and where problems or opportunities exist, with a general
recommendation on how to fix, enhance, or replace current system
• Explanation of alternative systems and justification for chosen alternative
Design • Functional, detailed specifications of system elements (data, processes, inputs, and
outputs)
• Technical, detailed specifications of all system elements (programs, files, network, system
software, etc.)
• Acquisition plan for new technology
Implementation • Code, documentation, training procedures, and support capabilities

Maintenance • New versions or releases of software with associated updates to documentation, training,
and support

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Analysis-Design-Code-Test Loop
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC)

• The Analysis-Design-Code-Test Loop is an example of

traditional practice

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Figure 1-6: Analysis-Design-Code-Test
Loop

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Heart of Systems Development
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
• Current practice combines analysis, design, and
implementation into a single process

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Figure 1-7: Heart of Systems
Development

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The SDLC Traditional Waterfall
Problems
1.2 Describe the information systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
• Once one phase ends another begins, going downhill until
complete
• Makes it difficult to go back
• Results in great expense to make changes
• Role of system users or customers narrowly defined
• Focused on deadlines

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Figure 1-8: Traditional Waterfall SDLC

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Agile Methodologies
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme
Programming, and Scrum
• Agile methodologies share three key principles:
1. A focus on adaptive rather than predictive
methodologies
2. A focus on people rather than roles
3. A focus on self-adaptive processes

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Table 1-2: The Agile Manifesto (1 of 3)
• The agile methodologies group argues that software
development methodologies adapted from engineering
generally do not fit with real world software development
• The Manifesto for Agile Software Development (Table 1-2)
– Seventeen anarchists agree
– We are uncovering better ways of developing software by
doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have
come to value:
▪ Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
▪ Working software over comprehensive documentation
▪ Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
▪ Responding to change over following a plan

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Table 1-2: The Agile Manifesto (2 of 3)
– That is, while we value the items on the right, we value the items on the left
more. We follow the following principles:
▪ The highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and
continuous delivery of valuable software.
▪ Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile
processes harness change for the customer’s competitive advantage.
▪ Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple
of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale.
▪ Businesspeople and developers work together daily throughout the
project.
▪ Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment
and support they need and trust them to get the job done.
▪ The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and
within a development team is face-to-face conversation.
▪ Working software is the primary measure of progress.

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Table 1-2: The Agile Manifesto (3 of 3)
▪ Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design
enhances agility.
▪ Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors,
developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace
indefinitely.
▪ Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is
essential.
▪ The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-
organizing teams.
▪ At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more
effective, then tunes and adjusts its behavior accordingly.

--Kent Beck, Mike Beedle, Are van Bennekum, Alistair Cockburn, Ward Cunningham, Martin Fowler, James Grenning, Jim
Highsmith, Andrew Hunt, Ron Jefferies, Jon Kern, Brian Marick, Robert C. Martin, Steve Mellor, Ken Schwaber, Jeff
Sutherland, Dave Thomas (www.AgileAlliance.org)

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Agile Methodologies—Not for Every
Project
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme
Programming, and Scrum
• Agile methodologies are not for everyone
• Fowler recommends an agile process if your project
involves
– unpredictable or dynamic requirements
– responsible and motivated developers
– customers who understand the process and will get
involved

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Table 1-3: Five Critical Factors that Distinguish Agile
and Traditional Approaches to System Development
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme Programming, and Scrum
Factor Agile Methods Traditional Methods
Size Well matched to small products and teams Methods evolved to handle large products and
Reliance on tacit knowledge limits scalability teams Hard to tailor down to small products
Criticality Untested on safety-critical products Methods evolved to handle highly critical products
Potential difficulties with simple design and Hard to tailor down to products that are not critical.
lack of documentation
Dynamism Simple design and continuous refactoring Detailed plans and Big Design Up Front, excellent
are excellent for highly dynamic environments for highly stable environment but a source of
but a source of potentially expensive rework expensive rework for highly dynamic environments
for highly stable environments
Personnel Requires continuous presence of a critical Needs a critical mass of scarce experts during
mass of scarce experts project definition but can work with fewer later in the
Risky to use non-agile people project, unless the environment is highly dynamic
Culture Thrives in a culture where people feel Thrives in a culture where people feel comfortable
comfortable and empowered by having many and empowered by having their roles defined by
degrees of freedom (thriving on chaos) clear practices and procedures (thriving on order)

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eXtreme Programming (1 of 2)
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme Programming, and Scrum
• Short, incremental development cycles
• Focus on automated tests written by programmers
• Emphasis on two-person programming teams
• Customers to monitor the development process
• Relevant parts of eXtreme Programming that relate to design
specifications are
1. How planning, analysis, design, and construction are all fused into a
single phase of activity
2. Its unique way of capturing and presenting system requirement and
design specifications

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eXtreme Programming (2 of 2)
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme Programming, and Scrum
• Coding and testing are related parts of the same process
• Advantages include
– Increased communications among developers
– Higher levels of productivity
– Higher quality code
– Reinforcement of other practices in eXtreme Programming
▪ Include code-and-test discipline

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Scrum (1 of 3)
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme Programming, and Scrum
• Originated in 1995 by Sutherland and Schwaber
• Most popular methodology for agile (58%)
– Scrum framework includes
– Scrum teams with associated roles, events, artifacts, and rules
– Each team consists of three roles
▪ Product owner
▪ Development team
▪ Scrum master

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Scrum (2 of 3)
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme Programming, and Scrum
• Scrum designed for speed and multiple functional product releases
• Primary unit is the Sprint (runs two weeks to a month)
– Starts with an eight-hour planning meeting
▪ What needs to be delivered by the end of the sprint
▪ How will the team accomplish that work
– Daily Standup: A 15-minute meeting held to evaluate progress
made within the past 24 hours and what needs to be done

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Scrum (3 of 3)
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme Programming, and Scrum
– At the end of the sprint, two additional meetings
▪ The Sprint Review: (4 hours) focusing on the product, what has
been accomplished, and what needs to be done
▪ The Sprint Retrospective: (3 hours) focusing on team
performance and how it can improve
– Three primary artifacts in the Scrum process
1. Product Backlog: Listing of potential requirements
2. Sprint Backlog: Listing of only items to be addressed in a
particular sprint
3. Increment: Represents the sum of all the Product Backlog items
completed during a sprint.

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Agile in Practice
1.3 Describe the agile methodologies, eXtreme Programming,
and Scrum
• Three primary factors critical for success
– Delivery strategy: Continuous delivery of working
software in short time scales
– Following agile software engineering practices
– Team capability: Agile principle of building projects
around motivated individuals
• Agile development offers managers and programmers more
choice in their efforts to produce good systems that come in
on time and under budget

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Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
(OOAD)
1.4 Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the Rational
Unified Process (RUP)
• Based on objects rather than data or processes
• Combines data and processes (called methods) into single
entities call objects
• Object: A structure that encapsulates attributes and methods
that operate on those attributes
• Inheritance: Hierarchical arrangement of classes enabling
subclasses to inherit properties of superclasses
• Object Class: Logical grouping of objects that have the same
attributes and behaviors

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Relational Unified Process (RUP)
1.4 Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the Rational
Unified Process (RUP)
• Relational Unified Process (RUP) is an object-oriented systems
development methodology
• Based on an iterative, incremental approach to systems
development
• RUPs four phases (each can be further divided)
– Inception
– Elaboration
– Construction
– Transition

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Figure 1-9: Phases of OOAD-Based
Development

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Our Approach to Systems Development
1.4 Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP)
• Criticisms of the SDLC include
– Forced timed phases on intangible and dynamic
processes were doomed to fail
– Life-cycle reliance has resulted in massive amounts of
process and documentation
– Cycles are not necessarily waterfalls

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Summary
• In this chapter you learned how to:
– Define information systems analysis and design
– Describe the information systems development life
cycle (SDLC)
– Describe Agile Methodologies, eXtreme Programming,
and Scrum
– Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the
Relational Unified Process (RUP)

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