fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;juk;)

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

kPl;lw; gapw;rpfs;

juk; 12 - 13

njhopDl; g f; fy; tpj; Jiw

tpQ;Q hd njhopDl;g g; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk

i
njhopDl; g tpaYf; f hd tpQ; Q hdk;

juk; 12 - 13

tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjw; gjpg;G 2015

ISBN:

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

tpQ;Q hd njhopDl;g g; gPl k;
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
kfufk

gjpg;G: Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ii
 Kd; D iu

,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhy mgptpUj;jp ,yf;fpid miltjw;Fj; Njitahd

njhopDl;gtpay; Nju;rr
; pfisf; nfhz;l gpuirfis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;
2013 A+iy khjj;jpy; njhopDl;gtpaw; ghlj;Jiw ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiy
Kiwikapy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

nra; K iwf; fw; i ffspy; <LgLtjd; % yk; khztu; f s; jkJ

jpwd;fisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;syhk;.
njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdghl tpla mwpitr; nrad;Kiwapy; fw;wha;T
nra;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ftij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,e;j kPl;ly;
tpdhtpilj; njhFg;Gj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

f.ngh.j. (cau; j u) tFg; G fspYs; s Vida ghlq; f Sf; n fd

tpdhtpilj; njhFg;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s NghJk;> 2013 Mk; Mz;by;
Kjd; Kjy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdg;
ghlj;Jf;nfd ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s E}y;fs; kpf mupjhFk;. ,e;epiyikia
eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhf ,e;j E}y; ngupJk; cjTk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.

Nguhrpupau; Fzghy ehzaf; f hu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iii
 KfTiu

,yq;ifg; ghlrhiy Kiwikapy; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiw

mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;likahdJ> njhopDl;gtpay; Nju;r;rpfisf; nfhz;l
,sQ; re;jjpapdu; cUthFtjw;fhd mupa re;ju;g;gkhFk;. ve;jputpay;
njhopDl; g tpay; > capu; K iwikfs; njhopDl; g tpay; Mfpa
njhopDl;gtpay; ghlq;f isg; gapYk;NghJ mg;g hlq;f spd; tpla
cs;slf;fj;jpy; cs;s fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> jfty; njhopDl;gk; Mfpa
$Wfs; rhu;e;j mbg;gil mwpit toq;FtNj njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd
tpQ;Qhdk; vDk; ,e;jg; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.

Mrpupa tfpghfj;ijr; rpwg;ghf epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd topfhl;bahfg;

gad;gLj;jf; $bathwhfTk; khztuJ nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fisAk;
Mw;wy;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;s topNfhYk; tifapYk; ,e;j kPll ; y;
tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sik kfpo;r;rpf;FupajhFk;.

ey; n yhOf; f Kk; ew;g z;G fSk; nfhz;l kfj;J tkpf;f xU

re;jjpapdiu r%fkag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; vjpu;fhy Copau; tsk; kPJ
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; ty;yikAs;s gpuirfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;
fhj;jpukhd tifapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;
,jd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;ff; pd;Nwd;. ,g;gzp ntw;wp ngWtjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.

vk;.vt;. v];. gP. [atu;j d

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iv
gzpg; G : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

MNyhrid : Nguhrpupau; Fzghy ehzaf;fhu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

topfhl; l y; : vk;.vg;.v];.gP. [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Nkw; g hu; i t : vd;.up.Nf. nyhf;Fypad

gzpg;ghsu;
njhopDl;g fy;tpj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpl; l kplYk; nraw;w pl;l j; fyhepjp ud;rpfh j my;tp];

jiyikj;JtKk; : rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu;
njhopDl;g fy;tpj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vOj;j hsu; FO
cs; t hup fyhepjp ud;rpfh j my;tp];
rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu;> njhopDl;gapy; fy;tpj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Gwthup fyhepjp vk;.V.gP. gpurhe;j>

rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu;> = [atu;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp vk;.vd;. nfskhy;

rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu;> tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>
nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp g`d; nfhlf;Fk;Gu
rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu;> = [atu;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp v];.B.vk;. rpe;jf

rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu;> njhopDl;gtpay; tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>
= [atu;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;

tp.gp.Nf. Rkjpghy
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;>
tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> ty];Ky;y.

Mde;j mapyg;ngUk
gpujp mjpgu;: fS jf;rpyh k.k..tp. n`huid

v
 v];.b.vd;;. mNgNfhd; MrpupaNrit (Xa;Tngw;w)
Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; kfspu; fy;Y}up> fz;b

vk;.v];. nghd;dk;gyk;>
rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;Tngw;w)
rpaNd Njrpa fy;tpg; gPlk;> ntaq;nfhil

N[.vk;. yf;~;kd;
rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;Tngw;w)
rpaNd Njrpa fy;tpg; gPlk;> ntaq;nfhil

jkae;jp kQ;rehaf;f
rpN~;l tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;Tngw;w)
rpaNd Njrpa fy;tpg; gPlk;> ntaq;nfhil

v];.Nf.vd;. #upahur;rp
Mrpupau;
fltj;j kj;jpa fy;Y}up> fltj;j.

Nf.gP.vd;. fUzhehaf;f
epiya Kfhikahsu;
fzdp ts epiyak;> fy`pl;baht

nkhopngau; g ; G : j. kjptjdd;
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;>
tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>
gpypae;jiy.

nkhopr;n rt;i tghu;j ;j y; : vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j;

Xa;Tngw;w gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

fzpdp gf;f tbtikg;G: V.V.V. e]hu;

fzpj Mrpupau;>
Nf/kht/gJupah kj;jpa fy;Y}up> khtdy;iy.

V.Nf.vk;. ig]u;>
mjpgu;>
Nf/kht/my; [yhy; K.f.tp>
muzhaf;f.

V.vy;.vk; K];dp
Mrpupau;>
k`pe;j uh[gf;] k.tp
khj;jiw

vi
 mwpKfk;
njhopDl; g tpaYf; f hd tpQ; Q hdg; ghlj; j pl; l j; j py; cs; s
ghlj;Jiwfs; midj;Jk; mlq;Fk; tifapy; xt;nthU Nju;rr ; pf;FKupa
tpdhf;fs; ,e;j tpdhtpilj; njhFg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;sd.

xt;nthU ghl myifAk; fw;w gpd;du;> khztu; vt;tsT J}uk;

mJ njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sdu; vd mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
MrpupaUf; F k; khztUf; F k; ,e; j tpdhtpilj; njhFg; G E}y;
cWJizahf mikAk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

,q;F vspikahd tpdhf;fs; kw;Wk; mjpf rpf;fyhd tpdhf;fs;

Mfpad cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j tpdhf;fspy; gapw;rp ngWtjd;
%yk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;Fk; gapw;rpia khztu; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;. khztu; jhk; vOjpa tpilapid ,e;j E}ypy; jug;gl;Ls;s
tpilfSld; xg;gpl;Lr; nrt;it ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;sTk; ,aYk;.

f.ngh.j (cau;ju) guPl;irapd; njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhd

ghl tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpy; 50 gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fSf;Fk; ehd;F fl;likg;G
fl;Liutif tpdhf;fSf;Fk; ehd;F fl;Ltiutif tpdhf;fSf;Fk;
tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> ,e;j tpdhtpilj; njhFg;gpy; tpdhf;fs;
xt;nthU myfpd; fPOk; tFj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j tpdhtpilj; njhFg;Gj; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ Mf;fG+u;tkhd

MNyhridfis Njrpa fy; t p epWtf> njhopDl; g j; J iwf; F
njuptpg;gPu;fshapd; vjpu;fhy mgptpUj;jpf;F cjtpahf mikAk;.

njhopDl;g fy;tpj; Jiw>

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vii
 nghUslf; f k;

gf;f k;

Kd;Diu iii

KfTiu iv

vOj;jhsu; FO v

mwpKfk; vii

nghUslf;fk; viii

1. Ez;zq;fpapay; 1 - 26
2. capu;%yf;$Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 27 - 45
3. mbg;gilf; fzpjk; 46 - 68
4. igjfurpd; njhlu;G 69 - 77
5. mstPl;L El;gKiwfs; 78 - 99
6. ntg;g ,urhadtpay; 100 - 111
7. fzpdp 112 - 117
8. fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikfs; 118 - 124
9. jpupNfhz fzpjk; 125 - 143
10. ntg;gtpay; 144 - 173
11. ,af;f ,urhadtpay; 174 - 179
13. gpuNahfg;gzp nkd;nghUs;fs; 180 - 188
14. ,izaKk; njhlu;ghlYk; 189 - 194
15. tpir 195 - 205
16. nghwpKiwr; rf;jp 206 - 211
17. ePu;epiyapay; 212 - 239
18. ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; 240 - 260
19. Ms;$w;Wf; Nfj;jpufzpjk; 261 - 281
20. rlg;nghUl;fspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; 282 - 300
21. kpd;Dk; fhe;jtpaYk; 301 - 318
22. njhopd;Kiw ,urhadk; 319 - 332
23. ,af;ftpay; 333 - 340
24. eNdh njhopDl;;gk; 341 - 342
25. Gs;sptptutpay; 343 - 365
26. njhopDl;g mgptpUj;jpAk; #oYk; 366 - 385

viii
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 1 - Ez;zq;fpapay;
gy;N ju;T tpdhf;fs;

1' Ez;zq;fpfs; njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W vJ?

1' midj;Jk; fhw;Wf;Fupa Rthrj;ijf; fhl;Lk;.
2' midj;Jk; gpwNghrzpfshFk;.
3' midj;Jk; ntWq;fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj mq;fpfshFk;.
4' midj;Jk; tspkz;ly iejuridg; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;litahFk;.
5' midj;Jk; Kjw;fUTf;Fupa xOq;fikg;igf; fhl;Lk;.

2' mNrjd fhgd; %ynkhd;wpidAk; ,urhadr; rf;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jp> jkJ Nghrizia

<Lnra;tJ vJ?
1' Nitrosomonas 2' Clostridium
3' Green sulphur bacteria 4' Acetobacter
5' Azotobacter

3' Ez;zq;fpfs; midj;J ,lq;fspYk; gue;J fhzg;glf; fhuzkhf miktJ ahJ @

1' mstpy; Ez;zpadthff; fhzg;gly;.
2' gue;jstpyhd cUttpay;> clw;nwhopypay; gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
3' Jupj tsu;r;rp> ,dg;ngUf;f Mw;wy; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
4' Nghrizg; gy;tifik fhzg;gly;.
5' Kjw;fUTf;Fupa xOq;fikg;G fhzg;gly;.

4' gw;wPupah> gq;fR Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd xw;Wikahf miktJ vJ?

1' fyr;Rtupy; ngj;jpNlhfpisf;N;fhd; mlq;fpapUj;jy;.
2' Kjw;fUTf;Fupa xOq;fikg;igf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
3' midj;Jk; gpwNghrzpfshf mikjy;.
4' fyj;Jf;F ntspNa nehjpaq;fis ntspNaw;wf;$ba jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;..
5' midj;Jk; gy;fyq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

5' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kjw;fUTf;Fupa gpwNghrzp mq;fpfspd; Nru;khdk; vJ?

A. Acetobacter
B. Mucor
C. Nostoc
D. Chlamydomonas
E. Amoeba
1' A> B Mfpad kl;Lk;. 2' B> E Mfpad kl;Lk;.
3' A, B> E Mfpad kl;Lk;. 4' C, D Mfpad kl;Lk;.
5' B,C, D Mfpad kl;Lk;.

6' ,urhadj;njhFg;G gw;wPupahTf;F cjhuzkhf miktJ vJ?

1' Nitrobacter 2' Clostridium
3' Vibrio cholarae 4' Acetobacter
5' Azotobacter

7' iejurd; tl;lj;jpy; ,urhadj; njhFg;G gw;wPupahf;fspdhy; kl;Lk; Mw;wg;gLk; nraw;ghL

vJ?
1' Gujr; rkpghL 2' iejurdpwf;fk;
3' iejurd; gjpj;jy; 4' mNkhdpahthf;fk;
5' iej;jpNuw;whf;fk;

8' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rupahd $w;W vJ?

1' midj;J raNdh gw;wPupahf;fSk; xspj;njhFg;Gr; nra;tdthFk;.
2' midj;J gq;fRf;fSk; ,ioAU mikg;igf; nfhz;ldthFk;.
3' midj;J gw;wPupahf;fSk; gpwNghrzpfshFk;.
4' midj;J Ez;zq;fpfSk; Kjw;fUTf;FupadthFk;.
5' vy;yh Ez;zq;fpfSk; gw;wPupahg; Ngupuhr;rpaj;jpy; mlq;Fk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 1
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
9' iturpd; mstpidf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mstPL ahJ?
1' kpy;ypkPww
; u; 2' eNdhkPw;wu;
3' ikf;NuhkPw;wu; 4' mqFNuhk;
5' nrd;upkPw;wu;

10' kz;khjpupnahd;wpy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;glj;jf;f Ez;zq;fpj; njhFjp ahJ?

1' gw;wPupah 2' gq;fR
3' raNdhgw;wPupah 4' Guw;NwhNrhth
5' my;fh

11' fopTePu;g; gupfupg;gpd;NghJ Kjyhd gupfupg;Gj; njhl;bapy; eilngWtJ ahJ?

1' kpjf;Fk; epiyapYs;s fopTfis mfw;Wjy;.
2' mbapy; NrUk; gjhu;j;jq;fis kz;br; rpijthf;fpf;F mDg;Gjy;.
3' kzy;> fpuPR Mfpatw;iw mfw;Wjy;.
4' Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fspy; 25 - 30 % ,id mfw;Wjy;.
5' fhw;Wtho; Ez;zq;fpfspdhy; gpupe;jopjy; epfOjy;;

12' mq;fpnahd;wpd; rPNdhk; fUtkpyq;fspypUe;J guk;giuayFfisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;NghJ

Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhj nraw;ghL vJ?
1' DNA iag; gpupj;njLj;jy; 2 DNA Kistifahf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jy;
3' DNA apid tPo;gbthf;fy; 4' DNA apid ikaePff
; tpirf;Fl;gLj;jy;
5' DNA apidg; gupfupj;jy;

13' Ez;zq;fpfs; vdg;gLtd:

1' Kjyhd fUTf;Fupa mq;fpfs;. 2' Neha;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; mq;fpfs;.
3' ntWq;fz;zhy; mtjhdpf;f Kbahj mq;fpfs;.
4' xl;Lz;zp ,ay;G nfhz;l mq;fpfs;.
5' jdpf;fy mq;fpfs;.

14' Kjyhd fUitf; nfhz;l Ez;zq;fp tif vJ?

1' gw;wPupah 2' gq;fR 3' jdpf;fy my;fh
4' GNuhl;NlhNrhth 5' ituR

15' ituRf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;ghf miktJ vJ?

1' fy xOq;fikg;igf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
2' fl;Lg;gl;l xl;Lz;zpahf mikjy;.
3' nkd;rt;T nfhz;l Gd;dq;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
4' DNA> RNA Mfpad fhzg;gly;.
5' xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapD}lhf mtjhdpf;f Kbjy;.

16' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gq;fRf;fspd; ,ay;G my;yhjJ vJ?

1' fyr;Rtupy; ifw;wpd; mlq;fpapUj;jy;.
2' fpisf;Nfhrid Nrkpg;G czthff; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
3' jdpf;fy kw;Wk; gy;fy mq;fpfs; fhzg;gly;.
4' midj;Jg; gq;fRf;fSk; gpwNghrzpfshf ,Uj;jy;.
5' Kjyhd fUTf;Fupadthff; fhzg;gly;.

17' gw;wPupahf;fspy; fhzg;glhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1' gy;gFjpaq;fspyhyhd fyr;Rtu; 2' xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;
3' nkd;rt;thyhd Gd;dq;fq;fs; 4' Nrkpg;Gg; gjhu;j;jq;;fs;
5' ,af;f myFfs;

18 fUitf; nfhz;buhj gpwNghrzpahd jdpf;fy> fyr;Rtiuf; nfhz;buhj mq;fp mlq;Fk;

njhFjp vJ?
1' gw;wPupah 2' Guw;NuhNrhth
3' jdpf;fy my;fh 4' gq;fR
5' raNdh gw;wPupah
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 2
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
19' mNrjd fhgd; %yk;>; mNrjd ,urhadg; gjhu;jj
; k; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Nghriizj;
Njitia epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; mq;fpf; $l;lk; vJ?
1' Nitrosomanas 2' Actobacter
3' Rhizobium 4' Salmonella
5' Green sulphur bacteria

20' rf;jp %yj;ijAk; Nrjd mikg;igAk; Nrjd %yj;ijAk; ngw;W mtw;wpypUe;J

Nghriziag; ngWtJ vJ?
1' Nitrosomonas 2' Cjh fe;jf gw;wuP pah ^Green sulphur bacteria&
3' Cjh fe;jfk; my;yhj gw;wPupah (Green non sulphur bacteria&
4' raNdhgw;wPupah 5' Acetobacter

21' fl;Lg;gl;l fhw;wpd;wpathop gw;wPupah vJ?

1' Saccharomyces 2' Nitrosomonas
3' Clostridium 4' Acetobacter
5' Lactobacillus

22' gq;fRf;fs; njhlu;ghd gpioahd $w;W vJ?

1' gpwNghrzpfshFk;. 2' xd;wpathop <l;lj;ijf; nfhz;litahFk;.
3' mOfy; tsupfshfr; nraw;gLk;. 4' midj;Jk; gy;fy mq;fpfshFk;.
5' Gwf;fyr; Rug;ghf nehjpaq;fs; Ruf;fg;gLk;.

23' tspkz;ly iejuridg; gjpf;ff; $ba RahjPdthop gw;wPupah vJ?

1' Salmonella 2' Nitrobacter
3' Azotobacter 4' Rhizobium
5' Acetobacter

24' mOfy;tsup fhw;wpd;wptho; gw;wPupah vJ?

1' Clostridium 2' Acetobacter
3' Lactobacillus 4' Nitrosomonas
5' Azotobacter

25' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xd;wpathop <l;lj;ijf; nfhz;lJ vJ?

1' kdpj Njhypd;kPJ thOk; Ez;zq;fpfs;.
2' mtiuaj; jhtu Ntu;Kbr;Rfspy; thOk; Rhizobium.
3' kdpj clypDs;; thOk; nfhSf;fpg;GO.
4' jhtu kug;gl;ilapy; tsUk; Xf;fpl;.
5' rpwpa jlhfj;jpy; ePupd;kPJ kpje;J tsUk; ePyg;gr;ir my;fhf;fs;.

26' gq;fRf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;G vJ?

1' midj;Jk; mOfy; tsupfshFk;.
2' midj;Jk; ,ioaikg;GilaJk; fpis nfhz;litAkhFk;.
3' midj;Jk; gpupifahf;fpfshFk;.
4' midj;Jk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpf;ff; $badthFk;.
5' midj;Jk; gy;fy mq;fpfshFk;.

27' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fUtpd;wpa xOq;fikg;igf; nfhz;l mq;fpfshtd>

a. Acetobacter b. Amoeaba
c. Clostridium d. Mucor
e. Chlamydomonas

1' a., b kl;Lk;. 2' a, c kl;Lk;.

3' b, c, d kl;Lk;. 4' a.. c, d kl;Lk;.
5' b, d, e kl;Lk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 3
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

28. gw;wPupahf;fspy; fhzg;glhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. Nrkpg;GzT 2. xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;
3. ,lg;ngau;r;rp myF 4. nkd;rt;thy; Nghu;j;jg;gl;l Gd;dq;fq;fs;.
5. tpj;jpfs;

29. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nghUj;jkw;w Nrhb vJ?

1' ituR - fg;rpl;L 2' gw;wPupah - gpsh];kpl;L
3' gq;fR - ikrPypak; 4' Guw;NwhNrhth - epwg;nghUs;
5' my;fh - KjYw;gj;jpahf;fp

30' NH 4  NO2 vDk; khw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhf miktJ vJ?

1' Nitrosomanas 2' Clostridium
3' Nitrobacter 4' Azotobacter
5' Rhizobium

31' Pseudomonas denitrificans ,aw;if iejurd; tl;lj;jpy; ve;jg; gbKiwapy; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;Ak;.
1' Gujg; gFg;G 2' mNkhdpahthf;fk;;
3' iej;jpNuw;whf;fy; 4' iejurd; gjpj;jy;
5' iejurdpwf;fk;

32' gq;fR> gw;wPupahtpypUe;J NtWglf; fhuzkhf miktJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1' gpwNghrzpahf mikjy; 2' Kjw;fUTf;FupajhftpUj;jy;
3' Ez;zq;fpfshftpUj;jy; 4' gpupifahf;fpfshtpUj;jy;
5' Neha;f;fhuzpfshftpUj;jy;;

33' fynkhd;wpdJ fUtpd; msit msg;gjw;fhfg; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; myF

vJ?
1' kpy;ypkPww
; u; 2' nrd;upkPw;wu;
3' eNdhkPw;wu; 4' ikf;NuhkPw;wu;
5' mq;FNuhk;

34' ituRf;fs;> gw;wPupahf;fs;> gq;fRf;fs; Mfpa midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthdJ

1' guk;giuayFg; gjhu;j;jkhf DNA iaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
2' jw;Nghrzp my;yhj mq;fpfshftpUj;jy;.
3' xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhftpUj;jy;.
4' jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpy; Neha;fis Vw;gLj;jy;;.
5' capu;fN
; fhsj;jpy; mjpfk; gue;J fhzg;gly;.

35' $l;nlUj; jahupg;gpd;NghJ eilngwhj nraw;ghL gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1' ,we;j jhtu> tpyq;F kPjpfs; Ez;zq;fpfspdhy; gpupe;jopTf;Fl;gLj;jy;.
2' capu;g; gpupe;jopTf;Fl;glhj gjhu;j;jq;fs; $l;nlUf; fyitapy; Nru;f;fg;glhik
3' ,ilapilNa khl;Lr; rpWePu; kw;Wk; A+upah rpwpjsT Nru;j;J rpijtiljiyj;
Jupjg;gLj;jy;.
4' rpijtiljYf;F fhw;wpd;wptho; Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
5' mbf;fb fyitiag; Gul;LjYk; Gul;Lk;NghJ ePu; Nru;j;jYk;.

36' njhopd;KiwuPjpahd itd; jahupg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zq;fpr; rhjp vJ?

1' Saccharomyces 2' Gluconobacter
3' Streptococcus 4' Acetobacter
5' Lactobacillus
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 4
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
37' gupfupf;fg;glhj fopTePu; ,aw;ifahd ePu;epiyfspy; Nru;tjdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;G
my;yhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' Nehahf;fp Ez;zq;fpfs; guk;Gjy;
2' ePu; khriljy;
3' fhw;Ws;s epiyapyhd gpupe;jopjy; eilngWjy;
4' Ez;zq;fpf; Fbj;njhif mjpfupjJ; BOD ngWkhdk; my;yJ xl;rprd; Nfs;tp mjpfupjj
; y;
5' Ju;ehw;wk; tPRk; thAf;fs; ntspg;gly;

38' fopTePiug; gupfupf;Fk; gupfupj;jypd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf miktJ vJ?

1' ePupd; fyq;fw;wd;ikia mfw;wp xsp CLGftpLk; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jy;.
2' ePupYs;s Ez;zq;fpfis mfw;Wjy;.
3' ePupd; ghFepiyiaf; Fiwj;J ghAkpay;ig mjpfupj;jy;.
4' Ez;zq;fpg; gpupe;jopif %yk; ,urhad xl;rprd; Nfs;tpiaf; Fiwj;jy;.
5' ePupYs;s fopTfis Ez;zq;fp %yk; jho;j;Jjy;
.
39' Nrhsk;> Nrhah mtiu> kuKe;jpupif Mfpa jhtuq;fspy; G+r;rpg;gPilfspdhy; Vw;gLk;
jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;F me;jj; jhtuq;fspDl; GFj;jg;gLk; ^Bt& guk;giuayifg;
ngwg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zq;fp vJ?
1' Bacillus thuringiensis 2' Saccharomyces lerevisica
3' Penicellium notatum 4' Autobacter
5' E-coli

40' ifj;njhopw;Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zq;fpfs; rpy tUkhW

Saccharomyces, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Penicillium

Nkw;gb Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ifj;njhopy;fis xOq;FKiwapy; nfhz;lJ.

1' mw;fNfhy; jahupg;G> tpdhfpup jahupg;G> ghy; jahupg;G> Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;yp jahupg;G
2' tpdhfpup jahupg;G> mw;fNfhy; cw;gj;jp" ghy; jahupg;G" Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;yp jahupg;G
3' tpdhfpup jahupgG; > ghy; cw;gj;jpfs; jahupgG; " Ez;Zapuf
; n
; fhy;yp jahupgG; " mw;fNfhy; jahupgG;
4' ghy; jahupg;G" mw;fNfhy; cw;gj;jp" Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;yp jahupg;G" tpdhfpup jahupg;G
5' mw;fNfhy; jahupgG; ghy; cw;gj;jpfs; jahupgG; " Ez;Zapuf ; n
; fhy;yp jahupgG; " tpdhfpup jahupgG;

41' ghz; jahupf;Fk;NghJ kh nghq;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; ve;Ez;zq;fpapd; njhopw;ghL

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;?
1' Acetobacter 2' Saccharomyces 3' Lactobacillus
4' Glucobacter 5' Streptococcus

42' capu;j;njhopDl;gtpaYf;nfd Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhj re;ju;g;gk; vJ?

1' gRg;ghypypUe;J Nahfl; jahupj;jy;.
2' njd;dk; gjdPupypUe;J mw;fNfhy; jahupj;jy;.
3' fhrNehiaj; jLg;gjw;nfd kdpj clypy; BCG jLg;G+rp nraw;gly;.
4' njd;dk; gjdPupypUe;J ghzp> fUg;gl;b jahupj;jy;.
5' vijy; mw;fNfhypypUe;J tpdhfpup jahupj;jy;.

43' guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; vJ?

1' ,d;Rypd;
2' n`g;giuw;wp]; B jLg;G kUe;J
3' nfhy];jpNuhy;.
4' FUjp ciwjw; fhuzp
5' nghd;dpw muprp

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 5

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

44' capu;jn
; jhopDl;gr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' Ez;zq;fpfs; ntWq;fz;Zf;Fj; njupahjdthf ,Uj;jy;.
2' kypthd gy;NtW %yg;nghUl;fspd;kPJ njhopw;gLk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
3' Ez;zq;fpfspd; mDNrgj; njhopw;ghLfs; ,ilntg;g epge;jidfspd; fPo; epfOjy;.
4' capu;r;nrad;Kiwfs; fhuzkhf #oy; khrhf;fpfs; #oYld; Nruhik.
5' mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ %yg;nghUl;fisj; Jupjkhf tpisTfshf khw;Wjy;.

45. Ez;zq;fpfs; ru;t tpahgfj; jd;ik nfhz;ldthf miktjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd fhuzk;

vJ?
1. tpiuthd tsu;r;rpAk; ,dg;ngUf;f Mw;wYk;
2. gue;j clyikg;Gk; clw;nwhopypay; gy;tifikAk;
3. Nghrizg; gy;tifik
4. mstpy; rpwpajhifahy; mjpf Nkw;gug;G fdtsT tpfpjj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
5. Nguq;fpfSld; ,ilj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp mtw;iw xj;jhw;Nghy;; $u;g;gilAk;
Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

46. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 100 eNdhkPw;wupYk; Fiwthd gUkDilaJ vJ?

1. fU 2. gw;wPupah
3. ikf;Nfhg;gpsh];kh 4. ,iokzp
5. ,iuNghNrhk;

47. jkJ czitj; njhFf;Fk;NghJ rf;jp%ykhf xspiag; gad;gLj;jpa NghjpYk; fhgd;

%ykhf CO2tpid gad;gLj;jhjit>
1. mNdf gq;fRf;fs; 2. Caynobacteria
3' Purple bacteria 4' Nitrobacter
5' Purple non sulphur bacteria

48. capupay; gPilf;nfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Bt vdg; nghJthf miof;fg;gLk;

Ez;zq;fpapd; tbtk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. 2 3 4 5

49. ifj;njhopypy;> Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ gw;wpa gpd;tUk; ve;j njhlu;G jtwhdJ.

cw;g j; j p Ez; z q;f p
1. BCG jLg;G+rp Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. iyrPd; mkpNdhtkpyk; Corynebacterium glutamicum
3. ngdprpypd; Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;yp Penicillium notatum
4. tpdhfpup Saccharomyces
5. japu; Lactobacillus
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 6
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

50. gw;wPupah> gq;fR> my;fh Mfpa Ez;zq;fpfs; midj;jpdJk; nghJthd fl;likg;G/

jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lJ vJ?
1. fyr;Rtu; 2. Nrkpg;G czT
3. rTf;FKisapd; xOq;fikg;G 4. KjYU nkd;rt;T
5. fyr;rl;lfk;

51. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xspj;njhFg;ig Nkw;nfhs;shjJ

1. xrpyw;Nuhwpak; (Oscillatorium) 2. neh];nuhf; (Nostoc)
3. ikf;Nuhrp];upf; (Mycrocystic) 4. iwNrhgpak; (Rhizobium)
5. mdgPdh (Anabena)

52. $l;nlUj; jahupg;Gg;; gbKiw> gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. <uypg;ig 40 - 65% tiu NgZtjw;fhf ePu; njspj;jy;
2. ntg;gepiyia 430C - 650C tiu NgZtjw;fhf RLePiuj; njspj;jy;
3. fhgd;> iejurd; tpfpjj;ij cyu; epiwf;fika 30:1 Mfg; NgZtjw;nfd A+upah>
mtiuaj; jhtug; gFjpfs;> rpWePu; Mfpad Nru;j;jy;.
4. O2 nrwpit 5% khfg; NgZtjw;nfd $l;nlUf; Ftpaiy ,ilapilNa Gul;Ljy;
5. Vw;fdNt jahupf;fg;gl;l $l;nlUit> gpupifailAk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; kPJ gutyhfg;
gug;Gjy;.

53. fpUkpaopj;jy; El;gKiw gw;wpa gpioahd njhlu;igf; nfhz;l Nrhb vJ?

1. miyePsk; 260 eNdh kPw;wiuf; nfhz;l fopa+jhf; fjpu;fs; - rj;jpu rpfpr;irf;$lk;
2. FUjpj; jputtpioak; - nkd;rt;T tbfl;b (0.22  m - 0.45  m Jisnfhz;l)
3. Ez;Zapu; tsu;g;G+lfk; - mKf;ftLfydpy; 15 epkplk; mtpj;jy;
4. ghYk; gor;rhWk; - 720C apy; 15 nrf;fd; (1350C apy; 2 nrf;fd;) itj;jy;
5. fz;zhb cgfuzq;fs; - 1600C ntg;gepiyapy; 1 - 2 kzp Neuk; itj;jy;

54. guk;giuayFg; nghwpapaypd; gpuNahfk; my;yhjJ

1. gw;wPupahtpd; (Basillus thuringensis) guk;giuayifg; gad;gLj;jp NfhJik> Nrhah>
kuKe;jpupif> fNdhyh Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; G+r;rp vjpu;g;Gj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jy;
2. kdpj Genome ,w;F rpy Neha;fSf;F vjpu;g;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;l guk;giuayFfis
cl;nrYj;Jjy;
3. Ervinia uredovora gw;wPupahitg; gad;gLj;jp nghd;dpw muprp (Golden Rice) cw;gj;jp
nra;jy;
4. guk;giuayF tpfhuk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Escherichia coli iag; gad;gLj;jp kdpj ,d;Rypid
cw;gj;jpnra;jy;.
5. <NkhgPypah NehahspfSf;fhd rpfpr;irahff; FUjpAiwjw; fhuzpia cUthf;Fjy;

55. gupfupf;fg;glhj ePiu> ePue

; piyfspy; tpLtpg;gjdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjfkhd tpisT my;yhjJ
1. ePupd; xl;rprd; Nfs;tp Fiwtiljy;
2. ePupd; pH ngWkhdk; Fiwtiljy;
3. Nkw;gug;gpy; my;fhg; gilnahd;W cUthjy;
4. Nehahf;fp Ez;Zapu;fs; guk;Gjy;
5. ePu;epiyapd; capu;g;gy;tifik Fiwjy;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 7
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

56. cf;fiyr; Nru;g;gjd; %ykhf tptrha kz;zpy; Vw;glhj epiiyik ahJ?

1. rpwg;ghf ePiuj; Njf;fpitj;jy;
2. rpwg;ghd tPr;rpy; pH ,idr; rPuhf;Fjy;.
3. kz;Zld; xd;whfg; gpize;J kzpAUf;fis cUthFtjdhy; kz;zpd; fl;likg;G
tpUj;jpnra;J fhw;W}l;lj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;.
4. kz; ntg;gepiyar; rPuhf;fy;.
5. fdpAg;Gfs; ePu;Kiw mupg;Gf;Fs;shtijj; jLj;jy;;.

57. fs;S cw;gj;jpAld; njhlu;gw;w $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gjePupy; Vwj;jho 15% Rf;FNuhR fhzg;gLk;
2. ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;by; Kjypy; gw;wPupahTk;; gpd;du; gq;fRTk; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Ak;.
3. ,e;j nehjpj;jy; nrad;Kiw %yk; ngwf;$ba cr;r mw;fNfhy; rjtPjk; 17% MFk;.
4. nghJthd #oy; ntg;gepiyapy; %d;W ehl;fspy; ,e;j nrad;Kiw G+u;j;jpailAk;.
5. etPd Ez;zq;fpj; njhopDl;g Kiwf;fika fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Ez;zq;fpr; rKjhak;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L cau;juk; nfhz;l fs;S cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

58. vy;yh mw;fNfhy; cw;gj;jpfSk;;> jahupg;gpd; NghJ tspaw;w nfhs;fydpy; / Nghj;jy;fspy;

nghjpnra;ag;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
1. nehjpj;jy; NkYk; eilngWtijj; jtpu;j;jy;.
2. xl;rpNaw;wr; nrad;Kiw %yk; tPo;gbT Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;j;jy;.
3. Acetobacter Nghd;w Ez;zq;fpfspd; nrad;Kiwapy;; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ghdk;
Gspg;Gr; Ritailtijj; jLj;jy;
4. mjpfsT CO2 Nru;tijj; jLj;jy;
5. pH ngWkhdk; mjpfupg;gijj; jLj;jy;.

59. gw;wuP pah Neha;j; njhw;Wf;fisj; jtpu;gg

; jw;fhf> Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp> jLg;G
kUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;jy; njhlu;ghfr; rupahd Ez;zq;fpj; njhlu;Gfspy; gpioahdJ vJ?
1. <ug;Gtyp - Clostridium tetani
2. tapw;Nwhl;lk; - Escherichia coli
3. frk; - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4. nfhyuh - Vibrio cholarae
5. ijNghapl;Lf; fha;r;ry; - Salmonelle typhi

60. fopTePiur; Rj;jpfupf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; Kjd;ikg; gupfupg;gpy; eilngwhjJ vJ?

1. ,iyAf;fy; Nghd;w ,Nyrhd kpjf;Fk; nghUl;fis milay; njhl;bfspy; ePupd;kPJ
kpjf;fr;nra;J mfw;Wjy;.
2. kpjf;fhj gjhu;j;jq;fshd kzy;> fw;fs;> kz; Mfpatw;iw njhl;bapd; mbapy;
gbar; nra;jy;.
3. fhw;wpd;wpa kz;b miwf;Fg; gjhu;j;jq;fis mDg;Gjy;
4. fhw;Wtho; Ez;zq;fpfspdhy; gpupe;jopjw; nraw;ghL Nkk;gLj;jg;gly;
5. ePupYs;s Nrjdg;nghUl;fspy; 20 - 30% ntspNaw;wg;gly;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 8

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

61. capu;thA jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slq;fhjJ vJ?

1. Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; ePu;g;gFg;Gf;Fs;shjy;
2. fhd;wpd;wpa> fhw;Wf;Fupa gpupe;jopjy;
3. nehjpj;jy;
4. mnrw;wpf;fkpyk; cUthjy;
5. fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> Ijurd; Mfpa thAf;fs; ,ilj;jhf;fkile;J kPNjd; thA cUthjy;;

62. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Ez;zq;fpfisf; nfhz;buhjJ vJ?

1. MNuhf;fpakhd kdpjdpd; ngUq;Fly; 2. MNuhf;fpakhd kdpjdpd; ,iug;ig
3. <uypg;ghd kz; 4. nte;eP&w;Wfs;
5. JUtg; gFjpapYs;s fly;

63. nehjpj; j y; nrad; K iwapd; Nghjhd ,Wjp tpisTfs; rpyTk; mtw; W f; F upa
Ez;zq;fpapdq;fspd; ngau;fSk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; rupahd njhlu;G vJ?
1. nkhNdhNrhbak; FSl;lhNkw;W - Corynebacterium glutamicum
2. gjdPu; nehjpj;J mw;fNfhyhjy; - Leuconostoc, Streptococcus
3. itd; cw;gj;jp - Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4. gpau; cw;gj;jp - Saccharomyces callbergensis
5. tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp - Azotobacter

64 guk;giuayF kPspizg;Gj; njhopDl;gk; mjhtJ guk;giuayFg; nghwpapay; njhopDl;gk;

njhlu;ghd $w;WfSs; vJ gpioahdjhFk;?
1. Njitahd guk;giuayif ntl;b Ntwhf;fpf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nehjpaj;
njhFjp vd;Nlh epAf;fpspNaR MFk;.
2. ntl;bnaLf;fg;gl;l DNA rq;fpypapd; ghfj;ij Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F nry; kpd;
flj;jy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
3. mq;fpapd; rPNdhkpYs;s epAf;fpspf;fkpyj;ijg; gpupj;njLf;f DNA fyg;G mtrpakhFk;.
4. Njitahd guk;giuayiff; nfhz;l DNA ghfj;ij gpsh];kpl;Lld; njhlu;GgLj;j
DNA ypNf]; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
5. kPs; ,izg;G nra;ag;gl;l gpsh];kpl;il gw;wPupahtpDs; nrYj;Jjy; ,ay;khw;wyhFk;.

65. mtjhdpg;gjw;nfd epw%l;lg;gl;l Ez;zq;fpg; G+r;irj; jahupf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy;

cs;slq;fhj gbKiw gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. Rj;jkhd fz;zhb tOf;fpapd; kPJ ,lg;gl;l fha;rr
; p tbj;j ePuj
; J
; sp kPJ fpUkpGFj;jy;
Crpapd; Kidapdhy; Ez;zq;fp khjpup rpwpjsit ,ly;.
2. me;j khjpupapd; nky;ypa glyk; cUthFk; tiu fpUkpGFj;jy; Crp %ykhf tOf;fpapd;
kPJ gug;Gjy;.
3. tOf;fpapy; ,lg;gl;l G+r;ir tspkz;lyj;jpy; cyu;j;Jjy;.
4. G+r;rpid ntg;gj;jpdhw; gjpj;jy;.
5. rha%l;b <uj;ij xw;wpnaLj;J %bj;Jz;bdhy; %Ljy;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 9

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg;Gf; fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;

^1& A.
i. Ez;zq;fpfs; vd;gij tiuaWf;f.
ii. Kw;WKOjhf Ez;zq;fpfspid khj;jpuk;; nfhz;Ls;s Ngupuhrjhdpfs; vit?
iii. Ez;zq;fpfspd; gUkidf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd mstPLfs; ngWk; myF ahJ?
iv. Ez;zq;fpfs; vq;Fk; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wikapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
vit?
B.
Ez;zq;fpfs; gw;wpa fw;wha;TfSf;fhf tsu;g;G Clfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
i. Ez;zq;fpfs; gw;wpa fw;iff;fhf tsu;gG ; Clfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;
ahJ?
ii. tsug;G Clfk; jahupgg ; jw;fhfg; gpdt
; Uk; gjhu;jj
; q;fs;; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
(i). cUisf;fpoq;F my;yJ ,iwr;rp mtpj;J tbj;njLj;j fiury;;.
(ii). FSf;NfhR my;yJ ngj;Njhd;.
(iii). Vfhu;.
iii. Ez;zq;fp tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; eLif Clfq;fs; ,uz;ilf;
Fwpg;gpl;L mt;T+lfq;fspy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; Ez;zq;fp tiffis vOJf
eLif Clfk; nghJthf tsu;f ;f g;g Lk; Ez;zq;f p tif.
1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
C.
i. ntg;gTWjpahd tsu;g;G Clfnkhd;wpidf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;; Kiw
ahJ?
ii. fz;zhb cgfuzq;fisf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw ahJ?
iii. fpUkpGFj;jy; Crpiaf; fpUkpaopf;Fk; Kiw ahJ?
iv. eLif Clfnkhd;wpy; tsu;eJ ; s;s gw;wuP pah khjpupnahd;wpy; rpwpjsit $l;L EZf;Ff;
fhl;bapd;fo
P ; mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf tOf;fpNaw;wnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;fhf ePqf ; s; ifahSk;
nrad;Kiwapd; Kjd;ikahd gbKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

D. nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s gy;NtW gjhu;j;jq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf

Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
i. gpd;tUk; nrad;KiwfSf;fhfg; gad;gLk; Ez;zq;fp tifia xOq;FKiwg;gb
Fwpg;gpLf.
^i& fs;S cw;gj;jp
^ii& Nahfl; cw;gj;jp
^iii& tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp
^iv&mkpNdhtkpy cw;gj;jp
^v& BCG jLg;g+rp kUe;J
^ii& Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghlhdJ #oypd;; rkepiyiag; NgZtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Ak; tpjj;ijj; jUf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 10

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(2) ^i& Ez;zq;fpfs; vd;dwhy; vd;d?

^ii& Kd;fUtd;fs;> fUtd;fs; vd mq;fpfis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F VJthd
gpujhd epakk; ahJ?
^iii& capupay; Ma;T$lq;fspy; gad;gLk; nghJthd EZf;Ff; fhl;bahdJ \$l;L
xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;b| vd toq;fg;gLtNjd;?
^iv& EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; cUg;ngUf;f tYthdJ gad;gLk; rf;jp tbtj;jpd; ve;j
,ay;gpd;kPJ jq;fpapUf;Fk;?
(v) a). nghJthd Ma;$lq;fspy; gad;gLk; xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; cr;r cUg;ngUf;f
tY ahJ?
b). xU nghUis mtjhdpj;Jg; ngw;w tpk;gj;jpd; cUg;ngUf;fk; « 10 « 40 « 5 vdf;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
(3)

fopT ePu;

kpjf;Fk; fopT thA x

ePu;
Kjdpiy
milay; njhl;b

B
nghwpKiwapy;
thAT+l;ly;
P Kiw Q Kiw
y kPjp

tptrha
Rj;jpfupj;j ebtbf;if
ePu; B,C juk; fSf;fhdJ
Ez;Zapu;fn
; fhy;yp

Rj;jpfupj;j ePu; juk; A

tbj;jy; tPl;Lg; tptrha eltbf;

ghtid iffSf;fhdJ
FbePu; ePu;

fopTePu; Rj;jpfupg;Gj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; gbKiwfisf; fhl;Lk; glk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjidf; ftdkhf mtjhdpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
i. fopT ePu; vd;why; vd;d?
ii. fopT ePiu Rj;jpfupg;gjd; ,d;wpaikahik ahJ?
iii. P, Q vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Kiwfis ,dq;fhz;f.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 11
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iv. ,tw;Ws; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw ahJ?

v. NkNy ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapd;NghJ epfOk; capu;r;nrad;Kiw ahJ?
vi. (a) B vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ ahJ?
(b) X vDk; thAit ,dq;fz;L mjd; gad;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(c) Y vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l kPjpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ.
vii. fpUkpaopg;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jk; ahJ?

(4) i. capu; thA vd;why; vd;d?

ii. capu; thA cw;gj;jpapdhy;; epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fs;
jUf?
iii. Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;yp vd;why; vd;d?
iv. a) Kjd;Kjyhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Ez;Zapu;fn ; fhy;yp ahJ?
b) ,e;j Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;ypiaf; fz;Lgpbj;j Ez;zq;fpapay; tpQ;Qhdp ahu;?
v. a) Neha;j;jLg;G kUe;J (Vaccine) jahupg;gjw;fhf Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jpa
tpQ;Qhdp ahu;?
b) Neha;j;jLg;G kUe;Jfspd; (Vaccine) ,urhadf; fl;likg;G ahJ?

(5) i) DNA %yf;$Wfspd; fl;likg;G ,ay;Gfs; ,uz;L jUf

ii) mq;fpfspd; gpwg;Gupikapay; gjhu;j;jkhf DNA miktjw;F> DNA nfhz;Ls;s
gpujhdkhd ,ay;nghd;iw vOJf.
iii) fUmkpyg; gy;gFjpaq;fspd;; Mf;f myF ahJ?
iv) a) guk;giuayFg; nghwpapay; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?
b) mjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpsh];kpl;L vd;why; vd;d?
v) kPs;Nru;khdk; nra;ag;gl;l gpsh];kpl;L vd;why; vd;d?
vi) guk;giuayFg; nghwpapaypy; gpd;tUk; nehjpaq;fspd; gq;fspg;G ahJ?
a) DNA nghypkNuR
b) vd;Nlh epAf;fpspNaR
c) ypNfR
Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd DNA ghfj;ij DNA %yf;$w;wpy; ,izj;jy;.
vii) nry;kpd; flj;jy; vd;gJ ahJ?
viii) guk;giuayF jpupTgLj;jg;gl;l mq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; capu;f;Nfhsj;jpw;F
mr;RWj;jyhf mikaj;jf;f ,uz;L epiyikfis vOJf.

(6) i) a) tspkz;lyj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s iejurd; rjtPjk; vt;tsthFk;?

b) iejurd; tl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fisg; ngaupLf.
ii) iejurd; gjpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
iii) a) kz;zpy; thOk; iejurd; gjpf;Fk; Ez;zq;fpnahd;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
b) jhtuq; f Sld; xd; w pathop <l; l j; i jf; nfhz; l iejurd; gjpf; F k;
gw;wPupahnthd;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
iv& a) iejurdpwf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ?
b) iejurdpwf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
v&mq;fpfspd; clypYs;s N mlq;fpa Ie;J Nru;itfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd;
njhopy;fis vOJf.
a) <NkhFNshgpd;
b) ,kpANdhFNshgpd;
c) mf;upd;
d) ,d;Rypd;
e) Jnuhk;gpd;.
vi' ~itd;| kJrhu cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk; gha;r;rw;Nfhl;Lg; glk; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

jpuhl;irg; goq;fis X
miuj;Jr; rhW jahupj;jy;

jpuhl;irr; rhw;iwg; ghr;ru; Y
gpuNahfj;Jf;Fl;gLj;jy;.

fiurYld; tpNrl Z
kJttifiar; Nru;j;jy;.

nehjpj;j fiuriy W
tbj;jy;

gjg;gLj;jy; P

i.' itd; cw;gj;jpapy; mjpf mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;l jpuhl;irg; goq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l

nty;yf; fiuriyg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
ii. Y vDk; nrad;Kiwapd; capupay; uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupf;Ff.
iii. Z vDk; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ gad;gLj;Jk; Ez;zq;fp ,dj;jpd; ngaiu vOJf.
iv. P vDk; nrad;Kiwapd; tzpfg; ngWkhdk; ahJ?
v itd; cw;gj;jpf;;fhf jpuhl;irg; gok; jtpu;;e;jtplj;J gad;gLj;jf;$ba NtW
%yg;nghUspd; ngaiuj;; jUf.
7' A.
i. cUtj;Jf;F mika gw;wPupahf;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;?
ii. Kd;fUtd; xOq;fikg;igf; fhl;Lk; gpujhdkhd Ez;zq;fpapd; $l;lq;fs; ahit?
iii. fUtd; xOq;fikg;igf; fhl;Lk; Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fs; ahit
iv. Nkw;gb (ii) (iii) Mk; $l;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j Ez;zq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhdkhd
fl;likg;Gf;fspd; NtWghLfs; %d;W jUf
v. NkYk; (ii) Mk; (iii) Mk; $l;lq;fisr; Nru;ej ; Ez;zq;fpfspypUe;J ituRf;fs; vt;thW
NtWgLfpd;wd vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd ,uz;L tplaq;fs; vOJf.
B
i. gpd;tUk; $l;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j xt;nthU Ez;zq;fp tPjk; Fwpg;gpLf.
a. xspj; jw;Nghrzp ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
b. ,urhadj; jw;Nghrzp ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
c. mika fhw;wpd;wpa thop ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
d. fl;Lg;gl;l fhw;wpd;wpa thop ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
e. Ez; fhw;Wehl;l mq;fp ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii. ntt;NtW ifj;njhopy;fspy; Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F VJthAs;s tplaq;fs;
ahit?
iii. gpd;tUk; ifj;njhopy;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zq;fpia/ Ez;zq;fpfisg; ngaupLf.
1' fs;S cw;j;jp ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3' ngd;rpypd; cw;gj;jp ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4' Nahfl; cw;gj;jp ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
5' gPilnfhy;yp cw;gj;jp ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
C.czTw;gj;jpj;Jiwapy; Neubahf Ez;zq;fpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk;
Ez;zq;fpfspd; mDNrg tpisTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cs;sd'
i. Ez;zq;fpfisg;; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;Jf;fhd Xu; cjhuzk; jUf.
ii. Ez;zq;fpapd; mDNrg tpisTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;Jf;fhd Xu; cjhuzk;
jUf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 13

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

D.
i. fopT ePu; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?
ii. gupfupf;fg;glhj ePu;> ,aw;if ePu;epiyfspy;; Nru;tjhy; Njhd;wf;$ba ghjfkhf %d;W
tpisTfisj; jUf.
iii. capupay;Kiwg; gupfupg;G vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
iv. capupay;Kiwg; gupfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fs; jUf.
1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v. njhopw;rhiynahd;wpy; fopTePiug; gupfupf;Fk; nghwpj;njhFjpnahd;wpy; capupay; Kiwg;
gupfupg;G ifahsg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

E.
i. DNA kPs;Nru;khdj; njhopDl;gk; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
ii. DNA kPs;Nru;khdj; njhopDl;gj;jpd;NghJ gad;gLk; gw;wPupah tifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
iii. ,j;njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gad;kpf;f gjhu;j;jq;fs; %d;W
jUf.

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;

1' ntw;wpfukhf> capup cliyg; NgZtjw;fhf kh%yf;$Wfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;

njhlu;ghf xU fl;Liu vOJf.
2' RUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJf.
^i& fhNghitjNuw;wpd; mikg;Gk; njhopy;fSk;

3' capu;j; njhopDl;gj;jpy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.

4' czT cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghf xU fl;Liu vOJf.

5' a. tiff;Fupa gw;wPupahf; fynkhd;wpd; mikg;igr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

b. gFjp (a) ,y; ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;Gf;fspd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

6' RUf;ff; Fwpg;G vOJf.

a' Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;yp
b' ituRf;fspd; cUttpay; mikg;Gf;fs;.

7' a. ifj;njhopy;fspw; gad;ghl;Lf;F fhuzkhf mikAk; tifapy; Ez;zq;fp;

nfhz;Ls;s ,ay;Gfs; ahit @
b. czT cw;gj;jpf;fhf Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtij cjhuzq; fhl;b tpsf;Ff.

8' a. fpUkpaopj;jy; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

b. fpUkpaopj;jy; Kiwfis cjhuzq;fSld; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 14
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
myF 1 - Ez;zq;fpapay;
gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f Sf;F upa tpilfs;

1-3 11-5 21-3 31-5 41-2 51-4 61-2

2-1 12-2 22-4 32-2 42-4 52-2 62-2
3-5 13-3 23-3 33-4 43-3 53-4 63-5
4-4 14-1 24-1 34-5 44-1 54-2 64-3
5-2 15-2 25-2 35-4 45-4 55-1 65-5
6-1 16-5 26-4 36-1 46-5 56-4
7-5 17-3 27-5 37-3 47-5 57-3
8-1 18-2 28-4 38-4 48-5 58-3
9-2 19-1 29-4 39-1 49-4 59-2
10-1 20-5 30-1 40-1 50-4 60-4

mikg;G f; fl;L iutif tpdhf;f Sf;f hd

tpilfs;
1' A.
i. ntw;Wf; fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhfhj mq;fp $ EZf;Ff; fhl;bapdhy; ghu;f;ff;$ba mq;fpfs;
ii. gw;wPupah Ngupuhrjhdp> Mf;fpah Ngupuhrjhdp
iii. ikf;fpNuh kPw;wu;> eNdh kPw;wu;
iv. ² kpfr; rpwpa msTilajhf ,Uj;jy;.
² tpiuthf tsu;r;rpailjy;>
² gue;j cUttpay; kw;Wk; clyikg;Gg; gy;tifik.
² Nghrizg; gy;tifik
² Nguq;fpfSld; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjd;%yk; mtw;Wld; rkhe;jukhff;
$u;g;gilAk; jpwd;.
² ntt;NtW Rthr Kiwfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

B.
i. tsu;gG ; Clfnkhd;wpy; Ez;zq;fpr; rKjhaq;fs; tsu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wikahy; fw;wha;Tf;fhf
,tw;wpypUe;J Ez;zq;fpfisg; ngw Kbfpd;wik.
ii.
(i) Nrjdg; Nghriz toq;Ftjw;F $ mDNrgr; nraw; g hLfSf; F j; Njitahd
rf;jpia toq;Fjw;fhf / xl;rpNaw;wj;Jf;Fs;shFk; khg;nghUs; my;yJ Guj
Nghrizf; $Wfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;.
(ii) Ez;zq;fp tsu;g;G Clfj;Jf;fhf ,irtile;J Nrjdg; Nghrizf; $Wfis
cilg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nehjpaq;fisj; J}z;Lk; epiy tiuapy>; rf;jp ngWtjw;fhf
,yFthf cilf;fff;$ba Nrjdg; Nghrizf;$whf.
(iii) Clfj;ijf; nfl;bg;glr; nra;tjw;fhf
iii. 1' cUisf; fpoq;F nlf;];NuhR $Wfs; - gq;fR
2' Nghriz Vfhu; - gw;wPupah
C.
i mKf;f mLg;igg; gad;gLj;jy;.
xU rJu mq;Fyj;Jf;F 15 ,whj;jy; mKf;fk; gpuNahfpj;jy;.
121oC ntg;gepiyia milar;nra;jy;.
15 epkplq;fs; itj;jy;.
ii . kpd;dLg;igg; gad;gLj;jy;.
160oC ntg;gepiyiag; Ngzy;.
1 - 2 kzp Neuk; tiu itj;jpUj;jy;.
iii gd;rd; RluLg;igg; gad;gLj;jy;.
nrQ;#lhFk; tiuapy; ntg;gNkw;wy;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 15

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iv ² Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb tOf;fpnahd;iw vLj;jy;.

² gw;wuP pa khjpupapypUe;J rpwpjsit vLj;J tOf;fpkJ
P itj;J G+rr; pidj; jahu;gLj;jpfn
; fhs;sy;.
² tspapy; cyu;j;Jjy;.
² tOf;fpia gd;rd; RthiykPJ rpy jlit mq;Fkpq;Fkhff; nfhz;L nrd;W
G+r;ir epiyg;gLj;jy;.
² nkjpyPd; ePy rhaj;jpdhy; epw%l;ly;.
² Vwj;jho 30 nrf;fd;fs; tiu itj;jpUj;jy;.
² fLk; epwj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf

D.
i. ^i& Saccharomyces / Yeast
^ii& Lactobacillus / Streptococus
^iii& Acetobacter / Gluconobacter
^iv&Corynobacterium glutamicus/Acetobacter aerogens
^v& Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ii. ² Nrjdg; nghUs; gpupifailtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;

² ,we;j clw;gFjpfisr; #oypypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jy;.
² Nghrizf; $Wfs; kPs;Row;rpf;F cl;gLjy;.
² epy #oy; tl;lq;fisg; NgzptUk; $C, N, P tl;lq;fisg; NgzNtz;Lk;.
² iej;jpNuw;wk; kw;wk; iej;jpNuw;wj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.

2' i. jdpj;jdpahf vLf;Fkplj;J ntw;Wf;fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj mq;fpfs;.

ii. Kd;fUtd;fSf;F xOq;fike;j $ nkd;rt;nthd;wpdhy; %lg;gl;l fU ,y;yhiik g
$ nkd;rt;T Gd;dq;fq;fs; ,y;yhik fUtd;fSf;F nkd;rt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fs; ,Uj;jy;.
iii. $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;b - gy tpy;iyj; njhFjpfs; nfhz;lJ $ fz;Jz;L> nghUs;
Jz;L > xLf;fptpy;iy vd;wthwhf.
xsp EZf;Ff; fhl;b - rf;jpg;Ngjkhf xsp gad;gLjy;.
iv. miyePsj;jpd;kPJ
v' a). « 1000
b). « 10 - fz;Jz;L tpy;iyapd; cUg;ngUf;fk;.
« 40 - nghUs;Jz;L tpy;iyapd; cUg;ngUf;fk;.
« 5 - ,Wjp tpk;gk; - fz;kl;lj;jpy; nra;j cUg;ngUf;fk;.
3' i. kdpjdpd; ahNjDk; gad; fhuzkhf ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ePu; fopT ePuhFk;.
ii. mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; rdj;njhifapd; NjitfSf;Fg; GtpapYs;s ,aw;ifahd
Rj;jpfupg;Gg; nghwpKiwfspd; nfhs;ssT Nghjhik fopTePiu ,aw;ifahd ePu;
epiyfspy; ntspapLjy; gy;NtW #ow;ghjpg;Gfs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhFk;.
iii. P- Vtg;gl;l fyq;fs; Kiw
Q- frpT tbg;G Kiw.
iv. Vtg;gl;l milay; Kiw.
v. fopTePUf;F nghwpKiwapy; fhw;W}l;lk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wikahy; mq;F fhw;Wtho;
Ez;zq;fpfs; tsu;eJ ; Jupjkile;J mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; gpupe;joptJ
tpidj;jpwdhf epfOk;.
vi' a. fhw;wpd;wpa milay; gpupj;jopg;G miw.
x vDk; thA capu; thAthFk;. CH4, N2, CO2 kw;Wk; H2S mlq;fpAs;sd. 50]-80] a
CH4 thAthFk;'
b. 1' vupnghUshf
2' xsp gpwg;gpg;gjw;F.
c. Nrjdg;grisahfg; gad;gLk;.
vii. FNshuPd; thA
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 16
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4' i' Nrjdg; nghUl;fs; fhw;wpd;wpa Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghL%yk; cilf;fg;gLtjhy;

cw;gj;jpahFk;. 50-80] tiu nkNjd; mlq;fpAs;s xU N2, CO2, H2S Nghd;w thA tiffisf;
nfhz;l thAf; fyitahFk;.
ii. 1' vupnghUs; neUf;fbfSf;Fj; jPu;thf.
2' Nrjdf; fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikia NkYk; tpidj;jpwdhf elhj;jy;.
iii. Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lnkhd;wpd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf NtW Ez;zq;fpf;
$l;lnkhd;wpd; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwapd; tpisthf cw;gj;jpahFk; ,urhadg; nghUs;.
iv. a) ngd;rpypd;.
b) mnyf;rhz;lu; gpnskpq;
v' a) vl;tl; n[d;du;.
b) Gujk;> fpisf;Nfhg; Gujk;.

5' i. ² nghyp epAf;fpspNahijl;Lr; rq;fpypfs; ,uz;bdhyhdJ.

² ,ul;ilr; RUsp
² vjpu;r; rkhe;juk;.
ii. ² iejurd; Nru; %y xOq;FKiwahf jiyKiwAupik ,ay;Gfisf;;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itj;jpUj;jpy;.
² gpd;Gwkbjy; %yk; ruprkdhd %yf;$w;iw ,dq;fhz Kbjy;.
² nghJthd> vspikahd %y cWjpg;ghLs;s %yf;$Wfs; ,Uj;jy;.
iii. epAf;fpspNahijl;L
iv. a) mq;fpfspd; [pNdhk; (Genome) ,id khw;WjYld; njhlu;Gila Kiwapay;
mlq;fpAs;s tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw.
b) gw;wuP pahf;fspy; cs;s gpujhd tl;l DNA %yf;$Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf cs;s rpWnjhif
guk;giuayFfisf; nfhz;l rpwpa tl;l DNA MFk;.
v. ahNjDk; gw;wPupahg; gpshRkpl;bd; me;j ,dj;ijr; rhuhj DNA gFjpnahd;wpidg;
GFj;jpa gpd;du; mg;gpshRkpl;L kPs;Nru;khdk; nra;ag;gl;l gpshRkpl;L vdg;gLk;.
vi. a) DNA gpd;Gwkbg;gpd;NghJ bxl;rp iuNgh epAf;fpspNahiul;; gy;gFjpakhjYf;F
b) Fwpj;j ,lq;fspy; guk;giuayFfis Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf myF DNA
%yf;$w;iw ntl;Lk;.
c) Fwpj;j ,lq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd DNA gFjpfisg; gpujhd DNA %yf;$w;Wld;
,izj;jy;.
vii mfNuhR vDk; gjhu;;j;jj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l nry; (gel) ,Ds; ahNjDk; Xu; ,lj;jpy;
epWj;jpa %yf;$w;Wj; Jz;Lfisf; nfhz;l Clfj;jpw;F cau; mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ij
toq;Ftjd;%yk; mtw;iw ePsj;jpw;Nfw;g nry;ypd; topNa mirar;nra;J %yf;$w;W
Jz;Lfis Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
vii.i² kUe;J tiffisf; (jw;fhy) nfhz;L rpfpr;ir nra;tjd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;j
Kbahj Nehahf;fpfs; cUthtjhy; kdpj kw;Wk; tpyq;Fr; rhfpak; mr;RWj;jYf;F
cs;shFk;.
² xt;thikia Vw;gLj;Jk; Ez;zq;fpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
² jhtu Neha;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehahf;fpfs; Njhd;Wtjhy; ,aw;ifr; #oYk;
ifj;njhopy;fSk; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shFk;.
² capu;fN ; fhsj;jpd; ,aw;if tl;lq;fisf; Fog;gf;$ba mq;fpfs; Njhd;Wtjhy;
,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjp mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shFk;.

6' i a). 78]

b). gw;wPupah $ raNdh gw;wPupah.
ii' tspkz;ly iejurd; NH +4 / NO 3- Mf khWjy;.
iii' a). Azotobacter
b). Rhizobium / Anabaena
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 17
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iv a). iej;jpNuw;Wf;fs; tspkz;ly iejurdhf khWk;;. (jho;j;jy;)

b). tspkz;lyj;jpYk; kz;zpYk; ePu;epiyfspYk; iejurd; rkepiyiag; NgZk;.;
v' a). <NkhFNshgpd;  FUjp O2 > CO2 Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Lnry;Yk;.
b). ,kpANdhFNshgpd;  gpwNghrzpahf khw;Wjy;.
c). mf;wpd; - jirr; RUf;fj;jpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
d). ,d;;Rypd; - FUjpapy; FSf;NfhR  fpisf;Nfhrdhf khw;Wjy;
e). JNuhk;gpd; - FUjp ciwjiyj; J}z;Ljy;.
vi i. mf;fiury; gw;wPupah tsu;r;rpf;Fr; rhjfkhdjy;y vdpDk; kJt tsu;r;rpf;Fr;
rhjfkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
ii' fyitapypUe;J ,aw;if Ez;zq;fpf; Fbj;njhifia ePf;Fjy;.
iii. Saccharomyes cereviciae
iv. RitiaAk; epwj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
v. NtW gotif> nrt;tpsePu;
7' A.
i. Nfhstbt gw;wPupah my;yJ Nfhf;fR.
NfhYU gw;wPupah my;yJ gq;fR.
RUspAU gw;wPupah my;yJ ,Rg;gpupy;yk;
ii. gw;wPupah
raNdh gw;wPupah> Mf;fp gw;wPupah
iii. gq;fR> Gww;NwhNrhth> rpy my;fhf;fs;
iv. 1' Kjw; f Utd; Ez; z q; f pfspy; nkd; r t; t pdhy; #og; g l; l xOq; f ike; j fU
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fUtd; Ez;zq;fpfspd; nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l xOq;fike;j
fUTz;L.
2' Kjw;fUtd;fspy; ,iokzp (ikw;Nwhnfhd;wpak;)> gr;irAUkzpfs;> ,iyNrhNrhk;
Nghd;w nkd;rt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fs; fpilahJ. fUtd;fspy; mit cz;L.
3' Kjw;fUtd;fspy;> nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Gd;ntw;wplk; cz;L - fUtd;fspy;
fpilahJ.
4' Kjw;fUtd; ,aq;F myFfspy; 9 ¬ 2 mikg;G xOq;fikg;G ,y;iy - fUtd;fspy;
cz;L.
5' Kjw; f Utd; mq;f pfspy; 80s ,iuNghNrhk; f s; ,y; i y - fUtd; f spy; 80s
,iuNghNrhk;fs; cz;L.
6' Kjw;fUtd;fSf;F fyr;rl;lfk; fpilahJ. - fUtd;fSf;F fyr;rl;lfk; cz;L.
v. fy xOq;fikg;G fhl;lg;gLtjpy;iy.
KjYU $ KjYU nkd;rt;T fpilahJ.
Gd;dq;fq;fSf;F ,iuNghNrhk;fs; fpilahJ.
,yj;jpudpay; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapdhNyNa ghu;f;fyhk;
DNA, RNA khj;jpuk; ,Uj;jy;.
B
i. a. Green sulphur bacteria / gr;ir ry;gu; gw;wPupah
Purple sulphur bacteria / Cjh ry;gu; gw;wPupah
Cynobacteria / raNdhgw;wPupah / Anabeena / Nostoc
b. Nitrosomanas
Nitrobacter
c. Saccharomyces /kJtk;.
d. Clostridium
e. Lactobacillus
ii. ² kypthd %yg;nghUl;fs; kPJ njhopw;gly;.
² ,ilntg;g epge;jidfspd; fPo; (miw ntg;gepiyapYk; mKf;fj;jpYk;.) jhf;fj;ij
elhj;jyhk;.
² khw;w Ntfk; cau;thdJ.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 18
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
iii. (i) Saccharomyces
(ii) Acetobacter / Gluconobacter
(iii)Penicillium notatum
(iv) Lactobacillus / Streptococcus
(v) Bacillus Thuringiensis
C (i) Agaricus - czthf
(ii) Saccharomyces - ghz; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ khf;Fioapy; nehjpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jy;.

Lactobacillus - Nahfl; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; ghiy ciwar; nra;tjw;F (japu; cw;gj;jpf;Fk;.)

Acetobacter / Gluconobacter - tpdhfpup cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLk;.
D
i. fopTePu; vdg;gLtJ tPLfspYk; njhopw;rhiyfspYk; gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du; ntspNaw;Wk;
ePuhFk;.
ii. ² Nehahf;fp Ez;zq;fpfs; ngUFk;.
² ePupd; xl;rprd; Nfs;tp mjpfupf;Fk;. ^BOD& ePupDs; fhw;wpd;wpa epge;jid cUthjy;.
² fhw;wpd;wpa gpupif fhuzkhf Ju;ehw;wKs;s thAf;fs; ntspahFk;. $ H2S
iii. fopTePupYs;s Nrjdg; nghUs;fs;kPJ Ez;zq;fpfisr; njhopw;glr;nra;J
Ez;zq;fpfspd; cf;fy; nraw;ghL %yk; mtw;wpy;; ,aw;ifahd gpupifr;
nraw;ghL epfor;nra;J #oy; khrhf;fpfis ePf;fp> ghjfkhd jd;ikiaf;
Fiwf;Fk; nrad;KiwahFk;.
iv. $l;nlU jahupj;jy;'
rKj;jpuePupd;kPJ frpe;Js;s vz;nzia ePf;Fjy;.
cNyhff; fopTfis ePf;fy;.
v. ,uz;lhk;epiyg; gupfupg;Gr; rKjhaj;jpy;
Vtg;gl;l milay; Kiwapd; NghJ.
nghrpTtbg;G Kiwapd;NghJ.
E.
i. ,uz;L ,dq;fisr; Nru;e;j DNA gFjpifsj; njupTnra;J nehjpaj;ijf;nfhz;L
ntl;b Ntwhf;fp> iyNfR nehjpak; %yk; xl;lr; nra;J nghJ DNA %yf;$w;iw
Mf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
ii. E. coli
iii. (khdpl) ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
(khdpl) tsur;rp XNkhd; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
n`g;gill;b]; B jLg;G kUe;J (Hepatitis - B)

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f Sf;F upa tpilfs;

1'
² xU Mf;f myF kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Nru;tjhy; ghupa %yf;$Wfs; Njhd;Wk;'
² cau; %yf;$w;W epiw cau;thdJ ^104-1010& ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l %yf;$w;W epiw cUthFk;.
² capu;g; gy;gFjpakhFk;
² nghyprf;fiul;L (gy;rf;fiul;L)
² Gujk;
² epAf;fpspf; mkpyk; ghupa %yf;$Wfs;.
² nrYNyhR
² fUtd; jhtuf; fyr; RtUs; mikg;Gf; $W
² khg;nghUs;
² ,dpAypd;
² gpujhd jhtur; Nrkpg;GzthFk;.
² Nkyjpf Rthr Mjhug; gilahFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 19

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

² fpisf;Nfhrd;> gpujhd tpyq;Fr; Nrkpg;GzthFk;. Nkyjpf Rthr Mjhug; gilahFk;.

² ifw;wpd;
² fyr;Rtupd; mikg;Gf; $whFk;.
² Mj;jpug;Nghlhf;fspd; Gw td;$l;bd;; $whFk;.
² khg;nghUs;> nrYNyhR - FSf;NfhRg; gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;.
² ,D}ypd; Guw;NwhRg; gy;gFjpahFk;.
² mf;upd; $ nfhyhrd; $ `p];Nuhrd;.
² mikg;Gf; $whFk;.
² my;Gkpd; $ Nfrpd; $ mypNuhd;.
² Nrkpg;ghFk;.
² mkpNyR $ ,iyg;NgR $ ngj;jpNdR
² nehjpakhf $ Cf;fpahfj; njhopw;gLk;.
² jhf;fpfspd; Vtw; rf;jpiaf; Fiwj;J ,il ntg;g epge;jidfspd; fPo; clw;jhf;fq;fs;
epo;jj
; g;gLk;.
² FSf;fNfhd; $ ,d;Rypd;
² cly; my;yJ mikg;G rhu;e;j khw;wq;fs; epo;j;Jk;.
² <NkhFNshgpd;$ kNahFNshgpd;
² nfhz;Lnry;yy; njhopw;ghL.
² ,kpANdh FNshgpAypd;
² gpwnghUnsjpup $ ghJfhg;Gj; njhopiyr; nra;Ak;.
² mkpNdh mkpyq;fshd> Gujq;fspd; Mf;f myfhfj;; njhopw;gLk;.
² ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;Gf;fs; cz;L.
² DNA B xl;rp iuNgh epAf;fpspNahijl;Lf;fspd; gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;.
² jiyKiwAupikg; gjhu;j;jq;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk;.
² jiyKiwAupikg; gjhu;j;jq;fis mLj;J re;jjpfSf;Ff; flj;Jk;.
² Gujj; njhFg;Gf;F %yg; gpujpia toq;Fk;.
² RNA
² ,iuNgh epA+f;fpspNahiul;Lf;fspd; gy;gFjpakhFk;.
² Gujj; njhFg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Ak;.
² ituRf;fspd; jiyikAupikj; jfty;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk;.
vitNaDk; 38 « 4 } 152 Gs;spfs;
2' RUf;ff; Fwpg;G
² fhNghitjNuw;W CHO mlq;fpAs;sJ.
² H:O MFk;. 2:1 MFk;.
² Cx(H2O)y nghJr; #j;jpuj;jpdhy; fhl;lyhk;.
² nkhNdhrf;fiul;L
² ilrf;fiul;L> nghyprf;fiul;L> gy;rf;fiul;L vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.
² nkhNdhrf;fiul;by; nty;y mZf; $W - 1
² ilrf;fiul;by; nty;y mZf; $W 2 MFk;. (xU fpisf;Nfhirl;L gpizg;G cz;L)
² nghyp rf;fiul;by; gy nty;yf; $Wfs; cz;L. (fpisf;Nfhirl;Lf;Fg; gpizg;Gfs;
gy cs;sd.
² ^1-4& my;yJ ^1-6& gpizg;Gf;fhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
² nghyprf;fiul;L ghupa %yf;$Wfs; $ capu;g; gy;gFjpaq;fs;.
² ,iuNghR epAf;fpspf; mkpyk; $ mikg;Gf;$whFk;.
² upgpANyhR ignghRg;Ngw;W CO2 kPs;jfdkhf;fpahFk;. ^xspj; njhFg;gpd; NghJ.&
² nrYNyhR$ ngj;jpd; ^fUthf& jhtuf; fyr;Rtu;fspd; mikg;Gf;$W
² khg;nghUs; $ ,D}ypd; jhtur; Nrkpg;GzthFk;.
² fpisf;Nfhrd; tpyq;F Nrkpg;GzthFk;.
² ifw;wpd; - fyr;Rtu; mikg;Gf; $W> Gw td;$l;bd; $W
² khg;nghUs; $ fpisf;Nfhrd; Nkyjpf Rthr Mjhug;gilahfj; njhopw;gLk;.
17 « 3 } 51 Gs;spfs;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 20
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3' ² mq; f pfisAk; capu; r ; nrad; K iwfisAk; kdpjdJ Njitfis epiwT

nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;JtNj capu;j;njhopy;El;gtpay;.
² gz;ilf; fhyk; njhlf;fk; ,Ue;JtUk; nrad;KiwahFk;.
² czT
² kUe;J
² Mil
² tYrf;j p Nghd;w tw;i w cw;g j;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;f hf capu;j;njhopDl;gtpay;
gad;gLfpwJ.
² gpwg;Gupikapay; rhu;e;j fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;.
² DNA %yf;$wpd; mikg;G fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;likahdJ ,j;njhopDl;gj;jpd; tpUj;jpf;F
VJthfpaJ.
² ,jw;fhf ngUk;ghYk; E.coli gw;wPupah gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² ,j;njhopDl;gj;jpd;NghJ guk;giuayFfis ,dq;fhzy;.
² Ntnwhf;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
² ngUf;fkilar; nra;jy;.
² xU mq;fpapypUe;J ,d;ndhU mq;fpf;F guk;giuayFfisf; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
² (khdpl) ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jp nra;ajy;.
² (khdpl) tsu;r;rp ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
² n`g;gw;iww;wpR B jLg;G kUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
² (<NkhgPypah NehahspfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; FWjp ciwahf; fhuzpia cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
² mkpNyR $ GNuhw;wpNaR.
² ,iyNgR$ ngw;wpNdR Nghd;w nehjpaq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;. FUjpapy; ituRf;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ,d;lngNuhd; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
² guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gk; jw;fhyj;jpy; cau; jhtu> tpyq;F ,dq;fSf;F.
² guk;giuayFfisg; GFj;Jk; xU El;g Kiwahf tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
² jhtuq;fSf;Fg; Gwj;jpypUe;J guk;giuayFfisg; GFj;Jk; guk;giuayFf; fhtpahf.
² Agrobacterium tumifaciens gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² gpwg;GupikuPjpahfj; jpupTgLj;jg;gl;l jhtu> tpyq;F Ez;zq;fpfisg; ngWtjw;F ,j;
njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
² Nrhah> fNdhyh jhtuq;fspDs; BTI guk;giuayFfisg; GFj;Jk;.
² ney;> Gifapiy Nghd;w jhtu ,dq;fspy; fisnfhy;ypfis vjpu;ff ; f;$ba Ngjq;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
² tpw;wkpd;; A nrwpe;j rptg;guprpia cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
² Erwinia unedovora gw;wuP pahitg; gad;gLj;Jk; capupdj; njhopDl;gj;jpdN; ghJ nra;ag;gLk;..
² ,j;njhopDl;gj;jpy; mD$yq;fs; khj;jpukd;wp gpujp$yq;fSk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
30 « 5 } 150 Gs;spfs;
4' ² ,J gz;Lnjhl;L eilKiwapypUe;j xU KiwahFk;. fp.K. 6000 fhyg;gFjpapy;
ggpNyhdpau;fSk; RNkupau;fSk; kJrhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Ez;zq;fpfisg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
² ngUk;ghYk; njupTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
² gq;fR.
² gw;wPupah
² Ez;zq;fp kypthd %yg;nghUspd;kPJ $ kypthd my;yJ fopj;njhJf;Fk; Nrjd
%yq;fspd; kPJ nraw;gLjy;.
² ( ntg;gepiy$ mKf;fk; Mfpa cau; epge;jidfs; Njitapy;iy) ,ilg;gl;l
epge;jidfspd;fPo; khw;wj;ij epfo;j;Jk;> khw;wk; Jupjkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
² gf;f tpisTfs; #oy; khrhf;fpfs; my;y.
² njhopDl;gk; ghupastpy; Njitg;glhikahdJ ,j;njhopDl;gj;jpy; Ez;zq;fpfspd;
gq;fspg;G mjpfupf;ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
² cjhuzkhf ,iyrPd; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 21
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

² Corynobacterium glutamicus gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

² czT kpif epug;gpahFk;.
² FSl;lkpd;
² czTr; RitA+l;bfshfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba mkpNdh mkpyq;fshFk;.
² Agaricus
² Neubahf czthfg; gad;gLj;jhik.
² itd; cw;gj;jp
² muprp $ NfhJik kPJ Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;bd; %yk; ngwg;gLk;.
² itd; cw;gj;jp
² jpuhl;ir gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² Saccharocmyces / kJtk; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; nehjpj;jw;; nrad;KiwahFk;.
² ghiyj; jpiuar;nra;a (japu; cw;gj;jpf;Fg;) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. $ Nahfl; cw;gj;jpf;F
² fs;spd; kPJ ^C2H5OH& Acetobacter / Gluconobacter jhf;fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² fhw;Ws;s epge;jid gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² kJt tpy;iyfs;$ SCP cw;gj;jp nra;a Saccharomyces gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² Ngf;fup (ntJg;gff;) ifj;njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
² kh> rPdp fyitAld; kJtk; Nru;j;J itj;jy;.
² kh nghq;Fk; (Gspf;Fk;.)
² CO2 ntspNaWk;.
² CO2 thA khf; FioaypDs; rpiwg;gLtjdhy; kh nghq;Fk;.
² rP]; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² czT ew;fhg;gpd;NghJ Ez;zq;fpfs; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
² vdNt czT ew;fhg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwfs; %yk; czT ew;fhg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;
² rpy re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; Ez;zq;fp Neubahf czthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kJt tpy;iyfs;
$ Agaricus
² rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; mDNrg episTfs; czTld; Nru;f;fg;gly;.
² kJtk; Nru;f;fhj Ngf;fup (ntJg;gf) ifj;njhopiyg; gad;gLj;jp khf;Fioaypy;
Jz;Lfsw;w jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jy;.
² Lactobaccilus ,dJ mDNrgj; njhopw;ghL fhuzkhf ,yf;N; whrhdJ ,yw;wpf; mkpykhf
khw;wp ghiy ciwar; nra;Ak;.
² gUkd; / msT 0'25m - 5'00 m
² EZf;Ff; fhl;bahy; ghu;f;ff;$ba Kd;fUtd;
² fyr;rhW> ngj;jpNlh> fpisf;Nfhd; ,dhyhd td;ikahd mikg;G
² KjYU nkd;rt;Tf;F ntspNa cz;L
² KjYU nkd;rt;Tf;Fk; fyr;RtUf;Fk; cs;Ns cz;L '
² fpisf;Nfhg; Gujk;> nghRNghypg;gpl;L fpisf;Nfh ,ypg;gpl;L Mfpatw;whyhdJ.
² nkd; r t; T > cl; G wkhff; Foptjhy; Njhd; W k; mikg; G kP J xspj; n jhFg; G
epwg;nghUs;fs; $ Rthr nehjpak; fhzg;gLk;.
² rpiwg;ig (ftrk;) fyr;RtUf;F ntspNa nghyp rf;fiul;lhyhd tpOJ Nghd;w
gjhu;j;jj;jpdhyhdJ
rpiwg;ig
Rtu;
KjYUnkd;rt;T
KjYU
,iuNghNrhk;
gpsh];kplL
;
kapUU

rTf;FKis
gpwg;Gupikg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 22

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

² ,iy Nghd;wJ.
² Guj ehu;fs; rpytw;whyhdJ.
² gprpu;fs; Rtu;fSf;F ntspNa JUj;jpAs;sd.
² KjYUtpy; Muk;gkhFk; ,ioNghd;w mikg;G.
² ,iuNghNrhk; nghJthf fUtd; ,iuNghNrhk;fis tplr; rpwpad ^70s&
² rpwpa cg myFfs; ,uz;bdhyhdJ.
² RNA > Gujk Mfpatw;whyhdJ.
² fUg; nghUs;fs; ([pNdhk; - Genome) ,ul;ilr; RUsp DNA %yf;$Wfs;
rq;fpyptisa tbtj;jpy; mike;J epw%u;j;jk; Njhd;Wk;.
² mJ xU jdp myfhFk;.
² tisatbt ,U rpwpa DNA %yf;$Wfs; gpsh];kpl;Lf;fshf mikAk;.
² Nrkpg;Gg; gjhu;j;jk; nthypAl;bd;
² KjYU.
² 80]ePu;> Gujk;> nehjpak;> fhNghitjNuw;W ,ypg;gpl;L> mNrjd $Wfshyhd
Fiwjpz;kg; gjhu;j;jkhFk;.
b. ² Rtuhfg; ghJfhg;G.
² tbtj;ijg; NgZjy;.
² KjYU nkd;rt;T
² Nju;TKiwapy; gjhu;j;jq;fisg; GFj;JjYk; ntspNaw;wYk;.
² xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;.
² xspj;njhFg;G
² [pNdhk; (Genome) guk;giu ,ay;Gfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itj;jy;.
² iuNghNrhk; - Gujj; njhFg;G
² rTf;FKiw - mirT
² ,iug;ig - ghJfhg;G
² KjYU fyj;jpd; $Wfis Nehf;fp itj;jpUj;jy;.
30 « 5 } 150 Gs;spfs;
7' a. Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;ypfs;
² ahNjDk; Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kw;WnkhU mq;fp
jdJ mDNrgj; njhopw;ghLfs; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,urhadg; nghUs;
² Ez;;zq;fpahy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLk;.
² Penicillium chysogeaum g q ; f i r g ; g a d ; g L j ; j p c y f p y ; K j y h t J
Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;ypahd ngd;rpypd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
² mit kpfr; rpwpasNt Njitg;gLk;.
² Ez;zq;fpfspd; cau;thd ,dg;ngUf;f tPjk;> FWfpa MAl;fhyk; Mfpad fhuzkhf
tiuaiwg;gl;l fhyj;Js; tpfhu Ez;zq;fpfs; ngUkstpy; Njhd;Wk;.
² Njitahd msTf;F Nkyhf Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;ypfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mtw;Wf;F
vjpu;g;Gj; jd;ikapidf; fhl;Lk; Ez;zq;fpr; rhjpfs; Njhd;w ,lKz;L.
² Ruf;Fk; Ez;zq;fpfs; Ruf;Fk; ,r;Nru;itfis Ntwhf;fpr; Rj;jpfupj;J kdpjd;
cl;gl Vida tpyq;FfSf;Fk; rpfpr;iraspf;fg; gad;gLj;;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
² capu;j;njhopDl;gk; fhuzkhf ,tw;wpd; cw;gj;jp tpidj;jpwd; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
² gw;wuP pah> gq;fR> ituR Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,it gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

² fyr;Rtu; njhFg;igj; jLj;jy; $ Gujj;njhFg;ig nraypof;fr;nra;jy; Nghd;w

Kiwfs; %yk; Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;ypfs; %yk; Ez;Zapupfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
10 « 5 } 50 Gs;spfs;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 23
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
b.
. ituRf;fspd; cUttpay; mikg;Gf;fs;.
² fy xOq;fikg;Gf; fpilahJ.
² Gujq;fs;> fUtkpyq;fs; Mfpatw;whyhdJ.
² Guj clypdhy; #og;gl;l ikaf; Fopnahd;wpDs; mike;j fU mkpyq;fspilNa
rpf;fyhd xU Jzpf;ifahFk;.
² cUttpay; mikg;G %d;W tifAk;.
² NfhYU - RUspAU> rkr;ruP hd Guj kliy nfhz;l ituR.
² NfhsTU - rkr;ruP hd Guj kliy nfhz;l ituR.
² rpf;fyhd rkr;ruP hd ituR.
² ,k;%d;W tiffspYk; rpy rhjpfspy; Gujkliyr; #o Gujk; fpisf;NfhGujk;
gpizg;Gf;fs; nfhz;l nghRnghypgpl;L nkd;rt;T fhzg;glyhk;.

NfhYU NfhsTU rpf;fyhdJ.

5 « 10 } 50 Gs;spfs;
7' a.
² ,it gUkdpy; kpfr; rpwpaitahifahy;.
² Nkw;gug;G $ fdtsT tpfpj ngWkhdk; cau;thdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
² Nkw;gug;Gf;F Clhf nra;Jnfhs;Sk; Jupjkhd gupkhw;wq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhditahf
,Uj;jy;
² Jupj tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk; ,e;;epge;jidfs; fhuzkhjy;.
² kypthd Mjhug; gilfs; kPJ jhf;fk; Gupe;J gad;kpf;f gy ,Wjp tpisTfis
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jpwd;
² ,;j;njhopw;ghLfs; ,ilntg;g epge;jidfspd; fPo; epfOk; / tpNrl epge;jidfs;
Njitg;glhik.
b. ² ghz; cw;gj;jp
² nehjpj;jy; njhopw;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jy;.
² rPdp (nty;y) Clfnkhd;wpd; njhq;fy;epiy kJtj;ij NfhJikkh> cg;G> kw;Wk;
epiwa RitA+l;bfSld; Nru;j;J ed;F gpirjy;.
² rpy kzpNeuk; tiu 30oC ^miwapd; ntg;gepiyapy;& nehjpf;f ,lkspj;jy;.
² kJtj; njhopw;ghL fhuzkhf> nehjpj;jy; %yk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;Lk; vjNdhYk;
cw;gj;jpahFk;.
² khf;fyitapDs; CO2 thA Fkpopfs; cUthjy; rpWrpW Jisfs; Njhd;wpathW
khf;Fioapy; nghq;Fk;.
² ghz; ntJg;Gk; Ntisapy; vjNdhy; ntspNaWk;.
mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
² RitA+l;bnahd;W cztpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
² ,jw;fhd %yKjyhfg; gad;gLtJ fhNghitjNuw;W.
² FSl;lkpf; mkpyk;
² czT cw;gj;jp Ntiyfspd;NghJ Rit Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ^Taste enhancers&
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² Corynebacterium glutomicus gw;wPupah gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
² thd;tiffs; (wild typec) cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; msittpl $Ljyhd msT
FSl;lkpf;; mkpyj;ij tpfhu Ngjj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 24
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

² ,g;Ngjq;fs; kpifahf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; FSw;wkpd; mkpyj;ij KjYUtpypUe;J

ntspNa gk;Gk; (fl;Lg;ghbd;wp)
² Mjhug; gilahf rPdp cw;gj;jpapd; xU gf;f tpisthfpa fUk;G nty;yg;ghFk;
(rPdp mlq;fpAs;s fUg;gQ;rf;if)
² iejurd; %ykhfpa A+upahTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² 32oC - 33oC ntg;gepiyapy; 48 kzpj;jpayq;fspy; eptu;j;jpngWk;.
² iyrPd;.
² Corynebacterium glutamicum strain ATCC-1327 Ngjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw FSl;lkpf;F mkpy cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia xj;jJ.
² Nkk;gLj;jpa Ez;zq;fp Ngjq;fs; %yk; Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;ig NkYk; tpUj;jp
nra;tjhy; iyrPd; cw;gj;jp tpisr;ry; yPww ; Uf;F 200 fpuhk; tiu mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
² ,t;thwhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fshf iyrPDk; nehjpaq;fSk;
mlq;Fk;.
² Nkw;gb ,uz;L tiffisAk; Nguq;fpfs; cw;gj;jpnra;tjpy;iy.
² rhjhuzkhf MNuhf;fpakhd fyq;fs; Njitf;F mjpfkhf mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Akhapd; gpd;D}l;lw;; nghwpKiwapd; %yk; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw epWj;jg;gLk;.
² ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zq;fpfs; Njitahd msittpl $Ljyhf mkpNdh
mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Jnfhs;Sk;. mit tpfhu Ez;zq;fpf; fytiffspy; (Strains)
nra;ag;gLk; xU nrayhFk;.
vitNaDk;. 30 « 5 } 152 Gs;spfs;
8' a. fpUkpaopj;jy;.
² eLif Clfq;fs;> fz;zhbg; nghUs; cs;spll ; Vida cgfuzq;fis Ez;zq;fpfs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tpj;jpfs; mw;wjhf;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
b.
² ntg;gk; %yk; fpUkpaopj;jy;;.
,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1' <u ntg;gf; fpUkpaopj;jy;.
2' cau;ntg;gf; fpUkpaopj;jy;
² <untg;gf; fpUkpaopj;jy;
² nghJthf eLif Clfq;fisAk;.
² mtw;iwj; jahupg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fspd; ghj;jpuq;fSk;
fpUkpaopg;Gf;fhf ,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,jd; fPo;
² 100oC nfhjpf;Fk; ePupy;; mtpj;jy;.
² mKf;ftLfydpy; mtpj;jy;.
² nfhjpf;Fk; ePupy; 100oC apy; mtpj;jy;.
² ,J kpf vspikahd xU KiwahFk;. 10-15 epkplq;fs; mtpf;fg;gLk;.
² ituR> gw;wuP pah> gq;fR Nghd;wtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s Gujk; moptjhy; mtw;wpYs;s
Ez;zq;fpfs; mopAk;.

² eLif Clfq;fs;> gUj;jpg; gQ;R> tbjhs; Nghd;w cau; ntg;gj;ij jhq;Fk; jd;ikaw;w
nghUs;fspdhy; ,t;thW fpUkpaopf;fyhk;.
² jput Clfk; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuj;jpy; gQ;R milg;ghdpdhy; %b mYkpdpaj;
jhshy; kiwg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
² Vida nghUl;fisg; nghUj;jhd ghj;jpuq;fspy; ,l;L mYkpdpaj; jhspdhy;
kiwg;gpl;L mKf;ftLfydpy; ,l;L ntg;gkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
² cyu; ntg;gf; fpUkpaopj;jy;.
² gd;rd; Rthiyapy; gpbj;J nrQ;#lhFk; tiu ntg;gNkw;wy;;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 25

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fpUkpaspj;jy; Kiw.
² cau;ntg;g fdyLg;G
² 170oC ntg;gepiyapy; 1-2 kzpNeuk; gpuNahfpj;jy;.
² cjhuzk; - ntg;gj;ijj; jhq;Fk; jd;ikAs;s fz;zhbg; ghj;jpuq;fs; fj;jup
,Lf;f; p
² tbj;jy;
² cWjpaw;w ntg;g jput Clfq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cjhuzk;: jput Nghrid Clfq;fs;.
² ,jw;fhf 0'22 - 0'45 m m kpy;ypkPw;wu; tiuAs;s tiyf;fz;Zs;s tb gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² tbahdJ fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l mikg;nghd;wpy; itf;fg;gLk;.
² fjpu;g;igg; gad;gLj;jy;
² mjpf rf;jp ,yj;jpudpay; fjpu;f;fw;iwfs;.
- ² fhkhf;fjpu;fspd; njhopw;ghl;il xj;j vf;]; (X) fjpu;fs;. cjhuzk;: Ma;T$lq;fs;
rj;jpu rpfpr;irf; $lq;fs; czTw;gj;jpj; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
² fjpu;g;G fuzkhf Ez;zq;fpfspd; fU mkpyq;fs; mopAk;.

² ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;.
² ,tw;wpd; %yk; Ez;zq;fpapd; KjYU nkd;rt;T
² Gujf; fl;likg;G> nehjpaj; njhopw;ghL Mfpad ghjpf;fg;gLk;;.
² cjhuzk; gPNdhy; ngw;wpfs;.
² kJrhuk; Ig;Nghf;FNshiul;L mkpyk;.
² myrd; ( mabd;> FNshupd;)
vitNaDk;. 38 « 4 } 152 Gs;spfs;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 26

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 2 - capu; %yf;$Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;fs;

1. fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;G tiffs; ,uz;L mlq;fpa %yf;$W vJ?

1. Nkhy;NuhR 2. khg;nghUs; 3. mikNyR
4. ifw;wpd; 5. Rf;FNuhR
2. fhNghitjNuw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fs; vit?
1' C, H, O 2' C, H, O, N
3' C, H, O, S 4' C, H, O, N, S
5' C, H, O, N, P
3. Rf;FNuhR %yf;$nwhd;W ePu;g;gFg;giltjhy; cUthtd ahit?
1. ,uz;L FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs;
2. xU FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wk; xU fyw;NwhR %yf;$Wk;
3. xU FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wk; xU Guw;NwhR %yf;$Wk;
4. ,uz;L Guw;NwhR %yf;$Wfs;
5. xU FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wk;> xU ,iuNghR capu;g;gy;gFjpa %yf;$Wk;
4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ capu;g;gy;gFjpakhFk;;?
1. ,iuNghR 2. FSf;NfhR 3. nrYNyhR
4. Rf;FNuhR 5. ifw;wpd;
5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; capu;g;gy;gFjpak; my;yhjd vit?
A - Gujk; B - epAf;fpspf;fkpyk; C - nghyprf;fiul;L
D - ,ypg;gpl;L E - ATP
1' A> C Mfpait kl;Lk; 2' A, B> D Mfpait kl;Lk;
3' C> D Mfpait kl;Lk; 4' D> E Mfpait kl;Lk;
5' C> E Mfpait kl;Lk;
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xd;W> FSf;NfhR myFfshy; khj;jpuk; cUthdjy;y. mJ vJ?
1. nrYNyhR 2. Nkhy;NuhR 3. fpisf;Nfhrd;
4. Rf;FNuhR 5. khg;nghUs;
7. gpd;tUk; %yfq;fSs; rfy Gujq;fsJk; $whf miktJ vJ?
1. nghRguR 2. fy;rpak; 3. fe;jfk;
4. ,Uk;G 5. iejurd;
8. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; njhlu;ghd cz;ikahd $w;W vJ?
1. midj;Jk; ePupy; fiuAk;.
2. midj;Jk; ghupa %yf;$WfshFk;.
3. midj;Jk; jho;j;jpfshFk;.
4. midj;jpYk; Ijurd; - xl;rprd; tpfpjk; 2:1 MFk;.
5. midj;jpYk; fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;Gf;fs; cz;L.
9. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhNghitjNuw;W my;yhjJ vJ?
1. nfuw;wpd; 2. Rf;FNuhR 3. ifw;wpd;
4. nrYNyhR 5. ,D}ypd;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 27

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10. gpd;tUk; $w;WfSs; ,ypg;gpl;L njhlu;ghd> jtwhd $w;W vJ?

1. Nrjdf; fiug;ghd;fspy; fiuAk;
2. njRj;Njhj;jPNuhd;> <];u[d; Nghd;w ghypay; XNkhd;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F
nfhyj;jpNuhy; Nghd;w ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; Njit
3. ,tw;wpy; cs;s xl;rprdpd; msT fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspy; cs;s msit tplf;
$LjyhdJ
4. ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$nwhd;wpd; H : O tpfpjk; 2 : 1 MFk;.
5. ,it gpujhdkhf C, H, O Mfpatw;wpdhyhditahFk;.
11. ,ypg;gpl;L> fhNghitjNuw;W Mfpa ,uz;L njhlu;ghfTk; cz;ikahd $w;W vJ?
1. gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;
2. ePupy; fiuAk;
3. KjYUnkd;rt;tpd; mikg;Gf; $WfshFk;
4. 2 : 1 tpfpjj;jpy; Ijurd; : xl;rpridf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
5. gy;ypdr; Nru;itfshFk;
12. Nrkpg;Gf; fhNghitjNuw;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. upgpANyhR 2. nrYNyhR 3. fpisf;Nfh[d;
4. ngj;jpd; 5. ifw;wpd;
13. ntz;nza;ff ; hd gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUshf kh[upd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ epfo;j;jg;gLk;
nrad;Kiw ahJ?
1. mkpyNkw;wy; 2. xl;rpNaw;wy; 3. IjurNdw;wy;
4. ePu;g;gFg;Gr; nra;jy; 5. nfhOg;G ePf;fy;
14. ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; jtwhdJ vJ?
1. mit ePupy; fiuakhl;lh.
2. mit gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;.
3. mit gy;ypdr; Nru;itfshFk;.
4. mit gpujhdkhf C, H, O Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;litahFk;.
5. mit fynkd;rt;tpd; mj;jpahtrpakhd gFjpfis cUthf;FgitahFk;
15. nehjpa ePu;g;gFg;gpd;NghJ FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfis khj;jpuk; jUtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1. Rf;FNuhR 2. yf;NuhR 3. ngj;jpd;
4. nrYNyhR 5. ,D}ypd;
16. cau;tifj; jhtuq;fspy; Nrkpg;Gg; gy;rf;fiul;lhff; fhzg;glj;jf;fJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1. Rf;FNuhR 2. ngj;jpd; 3. khg;nghUs;
4. nrYNyhR 5. fpisf;Nfhrd;
17. %d;W Nrhjidf; Foha;fs; gpd;tUkhW jahu;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
I. FSf;NfhRf; fiury;
II. Rf;FNuhRf; fiury; ¬ Ijhd HCl
III. khg;nghUl; fiury; ¬ mikNyR
Vwj;jho 30 epkplq;fspd; gpd;du;> ,k;%d;W Foha;fspYk; ngdbw;wpd; fiury; Nru;j;J
nte;ePu;j; njhl;bnahd;wpy; nkJthf ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;lJ. ve;jf; Fohapy; / Foha;fspy;
ePyepwk; Njhd;Wk;?
1' I ,y; khj;jpuk; 2' II ,y; khj;jpuk; 3' I, II ,y; khj;jpuk;
4' II, III ,y; khj;jpuk; 5' I, II, III Mfpa vy;yhtw;wpYk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 28

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

18. khztnuhUtu; Ma;T$lj;jpy; rpy Nru;itfs; njhlu;ghf elj;jpa xU gupNrhjidapd;

NghJ gpd;tUk; mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;; fpilj;jd.
gupNrhjid mtjhdpg; G
A. mabd; Nrhjid fgpy epwk;
B. igA+nuw;Wr; Nrhjid Cjh epwk;
C. #lhd; -III Nrhjid fLk;; ,sQ;rptg;G epw rpWNfhsq;fs;

Nkw;gb mtjhdpg;Gfspd;gb> A, B, C Mfpa Nrhjidf; Foha;fspy; cs;s gjhu;j;jq;fs;

KiwNa vit?
1. khg;nghUs;> Gujk;> Rf;FNuhR
2. khg;nghUs;> ,ypg;gpl;L> Gujk;
3. FSf;NfhR> khg;nghUs;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;
4. Gujk;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;> khg;nghUs;
5. khg;nghUs;> Gujk;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;
19. Gujk; njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. vy;yh nehjpaq;fSk; Gujq;fshFk;
2. vy;yhg; Gujq;fSk; ghupa %yf;$WfshFk;
3. mtw;wpd; Mf;f myF mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; MFk;
4. fynkd;rt;tpd; Kf;fpakhd xU $whFk;
5. fpisf;Nfhrpbf;F gpizg;Gf;fs; ngUe;njhifahdtw;whyhdit.
20. capu; %yf;$W tiff;Fk; mjd; njhopYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpioahd njhlu;igf;
nfhz;lJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. nfhyrd; - mikg;Gf; $W
2. FNshGypd; - ghJfhg;G
3. mikNyR - XNkhd;
4. <NkhFNshgpd; - nfhz;L nry;yy;
5. nfhOg;G - ntg;gf; fhty;
21. ve;jnthU ,ypg;gpl;L njhlu;ghfTk; cz;ikahd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. nfhOg;gkpy %yf;$Wfs; %d;Wk;> fpsprNuhy; %yf;$W xd;Wk; Nru;e;J
cUthFk;.
2. ePupy; fiuAk;
3. H:O tpfpjk; 2:1 MFk;
4. miwntg;gepiyapy; jputkhff; fhzg;gLk;
5. vspa ,urhadr; Nrhjidfis elj;jp ,dq;fhz KbahJ.
22. mkpNdhtkpyq;fs; njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. mit Gujq;fspd; Mf;f myF MFk;.
2. ,aw;if mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; vy;yhNk mkpNdh mkpyq;fshFk;
3. Gujq;fs; cUthFk;NghJ mit ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;G xd;wpdhNyh gytw;wpdhNyh
,izf;fg;gLk;.
4. mit ePupy; fiuahJ.
5. mit ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;Gf;fshy; xd;Wlndhd;W ,izAk; NghJ xU ePu;%yf;$W
tPjk; ntspNaWk;
23. nghJthd capu; %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf elj;jg;gLk; Nrhjidfs; njhlu;ghd
gpd;tUk; ve;j mtjhdpg;G nghUj;jkw;wJ?
1. khg;nghUl; fiurYld; ,sq;fgpy epw mabd; fiury; Nru;g;gjhy; mJ fLikahd
ePy - Cjh epwj;ijg; ngWk;.
2. NfhJik khTld; ngdbw;wpd; fiury; Nru;g;gjhy; mjd; njspthd ePy epwkhdJ>
nrq;fw; rptg;G epwkhd tPo;gbthf khWk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 29
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
3. ,ypg; g pl; L f; f s; #lhd; III fiurypd; rpy JspfSld; fLQ; r ptg; G epw
Nkw;gilnahd;wpidj; jUk;.
4. Gujk; mlq;fpAs;s xU fiurYld; fhu nrg;G ry;Ngw;Wf; fiury; mjhtJ igA+nuw;Wr;
Nrhjidg; nghUs; Nru;j;Jf; fyf;Ftjhy; Cjhepwk; fpilf;Fk;.
5. czTg; nghUnshd;wpy; rpwpjsit> Rj;jkhd cyu;e;j ntz;zpwf; fljhrpapy; ed;F
Nja;g;gjhy; xspfrpAk; jd;ikAs;s nghl;L Njhd;Wkhapd; mt;Tztpy; ,ypg;gpl;L
mlq;fpAs;sJ.
24. %fpspriul;L (jpiufpspriul;L) %yf;$W,
1. ePupy; fiuAk;
2. ePu; tpUg;G thy;fs; %d;iwAk; ePu; ntWg;Gj; jiy xd;iwAk; nfhz;lJ
3. KidT IjNuhf;fhgd; rq;fpypfs; nfhz;lJ
4. %d;W my;yJ ,uz;L vRj;ju; gpizg;Gfs; nfhz;lJ
5. nfhz;Ls;s nfhOg;gkpyq;fspy; 12 - 24 fhgd; mZf;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
25. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhNghitjNuw;W njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W vJ.?
1. mit fl;lhakhf> C, H, O Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL rpy Ntisfspy; NtW
%yfq;fSk; mlq;fpapUf;fyhk;.
2. gy ,U rf; f iul; L f; f s; > fpisf; N fhrpbf; F g; gpizg; G f; f shy; ; ,ize; J
gy;rf;fiul;Lf;fisj; jUk;.
3. xU rf;fiul;Lf;fSk; ,U rf;fiul;Lf;fSk; ePupy; fiuAe; jd;ikAiladthFk;
4. nrYNyhR> Neu;Nfhl;Lg; gy;rf;fiul;lhFk;.
5. rpy fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fis khj;jpuk;> ePu;g;gFg;G %yk; NkYk; vspa %yf;$Wfshf
khw;wyhk;.
26. nehjpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. ,it mq;fpfspd; clypy; khj;jpuk; cw;gj;jpahFk;
2. ,it capuw;w KiwikfspYk; njhopw;gLk;
3. nehjpaq;fs; capupurhadj; jhf;fq;fspd; Vtw;rf;jpiaf; Fiwf;Fk;.
4. 00C ntg;gepiyapy; nehjpaj; jhf;fk; epfokhl;lhJ.
5. mit Cf;fp ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; Gujq;fSk; ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fSk; MFk;.
nehjpa Cf;fpj; jhf;fnkhd;wpd; rf;jpf;Fk; - jhf;f Ms;$Wf;Fk; ,ilNa tiuag;gl;l
xU tiuG fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; JizAld; 27> 28 Mfpa tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
jUf.

rf;jp

jhf;fpfs;
A,2B

tpisTfs;

jhf;f Ms;$W

27. nehjpak;; cs;sNghJ Vtw;rf;jpiaf; fhl;LtJ vJ?

1' x 2' y 3' z 4' w 5' w-y
28' nehjpak; ,y;yhjNghJ Vw;gLk; nkhj;jr; rf;jp khw;wk; ahJ?
1' x 2' y 3' w 4' z 5' z-w
29' Guj ,ay;GePff ; y; vd;gJ mjd; Kg;gupkhz mikg;G NtWgLtjhFk;. mjw;F VJthfhj
xU fhuzp vJ?
1' uv,  Nghd;w fjpu;g;GfSf;F cs;shjy;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 30

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

2' 89oC Nghd;w cau; ntg;gepiyf;F cl;gLj;Jjy;

3' ghu cNyhfq;fspd;ghy; jpwe;Jtply;
4' cau; N2 nrwpTf;F cl;gLj;jy;
5' cau; pH ngWkhdq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jy;
30. Rf;FNuhRf; fiurnyhd;Wld; ngdbw;w ; pd; fiury; Nru;jJ; f; nfhjpf;f itg;gjhy; mf;fiury;>
1. nrq;fl;br; rptg;G epwkhf khWk;.
2. ePy epwkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
3. nrk;kQ;rs; epwkhf khwpg; gpd;du; nrq;fl;br; rptg;G tPo;g;gbT Njhd;Wk;
4. gr;ir epwkhf khwpg; gpd;du; nrq;fl;br; rptg;G tPo;g;gbT Njhd;Wk;
5. gr;ir epwkhf khwpg; gpd;du; kQ;rs; epw tPo;tbT Njhd;Wk;
31. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;> ve;jg; nghUSld; mabd; fiury; Nru;g;gjhy; fLikahd ePyepwk;
Njhd;Wk;?
1. japu;
2. ntg;gNkw;wpa Kl;il ntz;fU
3. rikj;j kPd;
4. mtpj;J ed;F krpj;j gyhf;nfhl;il
5. gg;ghrpg; goj;Jz;L
32. gpd;tUk; %d;W $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;Ff.
a. Nkhy;NuhR> nrNyhgNahR Mfpa %yf;$Wfspy; FSf;NfhR
%yf;$Wfs; ,uz;L tPjk; mlq;fpAs;sd.
b. Nkhy;Nuhrpy; ,uz;L FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs; cs;sd.
c. nrNyhgNahR %yf;$W> ,uz;L fyw;NwhR %yf;$WfshyhdJ.
,tw;Ws; rupahdJ vJ? / rupahdit vit?
1' a khj;jpuk;
2' b khj;jpuk;
3' c khj;jpuk;
4' a, b khj;jpuk;
5' b, c khj;jpuk;
 ,y. 33 - 36 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fs; gpd;tUk; tpsf;fq;fSld; njhlu;ghdit.
a' ,uz;L FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs;  (1  4) fpisf;Nfhyprpl;L gpizg;Gf;fshy;
,iztjd; %yk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
b' ,uz;L FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs;  (1  4) fpisf;Nfhyprpl;Lg; gpizg;Gf;fshy;
,iztjd; %yk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
c' xU FSf;NfhR %yf;$W xU fyw;NwhR %yf;$Wld;  (1  4) fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg;
gpizg;gpdhy; ,iztjd; %yk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
d' xU FSf;NfhR %yf;$W> xU fyw;NwhR %yf;$Wld;  (1  4) fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg;
gpizg;gpdhy; ,iztjd; %yk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
e' xU FSf;NfhR %yf;$W> xU Guw;NwhR %yf;$Wld;  (1  4) fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg;
gpizg;gpdhy; ,iztjd; %yk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
33' Nkhy;NuhR %yf;$W njhlu;ghf cz;ikahd $w;W vJ?
1' a khj;jpuk; 2' b khj;jpuk; 3' c khj;jpuk; 4' d khj;jpuk; 5' e khj;jpuk;
34' nrNyhgNahR %yf;$W njhlu;ghf cz;ikahd $w;W vJ?
1' a khj;jpuk; 2' b khj;jpuk; 3' c khj;jpuk; 4' d khj;jpuk; 5' e khj;jpuk;
35' ,yw;NwhR %yf;$W njhlu;ghf cz;ikahd $w;W vJ?
1' a khj;jpuk; 2' b khj;jpuk; 3' c khj;jpuk; 4' d khj;jpuk; 5' e khj;jpuk;
36' Rf;FNuhR %yf;$W njhlu;ghf cz;ikahd $w;W vJ?
1' a khj;jpuk; 2' b khj;jpuk; 3' c khj;jpuk; 4' d khj;jpuk; 5' e khj;jpuk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 31
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

37. jhtuk; tpyq;F Mfpatw;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; gy;rf;fiul;Lf;fs; KiwNa vit?

1. fpisf;Nfhrd;> nrYNyhR
2. Gujk;> nrYNyhR
3. fpisf;Nfhrd;> Gujk;
4. Gujk;> fpisf;Nfhrd;
5. khg;nghUs;> fpisf;Nfhrd;
38. khg;nghUs; njhlu;ghd rpy $w;Wf;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
a. khg;nghUshdJ jhtuq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd fhNghitjNuw;whFk;.
b. khg;nghUshdJ mikNyhR> mikNyh ngj;jpd; Mfpa ,uz;L
gy;gFjpaq;fshyhdJ.
c. mikNyR> mikNyh ngj;jpd; Mfpa ,uz;L tif FSf;NfhR
%yf;$WfSk; gy;gFjpahf;fk; %yk; Njhd;wpAs;sd.
d. mikNyhR> FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs; gy;gFjpahf;fk; %yk; Njhd;wpAs;sd.
Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fSs; kpfr; rupahdit vit?
1' a, b, c 2' a, b, d 3' b, d
4' b, c, d 5' a, b, c, d Mfpa vy;yhk;
  38> 39> 40 Mfpa tpdhf;f Sf;F tpilaspg;g jw;f hfg; gpd;t Uk; $w;W f;f isj;
Jizahff; nfhs;;f .
a. gy FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs;  (1  4) gpizg;Gf;fshy; ,izj;J cUthfpa
Neu;Nfhl;Lg; gy;gFjpakhFk;.
b. ngUe;njhifahd FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs;  (1  4) kw;Wk;  (1  6)
gpizg;Gf;fshy; ,ize;J cUthfpAs;sJ.
c. FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfshyhd mjpf mstpy; fpisnfhz;l gy;gFjpakhFk;.
d. ePu;g;gFg;gpd; %yk; fyw;NwhR kw;Wk; FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
39' mikNyhR %yf;$W njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W $$w;Wf;fs; vit?
1' a khj;jpuk; 2' b khj;jpuk; 3' b,c khj;jpuk; 4' d khj;jpuk; 5' a,d khj;jpuk;
40' mikNyhngj;jpd; %yf;$W njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W $$w;Wf;fs; vit?
1' a khj;jpuk; 2' b khj;jpuk; 3' b,c khj;jpuk; 4' d khj;jpuk; 5' a,d khj;jpuk;
41' ,yw;NwhR %yf;$W njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W $$w;Wf;fs; vit?
1' a khj;jpuk; 2' b khj;jpuk; 3' b,c khj;jpuk; 4' d khj;jpuk; 5' a,d khj;jpuk;
42' jhtuf; fyr;Rtupy; mlq;fpAs;s nrYNyhR> kdpj czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpapy;
rkpghliltjpy;iy. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
1' nrYNyhR Vfgupkhzg; gy;gFjpakhff; fhzg;glhik
2' nrYNyhRr; rq;fpyp ePz;ljhapDk;> mJ kpf ePz;lnjhU gy;gFjpakhf
,Uj;jy;.
3' mjpy;  (1  4) kw;Wk;  (1  6) fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;Gf;fs;
mlq;fpapUj;jy;.
4' nrYNyhR>  (1  4) fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;Gf;fshy; gy;gFjpakhjy;
5' Nkw;gb vJTky;y.
43. fpisf;Nfhrd; njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. tpyq;Ffspy; rf;jpiar; Nrkpf;Fk;.
2. fpisnfhz;l xU gy;gFjpakhFk;.
3. mikNdh ngf;upd; khj;jpuk; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
4. FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs; gy;gFjpakhjyhy; cUthfpAs;sJ.
5. mikNyhR> mikNyh ngj;jpd; Mfpad mlq;fpAs;sd.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 32
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

44. GujKk;> khg;nghUSk; cUthfpAs;s kPz;LtUk; myFfs; KiwNa vit?

1. mikNdh mkpyq;fs;> fyw;NwhR
2. mikNdh mkpyq;fs;> FSf;NfhR
3. mikNdh mkpyq;fs;> Rf;FNuhR
4. FSf;NfhR> mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;
5. FSf;NfhR> fpisf;Nfhrd;
45. mikNdh mkpynkhd;W Njhd;Wtjw;F gpd;tUtdtw;Ws vJ  fhgDld; fl;lhakhf
,izaj; Njitapy;iy?
1. mikNdh $l;lnkhd;W
2. fhnghl;rpy; $l;lnkhd;W
3. Ijurd; mZnthd;W
4. my;bifl;Lf; $l;lnkhd;W
5. tpNrlkhd fpisr; rq;fpypnahd;W
46. gpd;tUk; mikg;Gr; #j;jpuq;fSs; fpisrpd; ,dJ mikg;Gr; #j;jpuk; vJ?
1' H 2' H
| |
NH 2  C  COOH NH 2  C  COOH
| |
CH3 H

3' H 4' H 5' H

|
| |
NH 2  C  COOH NH 2 - C - COOH| NH 2  C  COOH
| | |
CH3 - C - CH3 CH 2 CH2
| | |
H CH 3  CH SH
|
CH 3

47' A, B, C, D, E Mfpa Ie;J mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; xd;Wlndhd;W ,ize;Js;s tpjk;

glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. x, y vd;gtw;why; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;git KiwNa gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vit?

A-B-C-D-E

y
1. nghypngj;ijl;L> fPw;Nwhd;
2. nghypngj;ijl;L> mypbifl;L
3. nghypngj;ijl;L> ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;G
4. ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;G> nghypngj;ijl;L
5. ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;G> mkpNdh mkpyk;

48' A B C vDk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l %d;W mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; ntt;NtW tpjkhf

,iztjhy; Njhd;wj;jf;f ntt;NtW tpjkhd nghypngj;ijl;Lf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
1. 4 2. 5 3. 6 4. 7 5. 8
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 33
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
49. fy KjYU nkd;rt;T> NtW fyj;jfg; Gd;dq;fq;fspd; capu;nkd;rt;T Mfpatw;wpd;
$W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. ifw;wpd; 2. nfhyrd;
3. nghRNgh,ypg;gpl;L 4. fpisf;Nfhrd;
5. miur;nrYNyhR (n`kpnrYNyhR)
50. jhtu, tpyq;F cly;fspd; mikg;Gf; $Wfshfj; njhopw;gLk; ,uz;L gjhu;j;jq;fs;
KiwNa gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vit?
1. ngj;jpd;> nrYNyhR 2. ifw;wpd;> nrYNyhR
3. nrYNyhR> ifw;wpd; 4. ifw;wpd;> ngj;jpd;
5. nrYNyhR> fpisf;Nfhrd;
51. cly; ,ioaq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> guhkupj;jy;> GJg;gpj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;F Kf;fpakhf
miktJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. nrYNyhR 2. fhNghitjNuw;W 3. Gujk;
4. tpw;wkpd; 5. nehjpak;
52. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;Ff.
a. nehjpaq;fs; Gujq;fshFk;
b. nehjpaq;fs; rfy capu;j;njhopw;ghLfisAk; Cf;Fk;
c. nehjpaq;fs; rpwg;ghd Mjhug;gilfspd; kPJ khj;jpuk; njhopw;gLk;
d. nehjpaq;fs; %yk; capupurhadj; jhf;fq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Vtw;rf;jp
Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
,tw;Ws; cz;ikahdit vit?
1' a, b, c 2' b, c, d 3' a, c, d 4' a, b, d 5' a, b, c, d
53' fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s rf;jp tupg;glj;jpy; P, Q, R, S Mfpa FwpaPLfshy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sit
KiwNa vit?
rf;jp

jhf;fg; ghij

1. jhf;fpfs;> nehjpak; cs;sNghJ Vtw; rf;jp> nehjpak;; ,y;yhj NghJ

Vtw;rf;jp> tpisTfs;
2. tpisTfs;> jhf;fpfs;> nehjpak; ,y;yhjNghJ Vtw;rf;jp. nehjpak; cs;s
NghJ Vtw;rf;jp
3. jhf;fpfs;> tpisTfs;> nehjpak; cs;s NghJ Vtw;rf;jp> nehjpak; ,y;yhjNghJ
Vtw;rf;jp
4. tpisTfs;> jhf;fpfs;> nehjpak; ,y;yhjNghJ Vtw;rf;jp> nehjpak; cs;s
NghJ Vtw;rf;jp
5. njhlf;fr; rf;jp> tpisTfs;> nehjpak; ,y;yhj NghJ Vtw;rf;jp> nehjpak;
cs;sNghJ Vtw;rf;jp
54. gpd;tUk; fhuzpfisf; ftdpf;f.
a. ntg;gepiy
b. nehjpar; nrwpT
c. epNuhjpg;Gg; gjhu;j;jk;
d. PH ngWkhdk;
e. Vtw; rf;jp
,tw;Ws; nehjpaj;njhopw;ghL kPJ mjpf mstpy; gq;fspg;git vit.?
1' a, b, c 2' a, b, c, d 3' a, b, d 4' a, b, e 5' a, d, e
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 34
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

55. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; ftdpf;Ff.

a. fhNghitjNuw;W
b. Gujk;
c. ,ypg;gpl;L
,tw;Ws; Kidtw;w fiug;ghd;fspy; khj;jpuk; fiutJ vJ? / fiutd vit?
1' a 2' b 3' c 4' a, b 5' b, c
56' tpw;wkpd;fspd; fiuAk; jd;ik njhlu;ghfr; rupahdJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
ePupy; fiuAk; tpw;wkpd;fs; nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; tpw;wkpd;fs;
1' A, B, C D, E, K
2' B, C, K A, D, E
3' A, D, E, K B, C
4' B, C A, D, E, K
5' B, C, D A, E, K

57' FUjpAiwjy;> khiyf;fz; epiyik Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;j;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; ,uz;L tpw;wkpdfs;; (vitamin) KiwNa gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vit?
1' tpw;wkpd; K, tpw;wkpd; A 2' tpw;wkpd; K, tpw;wkpd; C
3' tpw;wkpd; C, tpw;wkpd; K 4' tpw;wkpd; B, tpw;wkpd; A
5' tpw;wkpd; A, tpw;wkpd; K
58. fyr;Rthrj;Jf;Fk; kw;Wk; filtha; kw;Wk; ehTk; mtpjiyj; jtpu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
tpw;wkpd; vJ?
1' tpw;wkpd; B1 2' tpw;wkpd; B2
3' tpw;wkpd; B6 4' tpw;wkpd; B12
5' tpw;wkpd; C
59' Njd; rpwpjsit ePupy; fiuj;J> me;jf; fiurYld; X vDk; fiury; 2 ml Nru;j;J ed;F
fyf;fpa gpd;> nfhjpePu; mlq;fpAs;s ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;wpy; Vwj;jho 3 epkplk; tiu
ntg;gNkw;wpa NghJ> mf;fiury; nrq;fl;br; rptg;G epwkhf khwpaJ. X fiury;
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. vjNdhy; 2. igA+Nuw;W 3. #lhd;
4. ngdbf;w;wpd; Nrhjidg; nghUs; 5. Rf;FNuhR
60. gpd;tUk; nty;yq;fSs; kpff; $Ljyhd ,dpg;Gr; RitAila nty;yk; vJ?
1. fyw;NwhR 2. FSf;NfhR 3. Guw;NwhR
4. ,yw;NwhR 5. Nkhy;NuhR
61. gRg;ghypy; mlq;fpAs;s nty;y tif vJ?
1. fyw;NwhR 2. FSf;NfhR 3. Guw;NwhR
4. ,yw;NwhR 5. Nkhy;NuhR
62. gq;fRf;fspd; clw; RtupYk;> ,why;> ez;L Nghd;w Mj;jpug;Nghlhf;fspd; Gwf; ftrj;jpYk;
mlq;fpAs;s gy;gFjpak; vJ?
1. nrYNyhR 2. ifw;wpd; 3. ,ypf;dpd;
4. kdpq;Nlhy; 5. khg;nghUs;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 35
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
 ,y 63 njhlf;fk; 65 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk;
gl;b aiyj; Jizahff; nfhs;f .
A. gg;Ngd; B. nrYNyR
C. mikNyR D. GNuhj;jpNaR
E. ,yw;NwR
63. kdpj clypy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjpyi ; ynadpDk;> Ez;zq;fpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
nehjpak; vJ?
1' a 2' b 3' c 4' d 5' e
64' czT rikf;Fk;NghJ ,iwr;rpia nkd;ikahf;Ftjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w nehjpak;
vJ?
1' a 2' b 3' c 4' d 5' e
65' ghy; rhu;e;j czTfspd; rkpghl;Lf;F cjTk; nehjpak; vJ?
1' a 2' b 3' c 4' d 5' e
66' Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis KiwNa Fwpg;gJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1. nehjpakhfj; njhopw;gly; - ntg;gf; fhtypahfj; njhopw;gly;
2. ntg;gf; fhtypahfj; njhopw;gly; - nehjpakhfj; njhopw;gly;
3. ePu;f;fhtypahfj; njhopw;gly; - cs;SWg;Gf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
4. Kidtw;w fiug;ghd;fspy; fiuAk; - KidTs;s fiug;ghd;fspy; fiuAk;
5. gy;gFjpakd;W - gy;gFjpakhFk;
67. ghypy; mlq;fpAs;s nfhOg;ig Ntwhf;fp ntg;gNkw;wpf; Fspur; nra;tjd; %yk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. rP]; (ghw;fl;b) 2. gl;lu; (ntz;nza;) 3. khrupd;
4. Nahfl; 5. rikanyz;nza;
68. capu;%yf;$W my;yhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. FSf;NfhR 2. tpw;wkpd; A 3. ,yw;wpf; mkpyk;
4. iej;jpupf;fkpyk; 5. mRf;Nfhgpf;fkpyk;
69. nghyp rf;fiul;L (gy;rf;fiul;L) vd;gJ>
1. ,uz;L vspa nty;y myFfshyhd xU gy;gFjpakhFk;.
2. ,uz;L Kjy; gj;J tiuapyhd vspanty;y myFfshyhd xU gy;gFjpakhFk;
3. ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l vspa nty;y %yf;$Wfshyhd xU gy;gFjpakhFk;
4. ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l mkpNdh mkpy %yf;$Wfshyhd xU gy;gFjpakhFk;
5. ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l fhnghl;rpypf; mkpy %yf;$Wfshyhd xU gy;gFjpakhFk;
70. 'fpisrpd;" vd;gJ
1. Xu; mkpNdh mkpykhFk;
2. xU GujkhFk;
3. Xu; ,ypg;gpl;lhFk;
4. Xu; xU rf;fiul;lhFk;
5. xU nghyprf;fiul;L MFk;.
71. Gujk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; vf;$w;W jtwhdJ?
1. Gujj;jpy; ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;Gf;fs; cz;L.
2. Gujk; vd;gJ mikNdh mkpyg; gy;gFjpak; MFk;.
3. ve;jnthU GujKk; ePupy; fiutjpy;iy.
4. Gujj;jpy; fhgd;> Ijurd;> xl;rprd;> iejurd; Mfpad mlq;fpapUf;Fk;
5. nful;bd; vd;gJ xU GujkhFk;.
72. kpf cau;thd nfhOg;Gr; rjtPjj;ijf; nfhz;l czT gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. ghy; 2. Nahfl; 3. gl;lu; (ntz;nza;)
4. rP]; (ghw;fl;b) 5. ghy; kh
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 36
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
mikg;Gf; fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;

1' i. capu; %yf;$W vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

ii. mlq;fpAs;s kPz;LtUk; myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifg;gb> fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fis
tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
iii. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s A, B Mfpa ,uz;L Nru;itfisAk; Fwpf;Fk; nghJg; ngau;
vJ?

H CH2OH
| |
C=O C=O
| |
H- C - OH OH- C - OH
| |
OH - C - H H - C - OH
| |
H - C - OH H - C - OH
| |
H - C - OH CH2OH
|
CH2OH

A B

iv. Nkw;gb A" B Mfpa Nru;itfisg; ngaupLf.

v. Nkw;gb A apdJ fiurnyhd;wpy;> %yf;$Wfs; ePstbtj;jpyd;wp tisa tbtj;jpNyNa
fhzg;gLk;. tisa %yf;$Wfs; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;L tpjq;fs; fPNo P" Q vDk;
cUf;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iwg; ngaupLf.

CH2OH CH2OH
C O C O
H H H H H OH

C C C C
OH OH H OH OH OH H H

C C C C

H OH H OH

P ............................. Q.............................

vi. Nkw;gb P Nru;itapd; ,uz;L %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy; Njhd;Wk; %yf;$w;iwg;

ngaupLf.
vii. mt;tpU %yf;$WfSk; ve;j tifg; gpizg;Gf;fshy; xd;Wlndhd;W ,izAk;?

2' i. FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs; ,iztjhy; Njhd;Wk; gy;rf;fiul;L (nghyprf;fiul;L)

tiffs; %d;iwg; ngaupLf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 37

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ii. Guw;NuhR> fyf;NuhR> FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfspd; mikg;Gr; #j;jpuq;fs; fPNo

P" Q, R vd vOkhwhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iwr; rupahf ,dq;fz;L ngaupLf.
CH2OH CH2OH O
C O C O CH2OH H
H H H OH H C C
C C C C OH OH OH CH2OH
OH OH H OH H OH H OH C C
C C C C OH H
H OH H OH
P ............................. Q............................. R .............................

iii. Nkw;gb P, Q, R mikg;Gf;fSs;

1' Rf;FNuhR %yf;$W
2' ,yw;NwhR %yf;$W
Mfpatw;iw Mf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd %yf;$Wfisj; jdpj;jdpNa Fwpg;gpLf.
iv. Nkw;gb P ,dJ ,uz;L %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy; Njhd;Wk; %yf;$W ahJ?
v. cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s xU njhFjpf; fiury;fspypUe;J Nkw;gb P mlq;fpAs;s
fiuriy ghlrhiy Ma;$lj;jpy; Ntwhf;fp ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd xU Nrhjidapd;
%d;W gbKiwfis vOJf.
vi. Nkhy;NuhR %yf;$nwhd;Wk; nrygNahR %yf;$nwhd;Wk; xd;wpypUe;njhd;W
NtWgLk; tpjj;ijj; jUf.

3' P
R
Q

A B

,uz;L ntt;NtW nghyprf;fiul;L %yf;$Wfs; NkNy A, B vdj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

i. ,k;%yf;$Wfisg; ngaupLf.
A .............................. B...............................
ii. P" Q, R gpizg;Gf;fisAk; ngaupLf.
P .............................. Q ............................... R...............................
iii. A" B nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fspd; gpujhdkhd njhopy; xt;nthd;W jUf.
A ........................................
B .........................................
iv. A, B Mfpa Nru;itfSs; kdpjdpd; czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpapy; rkpghlilAk;
Nru;it vJ?
v. Nkw;gb gFjp iv ,y; cq;fsJ tpilf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
vi. jhtuq;fspy; rf;jp ve;j tbtj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;?
vii. NkNy (gFjp vi ,y;) ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Nru;itf;Fk; Nkw;gb Nru;it A ,w;Fk;
,ilapyhd gpujhd mikg;G uPjpahd NtWghL ahJ?
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 38
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

P
4'

A ............................. B ............................ C .............................

Gujk;> fhNghitjNuw;W> ,ypg;gpl;L Mfpa %d;W capu;%yf;$Wfs; vOkhwhf

A, B, C vdj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
i. A, B, C Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLf.
ii. P" Q gpizg;Gf;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
iii. A, B, C Mfpatw;Ws;> ePupy; fiuAk; %yf;$WfisAk; n`f;Nrd; ,y; fiuAk;
%yf;$WfisAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
iv. C ,dJ gpujhdkhd ,uz;L njhopy;fis vOJf.
1' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v. tpyq;F %yq;fspypUe;J ngWk; nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; miwntg;gepiyapy; ngUk;ghYk;
jpz;kepiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
vi. fynkd;rt;tpy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhdkhd ,ypg;gpl;L tif vJ?
vii. kdpj clypy; mlq;fpAs;s ];nunuhapl;L (Steroid) tiffs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.

5' ve;j tpw;wkpd; FiwghL fhuzkhf gpd;tUk; Fiwghl;lwpFwpfs; Njhd;W k; vd

ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gpLf.
Fiwghl;L mwpFwp tpw; w kpd; mlq;f pAs;s czT
A. FUjp ciwtJ jhkjkhjy; ___________ _____________________
B. khiyf;fz; ___________ _____________________
C. filthatpjy; ___________ _____________________
ii. Fwpj;j tpw;wkpd; tif mlq;fpAs;s xt;Nthu; czTg; nghUs; tPjk; vOJf.
iii. Nkw;gb tpw;wkpd;fSs; nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; tpw;wkpd;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
iv. Gujj;ij ,dq;fhz cjTk; Nrhjizapd; %d;W gbKiwfisj; jUf.
v. ePupopT Nehahspfspd; czTf;F ,dpg;Gr; RitA+l;Ltjw;fhf> rPdpf;Fg; gjpyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nru;itfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
vi. Nkw;gb gFjp (v) ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l Nru;itfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; fhuzkhfNt
mit ePupopT Nehahspfspd; gad;ghl;Lf;Fk; nghUj;jkhditahf cs;sd.
mt;thwhd xU rpwg;gpay;igf; Fwpg;gpLf.

6' capu;%y vupnghUshf vjNdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; capupurhadr; nrad;Kiwapd;

gbKiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

khg;nghUs; > C > vjNdhy;

A B

i. ,q;F C vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ ahJ?

ii. A, B Mfpa nrad;Kiwfisg; ngaupLf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 39

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iii. B nrad;Kiwf;fhfg; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zq;fpiag; ngaupLf.

iv. ,urhad Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp vjNdhy; njhFg;gijtpl capupurhad Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;JtJ mD$ykhdjhf miktjw;fhd ,uz;L fhuzq;fs; jUf.
1' ________________________________________________________________
2' ________________________________________________________________
v. Nkw;gb capupurha Kiwfs; gad;gLk; kw;WnkhU ifj;njhopiyf; Fwpg;gpLf.
vi. khg;nghUis %yg;nghUshff; nfhz;L capu; vupnghUs; jahupg;gjw;fhfg;
gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,uz;L %yq;fisf; (Sources) Fwpg;gpLf.
1' ________________________________________________________________
2' ________________________________________________________________
vii. capu; vupnghUs; jahupg;gjw;fhd %yg;nghUshf khg;nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
xU gpujp$yj;ijj; jUf.

7' jug;gl;Ls;s cU A ,idj; Jizahff; nfhz;L fPNo cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil

jUf.
H H O

H N C C OH

H
cU A
i. ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s njhopw;gL $l;lq;fs; vit $ $l;lk; vJ? ________________
ii. ,J ve;jg; gy;gFjpaj;jpd; Xu; vspa %yf;$whFk;? ________________________
iii. mg;gy;gFjpaj;jpy; Nkw;gb vspa %yf;$Wfis ,izf;Fk; gpizg;G tifiag;
ngaupLf.__________________________________________________________
iv. Nkw;gb ,uz;L %yf;$Wfs; ,ize;J> NkNy gFjp iii ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l
gpizg;Gj; Njhd;Wk; tpjj;ij tiue;Jfhl;Lf. ________________________
v. Nkw;gb gy;gFjpak; fhl;Lk; Kg;gupkhz mikg;Gf;fs; ,uz;ilAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
__________________________________________________________________
vi. Nkw; g b gy; g Fjpaj; i j ,dq; f hz; g jw; f hf elj; J k; vspa Nrhjid
ahJ?________________________________________________________________________
vii. mr;Nrhjidapd;NghJ ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; epwkhw;wk; ahJ?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
8' ifj;njhopy; cyfpy;> vz;nza;> nfhOg;G Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk;
xU ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngWk; ,urhadj; jhf;fnkhd;wpd; NghJ epfOk; khw;wk;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

CH2 O C R

O O CH2 OH
3NaOH
CH O C R

 3R C O Na+ + CH OH

CH2 OH
O

CH2 O C R cU. 1'31

i. ,r;nrad;Kiw vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk;? ________________________________

ii. ,q;F cw;gj;jpahFk; gpujhdkhd tpisT ahJ? __________________________
iii. mt;tpistpd; ,urhadg; ngau; ahJ? ___________________________________

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 40

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iv. gf;f tpisthfj; Njhd;WtJ ahJ?____________________________________

v. gpujhd tpisTld; Nkw;gb gf;ftpisT nrhw;g mstpy; mlq;fpapUg;gjhy;>
gpujhd tpistpy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;G ahJ?_________________________________
vi. Nkw;gb gf;ftpisitg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f gpwpnjhU ifj;njhopiyf; Fwpg;gpLf.
vii. ,f;ifj;njhopypy; gad;gLk; jhf;fpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.________________________
viii. gpujhd tpistpy; Nkyjpfkhf NaOH mlq;fpAs;sjhapd; mjid ePf;Ftjw;fhff;
ifahsj;jf;f xU eltbf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.___________________________
ix. NaOH ,w;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kw;WnkhU nghUisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
______________________________________
9' fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s A, B, C, D, E, F Mfpa mikg;Gf;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L> gpd;tUk;
tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
CH2OH H
H
H C O H H H
NH2 C COOH
C C C
H OH C C OH
H OH H
A B C
CH2OH O OH H CH2OH
C O H C O OH
H H H C OH C C
H H OH C H OH C C H
OH OH CH2OH H OH
D E F
my;NlhR> fpisrPd;>  FSf;NfhR> ,iuNghR> nkNjd;> FSf;NfhR

i. Nkw;gb gl;baiyg; gad;gLj;jp A, B, C, D, E, F Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLf.

ii. ,tw;Ws; ve;j ,uz;L %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy;  fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg;
gpizg;Gf;fs; Njhd;Wk;?
iii. ,uz;L F %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy; Njhd;WtJ ahJ? _______________________
iv. ve;j ,uz;L %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy; ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;Gf;fs; Njhd;w
,lKz;L? __________________________________________________________
v. ,tw;Ws; vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jf;$baJ vJ? _________________________
vi. RNA gpujhd rq;fpypia mikg;gjpy; gq;fspf;Fk; %yf;$W vJ? ____________
vii. B mlq;fpAs;s nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; ,uz;L
ifj;njhopy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. ________________________________________
viii. F %yf;$Wfs; ngUe;njhifahfg; gy;gFjpakhtjhy; Njhd;Wk; nghyprf;fiul;L
vJ?
ix. NkNy viii ,y; Fwpg;gpl;l nghyprf;fiul;bd; ifj;njhopw; gad;ghLfs;
,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf. _______________________________________________

10' i. gpd;tUk; nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; xt;nthd;W tPjk; jUf.

a. khg;nghUs; ________________ b. czT rhu;e;j ehu;g;nghUs;____________
c. ifw;wpd; __________________ d. nrYNyhR ________________________

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 41

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ii. ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Gujf; $l;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j nehjpaq;fs; gutyhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ____________________________________________________
a. nehjpankhd;wpd; njhopw;ghL kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; %d;W fhuzpfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf. ________________________________________________________
b. czTf; ifj;njhopypy; gad;gLk; %d;W nehjpaq;fisAk; mit gad;gLk;
ifj;njhopy;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf. ____________________________________
iii. , y pg ; g pl; L f; f spd ; ca pupa y ; uP j pa hd K f; f pa j ; J t q ; f s; % d ; W j U f .
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iv. G u j q ; f s p d ; c a p u p a y ; u P j p a h d K f ; f p a j ; J t q ; f s ; % d ; W j U f .
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

myF 2 - capu;%yf;$Wfs;
gy;Nju;T - tpilfs;

1-2 11-3 21-1 31-4 41-3 51-3 61-4 71-3

2-1 12-3 22-5 32-4 42-4 52-5 62-2 72-3
3-3 13-3 23-2 33-1 43-5 53-3 63-2
4-3,5 14-2 24-4 34-2 44-2 54-2 64-1
5-4 15-4 25-1 35-4 45-4 55-3 65-5
6-4 16-3 26-5 36-5 46-2 56-4 66-1
7-5 17-5 27-2 37-5 47-4 57-1 67-2
8-4 18-5 28-5 38-5 48-3 58-2 68-4
9-1 19-5 29-4 39-1 49-3 59-4 69-3
10-4 20-3 30- 5 40-3 50-3 60-3 70-1

mikg;Gf; fl;Liu - tpilfs;

1&' i. capu;f; fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ahNjDk; Nrjd %yf;$W

ii. kPz;LtUk; myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
1 vdpd; nkNdhrf;fiul;L / xU rf;fiul;L
2 vdpd; ilrf;fiul;L / ,U rf;fiul;L
,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fs;
iii. n`f;NrhR / vl;NrhR
iv. A - FSf;NfhR B- Guw;NwhR
my;NlhR fPw;NwhR
v. P-  FSf;NfhR Q -  FSf;NfhR
vi. Nkhy;NuhR
vii.  1  4  fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;G

2&' i. khg;nghUs;> nrYNyhR> fpisf;Nfhrd;

ii. P- FSf;NfhR Q- fyw;NwhR R- Guw;NwhR
iii. Rf;FNuhR - P, R
,yw;NwhR - P" Q
iv. R
v. ngdbf;w;wpd; Nrhjidapd; %d;W gbKiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
vi. ,uz;L  FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy; Nkhy;NwhR Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
,uz;L FSf;NfhR %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy; nrygNahR Njhd;wpAs;sJ.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 42

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3&' i. A- mikNyh ngf;upd; B- nrYNyhR

ii. P -  1  4  fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;G
Q -  1  6  fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;G
R -  1  4  fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;G
iii. A - khg;nghUspd; $W - rf;jpiar; Nrkpf;Fk;
B - mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; - (fyr;Rtupy; mlq;fpAs;sJ)
iv. A
v. B ,y; mlq;fpAs;s  1  4  fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;igr; rkpghlilar;
nra;a Kbahjhifahy;
vi. fpisf;Nfhrd;
vii. - fpisf;Nfhrdpy;> fpis gpupe;j mikNyh ngj;jpd; khj;jpuk; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;
- khg;nghUspy;> mikNyR> mikNyh ngj;jpd; kw;Wk; gy;rf;fiul;L Mfpa
,uz;L tiffSk; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.

4&' i. A - fhNghitjNuw;W
B - ,ypg;gpl;L
C - Gujk;
ii. P - fpisf;Nfhrpbf;Fg; gpizg;G
Q - ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;G
iii. AC ePupy; fiuAk;. B n`f;Nrdpy; fiuAk;
iv. - nehjpa Cf;fpfshFk;
- fhtp %yf;$Wfshfj; njhopw;gLk;
- nghwpKiwj; jhq;fpfshfj; njhopw;gLk;
- tsu;r;rpapYk; fy cUthf;fj;jpYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
v. tpyq;F %yq;fspypUe;J ngWk; nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; epuk;gpa epiyapy;
fhzg;gLk;
epuk;gpa nfhOg;gkpyq;fspd; cUFepiy cau; ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWk;. (miw
ntg;gepiyapYk; cau;thdJ) vdNt> mit jpz;k epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.
vi. nghRg;Ngh ,ypg;gpl;L
vii. gpj;jk;> nfhyj;jpNuhy;

5&' i. tpw; w kpd; f s; czT tif

A, K - fPiu tif $ tpyq;F <uy;
B, A - kQ;rs; epwf; fha;fwpfs;> - goq;fs;
C, B - jhdpaq;fs;> Kl;il> ,iwr;rp

ii. A, K
iii. igA+nuw;Wr; Nrhjidapd; %d;W gbKiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;
iv. Nrhu;gpw;Nwhy; $ kdpw;Nwhy;
v. ,it czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpapy; rkpghlile;J rf;jp cw;gj;jp
epfOtjpy;iy ahjyhFk;

6&' i. vspa nty;yk; $ FSf;NfhR

ii. A- ePu;g;gFg;G B- nehjpj;jy;
iii. aP];l; / kJtk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 43
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iv. - jhf;fj;Jf;F cau;ntg;gepiyNah cau; mKf;fNkh Njitg;glhik

- rhu;gstpy; kypthddJ
v. gpau; cw;gj;jp $ itd; cw;gj;jp
vi. NfhJik> Nrhsk;> Nrhahmtiu> fUk;G
vii. czTg; nghUs; vd;w tifapy; khg;nghUs; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;glyhk;

7&' i. COOH /NH2

ii. Gujk;
iii. ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;G
iv.
H O H O
NH2 C C N C C OH
H H H
v.  -RUsp
RUf;fq;fs; cs;s my;yJ RUf;fq;fs; mw;w gilfs;
vi. igA+nuw;Wr; Nrhjid
vii. fiury; ePyepwkhjy;

8&' i. rtu;f;fhukhf;fy;
ii. rtu;f;fhuk;
iii. Nrhbak; jpaNuw;W
iv. jpuapj;jupd;> Nrhbak; Ijnuhl;irl;L
v. fpsprNuhy;
vi. rtu;f;fhuj;jpd; nkd;ik $ xg;gkhd jd;ik
vii. moFrhjdg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp
viii.rpj;jpupf; mkpyk; Nghd;w nkd;dkpynkhd;W Nru;j;jy;
ix. KOH - nghw;whrpak; Ijnuhl;irl;L

9&' i. A. fpisrPd;
B.  FSf;NfhR
C. nkNjd;
D.  FSf;NfhR
E. my;NlhR
F. FSf;NfhR
ii. ,uz;L B %yf;$Wfs;
iii. nrNyhgNahR
iv. A
v. C
vi. D
vii. vjNdhy; cw;gj;jp> itd; cw;gj;jp
viii.nrYNyhR
ix. Gilitf; ifj;njhopy;> fljhrpf; ifj;njhopy;

10&'i. a. khg;nghUs; - jhtuq;fspy; rf;jp Nrkpj;jy;

b. czT rhu;e;j ehu;g;nghUs; - czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjpapypUe;J er;Rg;
gjhu;j;jq;fis ePf;fy;> kyr;rpf;fiy ePf;fy;
- FUjpapy; nty;yk;> nfhyj;jpNuhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
c. ifw;wpd; - gq;fRf;fspy; fyr;Rtu; mikj;jy;
- Mj;jpug; Nghlhf;fspy; (G+r;rpfs;> ,why;> ez;L)
Gwtd;$l;il Mf;Fjy;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 44
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

d. nrYNyhR - Gilitf; ifj;njhopy;

- fljhrpf; ifj;njhopy;
ii. a. ntg;gepiy " pH ngWkhdk;> nehjpar; nrwpT
b. mikNyR - Ngf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;
GNuhl;bNaR - tpRf;Nfhj;J cw;gj;jp
c. gg;ngapd; - ,iwr;rp rikf;Fk; NghJ nkd;ikahf;Ftjw;fhf
iii. ² fynkd;rt;tpd; mikg;Gf; $whf
² rf;jpiar; Nrkpg;gjw;F
² XNkhd; cw;gj;jpf;F
² cs;SWg;Gf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F
² ntg;gf; fhtypahf
² nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; tpw;wkpd;fis mfj;JwpQ;Rtjw;F
iv. ² nehjpa Cf;fpahf
² xl;rprd; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf - <NkhFNshgpd;
² rf;jpiar; Nrkpg;gjw;F
² nghwpKiwj; jhq;fpahf - nfhyrd;
² tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fy cUthf;fj;Jf;Fk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 45

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 03 - mbg;gilf; fzpjk;

P gy;N ju;T tpdhf;fs;

1' njhopDl;gtpayhsu; xUtu; Kf;Nfhz tbt PQR

jfl; b ypUe; J PQS vDk; Kf; N fhzpg; gFjpia
ntl;bafw;wpa gpd; kPjpia ghtidf;F vLj;jhu;.
QS = 8cm, SR = 10cm Mapd; ntl;bafw;wpa gFjp
Q 8cm S 10cm R Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j gFjpapd; vd;d gpd;dkhFk;?
1 4 4 5 9
^1& ^2& ^3& ^4& ^5&
5 9 5 4 4

A 8m B
2' ePsk; 10 m MfTk; mfyk; 8 m MfTKs;s nrt;tf
tbt Kw;wk; Kf;Nfhzg; gFjpahfTk; BCDE vDk;
8m ruptfg; gFjpahfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kf;Nfhzg;gFjp ADE ,dJk; ruptfg;gFjp BCDE
apdJk; gug;gsTfspdJk; tpfpjkhf miktJ vJ?
D 10m C

^1& 2:3 ^2& 2:8 ^3& 2 :10 ^4& 3: 2 ^5& 8 :10

12 4 12
3' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;l nrt;tftbtf; fhzpnahd;wpd;
3 eP s > mfyg; gFjpfs; rkkkhfg; gpupf; f g; g l; L >
nghJg;ghijnahd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghijapd;
4 gug;gsTf;Fk; fhzpapd; vQ;rpa gFjpapd; gug;gsTf;Fk;
,ilapyhd tpfpjk; ahJ?
3
^1& 3 :1 ^2& 7 :1 ^3& 5: 2
^4& 17 :18 ^5& 19 :18
4cm
4' 4cm gf;fePsk; 4 cm MfTs;s rJuKfpnahd;W glj;jpy;
fhl;bAs;sthW xU Kfg;gpd; eLg;gFjpapD}lhf
2cm rkhe;jukhf ntl;b ,U Jz;Lfshf
Ntwhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,U gFjpfspdJk;
Nkw;gug;gsTfspd; $l;Lj;njhif ahJ?
^1& 64cm 2 ^2& 96cm 2 ^3& 104cm 2

^4& 112cm 2 ^5& 128cm 2

5' gf;fePsk; 4 cm MfTs;s rJuKfpnahd;wpypUe;J Miu 2
cm MfTs;s miuf;Nfhstbtj; jpz;kg; gFjpnahd;W
ntl; b afw; w g; g Lfpd; w njdpd; > kP j pg; g Fjpapd; nkhj; j
Nkw;gug;gsT
1 2
^1& 25 cm 2 ^2& 50 cm 2 ^3& 96cm 2
7 7
2
^4& 108cm 2 ^5& 130 cm 2
7
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 46
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' Miu r MfTs;s Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT V1 ck; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;G S1 ck; MFk;. mbapd;
Miu r MfTk; cauk; r MfTk; cs;s nrt;TUisnahd;wpd; fdtsT r2 ck;> nkhj;j
Nkw;gug;G S2 ck; vdpd;> gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rupahd njhlu;igf; fhl;LtJ vJ?

^1& V1  V2 , S1  S2 ^2& V1  V2 , S1  S2 ^3& V1  V2 , S1  S2

^4& V1  V2 , S1  S2 ^5& V1  V2 , S1  S2

7' 6cm gf;f ePs> mfyk; cauk; KiwNa 6 cm, 4 cm, 2

4cm
cm MfTs;s fdTUnthd;wpd; %iyapypUe;J 2
cm gf;f ePsKs;s rJuKfp tbtg; gFjpnahd;W
2cm
ntl;bafw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. kPjpg;gFjpapd; gug;gsthf
miktJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

^1& 24cm 2 ^2& 56cm 2 ^3& 80cm2

^4& 108cm 2 ^5& 104cm 2

8' a gf; f eP s k; a MfTs; s rJuKfp xd; W cUtpy;

fhl;bAs;sthW Nky; Kfg;gpd; %iytpl;lj;jpd; topNa
epiyf;Fj;jhf ,U Jz;Lfshf Ntwhf;f
a ntl;bafw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; xU gFjpapd; nkhj;j
Nkw;gug;gsT ahJ?

^1& 2a 2 ^2& 3a 2 ^3& 4a 2

^4& 3 2  a 2
^5& 6a 2

a
9'
a ePs> mfy 2a MfTk; cauk; a MfTKs;s fdTUtbt
a
jpz; k nkhd; w py; ,Ue; J Nkw; g Fjpapy; gf; f q; f spd;
eLg;Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;bd; topNa epiyf;Fj;jhf
ehd;F gFjpfs; ntl;bafw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. kPjpg; gFjpapd;
nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsT ahJ?


^1& 4 1  2 a
2
 ^2& 3a 2 ^3& 12a 2

^4& 16a 2 ^5& 4 ( 3  2 ) a2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 47

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW r MiuAk; h cauKk;

r
cila jpz;k cUis xd;wpypUe;J xd;Wf;nfhd;W
nrq;Fj;jhd ,U Miufspd; topNa epiyf;Fj;jhf
h xU gFjp ntl;bafw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ntl;bafw;wg;gl;l
gFjpapd; Nkw;gug;gsT ahJ?
11r  r  11r
^1&   h
7 2
^2& r  h
 7
 11r 25h  r r
^3& r   ^4& 11r  25h  ^5& 11r  18h 
 14 7  7 7

11' Miu r I cila Nfhsnkhd;W mjd;

ikaj;jpD}lhfr; nry;Yk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd
,U jsq;fspd; topNa ntl;lg;gl;L 4 gFjpfshf
Ntwhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU gFjpapd; Nkw;gug;gsthf
miktJ vJ?
 r2  r2
^1& ^2& ^3&  r2
4 2
^4& 2 r 2 ^5& 3 r 2

12' gf;f ePsk; 3 cm MfTs;s rJuKfpnahd;wpd; gug;gsit tpl ,U klq;F gug;gsTs;s

xU rJuKfp tiuag;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; gf;f ePsk; vt;tsthFk;?
3
^1& 6 cm ^2& 1.5 cm ^3& 9 cm ^4& 3 2cm ^5& cm
2

13 gf;f ePsk; 2cm MfTs;s rJu Kfpapd; %iytpl;ljpd; ePsk; ahJ?

^1& 6 cm ^2& 8 cm ^3& 12 cm ^4& 3cm ^5& 2 3cm

14' Miu 3 cm MfTs;s tl;lnkhd;wpypUe;J ntl;bnaLf;fj;jf;f ngupa rJuj;jpd; gug;gsthf

miktJ

^1& 9 cm2 ^2& 36 cm2 ^3& 18 cm2 ^4& 72 cm2 ^5& 12 cm2

15 15 cm ePsKk; 20 cm mfyKk; cila nky;ypa jfnlhd;wpy; ,Ue;J 7 cm tpl;lk;

cila vj;jid tl;lq;fis ntl;bnaLf;fyhk;?

^1& 7 ^2& 7.79 ^3& 8 ^4& 4 ^5& 6

16' 15cm ePsKk; 20cm mfyKk; cila nky;ypa jfnlhd;wpypUe;J ePs> mfyq;fs; KiwNa
8cm, 6cm MfTs;s rpwpa vj;jid nrt;tfq;fis ntl;bnaLf;fyhk;?

^1& 6 ^2& 6.25 ^3& 4 ^4& 8 ^5& 5

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 48

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17' B C ABC rk ,Urkgf;f nrq;Nfhz Kf;N fhzpapd;

AC = 8cm MFk;. A, C cr;rpfspy; epow;wg;gl;Ls;s
gFjp ,uz; L Kf; N fhzpfshy; cr; r p B apy;
epow;wg;gl;Ls;s Kf;Nfhzp tbtg;gFjpia g+uzkhf
kiwf;fyhnkdpd;> epow;wpa gFjpapd; gug;gsT ahJ?
^1& 32 cm 2 ^2& 8cm2 ^3&16cm2
^4& 4 cm 2 ^5& 24 cm 2
A

18' E cUtpy; fhl;lg;g l;L s;s fdTUit F D topNa

D
F epiyf;Fj;jhf ntl;ba NghJ ntl;lg;gl;l Kfj;jpd;
G 5 gug;gsthf miktJ
^1& 12cm2 ^2&15cm2 ^3& 20cm2
C
A 3 ^4& 25cm2 ^5& 5 34 cm2
4 B

B 8m C
19 ruptfk; A B C D apy; epow; w g; g l; l gFjpapd;
gug;gsTf;Fr; rkkhd gug;gsTs;s rJuKfpnahd;wpd;
2m xU gf;f ePsk; ahJ?
^1& 2 m ^2& 3 m ^3& 4m

A F D ^4& 7m ^5& 9m
9m

20' Miu 5 myFfisAila miu tl; l tbt

Nkilapy; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW nrt;tf tbt
rkjsg; gPlnkhd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mg;gPlj;jpd;
4 4 fpilNkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT vj;jid myFfs; MFk;?
^1& 12 ^2& 15 ^3& 20
^4& 24 ^5& 40

21' B 10 myF ePsKila epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}z; xd;wpy;

ePs> mfyq;fs; KiwNa 3> 2 MfTs;s nrt;tf
E 300 tbt tpsk;g ug; gyif mikf;f g;g l;Ls;sJld;>
D
tpsk;gug; gyifapd; Nky; ,il Xuj;jpd; me;jk; D,
10 J}zpd; cr;rp B Ald; xU fk;gpapdhy;
F E gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gp> tpsk;gug; gyifapd;
Nky;fpil Xuj;Jf;F ,ilapyhd Nfhzk; 300 vdpd;>
tpsk;gug; gyifapd; fPo;g;Gw Xuk; epykl;lj;jpypUe;J
A vt;tsT cauj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?

^1& 3 ^2& 2 ^3& 2  3 ^4& 8  3 ^5& 12  3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 49

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

22' Nrhlidahsu; xUtu; Nrhbg;G Ntiyf;fhf 14 cm

MiuAk;  4 NfhzKk; cila Miur;rpiwapypUe;J>
xU ika 7 cm MiuAila  4 Miur;rpiwg;gFjp

4 xd;iw ntl;bafw;wp kPjg;gFjpia cgNahfpj;jhu;.
cgNahfpj;j gFjpapd; gug;gsT ahJ?

^1& 19.25cm2 ^2& 57.75cm 2 ^3& 96.25cm 2

^4& 101cm 2 ^5& 154 cm 2

23' 18cm cUtpy; cs;sthW ruptf tbtj; jfnlhd;wpy; miu

tl;lg; gFjpnahd;W ntl;b mfw;wg;glTs;sJ. kPjpahf
,Uf;Fk; gFjpapd; gug;gsT ahJ?
14cm
^1& 196cm 2 ^2& 273cm 2 ^3& 332cm 2

32cm ^4& 497cm 2 ^5& 499cm 2

24' 3cm 10cm gf;f ePsKila rJuKfp tbtf; fz;zhbf;Fw;wp

xd;wpypUe;J mjd; Nkw;Gw kj;jpa gFjpapy; 3cm ePs
10cm rJuKfp tbtg; gFjp ntl; b afw; w g; g Lfpd; w J.
kPjpg;gFjpapd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsT ahJ?
^1& 564 cm 2 ^2& 591cm 2 ^3& 636 cm 2 ^4&
645 cm 2 ^3& 973 cm 2

25  ,wg;gu; ge;njhd;W ePupy; kpjf;Fk; tpjk; glj;jpy;


7cm fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ge;J ePUld; njhLifAWk; tpy;
 tbtg; gFjpapd; ePsk; ahJ?

2cm ^1&  ^2&  ^3&
^4&  ^5& 

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 50

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

26' cUf;Fj; jpz;k cUisnahd;wpidr; rkkhd ,uz;L

gFjpfshfg; gpse; J ngw; w xU ghjp ,q; F
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gFjpapd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsthf
miktJ
^1& 517 cm 2 ^2& 874 cm 2 ^3& 880 cm 2
m
14cm 20c
^4& 1034 cm 2 ^5& 1540 cm 2

27' Nkirnahd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s myq;fhug; nghUnshd;W glj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

,f;$l;Lj;jpz;kj;jpd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsT ahJ?
^1& 1288cm 2 ^2& 1330cm 2
14 cm tpl;lk; nfhz;l
úYalïNh 14cm jk ^3& 1484cm 2 ^4& 1596cm 2
w¾Of.da ,h
miuf;Nfhsk;
^5& 1904cm 2

cm gf;f14cm
14mdohla ePsq;jk
nfhz;l
>klhrJuKfp

28' Miu 21 cm MfTs;s ,Uk;Gj; jpz;kf;Nfhsnkhd;W cUf;fg;gl;L 7 mm MiuAila

jpz;kf;Nfhsq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ldntdpd;> cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba rpwpa ,Uk;Gf;
Nfhsq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahf miktJ ahJ? (cUf;Fk;NghJ cNyhf ,og;G
Vw;gltpy;iy vdf;nfhs;f.)
^1& 9000 ^2& 10000 ^3& 18000 ^4& 24000 ^5& 27000

29' 12 m ePs rJutbt mbiaAk; 8 m nrq;Fj;Jauj;ijAk; nfhz;l rJumbf; $k;gf

tbtf; $lhunkhd;iw khztu; xU FOnthd;W mikj;jJ. $lhuj;ij KOikahf
kiwg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Jzpapd; ,opTg; gug;gsT ahJ?
^1& 96m 2 ^2& 120m2 ^3& 192m 2 ^4& 240m 2 ^5& 270m 2

30' njhopw;rhiynahd;wpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; miwapd;

ePsk; 13 m ck; mfyk; 9 m ck;> cauk; 4 m ck; MFk;. cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis ,l;L
itf;Fk; rJuKfp tbtpyhd ngupa ngl;bapd; ePsk; 60 cm MFk;. mf;fsQ;rparhiyapy;
cr;rkhf mt;thwhd vj;jid ngl;bfis mLf;fyhk;?
^1& 1890 ^2& 2000 ^3& 2166 ^4& 2167 ^5& 2310

31' cUtpy; cs;sthW miuf;Nfhs tbtg; gFjp xd;wpypUe;J

$k; G tbtg; gFjpnahd; w ntl; b afw; w g; g Lfpd; w J.
miuf;Nfhs jpz;kj;jpd; Miu> $k;gpd; Miu> $k;gpd;
cauk; vd;gd xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkdhFk;. mfw;wg;gl;l
fdtsT nkhj;jf; fdtstpd; vd;d gpd;dkhFk;?

1 1 1 2 3
^1& ^2& ^3& ^4& ^5&
8 3 2 3 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 51

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

32' ePr;ry; jlhfnkhd;wpd; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gFjp cUtpy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; ePsk; 20 m MFk;. Nky;
kl;lj;jpypUe;J 50 cm caukhd gFjp ntWikahf
<

<
<>
cs;sJ. ,e; ePr;ry; jlhfj;jpy; cs;s ePupd; fdtsT
ahJ?
^1& 3000 m 3 ^2& 3200 m 3 ^3& 3500 m 3
^4& 4000 m 3 ^5& 4500 m 3

>
>

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 52

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
myF 3 mbg;gilf; fzpjk;
fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;

1' 10 cm jbg;Gs;s nfhq;fpwPwW; r; Rtupdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l ePuj

; n
; jhl;bapd;
ntspg;Gw ePs> mfy> cauq;fs; 1 m MFk;.
i. ePu;j;njhl;bapDs; epug;gj;jf;f ePupd; fdtsitf;
fzpf;f.
ii. ePu;j;njhl;bia mikf;fg; gad;gLj;jpa nfhq;fpwPw;wpd;
fdtsT vt;tsT?

2 mbapd; Miu 30 cm ck; cauk; 36 cm ck; MfTs;s nghs;shd

$k;gpd; kj;jpapy; mbf;Fr; rkhe;jukhf ntl;b mfw;wpr; rhbnahd;W 30
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
18
i. rhbapy; epug;gf;$ba ePupd; fdtsT vt;tsT?
ii. mikf;fg;gl;l rhbapy; ePiu epug;g> ntl;bafw;wg;gl;l 15

$k;Gg;gFjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;lnjdpd;> rhbapy; ePu; 18

epuk;g vj;jid jlit ePiu Cw;w Ntz;Lk;?

3' Ruq;fg;ghijnahd;i w mikf;f 2'5 m MiuAk; 28 m ePsKila cUis tbtg;

gFjpnahd;wpypUe;J kz; mfw;wg;gl;lJ.

28 m

2.5m

i. mfw;wg;gl;l kz;zpd; fdtsT ahJ?

ii. mfw;wg;gl;l kz; 6 m cauj;Jf;F rJutbt mbnfhz;l Neupa $k;gf
tbtpy; mikAkhW ,lg;gLfpd;wnjdpd;> rJumbf; $k;gfj;jpd; mbapd; xUgf;f
ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

4' nrt;tf tbtr; nrg;Gj;jfnlhd;wpd; ePsk; 12 cm, mfyk; 8 cm MFk;.

i. nrt;tf tbtj; jfl;bd; gug;gsT ahJ?
ii. ,e;jj; jfl;bypUe;J ntl;lj;jf;f ngupa rJutbtj; jfl;bd; gug;gsT>
mjd; Rw;wsT vd;gtw;iwf; fzpf;f.
iii. 5 cm ePsKk; 3 cm mfyj;ijAKila vj;jid nrt;tf tbtj; jfLfis
Muk;gj;jpy; jug;gl;l nrt;tftbt jfl;bypUe;J ntl;lyhk;.
iv. Muk;gj;jpy; jug;gl;l nrt;tfj; jfl;bd; gug;gsit ,ul;bg;ghf;ff; $ba
tpjj;jpyhd mstPLfisj; jUf.
v. ePq;fs; ntl;ba nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsit ,ul;bg;ghf;fj; Njitahd
MNyhridfisj; njuptpf;f.

5' i. Miu r MfTs;s Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsT Miu r ck; cauk; 2r MfTs;s

cUisapd; tisgug;gpw;F rkdhFk; vdf; fhl;Lf.
ii. Miu 10 cm MfTs;s Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsitf; fzpf;f. ^= 3.14&
iii. mf;Nfhsj;jpypUe;J mikf;ff; $ba kpfg; ngupa rJuKfptbt jpz;kj;jpd;
gf;fePsk; ahJ?
iv. me;j rJuKfpapd; Nkw;gug;gsitf; fzpf;f.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 53
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' ,uz;Lkhbf; fl;blnkhd;wpy; 1 Mk; khb> 2 Mk; khb Mfpad 2'7 m ,ilntspapy;
mikf; f g; g l; L s; s d. mt; T auj; i j miltjw; F Rtu; t opNa 6 cm cau gb
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gbnahd;wpd; mfyk; 8 cm ck; ePsk; 7 cm ck; MFk;.
i. mikf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gbfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f. A
ii. xU gbia tiue;J mjd; mstPLfisf; Fwpf;f.
iii. gbf;fl;L fpilepyj;jpy; vt;tsT J}uj;jpw;F mikf;fg;gLk;?

2.7 m
iv. cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;ljw;fika A B apd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
v. gbnahd;wpd; fdtsitf; fhz;f.
B
7' Njhuznkhd;wpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l Mf;fnkhd;W cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. gFjp O A B
C apd; ,Ugf;fq;fspy;; Miur;rpiwfs; ,uz;L mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

C 8m B

2m
60o 60o
o
60 60o
O A

i. gFjp O A B C vd;d ngau;nfhz;L miof;fg;gLk;?

ii. O A apd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
iii. O A B C apd; gug;gsitf; fhzj; Njitahd mstPL ahJ? mjidf; fzpf;f.
iv. O A B C apd; gug;gsitf; fzpf;f.
v. Njhuzj;jpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
vi. Njhuzj;jpd; vy;yhg; gf;fq;fisAk; Rw;wptu ehlh gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Fj;
Njitahd ehlhtpd; ePsj;ijf; fpl;ba KOvz;zpy;; fhz;f.

8' ge;njhd;wpd; Miu 10 cm MFk;. Nfhsnkhd;wpidAk; mjw;Fr; rkdhd MiuiaAk;

cauj;ijAk; cila cUisiaAk; fUJk;NghJ mtw;wpd; tis Nkw;gug;gsTfs;
rkdhFk;. jpz;kq;fis rpW gFjpfshf;Fk;NghJ gug;gsT mjpfupg;gNjhL fdtsT
4 3
khwhJ. Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT  r > Nkw;gug;gsT 4 r 2 ck;   3.14 vdf; nfhs;f.
3
i. ge;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
ii. ge;jpd; fdtsitf; fhz;f.
iii. mt;thwhd 1000 ge;Jfis itf;fj; Njitahd kpff; Fiwe;j ,lj;jpd; msitf;
fzpf;f.
iv. ,e;j Mapuk; ge;JfSk;> rJuKfp tbtg; ngl;bnahdd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;lhy;
me;jg; ngl;bapd; mstPLfisf; fhz;f.
v. 10 cm MiuAs;s nkOFf; Nfhsnkhd;iw ntg;gNkw;wp nkOF tpuakhfhjthW>
Nfhsj;jpd; mNj MiuAila cUisnahd;W mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. cUisapd;
cauj;ijf; fzpf;f. (cUisapd; fdtsT  r 2 h &

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 54

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9' tpl;lk; 10 cm MfTs;s miuf; Nfhstbtg; gFjpia mbg;gFjpfhg;

5 cm
gad;gLj;jp 12 cm cauKk; 5 cm MiuAk; cila $k;nghd;wpd;
Nkw;gFjpapypUe;J miuf;Nfhs tbtg; gFjpnahd;W ntl;bafw;wg;gl;L 12 cm
ntw;wpf;fpz;znkhd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

i. ntw;wpf;fpz;zj;jpd; cauk; vt;tsT?

ii. ntw;wpf;fpz;zj;jpd; mbg;gFjpapd; gug;gsitf; fzpf;f.
iii. $k;G tbthd gFjpapd; fdtsitf; fhz;f.
iv. $k;Gtbtg; gFjpapd; tisgug;gpd; Nkw;gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
10 cm
v. ntw;wpf;fpz;zj;jpd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsitf; fzpf;f.

10' Miu 17 cm MfTs; s cNyhff; Nfhsnkhd; w pDs; 10 cm

MiuiaAila Nfhstbtf; Fopnahd;W cs;sJ.
1' ,q;F cNyhfj;jpd; fdtsitf; fhz;f. 17
cm
2' Fope;j cNyhff; Nfhsj;ij ntg;gNkw;wp ,Ugf;f ePsq;fs; 26 cm, 44
cm MFkhW fdTU tbtnkhd;W mikf;fg;gl;lnjdpd; vQ;rpa gf;fj;jpd;
10cm
ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

11' Miu 21 cm ck; cauk; 30 cm MfTKs;s nrt;tl;l cUis

tbtg; ghj;jpuj;jpd; ifg;gpb nrq;Fj;Jauk; 3 cm ck; Miu 3c m
21 cm ck; MfTs;s nrq;$k;G tbtj;ij cilaJ.
,e;jg; ghj;jpuj;jpd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
30cm

21cm

12' mstpilf;fika tiuag;gl;l epyg;gFjpnahd;wpd; gUk;gbg; glk;

cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; mstPL 1:10 vDk; tpfpjj;jpy; cs;sd.

i. epyg;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.

ii. epyg;gug;igr; Rw;wp ghJfhg;G Ntyp C R
mikf;fj; Njitahd fk;gpapd;
ePsj;ijf; fhz;f. 10
iii. ,e;jg; ghJfhg;Ntyp rJutbt S 45o Q
B T
epyg;gug;gpy; mikf;fg;gLkhapd;
ghJfhg;GNtypapd; gf;fePsk; 8
vt;tsthFk;?
A P
5 60o
O

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 55

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

13' cUtpy; nrt;tf tbtg; ikjhdKk; mjd; mfyg; gf;fq;fspd; mUfpy;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s miutl;l tbt g+k;ghj;jpAk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

i. ikjhdk; g+k;ghj;jp Mfpatw;wpd; nkhj;j gug;gsT vt;tsthFk;?

ii. ikjhdk;> g+g;ghj;jp Mfpatw;wpd; gug;gsTf;F ,ilapthd tpfpjk; vt;tsthFk;?
iii. A D f;;Fr; rkhe;jukhf mikAkhW ikjhdj;jpd; rupkj;jpapy; g+k;ghj;jptiu
ghijnahd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghijapd; gug;gsT 600 m2 vdpd; NkNy
jug;gl;l cUtpy; mstPLfSld; $bajhf ghijia tiue;J fhl;Lf.

14' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzj; jstbtkhFk;.

3 cm 4 cm

i. ,e;jj; jstbtj;jpd; gug;gsitf;; fzpf;f?

ii. ,e;jj; jstbtk; rPuhd FWf;Fntl;LKfg; gug;Gila 5 cm jbg;igf; nfhz;l
jpz;knkhd;wpd; Kfkhf mikAnkdpd;
a. me;jj; jpz;kk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
b. me;jj; jpz;kj;jpd; fdtsitf; fzpf;f.

15' Nkw;gFjp miuf; NfhstbtkhdJk; clw;gFjp cUis tbtkhdJkhd fz;zhbr;

Riknahd;W cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; Miu 7 cm MFk;. cUisg;
gFjpapd; cauk; 12 cm MFk;.

Nfhsj;jpd; tisNkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT r

3 
Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT  r
4
cUisapd; tisNkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT rh
12cm

cUisapd; fdtsT rh

i. ,jd; mbapd; gug;gsT vt;tsthFk;?

ii. miuf;Nfhs tbthd gFjpapd; Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsT vt;tsT?
iii. nkhj;j Nkw;wgug;gpd; Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsitf; fzpf;f.
iv. Rikapd; fdtsitf; fzpf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 56

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

16' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tl;lj;jpd; Miu 3.5 cm MFk;.

A B C D rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT ahJ?

17' tPl;bd; ePu;j;jhq;fpapd; nfhs;ssT 540 yPw;wuhFk;. Fohapd; %yk; epuk;gj;jf;fjhf mJ

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j jhq;fp KOikahf epuk;Gtjw;F 15 epkplnkLj;jnjdpd;
FohdpD}lhf ePupd; gha;r;ry; tPjj;ij nrf;fDf;F kpypyPw;wupy; fzpf;f.

1 2
18' mbg;gFjpapd; Miu r k; nrq;Fj;Jauk; h MfTKs;s $k;gpd; fdtsT =   r h
3
4 3
Miu r ,idf; nfhz;l Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT = r
3

(a) 21 cm tpl;lq; nfhz;l jpz;kf;Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT 4 581 cm3 vdf; fhl;Lf.

(b) Nkw;gb Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsTf;Fr; rkkhd fdtsT nfhz;l jpz;kf;
$k;gpd; cauk; 20 cm MFk;. ,e;jf; $k;gpd; Miuia klf;if tha;g;ghl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jp Jzpf. ^ = 3.14 vdf; nfhs;f&

19' nrt;tf tbt mDkjpr;rl P ;nlhd;wpd; ePsk; mfyj;ijtpl 5 cm mjpfkhFk;.'

^1& mDkjpr;rl P ;bd; tupg;glj;ij tiue;J ePsk;> mfyj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
^2& mDkjpr;rl P ;bd; gug;gstpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. (mDkjpr; rPl;bd; mfyk; x
vdf; nfhs;f.)
^3& mDkjpr;rl P ;nlhd;wpidj; jahupf;f 24 cm2 msTila fljhrpj;jhs;
Njitg;gLnkdpd; rkd;ghnlhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpj; jPu;j;J mDkjpr;rl P ;bd;
ePs mfyq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f.
^4& 80 cm × 40 cm msTila jbj;j fljhrpapy; cau;e;jgl;r mt;thwhd vj;jid
mDkjpr; rPl;Lf;fisj; jahupf;fyhk;. vQ;Rk; fljhrpj; Jz;bd; ePs> mfyj;ijf;
fzpf;f.

20' fdTU tbt ePu;j ;j hq;f papd; cs; mbg;Gw msTfs; 140 cm, 110 cm MFk;.
jhq;fpapd; cl;Gw cauk; 90 cm MFk;.
^1& ,e;jj; jhq;fpapd; nfhs;ssitf; fzpf;f.
^2& ,e;j jhq;fp KOikahf ePuhy; epuk;gpAs;sNghJ me;ePiu 28 cm
mbg;gf;f MiuiaAk; 90 cm cauj;ijAk; nfhz;l vj;jid cUistbt
gPg;ghf;fspy; epug;gyhk;?

21' f l j h r p g ; g h u nk h d ; W ( Paperweight ) t up g ; g l j ; j p y ;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; kj;jpapy; rkr;ruP hf Neupa
tl;l tbt mbg;gug;igf; nfhz;l $k;nghd;W File;J
mfw;wg;gl;L ,J jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. miuf; Nfhsj;jpd;
tpl; l k; 14 cm MFk; . $k; g pd; mbg; g Fjpapd; tpl; l k;
miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; Miuf;Fr; rkdhFk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 57
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

^1& $k;gpd; mbg;gFjpapd; tpl;lk; vt;tsthFk;?

^2& $k;gpd; cauk; vt;tsthFk;? ckJ tpilf;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
^3& fljhrpg; ghuj;jpapd; fdtsitf; fzpf;f.

22' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tl;lj; Jz;lj;jpd; gutsitf; fhz;f.

23' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ $k;G tbthd njhg;gpahFk;. ,jd; mbapd; Miu 14 cm

MtJld; njhg;gpapd; Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsT 880 cm2 MFk;. njhg;gpapd;
rha;Tauj;ijf; fzpf;f.

gy;;Nju;T tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;

1. 2 11. 4 21. 4 31. 3

2. 1 12 4 22. 2 32. 3
3. 4 13. 5 23. 2
4. 5 14. 3 24. 3
5 . 4 15. 4 25. 4
6 4 16. 3 26. 2
7. 3 17. 2 27. 2
8. 4 18. 4 28. 5
9. 1 19. 2 29. 4
10. 4 20. 4 30. 1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 58

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
fl;L iutif tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;

1' i. njhl;bapd; cl;gFjpapd; ePsk; } 80 cm

njhl;bapd; cl;gFjpapd; mfyk; } 80 cm
njhl;bapd; cl;gFjpapd; cauk; } 90 cm
 njhl;bapd; cl;gFjpapd; fdtsT } 80 « 80 « 90 cm3
} 57600 cm3
} 576 l

ii. njhl;bapd; ntspmstPl;il fUJk;NghJ fdtsT } 100 « 100 « 100 cm3

} 1000000 cm3
 njhl;bia mikf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhq;fPwPl;bd; } 1000000 - 576000 cm3
fdtsT
} 424000 cm3

2' i. mikf;fg;gl;l rhbapd; fdtsT } KO $k;gpd; fdtsT - ntl;b mfw;wpa

$k;gpd; fdtsT
1 1 3
  .302.36 12   .152.18 6 cm
3 3
 6 (30  2  15 ) cm3
2 2

 6 (1800  225)
cm3
 6 1575 cm3
22 cm3
 6   1575 225
7
 29700 cm3

ii. ntl;bafw;wg;gl;l $k;Gg; gFjpapd; fdtsT 1 .152.186 cm3

3
22 x225x6 cm3
7

mikf;fg;gl;l rhbia epug;Gtjw;F ePu; ms;s Ntz;ba 6  22  225


22  225  6
jlitfs; 7

61  221  2251  7

221  2251  61
7

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 59

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

2 3
3' i. mfw;wg;gl;l kz;zpd; fdtsT    2.5  28m
22
  6.25  28 4 m3
7
 22  25 m3
 550m3

ii. $k;gfj;jpd; mbapd; xU gf;f ePsk;  m vdf; nfhs;f.

1
$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT  .a 2 .6
3

1
 .a 2 .6  550
3
550
a2 
2
 275
a 2  25  11
a  25  11
a  5 11

 $k;gf mbapd; gf;fePsk;  5 11 m

4' i. 12cm  8cm
96cm 2
ii. gf;f ePsk; 8 cm MfTs;s rJuj;jpd;
gug;gsT  8cm  8cm
 64cm 2
Rw;wsT ePsk;  8  4 cm
 32cm 5 5
iii. 6 ntl;lyhk;. 3

8 cm 5x3

3 3 3 3

12 cm
gug;gstpd; ,U klq;F = 192 cm2
iv. mjw;fhd fdtsT

12  8  2
24  8 ePsk; 24 cm mfyk; 8 cm
12  16 ePsk; 16 cm mfyk; 12 cm
6  32 ePsk; 32 cm mfyk; 6 cm
48  4 ePsk; 48 cm mfyk; 4 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 60

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

v. ntl;bnaLf;fg;gl;l rJuj;jpd; %iytpl;lj;jpd

ePsj;ijg; gf;f ePskhf vLf;Fk;NghJ rJuj;jpd; 8 2 8
gug;gsT ,ul;bg;ghFk;.

8
8 2 8 2
64  2 8 2

8 2
5' i. Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsT  4 r 2

cUisapd; Nkw;gug;gsT  2 rh
 2  r  2r
 4 r 2
/ Nfhs Nkw;gug;gpy; gug;gsT = cUisapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT

ii. Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;sT

4 r 2
4  3.14  10  10 E D

4  314
G
1256cm 2 F C

iii. rJuKfpapd; %iytpl;lj;jpd; ePsk; Nfhsj;jpd; A B

tpl;lj;jpw;F rkdhf Ntz;Lk;.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
AD2 = AC2 + CD2 = 2a2 + a2
/ AD = Nfhsj;jpd; tpl;lk; = 20
202 = 3a2
3 a  20
20
a
3
20 20 400
iv. gf;fnkhd;wpd; gug;gsT   
3
cm2
3 3

400
nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsT   6 cm2
3
 800cm2
6' i. 2.7m  270cm ii.
A
270
gbfspd; vz;zpf;if 
6
 45 8 cm 2.7 m
6 cm 70 cm
10 cm B
C 3.6 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 61

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iii. BC = 8cm  45
360cm
3.6m
iv. gbapd; cauk; 10cm MFk;. ^6" 8" 10 igjufrpd; Njw;wj;jpw;fika)
gbfspd; 45 cs;sd Mifahy; AB apd; ePsk;  45 10
 450cm
 4.5m
v. xU gbapd; fdtsT = 1
 8 4  6  70
2
24  70
1680cm3
7' i. ruptfk;
o
ii. OA  8m  2 Cos 60  2
1
 8m  2   2
2
 10m
iii. OA, CB ,ilNa nrq;Fj;Jauk;
mr;nrq;Fj;Jauk;  OC sin 60o
3
 2
2
 3 m

 10  8 
iv. OABC gug;gsT    3
 2 
 9 3 cm 2

1 2 rad
v. Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT  r Q
2
1 
  2 2
2 3
2

3

2
vi. Njhuzj;jpd; gug;gsT  9 3  2
3
4
9 3
3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 62

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

vi. tpy;ypd; ePsk;  rQ rad

 2
 2 
3 3

vii. Njitahd E}ypd; ePsk; 10  8  2  4  2  2 m

3
4
18  8  m
3
 4 
 26  m
 3 

2
8' i. nthypNghy; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT = 4 r
4 X 3.14 X 10 X 10
314 X 4
1256cm 2

ii. nthypNghypd; fdtsT = 4 2

r
3
1256 X 10
3
12560
 4186.3cm3
3

iii. Nfhsnkhd;iw itg;gjw;F rJuKfp

xd;wpd; ,lk; xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 20
1000 nthypNghy;fis mLf;fp
itg;gjw;F Njitahd fdtsT
20
3
20  20  20 1000 cm 20
8000000 cm3
iv. rJuKfpg; ngl;bapd; fdtsT = 8 000 000 cm3
= 200x200x200 cm3
/ xU gf;f ePsk; = 200 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 63

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

v. cUisapd; cauk; h cm vdf; nfhs;Nthk;>

4 2
 r   r 2h
3
4
r  h
3
4
X 10  h
3
40
h
3
1
h  13
3

1
/ cUisapd; cauk; = 13 cm
3
9' i. ntw;wpf; fpz;zj;jpd; cauk; = 12 + 5 cm = 17 cm
ii. ntw;wpf; fpz;zj;jpd; mbapd; gug;gsT =  r 2
3.14 X 5 X 5
78.5cm 2
iii. $k;G tbtg; gFjpapd; fdtsT

1 2
r h
3
1
3.14 X 5 X 5 X 12
3
3.14 X 5 X 5 X 4
314cm3
v. $k;gpd; rha;Tauk; l vdpd;

l 2  122  52
l 2  144  25
l 2  169
l  13

tis Nkw;gug;gsT =  rl
3.14 X 5 X 13
204.1cm2
vi. nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT = $k;gpd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT + miuf;Nfhs tbthd
Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT + mbapd; gug;gsT
2 2
204.1 + 2x5 + 78.5 cm
204.1 + 2x3.14x25 + 78.5 cm2
= 204.1 + 57 + 78.5 cm2
= 439.6 cm2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 64

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4 4
10' cNyhfj;jpd; fdtsT   173   103 cm3
3 3
4
  173  103  cm3
3
4
  17  10  . 17 2  17 10  102  cm3
3
4 22
 . .7.  289  170  100  cm3
3 7
4 22
 . .7.559 cm3
3 7
49192
 cm3
3
1
 16379 cm3
3

gf;f ePsq;fs; a, b MfTs;s fdTUtpd; fdtsT = abc vQ;rpa gf;f ePsk; x cm vdpd;

49192
44  26  x 
3
49192 43 1
x   14
44  26  3 3 3
1
 kPjpg; gf;fePsk;  14 cm
3
11' Nkw;gug;gsT } $k;gpd; tisgug;G ¬ cUisapd; tisgug;G
¬ cUisapd; mbg;gFjpapd; gug;G

$k;gpd; rha;Tauk; l vdpd;

l 2  32  212
= 9  441  450
 l  450  9  5  10  9  25  2  15 2

22
 $k;gpd; tisNkw;gug;G   rl   2115 2  990 2 cm2
7
22
cUisapd; tis Nkw;gug;gsT  2 rh  2  2130  3960 cm2
7

2 22 22
cUisapd; tl;l tbt mbap;;d; gug;G   r   212   21 21  1386
7 7

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 65

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsT  990 2  3960  1386 cm 2

 990 2  5346 cm 2

AP
12' epWty; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp - AOP apy; tan 60o 
AO
AP  5 3
AO
cos 60 
OP
OP  10

SQ SQ
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp PQS ,y; tan 30o  
SP 8
8
SQ 
3
SP
cos 30 
PQ
16
PQ 
3
BQ  BS  SQ (BS = AP Mifahy;)
 5 3 8 3
23
BQ 
3
TR  TQ  10
RQ 2  RT 2  TQ 2
RQ  10 2
CR  BQ  TQ
23 23  10 3
  10 
3 3

ePs tpfpjk; 1(10

gug;gsT tpfpjk; 1(100

OA  AP
Kf;Nfhzp AOP apd; gug;gsT 
2
55 3

2
25 3

2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 66

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

1
APQB ,d; gug;gsT  ( AP  BQ) AB
2
1 23 
 5 3   .8
2 3
152

3

1
BQRC ,d; gug;gsT  ( BQ  CR ) BC
2
1  23 23  10 3 
    .10
2 3 3 
 46  10 3 
 5  
 3 

khjpup cUtpd; gug;gsT  AOP  APQB  BQRC

25 3 152 230  50 3
  
2 3 3
25 3 382  50 3
 
2 3
75  764  100 3

2 3
839  100 3 839  199  1.7
 
2 3 2 1.7
839  170 669
 
3.4 3.4
 196.7647

 epyg;gFjpapd; gug;gsT  196.7647 100

 19676.47 rJu myF

ii. khjpup cUtpd; vy;iyf; NfhLfspd; ePsk;.  OP  PQ  QR  RC  CO

16 23  10 3
 10   10 2   23
3 3
10 3  16  10 6  23  10 3  23 3

3
3.9  23 3  10 6

3
39  23 1.7  10  2.4

1.7
 54.17

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 67

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

 ghJfhg;G Ntypapd; ePsk;  54.17  10

 541.7 myF

541.7
iii. rJu epyg;gug;gpd; gf;f ePsk;.   135.42 myF
4

13. (i) 96 m
(ii) 60 : 11
(ii)
2m

14. (i) 6 cm2

(ii) (a) Kf;Nfhz mupak;
(b) 3000 mm2

15. (i) 154 cm2

(ii) 308 cm2
(iii) 990 cm2
(iv) 2566.66 cm3

16. 49 cm2

17. 600 mls-1

18. (a)
(b)14.79 cm

19. (i) 5

(ii) mDkjpr; rPl;bd; mfyk; x Mapd; mjd; gug;gsT = x(x + 5)

(iii) ePsk; 8cm , mfyk; 3cm
(iv) 130> 40 cm ePsk;> 2cm mfyk;

20. (i) 1386000 cm3

(ii) 6

21. (i) 7 cm
(ii) 7 cm $k;gpd; cauk; miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; Miuf;Fr; rkkhdJ.
(iii) 628.83 cm3

22. 102.66

23. 20 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 68

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 4 - igjfurpd; njhlu;G

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;
A E D
(1) ruptfk; ABCD apy; AD, BC rkhe;;ju gf;fq;fs;
MFk;. gf;fq;fs; AB, BC, CD vd;gtw;wpd; ePsq;fs;
KiwNa 4 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm MFk.; EAB = 900 MFk;.
ruptfk; ABCD apd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f. 4 cm
6 cm
R

B 4 cm C

(2) nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp PQR ,y; QPR  90 ck;
5 5 cm
2x PQ: PR = 1:2 ck; QR = 5 5 cm ck; MFk; PQ
,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
A
P x
(3) nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp ABC apy; ABC = 900 MtJld; AB,
BC vd;gtw;wpd; gf;f ePsq;fs; KiwNa 5> 3 myFfs; 5 D
MFk;. B apypUe;J AC apw;F tiuag;gl;l nrq;Fj;jpd; mb
D MtJld; D apypUe;J BC apw;F tiuag;gl;l nrq;Fj;jpd;
mb E MFk;. DE apd; ePsj;ij myFfspy; fhz;f. C
B E

(4) rJuk; ABCD apd; gf;f ePsk; 4 cm MFk;. BC apd; eLg;Gs;sp E MFk;3.
(i) AB: AE: AC ePsq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpfpjj;ijf;
A 4cm B fhz;f.
(ii) ABE: ACE: ABC Kf;Nfhzpfspd; gug;gsTfSf;
fpilapyhd tpfpjj;ijf;; fhz;f
E (iii) Kf;Nfhzp ABE apd; gug;gsT> rJuk; ABCD
gug;gsTfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;G gw;wp ahJ
$wyhk;?
D C (iv) AE apd; ePsj;ij AB ,d; rhu;ghfj; jUf

(5) rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp XYZ ,d; YZ ,d; eLg;Gs;sp O

MFk;.
(i) XO ,d; ePsj;ij YZ ,d; rhu;ghfj; jUf.
(ii) 4 cm gf;f ePsKs;s rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpapd;
Nfhz ,U$whf;fp OX ,d; ePsj;ijf; Y O Z
fhz;f.

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(6) AB = BC = 1 cm MFk;. BCDEF ,d;

gug;gsT> Rw;wsTfisf; fhz;f

D
E

F 1 cm

A 1 cm B

(7) ABC vDk; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhz tbt cNyhfj; jfnlhd;W AE, CD vDk; ,U
fk;gq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F ABC 90O, AB = BC , AE = CD = 1 m, AC = 2 cm
MFk;.
B (i) cNyhfj; jfL ABC iar; Rw;wp G+Ntiyg;ghLila
myq;fhu ehlhnthd;W Rw;wg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
mjw;Fj; Njitahd girehlhtpd;; nkhj;j ePsk;
vt;tsT?  
2  1 .4
A C (ii) ,e;j myq;fhu ehlh 1m ,d; tpiy &gh 50 vdpd;
2m
mjw;fhfr; nrythFk; KOg; gzj;njhifiaf;
1m fhz;f.
(iii) ,t;TNyhfj; jfl;bd; cWjpg;ghl;il mjpfupf;f
Kid B apypUe;J B X vDk; cNyhff;Nfhy; xd;W
E D A C ,w;F nrq;Fj;jhf epyj;Jld;
,izf;fg;glTs;sJ. ,jw;Fj; Njitahd cNyhff;
Nfhypd; ePsk; vt;tsT?

(iv) NkYk;> njhFjpapd; cWjpg;ghl;il mjpfupf;f B apypUe;J 2 2 m ePsKs;s B Y
vDk; NtnwhU cNyhff;Nfhy; epyj;Jld; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. XY ,d; ePsk;
vt;tsT?
(v) Nfhzk; BYX ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f..
(vi) ,t;TNyhff; Nfhypd; 1 m ,w;F &gh 200 nrythfpd;wJ. B X, B Y vDk;
cNyhff;Nfhy;fs; ,uz;bw;Fk; nrythFk; gzj;njhif vt;tsT?
(vii) jfL A B apd; 1 m ,w;F &gh 3000 nrythfpd;wJ. A E, C D vDk; fk;gnkhd;iwAk;
mikf;f &gh 2000 tPjk; Njitnadpd; %yg;nghUl;fSf;Fr; nrythFk; nkhj;jg;
gzj;njhifiaf; fhz;f.
(viii) %yg;nghUl;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Ntiyf;$ypahf &gh 2000 Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;Ntiyj; jpl;lj;i j KOikahf G+uzg;g Lj;j j; Njitahd nkhj;j g;
gzj;njhif ahJ?

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(8) fl;llnkhd;wpd; fpilAld; 300 ,y; C

mike;Js;s $iuapd; gFjp topNa
10 m J}uk; nry;Yk; X vDk; rpWtd;
$iuapd; cr;rpia milfpwhd;. mNj P
fl;llf; $iuapd; kw;iwa gFjp Q
h
f p i l A l d ; 45 0 N f h z j ; j p y ;
mike;Js;sNjhL Y vDk; rpWtd;
mg; g Fjpapd; topNa cr; r pia
milfpwhd;. ,f;fl;blj;j pd; Rtu; 30o 45o
A B
kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J $iuapd; cr;rpAld; D
CD J}z; gpizf; f g; g l; L s; s J.
Kidfs; A, B tis xd;wpdhy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(i) Rtupd; fpil kl;lj;jpypUe;J $iuapd; cr;rpf;F cs;s cauk; h If; fhz;f
(ii) Y vDk; rpWtd; cr;rpia milag; gazk; nra;j J}uk; vt;tsT?
(iii) AB vDk; tisapapd; ePsk; vt;tsT?
 
DAP  900 > DQB  90 MFkhW D P, D Q vDk; ,uz;L kur;ryhiffs; A C clDk;,
0

D Q clDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iv) DP apd; ePsk; vt;tsT?
(v) DQ ,d; ePsk; vt;tsT?

(9) nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp P Q R ,y; PQ = 2b, QR = a - b vdpd;

P (i). P R ,d; ePsj;ij a, b rhu;gpy; jUf.
(ii) A = 5 m, b=2 m vdpd; Kf;Nfhzp PQR ,d; Rw;wstpw;F
rkkhd Rw;wsTila rJuj;jpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
2b (iii) ,r;rJuj;jpd; gf;f ePsj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ePsq;nfhz;l
rkgf; f Kf;Nfhzpfs; ehd;f pid rJuj;j pd; 4
gf;fq;fisAk; ,izj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; $l;LUtpd;
gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
Q a-b R

(10) tl;ltbt ikjhdnkhd;wpd; tpl;lk; AB MFk;. ABC vd;gJ nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhz

tbtg; G+g;ghj;jpahFk;. ,q;F A B = 10 m , B C = 8 m MFk;.
C (i) G+g;;ghj;jp A B C iar; Rw;wp %d;W fk;gp tupfisf;
nfhz;L ghJfhg;G Ntyp mikf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,jw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; fk;gpapd; ePsj;ijf; fzpf;f
(ii) fk;gpapd; 1 m2 ,d; tpiy &gh 50 MFk;. Ntypaikf;fj;
A B Njitahd fk;gpapd; nkhj;jg; ngWkjp ahJ?
O (iii) g+g; g hj; j p jtpu; e ; j Vida gpuNjrj; j py; Gy;
elNtz; b As; s J. Gy; eLtjw; f hd gFjpapd;
gug;gsitf; fhz;f.

(iv) Gy; eLtjw;fhf 1 m ,w;F &gh 70 nrythFnkdpd; mg;gFjpapy; Gy; elj;

Njitahd nkhj;jg; gzj; njhifiaf; fhz;f.

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(v) tl;lj;jpd; ikak; O ,ypUe;J O X vDk; nrq;Fj;J tl;lj;jpd; gupjpapy; milahskplg;gl;L

X vDk; ,lj;jpy; Kisnahd;W ehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. B X, A X vd;gd xU fapw;why;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sdntdpd;> B X, A X Mfpatw;wpd; ePsq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf; fhz;f

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

2
(1) tpil 22 cm
C apypUe;J gf;fk; AD apw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jpd; mbia E vd vLg;gpd;

EAB  900 > AE // BC MFk;.

ABC  900
MfNt ABCE xU rJukhFk;
AB=CE
AB=4cm CE=4m Mjyhy;.
CED nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpahtjhy; igjfuR Njw;wg;gb
CE 2 + ED 2 = CD 2
ED 2 = CD 2 - CE 2 = 5 2 - 4 2
ED = 3
AD = 4+3=7
1
ruptfk; ABCD apd; gug;gsT = (BC + AD) x 4
2
47 11
= X 4   4  22cm 2
2 2

(2) tpil PQ 5 = cm PQ:PR=1:2 Mjyhy; PQ=x vdpd; PR=2x MFk;. nrq;Nfhz

Kf;Nfhzp PQR ,w;fhf igjfuR njhlu;gpd;gb
QR2=PR2+PQ2
x 2 +(2x) 2 = (5 5 ) 2
5x 2 = 125
x 2 = 25
x = 5cm

45
(3) tpil nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp ABC apw;F igjfuR Njw;wj;jpd;gb
34
AC2=BA2+BC2=52+32=25+9=34
AC = 34
Kf;Nfhzp ABC apd; gug;gsitf; fUJk;NghJ
1 1
x BD x AC = X 5 X 3
2 2
1 15 15
x BD x 34 =  BD = 34
2 2

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp BDC apw;;F igjfuR njhlu;igg; gpuNahfpj;jhy;

BD2+DC2=BC2
2
 15  2 2
   DC  3
 34 

15 2 306  225 81
DC 2  9   
2 34 34

9
DC =
34
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp BDC apd; gug;gsit fUJk;NghJ.
1 1
 BC  DE =  BD  DC
2 2
1 1 15 9
 3  DE =  34  34
2 2
45
DE = myF
34

(4) (i) AE 2 =AB 2+BE 2

AE 2 =4 2+2 2 = 2 0  AE = 200
AE = 2 5cm
AC 2 =AB 2 +BC 2 =4 2 +4 2 =32  AC = 4 2cm
AB: AE:AC = 4:2 5 : 4 2
4 2: 2 5 : 2 2

1 1 1
(ii)  ABE :  ACE :  ABC =  2  4 :  2  4 : 4  4
2 2 2
=4:4:8
=1:1:2

(iii)  ABE: ABCD = 4 : 16 = 1: 4

vdNt rJuk; ABCD apd; gug;gsT Kf;Nfhzp ABE apd; gug;gstpd; 4 klq;F
MFk;.
(iv) AE2 =AB2+BE2
2
1 
 AB 2   AB 
 2 
6 AB 2
AE 2 =
4
AB
AE  5
2

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(5) (i) XY2 =XO2+YO2 ( XOY vd;gJ nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp vd;gjhy;.)

2 2 2
XO =XY - YO
1
XO 2 =YZ 2 - ( YZ) 2
2
4  O2 = 3YZ2
XO 2  3YZ 2
3
YZ = 4 cm MFk;NghJ. XO   4  2 3cm
2

(6) tpil AC 2 =AB 2+BC 2 = 1 2 + 1 2 = 2

AC= 2 cm, CD = 2 cm
AD 2 = AC 2 + CD 2 = ( 2 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 =4  AD = 2cm, DE = 2cm
AE 2 = AD 2 + DE 2 AE 2 = 4+4 = 8
AE = 2 2 cm, EF = 2 2 cm
AF 2 = AE 2 + EF 2 (2 2)2 + (2 2)2 = 8+8 = 16
AF = 4cm
1 1
ABC Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT = X 1X1 = cm2
2 2
1
ACD Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT = X 2 X 2 = 1 cm
2
2
1
ADC Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT = X 2X2 = 2 cm2
2
1
AEF Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT = X 2 2 X 2 2 = 4cm2
2
1
cUtpd; nkhj;jg; gug;G =( +1+2+4) = 7.5 cm2
2
cUtpd; Rw;wsT = AB+BC+CD+DE+EF+FA
= 1+1+ 2 +2+ 2 2 +4
= (8 + 3 2 )cm
B
(7) ABCnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhz tbtj; jfl;by;
AC = 2m AB=BC=Xm vdpd; 2
AC 2 = AB2+BC2
4 = X2+X 2
2X 2 = 4 A C
X2 = 2 1m A 1m

X = 2m 1m

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(i) Njitahd ehlhtpd; ePsk;.X =(2 + 2 2m

)m
2m = 1.4
= (2+2  1.4)m
= (2+2.8)m
= 4.8m

(ii) ehlhtpw;fhd nryT = 4.8 X 50 = &gha; 240/=

(iii) BX = BP + PX MFk;
BP2 = BA2 - AP2
BP2 = (2-1)
=1
BP = 1 m

Njitahd Nfhypd; ePsk;.= (1+ 1)m = 2m

(iv) XY 2 = BY2 - BX2
= 2 2   (2)
2 2

XY 2 = ( 8 - 4) = 4
XY = 2m

(v) Kf;Nfhzp BXY fUJk;NghJ BX = 2m , XY = 2m , BY=2 2m
m, BXY  900 ,

BYX  450
) m= 4.8m nrythFk; gzk; 4.8 X 200 = &gha; 960
(vi) BX + BY = 2+2 2m
1
(vii) jfL ABC apd; gug;G  2m 2m= 1m2
2
nrytpLk; gzk; = 1 X 3000 = &gha; 3000
fk;gj;jpw;Fr; nrythFk; njhif = 2000 + 2000 = 4000
nrythFk; njhif = 3000 + 4000 + 960 + 240 = 8200
(viii) nrythFk; nkhj;j njhif = 2000 + 8200 = &gha; 10200

 0 h
(8) (i) ADC  900 ADC nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapy; sin 30  10

1
h
10  5m
2
(ii) Y vDk; rpWtd; nrd;w J}uk; =BC
0 h h
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp BDC ,y; sin 45  BC 
BC sin 45
BC  5 2 m

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
(iii) tis AB apd; ePsk; AD+BD
AD AD 
cos30 0   BD  h  5m ( DBC  45 0 ) Mifahy;
AC 10

10 3
AD  5 3
2
AD  DB  (5 3  5)m
 5( 3  1) m

PD
(iv) Kf;Nfhzp APD ,y; sin 300 
AD
AD
1 PD

2 5 3
5 3
5 3m
PD 
2

DQ
(v) Kf;Nfhzp DQB ,y; sin 450 
DB
1 DB DQ
1 DQ

2 5
2 5 5
5
DQ  m
2

(9) (i) nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp PQR ,y;

PR 2=PQ 2+QR 2 = (2b) 2 + (a-b) 2 = a 2 - 2ab + 5b 2
PR = a 2  2ab  5b 2
(ii) a=5, b=2 MFk; NghJ PR = 25  2  5  2  5  4  5m
3> 4> 5 igjfuR Kk;ikahFk;.

Kf;Nfhzp PQR ,d; Rw;wsT (4+3+5) = 12m

Kf;Nfhzp PQR ,d; Rw;wstpw;Fr; rkdhd Rw;wsTs;s rJuj;jpd; gf;f ePsk;
12m
 3m
4
mr;rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT 3m x 3m = 9m2

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3
(iii) BC= 3m, BR=RC= m
2
FR2=BF2 - BR2 G
2
2 3
  3    3m
2
A 3m B
2 9 27
FR  9   3m
4 4
H 3m R F
3 3
FR  ,
2
D 3m C
1 3 3
BCF Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT   3 
2 2
9 3 2
 m E
4

4 rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT  9 3  4

4
 9 3m 2
$l;L cUtj;jpd; gug;gsT } rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT ¬ 4 rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpfspd;
gug;gsT

2
 99 3 m 

 9 1 3 m 2

(10) AB = 10m BC= 10m

AC2 2
=AB - BC 2

= 102 - 82
AC =6m
(i) Kf;Nfhzp ABC apd; Rw;wsT 6+8+10=24
3 tupfSf;Fj; Njitahd fk;gp = 24X3=72m
(ii) 1m ,d; tpiy &gha; 50
72m ,w;Fr; nrythFk; njhif = &gh. 72x50 = &gha; 3600
1
(iii) G+k;;ghj;jpapd; gug;gsT = X 8 X 6 = 24 m2
2
2 22 22  25 2
tl;ltbt ikjhdj;jpd; Rw;wsT =  r   5 5  m
7 7
22 25
Gy; elg;gLk; gpuNjrj;jpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT = m- 24
7
382 4
=  54 m 2
7 7
382 4
(iv) Gy; eLtjw;fhd nryT = x 70 = &gha; 3820
7 7
(v) AX2 = AO2 + OX2 A O B

AX2 = 52 + 52
AX = 5 2
AX = XB MFk;. / AB + XB = 5 2 + 5 2 = 10 2m X

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 05 - mstPl;L El;gKiwfs;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;fs;

(1) nghJthf cm mstpil %yk; msf;ff;$ba kpfr;rpwpa ngWkhdkhf miktJ vJ?

1) 0.1 m 2) 1 mm 3) 1 mm 4) 2 mm 5) 5 mm

0cm 1cm 2cm

(2)
A B

cm mstpilapd; %yk; Nfhy; AB apd; ePsj;ij msf;Fk; tpjk; cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

(cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;L jug;gl;Ls;sJ.) A ahdJ rupahf 0 cm cld; nghUe;JkhW
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. A B apd; ePskhf miktJ vJ?
1) 1.4 cm 2) 1.5 cm 3) 2.5 cm 4) 2.6 cm 5) 3 cm
(3) 0cm 1cm 2cm

A B
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kid A 0 cm cld; nghUe;JkhW itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Kid
BMdJ 1.4cm ,w;Fk; 1.5 cm ,w;Fk; Vwj;jho kj;jpapy; mike;Js;sJ. ( ,t; cU
cUg;ngUf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.) jug;gl;l c m mstpil %yk; mstplj;jf;f ,opTg; ngWkhdk;
1mm (0.1cm) MFk;. Kid Bapd; thrpg;G 1.4 cm my;yJ 1.5 cm Mf mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tstPl;by; Vw;glj;jf;f cr;r tO
1) 0.5 mm 2) 1 mm 3) 0.5 cm 4) 1 cm 5) 2 cm
(4) mstPnlhd;W x Mf mikAk;NghJ mjd; tO MFk;. mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpd;dtO

MFk;. cm mstpilapy; Nfhnyhd;wpd; ePsk; 20cm MFk;. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

mjd; rjtPj tOthf miktJ vJ? ( ePs mstPl;bd; NghJ Vw;gLk; cr;rtO 1 mm
vdf; nfhs;f)

1) 2) 3)

4) 5)

,(5) cm mstpil xd;wpd; %yk; mstPnlhd;wpid vL;f;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; cr;r tO 1 mm Mf

mikAnkdpd; gpd;tUk; vt;tstPlb
; y; cr;r rjtPj tO Vw;gLk;?
1) 100 cm 2) 500 cm 3) 25 cm 4) 20 cm 5) 10 cm

(6) mstPnlhd;wpd; rjtPj tO 1% ,Yk; mjpfupf;Fnkdpd; mt;tstPL gpioahd mstPlhff;

fUjg;gLk;. mjw;fika gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;; ve;j mstPl;il msg;gjw;F cm mstpil
nghUj; j kw; w J?
1) 100 cm 2) 50 cm 3) 40 cm 4) 20 cm 5) 5 cm

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 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(7) rpwpastpyhd ePsq;fis (2 cm ,Yk; Fiwe;j ) msg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd

cgfuzk; / cgfuzq;fs; vJ / vit?
(A) cm mstpil (B) kPwwu;f;Nfhy;
(C) Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp (D) Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rp
1) A kl;Lk; 2) C kl;Lk; 3) D kl;Lk;
4) A,B Mfpa ,uz;Lk; 5) C> D Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

(8) Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpnahd;wpd; mstpil 1 mm gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. mt;thwhd 9 gpujhd

gpupTfs; 10 Ntzpau; gpupTfSld; nghUe;Jk;. ,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; ,opntz;zpf;if ahJ?
1) 1 mm 2) 0.5 mm 3) 0.2 mm 4) 0.1 mm 5) 0.05 mm

(9) Ntzpau; mstpilnahd;wpd; ,opntz;zpf;if 0.1 mm MFk;. gpujhd mstpilg; gpupT 1mm
MFk;. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Ntzpau; mstpilg; gpupnthd;wpd; ePsk; vJ?
1) 0.1mm 2) 0.5mm 3) 0.9mm 4) 1.1mm 5) 1.9mm

(10) thrpg;nghd;iwg; ngWk;NghJ Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpnahd;wpy; mstpilfs; mikAk; tpjk;

cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl; Ls;sJ. (10 Ntzpau; gpupTfs; gpujhd mstpilapd; 9mm cld;
nghUe;Jfpd;wd) ,t;thrpg;G ahJ? 2 cm 3 cm
1) 2.5 cm 2) 2.15 cm
3) 2.05 cm 4) 2.00 cm
5) 1.95 cm
0 10 V

(11) Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; cjtpAld; gpd;tUk; vjd; / vtw;wpd; mstPLfisg; ngwKbAk;?

(A) ,Uk;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;; jbg;G
(B) Fz;Lg; Nghjpifapd; cs;tpl;lk;
(C) ehzaf; Fw;wpapd; ,iltpl;lk;
1) A kl;Lk; 2) B kl;Lk; 3) 1) A Ak; D Ak; 4) B Ak; C Ak; 5) ABCMfpa
%d;Wk;

( 12) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Ntzpau; mstpil gad;gLj;jg;glhj cgfuzkhf / cgfuzq;fshf

miktJ
(A) Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp (B) efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;b
(C) Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp (D) Kj;Jyhj; juhR
1) A kl;Lk; 2) C kl;Lk; 3) B Ak; C Ak; 4) C Ak; D Ak; 5) BCD
%d;Wk;

 gpd;tUk; ge;jpia thrpj;J tpdh ,y 13> 14> 15 ,w;F tpilaspf;f.

gpujhd mstpilapd; 9 mm MdJ rkkhd 10 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L Ntzpau; mstpil
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; jhilfs; njhLifAw;wpUf;Fk;NghJ mstpilfs;
mikAk; tpjk; glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
0 cm

D . A B C

0 5

(13) G+r;rpa tOthdJ ve;j ,ilntspapdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;?

1) A C 2) B C 3) A B 4) 2 A B 5) 2 A C

(14) ,q;F G+r;rpa tOtpd; ngWkhdk; ahJ?

1) 0.02 cm 2) 0.35 cm 3) 0.04 cm 4) 0.05 cm 5) 0.06 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 79

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(15) Nkw;gb Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpia cgNahfpj;;J Nfhsnkhd;wpd; tpl;lk; msf;fg;gl;lNghJ

Ntzpau;khdpapd; mstPLfs; mikAk; tpjk; cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. G+r;rpa tOitf;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tjhy; Nkw;gb Nfhsj;jpd; rupahd tpl;;lk; ahJ?
1) 2.95 cm 2) 3.05 cm 3) 3.09 cm 4) 3.17 cm 5) 3.46 cm
3 cm

0
16 Mk; 17 Mk; tpdhf;fSf;fhdJ>

Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpnahd;wpd; mstpilapd; gpujhd 9 gpupTfs; 10 Ntzpau; gpupTfSld;
nghUe;JfpwJ. khdpapd; jhilfs; njhLifAw;w epiyapy; mstPLfs; mikAk; tpjk;
cU (a) ,Yk;> tOf;FNfhypd; %yk; Moj;ij msf;Fk;NghJ jhilfs; mikAk;
tpjk; cU (b) ,Yk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
0 1 cm 4 cm
(a) (b)
M

0 cm V 0

(16) cU (a) apd; mbg;gilapy; G+r;rpatOg;; ngWkhdk; ahJ?

(1) 0.02 cm 2) 0.04 cm 3) 0.06 cm 4) 0.08 cm 5) 1.02 cm

(17) cU (b) apd; thrpg;G ngwg;gLk;NghJ Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapy; G+r;rpatO ,y;yhjpUg;gpd;. cU

(b) apw;fika> rupahd Moj;jpd;; ngWkhdk; ahJ?
(1) 02.78 cm 2) 3.84 cm 3) 3.90 cm 4)3.96 cm 5) 4.20cm

(18) Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;;fzpr;rpnahd;wpd; jpUFj;jiyia 5 jlitfs; Row;Wk;NghJ jpUFKid

5mm J}uk; efUfpd;wnjdpd; Gupapilj;J}uk; ahJ?
1) 5 mm 2) 4 mm 3) 1 mm 4) 0.5 mm 5) 0.1 mm

(19) Gupapilj; J}uk; p MfTs;s Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpnahd;wpd; tl;l mstpilg; gpupTfspd;

vz;zpf;if n MFk;. ,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; %yk; msf;fj;jf;f kpfr;rpwpa mstPL ahJ?
p n p
(1) 2) 3) pn 4)
n p n -1
5) p

(20) Ez;kkhdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rpnahd;wpd; jpUfpid 10 jlitfs; Row;Wk;NghJ tl;l mstpilahdJ

Vfgupkhz mstpilkPJ efu;e;j J}uk; 5 mm MFk;. tl;lj;jiy rkkhd 50 gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,opntz;zpf;ifahf miktJ
(1) 0.1 mm 2) 0.05 mm 3) 0.02 mm 4) 0.01 mm 5) 0.005 mm

(21) Ez;k
; hdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpnahd;wpd; gl;lilAk; fjpu;fN
; fhYk; xd;Wlndhd;W njhLifAw;wpUf;Fk;
Ntisapy; mjd; mstpilfs; mikaj;jf;f rpy mikg;Gf;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. tl;l
mstpilahdJ 50 rk gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg; gl; Ls; sNjhL G+r; rpatO ,y; iy vdpd;>
mstpilfspd; rupahd msitf; fhl;LtJ vJ?

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 80

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

0 45 0 5 0 10
0 0 5

0
1&' 2&' 3&

0 15 0 5
10 0

4& 5&'

 22 Mk; 23 Mk; tpdhf;fSf;fhdJ>

1
Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpnahd;wpd; Vfgupkhz mstpil mm gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
2
tl;l mstpil rkkhd 50 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(22) gl;lilAk; fjpu;fN; fhYk; xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;Jk;NghJ (njhLifAWk;NghJ)

mjd; mstpilfs; mikAk; tpjk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j 0 15
10
Ez;khdpapd; G+r;rpa tOthf miktJ ahJ?
1) 0.11 mm 2) 0.15 mm 3) 0.60 mm
4) 0.65 mm 5) 1.15 mm

(23) gl;lilAk; fjpu;f;NfhYk; njhLifAWkhW (nghUe;JkhW) itf;Fk;NghJ 15

mstpilfspd; mikT ,t;thW mikAk; vdpd; G+r;rpatO ahJ? 10
1) 0.11 mm 2) 0.15 mm 3) 0.39 mm 05
4) 0.49 mm 5) 1.11 mm

(24) cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls; sJ Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;r pnahd;wpd; xU

gFjpahFk;> tl;l mstpilahdJ 50 rk gFjpfshfg;
gpupf; f g; g l; L s; s NjhL mJ G+uz ,U Rw; W f; f s; RoYk; N ghJ 0 5
0
Neu;Nfhl;lstpil 1 mm J}uk; mirfpd;wJ. gl;lilAk; fjpu;f;NfhYk;
xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;Jk;NghJ Ez;khdpapd; thrpg;G mikAk; tpjNk
cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rupahdJ vJ?
1) G+r;rpa tO 0.02 cm MtNjhL mjid cgfuz thrpg;Gld; $l;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
2) G+r;rpa tO 0.02 cm MtNjhL mjid cgfuz thrpg;gpypUe;J fopj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3) G+r;rpa tO 0.052 cm MtNjhL mjid cgfuz thrpg;Gld; $l;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
4) G+r;rpa tO 0.052 cm MtNjhL mjid cgfuz thrpg;gpypUe;J fopj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5) G+r;rpa tO 0.098 cm MtNjhL mjid cgfuz thrpg;gpypUe;J fopj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

(25) Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpnahd;wpd; tl;l mstpilg; gpupTfspd; vz;zpf;if 50 MFk;.

mjd; Neu;Nfhl;lstpilapd; ,opntz;zpf;if 0.5 mm MFk;. ,t;Tfuzj;jpd; Gupapilj;
J}uk; ahJ?
1) 0.01 mm 2) 0.1 mm 3) 0.5 mm 4) 1.0 mm 5) 2.0 mm
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 81
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(26) NkNy tpdh 25 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Ez;khdp jpUFf;fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jpg; ngw;w

,U thrpg;Gfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
G+r;rpatOr; Nrhjid jfnlhd; w pd; jbg; i g msj; j y;

0 0 5
0

45 0

NkNy ,U thrpg;GfspdJk; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jfl;bd; cz;ikahd jbg;ghf

miktJ
1) 2.44 mm 2) 2 .00 mm 3) 1.54 mm 4) 1.50 mm 5) 1.04 mm

(27) G+r; r patOtw; w Ez; k hdpj; jpUFf; f zpr; r pnahd; w pd; %yk; Nfhsnkhd; w pd; tpl; lj; i j
mstpl;lNghJ mstpilfs; mike;j tpjk; cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,opntz;zpf;if 0.01mm
vdpd; Nfhsj;jpd; tpl;lk; ahJ?
1) 2.20 mm 2) 2 .12 mm 3) 0.52 mm
4) 1.88 mm 5) 1.80 mm

 28 - 30 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f gpd;tUk; cUf;fisAk; ge;jpiaAk;

gad; g Lj; J f.
5 5
5
5
4
4
4 4
A 3
3
T1
2
2
T2 1 3 3
B 1
0
0
2 2

(a) (b)

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bnahd;wpd; %yk; wg;gu;f;Fohapd; cs;tpl;lj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ A,

B mikg;Gf;fs; ,uz;LKf;Fupa msfpil mikg;Gfs;> (a)> (b) Mfpa cUf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
(xt;nthU mstPl;bd;NghJk; nghUe;Jk; ,e;j efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; mikTfis vspjhf
milahsk; fhz;gjw;F mk;Gf;Fwp ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ.)
,opntz;zpf;if 0.002 mm vdf; nfhs;f.

(28) mikT A apd; Nghjhd mstpil mikT cU( a) ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; thrpg;ghf
miktJ ahJ?
1) 2.182 cm 2) 2 .332 cm 3) 2.432 cm 4) 2.632 cm
5) 2.832 cm

(29) mikT B apd; Nghjhd mikT cU (b) ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; thrpg;ghf miktJ ahJ?
1) 2.132 cm 2 ) 2 .094 cm 3) 2.194 cm 4) 2.188 cm
5) 2.988 cm

(30) ,wg;gu;f;Fohapd; cs;tpl;lj;jpd; ngWkhdkhf miktJ ahJ?

1) 0.050 cm 2) 0.238 cm 3) 0.094 cm
4) 0.300 cm 5) 0.332 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 82

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(31) Ma;$lj;jpy; cs;s Kj;Jyhj; juhirg; gad;gLj;jp msf;fj;jf;f ,opTj;jpzpT ahJ?

1) 0.05 g 2) 0.1 g 3) 0.5 g 4) 1.0 g 5) 10 g

32&' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ Ntu;zpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd;

%yk; ngwg;gl;l xU thrpg;ghFk;. mjd; rupahd
ngWkhdk; vJ?

1' 22.7 mm 2' 23.7mm 3' 23.5 mm

4' 24.5 mm 5' 2.37 mm

33&' Ntu;zpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; jhilfs; xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;jpAs;sNghJ mstpilfs;

mike;Js;s tpjk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; g+r;rpa tOitf; fzpf;f

1' 0.3 mm ,idf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.

2' 0.3 mm ,idf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3' 0.7 mm ,idf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.

4' 0.7 mm ,idf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5' 1.3 mm ,idf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.

34&' xsptUlk; vdg;gLtJ>

1' fhyk; njhlu;ghd mstPlhtJld; mjd; ngWkhdk; 3 x 108 x 365 x 3600 s MFk;.

2' J}uk; njhlu;ghd mstPlhtJld; mjd; ngWkhdk; 3 x 108 x 365 x 3600 m MFk;.

3' J}uk; njhlu;ghd mstPlhtJld; mjd; ngWkhdk; 3 x 108 x 24 x 3600 km MFk;.

4' fhyk; njhlu;ghd mstPlhtJld; mjd; ngWkhdk 3 x 108 x 365 x 3600 h MFk;.

5' J}uk; njhlu;ghd mstPlhtJld; mjd; ngWkhdk; 3 x 108 x 24 x 3600 m MFk;.

35' Ntu;zpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; jhilfs; xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;jpAs;sNghJ mstpilfs; mike;js;s

tpjk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; g+r;rpa tOitg; ngw>

1' 0.4 mm ,idf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.

2' 0.4 mm ,idf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3' 0.6 mm ,idf; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.

4' 0.6 mm ,idf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5' 0.7 mm ,idf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 83

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

36' 100 m ePskhd E}iyg; gad;gLj;jp gl;lk;tpLk; gps;isnahd;Wf;Fj; njupaj;jf;f tpjkhf

me;jg; gl;lk; 600 Vw;wf; Nfhzj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. gps;isapd; cauj;ijg; Gwf;fzpg;Nghkhapd;
gl;lk; epyj;jpypUe;J vt;tsT cauj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;?

1' 50 3m 2' 50/ 3m 3' 100 3m

4' 100 / 3m 5' 50 m

37' g+r;rpa tO njhlu;ghd $w;Wfs; rpy tUkhW

A. jug;gl;l cgfuzj;jpd; g+r;rpa tO mstPl;Lg; ngWkhdj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

B. g+r;rpa tOit ,y;yhJ nra;tjw;F kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gy jlitfs; mstPLfs; ngwg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

C .Ntzpau; mstpil nfhz;l cgfuzq;fspy; kl;LNk g+r;rpatO fhzg;gLk;.

,tw;Ws;
1' A kl;Lk; cz;ikahdJ. 2' B kl;Lk; cz;ikahdJ 3' C kl;Lk; cz;ikahdJ
4' B, C Mfpad kl;Lk; cz;ikahdit 5' midj;Jk; ngha;ahdit
38' efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b> kPw;wu;f;Nfhy;> Ntu;zpau; ,Lf;fp> Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rp Mfpa rpy
Ma;T$l cgfuzq;fis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jpg; ngwKbahj mstPL gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' 3'025 cm 2' 0'085 cm 3' 75'2 cm 4' 38'64 cm 5' 15'862 cm
39' 60cm tiuahd rpwpa ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ePs NtWghl;il mstpl gpd;tUk; cgfuzq;fs;
my;yJ El;g KiwfSs; gad;gLj;j KbahjJ vJ?
1' Nfhskhdp 2' efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b 3' Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rp
4' kPw;wu;f;Nfhy; 5' yPw;wu; msit
40' Ntu;zpau; cgfuzj;jpd; gpujjhd mstpil miu kpy;yp kPww
; u; nfhz;ljhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;BUe;Jld;
gpujhd mstpilapd; 24 1 2 mm msT 50 gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L Ntu;zpah; mstpil
jahupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j cgfuzj;jpd; ,opTg; ngWkhdk;.
1' 0.1 mm 2' 0.01 mm 3' 0.01 cm 4' 0.05 mm 5' 0.005 mm
41' Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpapd; tl;l mstpil 100 ghfq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. jpUfpid
,uz;L jlitfs; Row;Wk;NghJ 1mm Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;fpd;wJ. ,e;j cgfuzj;jpd; ,opTg;
ngWkhdk;.
1' 0.01 mm 2' 0.1 mm 3' 0.005 mm 4' 0.05 mm 5' 0.0005 mm
42' Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rp tupg;glj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW ,jd; rupahd thrpg;G ahJ?
1' 2.59 mm 2' 3.09 mm
3' 5.09 mm 4' 5.59 mm
5' 3.9 mm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 84

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

43' gl;lilAk; fjpu;fN; fhYk; xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;Jk;NghJ (njhLifAWk;NghJ) mjd; mstpilfs;

mikAk; tpjk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Ez;khdpapd; G+r;rpa tOthf miktJ ahJ?
1' 0.15 mm $l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;
2' 0.15 mm fopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

3' 1.5 mm $l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;

4' 1.5 mm fopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

5' 0.35 mm $l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;

44 Ntu; zpau; ,Lf; f pkhdpapd; gpujhd mstpil miug; ghif nfhz; l ghfq; f shfg;
gpupf; f g; gl; Ls; sJ. mt;thwhd 29 ghfq;f is 30 Mfg; gpupj; J Ntu; zpau; mstpil
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,opTg; ngWkhdk;

1' 1 0 2' 10$30 3' 10$60 4' 10$90 5' 10$120

45' g+r;rpatO njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A. g+r;rpatO Neu;Nfhl;L msTj;jpl;lk; nfhz;l cgfuzq;fspy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;.

B. g+r;rpatO jpzpT kw;Wk; ePsk; njhlu;ghd cgfuzq;fspy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;.

C. g+r;rpatOit ,y;yhJ nra;tjw;F kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mstPLfs; ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,tw;Ws;

1' A kl;Lk; rupahdJ 2' B kl;Lk; rupahdJ 3' C l;Lk; rupahdJ

4' B, C Mfpad kl;Lk; rupahdit 5' midj;Jk; rupahdit

46' efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; tupg;glk; mUNf fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjd; gpujhd mstpil miu kpy; y pkP w ; w u; ghfq; f shfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; mt;thwhd 49 ghfq;fis 50 Mfg; gpupj;J
Ntu;zpau; mstpil mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ,opntz;zpfi ; f
ahJ?
1' 0.1 mm 2' 0.02 mm
3' 0.01 mm 4' 0.05 mm
5' 0.5 mm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 85

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 5 mstPl;L El;gKiwfs;

mikg;Gf; fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;

1' rpy kpy; y pkP w ; w u; jbg; G s; s rP u hd> tl; l tbt cNyhfj;

Jz;nlhd;wpypUe;J tl;ltbtg; gFjp ntl;b eP;f;fg;gl;l gpd;
vQ;rpAs;s cNyhfj; jl;Lg; gFjp glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ..
,e;j cNyhfj; jl;bd; tpl;lk; rpy nrd;wpkPl;lu;fshFk;.
i. ,j;jfl;bd; jbg;ig msg;gjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd Ma;$l
cgfuzk; vJ? '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii. Jisapd; tpl;lj;ij msg;gjw;fhf Ntzpau; ,Lf;fp khdpiag;
gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,Lf;fpkhdpg; gFjp ahJ?
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. Jisapd; tpl;lj;ij mse;J ngw;w %d;W thrpg;Gf;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
14.8 mm, 14.6mm, 14.7 mm
,e;jj; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp Jisapd; ,iltpl;lj;ijf; fhz;f.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv. Jisapd; tpl;lj;ij d vdTk; jfl;bd; tpl;lj;ij D vdTk; jfl;bd; jbg;ig t vdTk;
nfhz;L cNyhfj; jfl;bd; fdtsTf;Fupa xU Nfhitia vOJf.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v. cNyhfj; jfl;bd; jpzpT m vdf; nfhz;L jfl;bd; mlu;j;jpf;Fupa xU Nfhitia
vOJf. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' glj;jpy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;w xU jfl;Lg; G+zpd; (washer) jbg;ig kpy;ypkP;w;wu;fspy;

xU jrkjhdj;Jf;Fj; jpUj;jkhf msf;Fk; nghWg;G cq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mt;thwhd jfl;Lg; G+z;fs; jhuhskhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. kPww ; u; Nfhnshd;Wk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
i. kPw;wu; Nfhiyg; gad;gLj;jp ,t;tstPl;il vt;thW rupahfg; ngWtPu;
vd vOJf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii. ,jw;fhff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; vj;jid jfl;Lg; G+z;fs; Njit
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. cq;fSf;F xNunahU jfl;Lg; G+z; khj;jpuk; jug;gl;Ls;sjhapd; mjd; jbg;ig
msg;gjw;fhf ePq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; Ma;$l cgfuzk; vJ?
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv. Riuahzp fdtsitf; fzpg;gjw;fhf ePqf ; s; ngwNtz;ba kw;iwa mstPLfs; ahit?
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v. NkNy iv ,y; ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w Xu;
cgfuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 86

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(3) (a) cUtpy jug;gl;Ls;s Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; A apypUe;J E tiuapyhd gFjpfisg;

ngaupLf.

A
E



D
C

A ............................................................... D...............................................................
B ............................................................... E...............................................................
C ...............................................................
(b) cUtpy; C vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gFjpapd; gad;ghL ahJ?
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) mstPl;ilg; ngWtjw;F Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;j Kd;du; ePu;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gbKiw ahJ?
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(d) cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuk; A B vDk; ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU
mstPLk; 1cm ,Yk; ngupaJk; ; 10 cm ,Yk; rpwpaJk; MFk;. d1
(i) ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT V apw;fhd
Nfhitnahd;iwj; jug;gl;l FwpaPLfs; rhu;ghf h1 A
vOJf.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
h2 B
(ii) gpd;tUk; mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F Ntzpau;
,Lf;fpkhdpapd; vg;gFjpfisg; gad;gLj;JtPu;.

mstPL gad;gLj;Jk; Ntzpau;khdp gFjp d2

d1

h1

h2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 87

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(e) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mstPLfisg; ngwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd;

jhilfs; xd;iwnahd;W njhLkhW itf;fg;gl;lNghJ> G+r;rpatO ,Ug;gjhff;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. (10 Ntzpau; mstpilapd;
gpujhd gpupTfs; 9 mm ,w;Fr; rkdhFk;.)
2 3
..............................................................
..............................................................
cm
..............................................................

(i) cUtpw;Nfw;g G+r;rpa tOtpd; ngWkhdk; ahJ? .........................................................

(ii) cUis tbt gFjp A apd; ntsptpl;lk; d1 ,d; mstPl;ilg; ngWk; NghJ
Ntzpau; mstpilapd; mikT gpd;tUkhW mike;jJ. Nkw;gb
G+r;rpa tOitAk; fUj;jpy;nfhz;L d1 ,d; rupahd ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.
2 3 ..............................................................
cm ..............................................................
..............................................................

(iii) NkNy ePu; ngw;w mstpil D ,w;fhd gpd;dtO ahJ? (gpujpaPL kl;Lk;
NghJkhdJ)

.......................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
(f) gpwpnjhU Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; jhilfs; xd;iwnahd;W nghUe;Jk;NghJ
mstpilfs; gpd;tUkhW mike;jd.

0 1cm
cm

0 10

,t;thW miktjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ? .......................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 88

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(2)
A B

C E
D

(a) cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;s Ez;khdpj; jpUFf;fzpr;rpapd; A, B, C, D, E Mfpa

gFjpfisg; ngaupLf.
A ...................................... B ...................................... C ......................................
D...................................... E ......................................

(b) NkNy jug;gl;l cgfuzj;jpy; Neu; Nfhl;L mstpil ½mm gpupTfshf

mike;Js;sNjhL tl;l mstpil 50 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp msf;ff;$ba ,opTg; ngWkhdk; ahJ?
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
(c) cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mstPl;ilg; ngWk;NghJ E vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
gFjp %yk; Kf;fpakhd njhopnyhd;W epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
(i) mj;njhopy; ahJ? ...............................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) ,j;njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ E vd;w gFjp rupahfg; gad;gLj;jg;-
gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij ePu; vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tuP ;?
..............................................................................................................................................................

(d) A,B vd;gd xd;Wlndhd;W njhLifAWk;NghJ mstPLfs;

0
mike;Js;s tpjk; cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. (G+r;rpa ½ mm
45
,Yk; FiwthdJ vdf;nfhs;f)
,q;F G+r;rpa tO ahJ?
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................

35
(e) cNyhff; Nfhsk; xd;wpd; tpl;lj;ij 0
30
msf;Fk; NghJ Ez;khdpj;
jpUFf;fzpr;rpapd; mstpilfs; mikAk; 25
tpjk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(i) cgfuzj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s thrpg;G ahJ?
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) cNyhff; Nfhsj;jpd; rupahd tpl;lk; ahJ?
....................................................................................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 89

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(f) Ez; k hdpj; jpUFf; f zpr; r piag; gad; g Lj; j p jug; g l; l fk; g pnahd; w pd;
FWf;Fntl;bd; tpl;lj;ij vt;thW kpfj; jpUj;jkhfj; JzptPu;?
..........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
(g) nky;ypa fk;gpnahd;wpd; tpl;lj;ijj; Jzptjw;F Ntzpau;khdpiatpl Ez;khdpj;
jpUFf;fzpr;rp kpfg; nghUj;jkhf mikAk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
(5) Ma;$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpnahd;wpd; mstpilfs;
cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
3 3 3cm

0 10 20

,t;Ntzpau; mstpilapd; gpujhd mstpil 1 mm gpuTfshyhdJ. mt;thwhd

19 gpupTfis 20 gpupTfshfg; gpupj;J Ntzpau; mstpil mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 20
gpuTfshfg; gpupj;j Ntzpau; mstpil
(a) Ntzpau; gpupnthd;wpd; ePsj;ij mm ,y; jUf
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(b) ,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; ,opntz;zpf;if ahJ? .....................................................................
(c) Nfhnyhd;wpd; ePsj;ij mstpLk;NghJ mstpilfs; gpd;tUkhW mikAkhapd;
fhl;lg;gLk; thrpg;G ahJ?

3 4 5cm

0 10 20

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

6. (a) efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,Lf;fpkhdpapy; mstpilfs;

mikAk; tpjk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; gpujhd mstpil ½ mm ePsg; gFjpfis cilaJ (.5
mm J}uk; 10 rk gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.)
,t;thwhd 49 gpupTfs; 50 rk gpupTfshfg;; gpupf;fg;gl;L Ntzpau; mstpil
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) Ntzpau; mstpilnahd;wpd; ePsj;ij mm ,y; fhz;f. ....................................

(ii) ,t;Tgfuzj;jpdhy; mstplf;$ba kpfr; rpwpa mstPL ahJ?...............................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 90

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(b) Ma;T$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd; gUkl;lhd

mikg;G %yk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. A, B, C, D Mfpa gFjpfisg; ngaupLf.

A..........................................
A
B.......................................... ghu;iWmfk;
tj;Jz;L

C.......................................... wkaùla
epiyf; FI hhfr;
j;j isria
nrg;gQ;úia
f,i nra;
:A k;
dmkhg
D.......................................... EZf; jpUF
fhdod .kakd
wkaFùf;flahl;Ibh
bial=remamqj

isepiyf;
ria mßudKh
Fj;J
D msTj;jpl;lk;

;sria ishqï
epiyf;Fj;J Ez;
iSreudrej B
nrg;gkhf;fp
C

(c) kapu;j;Jisf; Fohnahd;wpD}lhf NknyOe;Js;s jput kl;lj;jpd; cauj;ijf;

msg; g jw; F efUk; EZf; F f; fhl; bnahd; W gad;g Lj; j g; g l; l J. fP N o
jug;gl;Ls;sJ. efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp jput epuypd; Nky;
jputg; gpiwAUit mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ mJ gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gl;lJ.

(i) ,g;NghJ rupahd thrpg;igg; ngWtjw;F FWf;F kapu; jputg; gpiwAUitj;

njhlNtz;L k;. mjw;f hf efUk; EZf; Ff; fhl;b ia vj;j pirapy;
,lk;ngau;ff
; Ntz;Lk;. ................................................................................................................

(ii) cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;s ve;j Mzpia cgNahfpj;J Nkw;gb nraiy

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.? ......................................................................................................

(d) epiyf;Fj;J Ntzpau; mstpilia nrg;gk; nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mzp

vJ? ......................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
nrg;gk; nra;Ak; Kiw : ........................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 91

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(e) efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b xd;wpy; cs;s Ntzpau; mstpilnahd;wpy; cUtpy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW ngWkhdq;fs; ,uz;L tupfspy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd;
ed;ikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

.6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5

............................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................

fl;L iu tpdhf; f s;

(1) (i) rpwpa J}uq;fis msg;gjw;fhf El;g Kiwfisf; ifahs;tjd; mtrpaj;ijr;

RUf;fkhfj; jUf.
(ii) Ntzpau; Nfhl;ghL mt;thwhd xU El;gKiwrhu;e;j xU Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
mf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb ,opTg; ngWkhdj;Jf;Fupa njhlu;ig vOJf.
(iii) Ntzpau; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F mikthfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdTk; ghlq;fis
Ma;$lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJkhd ,uz;L cgfuzq;fisg; ngaupl;L mtw;Ws;
Xu; cgfuzj;jpdhy; ngwj;jf;f mstPLfis tpgupf;Ff.

(2) gpd;dtO rjtPj tO Mfpatw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf. ,opTg;ngWkhdk; 0.1 mm

MfTs;s Ntdpau; cgfuznkhd;wpdhy; ngw;w mstPL 1.42mm MFk;. ,e;j mstPl;bd;
gpd;d tOitAk; rjtPj tOitAk; fhz;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 92

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd

tpilfs;

(1) tpil 3

nghJ mstpilapd; 1cm MdJ 10 rk gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

= 0.1cm = 0.1cm X 10 = 1mm

10mm = 1cm

(2) tpil 1

Kid B MdJ 1.4 cm ,w;F mz;ikapy; ,Ug;gjhy; AB = 1.4 cm

(3) tpil 1
 Kid B apd; rupahd thrpg;g 1.45 cm vd vLg;Nghk;
 Kid B apd; thrpg;G 4cm vd vLj;jhy; ePsj;jpy; 0.05cm FiwthFk;. (0.5mm)
 Kid B4 apd; thrpg;G 1.5cm Mf vLj;jhy; ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;G (0.5mm)
MFk;.
 MfNt Vw;glf;$ba cau; tOthf miktJ 0.5mm MFk;
(4) tpil 4

rjtPj tO =

(5) tpil: 5
X 100 %ngwg;gLk; mstPL rpwpjhf mikAk;NghJ rjtPj tO mjpfkhFk;.

vdNt> tpil 10 cm MFk;..;

(6) tpil 5
cau; tO 1mm Mapd; Nkw;gb (5) tpilapd;gb.

mt;tstpil%yk; msf;fKbAkhd ,opTePsk; = 10cm

5cm ePsj;ij msf;fg; nghUj;jkhdjd;W; rjtPj tO 2% MFk;.
(7) tpil: 5
kPw;wu; Nfhypy; cm I msf;f KbahJ A,B nghUj;jkpy;iy

(8) tpil: 4
,opntz;zpf;if = gpujhd gpupT - 1 Ntzpau; gpupT
= 1mm - 0.9 mm
= 1mm - 0.9 mm = 0.1mm

(9) tpil - 3
,opntz;zpf;if = 1 gpujhd gpupT -1 Ntzpau; gpupT
0.1mm = 1mm -x
x = 1mm - 0.1mm = 0.9mm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 93

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(10) tpil 3

Ntzpau; khdpapd; nghUe;Jk; Ntzpau;

,opntz;
thrpg;G = gpujhd mstpil + zpf;if
X gpupTfspd;
thrpg;G vz;zpf;if
= 2.0cm + 0.1mm X 5
= 2.0cm + 0.5mm
= 2.0cm + 0.05cm = 2.05 cm
(11) tpil: Nkw;gb vy;yh mstPLfSk; nghJthf xU nrd;wpkPw;wupYk; ngupait.
(12) tpil: 4
(13)tpil: 1
G+r;rpatO
= ,U G+r;rpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntspahFk;. = AB

(14) tpil: 3
= AC - BC
= 4mm - 4X0.9mm
= 4mm - 3.6mm = 0.4mm = 0.04cm

(15) rupahd tpil (3)

rupahd mstPL = cgfuzj;jpd; thrpg;G - G+r;rpa tO

= 3.1cm + 3 X 0.1mm - 0.04cm 5mm / 10 0.5mm


= 3.1cm + 3 X 0.01cm - 0.04cm 50 50
= 3.1cm + 0.03 - 0.04cm 5 1
= 3.1cm + 0.01 cm = 3.09 cm    0.01mm
500 100
(16) tpil (3) G+r;rpa tO = ,opntz;zpf;if X gpujhd mstpilapd; nkhj;j gFjpfspd;
vz;zpf;if - nghUe;jpaikAk; Ntzpau; gFjp
3mm -2.6mm
3mm - 2.6m
= 0.6mm
= 0,06cm = (0.01mm) (10-4) = 0.06cm

(17) tpil (2)

rupahd tpil G+r;rpa tO ,y;yhj NghJ tOf;fpf;Nfhy; rupahf mikAk; vdj;
jug;gl;Ls;sikahy;> Moj;ij msf;Fk;NghJ G+r;rpatO ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
vdNt Mok; vd;gJ (B) ,dJ thrpg;ghFk;.

(18) tpil (3)

5mm
Gupapilj; J}uk; = xUKiw Row;Wk;NghJ efUk; J}uk; =   1mm
5

(19) tpil (1)

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 94

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5mm / 10 0.5mm

50 50
(20) tpil : ,opntz;zpf;if 5 1
   0.01mm
500 100

(21) tpil ,y (2)

tl;l mstpilapy; 0 ,w;F Nky; gFjpapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba gFjp 5 MFk; (4.5 md;W)
nghUe;;Jk; tl;lg;
,opntz;
(22) tpil 1 G+r;rpatO = X gpupTfspd;
zpf;if
vz;zpf;if
= 0.01mm x 11
= 0.11mm

tl;lg;
,opntz;
(23)
tpil 3 G+r;rpatO =
zpf;i f
X gpupTfspd; - nghUe;;Jk; gFjp
vz;zpf;if

= 0.01mm (50 -11)

= 0.01mm X 3a = 0.39mm
tpil ,y (1)

(24) tpil: 4 G+r;rpa tO 0.52cm MtNjhL mJ cgfuz thrpg;gpypUe;J fopf;fg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;

(25) tpil 3.
xU Rw;wpd;NghJ jpUF nry;Yk; J}uk; = 0.5mm

(26) tpil: 5
G+r;rpa tO = 0.01mm X 48 = 0.48mm
jfl;bd; cz;ikahd jbg;G
= 1.5 + 2 X 0.01 - 0.48
= 1.52 - 0.48
= 1.04mm

(27) tpil: 2

(28) tpil: 2

(29) tpil: 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 95

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(30) tpil ,y 3
31. tpil ,y 2
32' tpil 2 - thrpg;G 23'7

33' tpil 2 - 0'3mm ,idf; fopf;f Ntz;Lk;

34' tpil 5

35' tpil 3

36' tpil 1 h
Sin 60 
100
h  100 Sin 60
100
  3
2
 50 3

37' tpil 5

38' tpil 4 - xU kpy;ypkPw;wu; jrk; jrkjhdj;Jf;F mstplg;gLtJ ehd;fhk; tpilahFk;.

,Lf;fpkhdpapy; ,e;j msT ngupa mstPl;il vLf;f KbahJ.

39' tpil 3 - 60 nrd;up kPw; wupYk; mjpf mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;W Ez;khdpj;jpUFf;

fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

40' tpil 2
,opntz;zpf;if
 n
 x 1  
 N
1  49 
 1  
2  50 
1 1
   0.01 mm
2 50
41' tpil 3

42' tpil 1 - 2'59 kpy;yp kPw;wu; MFk;

 n 
 x 1  
 N 
43' tpil 2
1 29 
 1  
2 30 
1 1
   1
2 30 60

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 96

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

44' tpil 3 - ,opntz;zpf;if'

45' tpil 5 - midj;Jk; gpioahdJ

46' tpil 3 - ,opntz;zpf;if

 n
 x 1  
 N
1  49 
 1  
2  50 
1 1
   0.01 mm
2 50

mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tpilfs;

1' i. Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp

ii. cl;jilfs;

iii. 14.6  14.7  14.8

 14.7 mm
iv. 32 2
 D d  
        t
  2   2  

4
D 2
 d 2 t

4m
d
v.  D  d 2 t 2

2' i. jfl;Lg; G+z;fis xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf mLf;fp msTNfhypdhy; ePsj;ij msj;jy.
ii. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 jfl;Lg; G+z;fs;
iii. Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp
iv. cs;tpl;lKk; ntsp tpl;lKk;.
v. efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b my;yJ Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp

3. (a) A - mfj;jhil

B - Gwj;jhil
C - tOf;Fk; rpy;Y
D - Moj;ij msf;Fk; Nfhy; tOf;F Nfhy;
E - jpUF
(b) Ntzpau; mstpilia mirg;gjw;F.
(c) jhilfis xd;iwnahd;W nghUe;JkhW itj;J G+r;rpatO ,Uf;fpwjh
vdg; gupNrhjpj;jy;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 97

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

2 2
 d1   d2 
(d) V     h1     h2
2  2
(d1) Gwj;jhilfs;
(h1) Moj;ij msf;Fk; Nfhy; tOf;FNfhy;
(h2) Gwj;jhilfs; / Moj;ij msf;Fk; Nfhy;

(e) (i) 2mm - 2X0.9 = 2 - 1.8 = 0.2mm

= 0.02cm
(ii) d1 = 2.02cm - 0.02cm = 2.00cm
0.1mm 0.1 1
(iii) =  
2cm 20 200
(f) Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpia ePzl
; fhyg; gad;ghl;bd;NghJ jhilfs; xd;Wlndhd;W
njhLifAw;Wj; Nja;tile;Js;sikahy; G+r;rpatO Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

4.
(A) gl;lil (B) fjpu;f;Nfhy; (C)Vfgupkhz mstpil
(D) jPjhs; (E) jPjhs; jiy

P ½ 1
(b) ,opntz;zpf;if    mm  0.01mm
N 50 100
(c) (i) A,B ,ilNa itf;fg;gLk; msTf;fjpfkhf neUf;fhJ EZf;fkhfr;
nrg;gQ;nra;tjw;F.
(ii) A,B ,ilNa nghUis itj;J E I Row;Wk;NghJ ~fpspf;| vd;w Xir
Nfl;Fk;.
(d) 0.01mm X (50 - 48)
0.02mm
(e) (i) 5.29mm
(ii) 5.29 + 0.2 = 5.31mm
(f) fk;gpapd; Nky; gFjp> eLg;gFjp> fPo;g;gFjp Mfpa %d;W ,lq;fspYk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uthrpg;Gfs; tPjk; nkhj;jk; 6 thrpg;Gfs; ngwg;gl;L
ruhrup ngwg;gLk;.
(g) rjtPj tO FiwAk;.

19mm
5. (a) Ntzpau; gpupnthd;wpd; ePsk; 
20
19 1
(b) kpfr; rpwpa mstPL (,opntz;zpf;if) 1    0.05m  0.005cm
23 20

(c) thrpg;G  2.7cm  (0.005cmX 7

 2 .735 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 98

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

1
49mmX
6. (a) (i) Ntzpau; gpupnthd;wpd; ePsk; 2 = 0.49cm
50
1 49 1
(ii) ,opntz;zpf;if    mm
2 100 100
= 0.01m
(b) A epiyf;Fj;jstpil mirg;ghd;
B fpil mstpil
C EZf;Ff;fhl;biaf; fpilahf ,lk;ngau;f;Fk; jpUF.
D nghUs; Jz;L

(c) (i) Nky; Nehf;fp

(ii) A

(d) (i) C
(ii) mjid ,Wf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(e) 0.5mm milahsj;ijj; jhz;bAs;sNghJ thrpg;igf; fzpg;Gfspd;wp xNu

jlitapy; thrpf;fyhk;

fl;Liu tpilfs;

1&' i. rpwpa J}uj;ij jpUj;jkhf msj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; rjtPj tO ngupjhFk;.

mt;thwhapd; mstPL tOTilajhFk;.

ii. ,opntz;zpf;if = gpujhd mstpilapd; xU gFjpapd; ePsk; - Ntzpau;

mstpilapd; xUgFjpapd; ePsk;;.
iii. Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp
jpUrpakhdp
efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;b
Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp
1' ntsptpl;lk; my;yJ mfyk;
2' cs;tpl;lk; my;yJ Jisapd; mfyk;.
3' Fopapd; Mok;
2&' gpd;dtO } ,opntz;zpf;if
____________________________
msf;fg;gl;l mstPL (ngWkhdk;.

rjtPj tO } ,opntz;zpf;if x 100%

____________________________
msf;fg;gl;l mstPL (ngWkhdk;.

0.1 mm 1
gpd;dtO  
14.2 mm 142
1
rjtPj tO   100% ;
142

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 99

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 06 - ntg;g ,urhadtpay;

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f s;
1' gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ngsjpf khw;wk; my;yhjJ
^1& gjq;fkhjy; ^2& cUFjy;
^3& kPs;gjq;fkhjy; ^4& O, H Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ePu; cUthjy;
^5& xLq;Fjy;

2' gjq;fkhjy; vd;why;>

^1& jpz;kk; jputkhjyhFk;. ^2& jputk; MtpahjyhFk;.
^3& jpz;kk; MtpahjyhFk;. ^4& jputk; jpz;kkhjyhFk;.
^5& Mtp jputkhjyhFk;.

3' cUFjy; vdg;gLtJ>

^1& jpz;kk; jputkhjyhFk;. ^2& jpz;kk; MtpahjyhFk;.
^3& jputk; jpz;kkhjyhFk;. ^4& jputk; MtpahjyhFk;.
^5& Mtp jputkhjyhFk;.

4' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ntg;gk; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk; vJ?

^1& NaOH ePupy; fiujy;. ^2& nrwpe;j HCl cld; ePu; Nru;j;jy;.
^3& tpdhfpupf;F ePu; Nru;j;jy;. ^4& ePwpa Rz;zhk;Gf;F ePu; Nru;j;jy;.
^5& a+upahit ePupy; fiuj;jy;.

5' jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhFjpapd; ,ay;G>

^1& #oYld; rf;jpAk; gjhu;j;jq;fSk; gupkhw;wkiljy;
^2& #oYld; rf;jp kl;Lk; gupkhw;wkiljy;
^3& #oYld; gjhu;j;jq;fs; gupkhw;wkiljy;
^4& mfpyk; KOtJk; mlq;fpapUj;jy;
^5& #oYld; rf;jpAk; gjhu;j;jq;fSk; gupkhw;wkilahjpUj;jy;

6' gpdt; Utdtw;Ws; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhFjpfF; ngupJk; xg;ghd cjhuzkhf miktJ vJ?
^1& ntg;gf;FLit ^2& kpd;Fkpo;
^3& kPd;njhl;b ^4& mKf;ftLg;G
^5& ,aw;if ePu;epiy

7' -100 C ntg;gepiyiaf;nfhz;l 200 g gdpf;fl;bahdJ gdpf;fl;bahf khw;wkilAk;NghJ

mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk; ntg;gk; k J ,y; vt;tsthFk;? (gdpf;fl;bapd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;sT
2.06 J g C-1 MFk;.)
^1& 2060 ^2& 20'6 ^3& 2'06 ^4& 2120 ^5& 4'12

8' NaOH, HCl Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd jhf;fj;jpd; ntg;gTs;Siw kJ mol-1 MFk;.

2 mol dm-3 nrwpitf; nfhz;l 100 cm3 HCl cld; 8 g NaOH ,id jhf;fKwr; nra;jhy;
ntsptplg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT kJ ,y; vt;tsT? (rhuZj;jpzpT H = 1, O = 10,
Na = 23&
^1& -57 ^2& -5'7 ^3& -114
^4& 11'4 ^5& Nkw;gb vJTkd;W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 100

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9' 0
1 kg CaCO3 ,d; ntg;gepiy 30 C ahff; fhzg;gl;lJld; mjd; gpupif ntg;gepiy
9000 C MFk;' ,e;j msT CaCO3 ,idg; gpupifailAk; ntg;gepiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu
Njitahd ntg;gj;jpd; msT kJ ,y; vt;tsthFk;@
^CaCO3 ,d; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 0.9 J g-1 C-1 MFk;&
^1& 7'82 ^2& 783 ^3& 78'3 ^4& 7830 ^5& 78300

10' ,uz;L %yg;nghUl;fisf; fye;J njhopwW ; iwj; jahupgn

; ghd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ
fyitapd; ntg;gepiy cau;tilfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzk;>
1' %yg;nghUl;fis xd;Wlndhd;W fyf;Fk;NghJ %yf;$WfSf;fpilapy;
eilngWk; NkhJifahFk;.
2' Gwntg;gj; jhf;fkhftpUj;jyhFk;.
3' jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ ntg;gk; cwpQ;rg;glyhFk;.
4' Cf;fp gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUjyhFk;.
5' jpwe;j njhFjpahftpUj;jyhFk;.

11' jput IjNuhfhgdpy; ,aq;Fk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W 100 km gazpg;gjw;F 10 kg

vupnghUs; NjitahFk;. mNjasthd J}uj;ij tpwif vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jp
,e;j thfdj;ijg; gazpf;fr; nra;tnjdpd; Njitahd tpwfpd; jpzpT>
1' 10 kg MFk;. 2' 10 kg ,Yk; FiwthFk;;.
3' 100 kg MFk;. 4' 0 kg ,Yk; $lthFk;;.
5' jpl;ltl;lkhfr; nrhy;y KbahJ.

12' Nru;itnahd;wpd; Fwpj;j epiwia xNu tPjj;jpy; ntg;gkhf;Fk; NghJ mjd;

cUFepiyapy; jputkhf vLf;Fk; Neuj;ij tpl mNjasT epiwia mjd;
nfhjpepiyapy; Mtpahf;Ftjw;F mjpf Neuk; vLf;Fk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk;>
1' ,r;Nru;itapd; jpz;kj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT jputj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf;
nfhs;ssit tpl FiwthFk;.
2' Mtpahjypd; kiwntg;gk; cUfypd; kiwntg;gj;jij tpl mjpfkhFk;.
3' Mtpahjy; cUfiy tpl mjpf ntg;gepiyapy; eilngWk;.
4' MtpepiyapYs;s thAthf cs;sik.
5' jputj;jpd; mlu;j;jp jpz;kj;jpd; mlu;j;jpia tplf; FiwthFk;.

13' A2(g) + B2(g)  2AB(g) + 90 kcal

vDk; njhFjp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; ve;j mtjhdpg;G rupahdjhFk;?
1' mJ Gwntg;gj; jhf;fkhFk;.
2' ntg;gepiyia mjpfupg;gjd;%yk; jhf;ftPjj;ij mjpfupf;fyhk;.
3' jhf;fpfspd; ngsjpfepiyia khw;Wtjd; %yk; ntsptplg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd;
msit khw;wyhk;.
4' A2(g), B2(g) Mfpatw;wpd; nrwpT mjpfupg;G jhf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jhJ.
5' Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 101

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
14 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Gwntg;gj;jhf;fk;
1' ngw;Nwhy; jfdkiljy;
2' a+upah ePupy; fiujy;
3' Nrhbak; Jz;il ePupyply;
4' nghl;lhrpak; Ijnuhl;irl;Lf; fiuriy IjNuhf;FNshupf;fkpyj;Jld; fyj;jy;
5' jpz;k Nrhbak; Ijnuhl;irl;il ePUld; fyj;jy;

15' njhFjpnahd;wpd;%yk; maw;#oypd;kPJ 4'8 J Ntiy nra;ag;gLk;NghJ 18'4 J rf;jp

ntsptplg;gLfpwJ. ,j;njhFjpapd; ΔE
1' +23.2 J 2' -18.4 J 3' -23.3 J
4' +4.8 J 5' 0 J
16' njhFjpnahd;wpy; 150 J Ntiy nra;ag;gLkhapd; njhFjpapd; H = 100 J Mtjw;F
#oypddhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ntg;grf;jpapd; msT>
1' +100 J 2' -50 J 3' -150 J
4' +250 J 5' -100 J
17' gpd;tUk; jhf;fjpw;fhd jhf;fntg;gk; -72 k J MFnkdpd; xU %y; HCl jahupg;gpd; NghJ
ntsptplg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT>

H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)

1' +144 kJ 2' -144 kJ 3' +36 kJ

4' +72 kJ 5' -36 kJ
18' gpd;tUk; jhf;fjpw;fhd jhf;fntg;gk; -760 kJ MFk;. 0'5 g fe;jfk; (S) KOikahf
SO3(g) Mf khw;wLP nra;ag;gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ntg;gkhw;wk;> ^S=32&
2S(g) + 3O2(g)  2SO3(g)
1' -59 kJ 2' +5.9 kJ 3' -760 kJ
4' -5.9 kJ 5' +59 kJ

19' gpd;tUk; jhf;fq;fspw;fhd jhf;fntg;gk; KiwNa +128 kJ, -393.5 kJ MFk;.

CH3OH(l)  CO(g) + 2H2(g) +128 kJ

2CO(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) -393.5 kJ

Nkw;gb rkd;ghl;bw;fika 1mol CH3OH g+uzkhf CO2 thf khw;wkilAk;NghJ

eilngWk; ngg;gkhw;wk; vt;tsthFk;?
1' +128 kJ 2' -93.5 kJ 3' -68.75 kJ
4' -265.5 kJ 5' +265.5 kJ

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 102

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
20' gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fSs; vjpy; njhFjpapy; vg;NghJk; rf;jp mjpfupg;G Vw;gLk;?
1' njhFjpapypUe;J rf;jp ,of;fg;gl;lthW #oypd;kPJ Ntiy nra;ag;gly;.
2' njhFjpapypUe;J rf;jp ngwg;gl;lthW #oypd;kPJ Ntiy nra;ag;gly;.
3' njhFjpapypUe;J rf;jp ngwg;gl;lthW #ow;nwhFjpapd;kPJ Ntiy nra;ag;gly;.
4' #oypdhy; njhFjpkPJ Ntiy nra;ag;gly;.
5' Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W.

21' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mfntg;gj;jhf;fk; vJ?

1' jpz;k gdpf;fl;b ePuhf khWjy;
2' ePuhtp xLq;fpj; jputkhf khWjy;
3' ePu; ePuhtpahf khWjy;
4' jpz;;k Nrhbak; Ijnuhl;irl;L ePupy; fiujy;
5' Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W

22' gpd;tUk; jhf;fj;Jf;fhd Nfhit vJ?

A  2B
1'  d  A d  B 2' 2d  A d  B  3'  d  A 2d  B 
  
dt dt dt dt dt dt

1 d  A d  B  1 d  A d  B 
4'   5' 
2 dt dt 2 dt dt

23' gpdt
; Uk; jhf;fj;jpdN ; ghJ 2 mol dm-3 Mff; fhzg;gl;l Muk;g A apd; nrwpT 30 nrf;fdpy;
50 rjtPjk; Mf khw;wkile;jpUe;jJ. B cUthFk; tPjk; vt;tsthFk;?a
1' 0'03 mol dm3min1 2' -0'03 mol dm3min1 3' -0'06 mol dm3min1
4' 0'06 mol dm3min1 5' 1 mol dm3min1

24' ed;F %lg;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpunkhd;wpDs; H2(g), Cl2(g) Mfpatw;Wfpilapy; epfOk;

jhf;fj;jpw;fhd cz;ikahd $w;W>
1' jhf;;ftPjk; Neuj;Jld; khw;wkilAk;.
2' jhf;ftPjk; Neuj;Jld; khw;wkilahJ.
3' jhf;ftPjk; khwpypahFk;.
4' jhf;ftPjk; ntg;gepiyapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
5' Vtw;rf;jp ntg;gepiyapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

25' Cf;fp njhlu;ghd cz;ikahd $w;W my;yhjJ vJ?

1' jhf;fj;jpd; ,Wjpr; nrwptpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jhJ.
2' jhf;ftPjj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;.
3' kpfr; nrhw;g msNt NjitahdjhFk;.
4' Cf;fpapay;G Neuj;Jld; khw;wkilahJ.
5' jhf;fj;jpd; Vtw;rf;jpia khw;Wk;.

26' jhf;fnkhd;wpd; Vtw;rf;jp jq;fpAs;sJ>

1' ntg;gepiyapyhFk; 2' jhf;fpfspd; mstpyhFk;
3' jhf;fpfspd; ngsjpfj; jd;ikapyhFk; 4' jhf;fg; nghwpKiwapyhFk;
5' Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 103

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

27 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjd;%yk; H2, Cl2 Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd jhf;ftPjj;ij

mjpfupf;f KbAk;?
1' jhf;f miwapd; tbtj;ij khw;Wjy;.
2' Fiwthd fdtsitg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
3' ghupa jhf;ftiwapy; jhf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
4' mjpf Neuk; jhf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s tply;
5' Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W

mikg;Gf; fl;Liutif tpdhf;fs;

1&' (a) gpd;tUk; gjq;fis tiuaWf;f

(i) njhFjp ..................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
(ii) #oy; ......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
(iii) vy;iyfs; ..............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(iv) jpwe;j njhFjp ........................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(v) %ba njhFjp............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(vi) jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhFjp...................................................................
.....................................................................................................................

(b) (i) rlg;nghUl;fspd; gpujhd epiyfs; %d;wpw;Fkpilapy; eilngwj;jf;f

epiykhw;wq;fs; MW jUf.
......................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(ii) Nkw;gb epiy khw;wq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(iii) jpz;knkhd;W Mtpahf khWk;NghJ %yf;$w;W kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wj;ij tptupf;f.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(iv) jputnkhd;W jpz;kkhf khWk;NghJ %yf;$w;W kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wj;ij tptupf;f.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
2&' (a) (i) mfntg;g> Gwntg;g jhf;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs; ahit?
.....................................................................................................................
(ii) Nkw;gb jhf;f tiffs; ,uz;Lf;Fkhd rf;jp tupg;glj;ij tiuf.
.....................................................................................................................
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 104
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(b) gpd;tUk; jhf;fq;fs; mfntg;gj; jhf;fkh Gwntg;gj; jhf;fkh vdf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
(i) gdpf;fl;b cUFjy;
(ii) ePu; ciwjy;
(iii) FSf;NfhR ePupy; fiujy;
(iv) CaCO3 apd; gpupif
(v) kPNjd; thAtpd; jfdk;

3&' CaCO3 (s) ,ypUe;J CaO(s) tpidj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mikg;G fP N o

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
CaCO3 (s)

200 oC

CaO(s)
#lhd tsp 900 oC

,e;j CJiyapd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; 900 0C epyTtJld; Nkw;gFjpapy; 200 0C epyTk;.

Nkw;g FjpapD}lhf CaCO3 (s) cs; s plg; g LtJld; mJ CJiyapy; CaO(s) Mf
khw;wkilAk;. ,J gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;by; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

CaCO3(s)   CaO + CO
(s) 2(g)

jhf;f ntg;gk; = + 177.8 kJ

(a) xU nkw;wpf; njhd; (1000 kg) CaCO3 ,id xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpDs; CaO(s) Mf

khw;Wk; rpw;wstpyhd njhopw;rhiyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Ca ,d; jpzpitf;
fzpf;f.
CaCO3 ,d; %yu;jpzpT } 100.09 g/mol
CaC ,d; %yu;jpzpT } 56.08 g/mol
CO2 ,d; %yu;jpzpT } 44.01 g/mol
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
(b) CaO cw;gj;jpf;fhd jhf;fk; eilngWk; ntg;gepiy 900 oC nadpd;" xU nkw;wpf;
njhd; CaCO3 ia 900 oC ntg;gepiy tiu cau;j;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd ntg;gj;jpd;
msT vt;tsthFk;?
CaCO3apd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT = 0.9 J/g 0C
Muk;g ntg;gepiy } 30 0C ................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(c) xU njhd; CaCO3 ia CaO(s) Mf khw;Wtjw;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba nkhj;j
ntg;;gj;jpd; msT vt;tsthFk;?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 105

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
(d) ,e;j njhopw;rhiyapy; ntg;grf;jpiag; ngWtjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jput
vupnghUisj; jfdkilar; nra;Ak;NghJ xU fpuhk; vupnghUspypUe;J 56.0 kJ
rf;jp gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;.
(i) ,e;j njhopw;rhiyapy; xU kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; jput
vupnghUspd; msT vt;tsthFk;?
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) ,jd; khw;wl P ;L tpidj;jpwd; 80] nkdpd; tPz;tpuakhFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT
vt;tsthFk;?
....................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

4&' tPnlhd;iw epUkhzpff; cj;Njrpj;jpUf;Fk; ckJ gpuNjr njhoptpidQnuhUtu; CaO(s)

tpidg; gad;gLj;jp Ca(OH)2(s) ,id cw;gj;jp nra;fpwhu;. ,jw;fhd rkd;ghL tUkhW.
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq)
jhf;fntg;gk; } - 64'9 kJ

(a) tPli ; l mikg;gjw;F 500 kg tiu Ca(OH)2(s) Njitnad cj;Njrpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba CaO tpd; jpzpT vt;tsthFk;?
CaO(s) = 56.08 g/mol
H2O(l) = 18.00 g/mol
Ca(OH)2 (s) = 74.08 g/mol
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................

(b) Ca(OH)2 (s) jahupf;Fk;NghJ cUthFk; ntg;gj;jpdhy; maw;#oYf;Fg; ghjpg;G

,y;iynadpd;
i. 500kg Ca(OH)2 (s) 500kg ,idj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ntg;gk;
vt;tsthFk;?
ii. ,Wjpapy;Ca(OH)2 ,d; cr;r ntg;gepiy vt;tsthFk;?
Ca(OH)2 ,d; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT } 1.19 J/g
(c) ,e; j cw; g j; j pia Nkw; n fhs; S k; njhopyhsu; f s; vt; t pjkhd ghJfhg; G
Kd;Ndw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;?

5&' ,aw;ifapy; ngwg;gLk; vjNdhiyg; ^C2H5OH& gad;gLj;jp mYkpdh ^Al2O3& Cf;fpapd;

Kd;dpiyapy; C2H4(g) thAitj; jahupf;fyhk;. ,e;jj; jhf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ePu;
ifj;njhopnyhd;iw Muk;gpf;f cj;Njrpj;Js;sPu; vdf; nfhs;f.
C2H5OH(g)  C2H4(g) + H2O(g)
gpdt
; Uk; cgfuzj;njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;jp 500 K ,y; Neuj;Jld; mKf;f NtWghl;ilj;
Jzptjw;fhd gupNrhjidapd;NghJ ngwg;gl;l ngWNgWfs; tUkhW.

t(s ) m K f ;f k; (ton)
0 250
10 265
20 280
30 295
40 310
50 325

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 106

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
(a) ,e;j ngWNgWfSf;fhd Neuk; vjpu; mKf;f tiuig tiuf.

(b) (i) C2H5OH(g) ,w;fhd tPjj;ijf; fzpf;f.

(ii) C2H4(g) cUthFk; tPjk; C2H5OH tpuakhFk; tPjj;Jf;Fr; rkknkdf; fhl;Lf.
(c) Al2O3 ,d;wp ,e;jj; jhf;f;ij epfo;Jtjw;F ntg;gepiy mjpf ngWkhdj;Jf;F
cau;j;j Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; Al2O3apid 1000oC tiuahd ntg;gepiyf;F
ntg;gkhf;Fk;NghJ jhf;f tPjk; Fwpg;gplj;jfsT FiwtilAk;. ,jw;fhd
fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.

fl;Liutif tpdhf;fs;

^1& khztnuhUtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gupNrhjidnahd;W tUkhW.

fNyhupkhdpnahd;wpy; nu[pNghk; fpz;zj;jpy; 2'0 mol dm-3 HCl mkpyf; fiurypd; 50

cm3 ,id vLj;J ntg;gepiyia mstpl;lNghJ 30 0C Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. kw;nwhU
nu[pNghk; fpz;zj;jpy; 2.0 mol dm-3 NaOH 50 cm3 ,id vLj;J ntg;gepiyia
mstpl;lNghJ 28 0C Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ed;F fyf;fpa gpd;du; fyitapd;
ntg;gepiyia mse;j NghJ 49 0C ahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

(i) ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 4.2 Jg-1 c-1 > ePupd; mlu;j;jp 1 g cm-3 ck; vdpd;
HCl, NaOH Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd jhf;fntg;gj;jpid J ,y; fzpf;f.
(ii) ,e;j fzpj;jypd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l vLNfhs;fs; ,uz;L jUf.
(iii) nu[pNghk; fpz;zj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpajd; mD$yk; ahJ?

^2& tu;jj; fnuhUtu; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;ypypUe;J ePwpa Rz;zhk;G jahupff

; cj;NjrpjJ
; s;shu;.
tpwifg; gad;gLj;jp Rz;zhk;G jahupj;jNy kuGuPjpahd KiwahFk;. vupnghUshf
Briyg; gad;gLj;JtJ ,jidtpl tpidj;jpwdhd KiwahFnkd mtu; vz;zpdhu;.
(i) ,jw;nfd mtu; ck;kplk; cjtp Nfhupdhy; ,tw;Ws; ve;j vupnghUs;;
nghUj;jkhdnjdf; fz;lwpAk; tpjj;ij tptupf;f.
(ii) #oYf;F kpf ctg;ghd vupnghUis vt;thW njupT nra;ayhk;?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;
1' tpil 4

2' tpil 3

3' tpil 1

4' tpil 5

5' tpil 5

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 107

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' tpil 1

7' tpil 5

8' tpil 4

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

1 mol 1 mol -57 kJ

8g 2
 100 = 0.2 mol
40 gmol1 1000
57
0.2 mol 0.2 mol  0.2
1
= 11.4 kJ'
9' tpil 2

Njitahd ntg;gk; = jpzpT « jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT« ntg;gepiy

= 1000 g x 0.9 Jg-1C-1 x 870 0C

= 783000|K
= 783 kJ
10' tpil

11 tpil 4

12' tpil 2
13' tpil 2 my;yJ 3
14' tpil 2
15' tpil 3
16' tpil 2
17' tpil 5
18' tpil 4
19' tpil 4
20' tpil 4
21' tpil 2 my;yJ 4
22' tpil 2
23' tpil 1
24' tpil 2
25' tpil 4
26' tpil 4
27' tpil 5

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 108

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg;Gf;;f l;L iu tif tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1&' (a) (i) njhFjp - mfpyj;jpypUe;J fw;iff;nfdj; njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l

gFjp;
(ii) #oy; - fw;iff;nfdj; njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l gjhu;j;jq;fs;
jtpu;e;j mfpyj;jpYs;;s Vidait midj;Jk;
(iii) vy;iy - njhFjpiaAk; #oiyAk; NtWgLj;Jk; vy;iy
(iv) jpwe;j njhFjp - njhFjpf;Fk; #oYf;Fkpilapy; rf;jp
gjhu;j;jq;fs; Mfpad gupkhw;wkilAk;
(v) %ba njhFjp - njhFjpf;Fk; #oYf;Fkpilapy; rf;jp
gjhu;j;jq;fs; Mfpad gupkhw;wkilahJ
(vi) jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhFjp - vy;iyapD}lhf rf;jpNah
gjhu;j;jq;fNsh gupkhw;wkilahJ
(a) (i) Mtpahjy;> xLq;Fjy;> cUFjy;> ciwjy;> kPsg ; jq;fkhjy;

Mtpahjy;
(ii) jpuk; thA
xLq;fy;

cUfy;
jpz;kk; jputk;
gdpgly;

cUfy;
jpz;kk; jputk;
gdpgly;

(iii) jpz;kj; Jzpf;iffs; rPuhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; mLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

Mtpahf khWk;NghJ ,e;j rPuhd fl;likg;G Fiye;J Jzpfi ; ffs;
RahjPdkhf miraj; njhlq;Fk;.
(iv) jputj;jpYs;s Jzpf;iffs; XusT neUf;fkhf rpwpa gpuNjrj;jpy;
Nru;e;J fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F jpl;lkhd fl;likg;G fpilahJ.
jpz; k khFk; N ghJ Jzpf; i ffs; NkYk; neUf; f khfp rP u hd
xOq;fikg;igg; ngWk;.

2&' (a) (i) Gwntg;gj; jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ jhf;fk; eilngWk;NghJ #oYf;F

ntg;gk; ntsptplg;gLk;. mfntg;gj; jhf;fj;jpd; NghJ #oypypUe;J
ntg;gk; cwpQ;rg;gLk;.
rf;jp rf;jp
>

(ii)
>

jhf;fpfs; tpisTfs;
>

tpisTfs; jhf;fpfs;
>

> >

Gwntgg;gj;jhf;fk; mfntg;gj;jhf;fk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 109

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(b) (i) mfntg;g

(ii) Gwntgg;g
(iii) mfntg;g
(iv) mfntg;g
(v) Gwntgg;g

(c) (i) jhf;fk; eilngWk;NghJ cUthFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT

(ii) #oypd; gy;NtW epiyikfspd; fPo; xNu jhf;fk; epfOk;NghJ
cUthFk; jhf;fntg;gk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ljhFk;.
cjhuzk;: Fwpj;jnthU vupnghUs; msT khwh mKf;fj;jpy; khwhf;
fdtstpd; fPo; jhf;fkilAk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ntg;gkhw;wk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ljhFk;.
(d) jhf;nkhd;W eilngw Fwpj;jst Muk;g rf;jp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW Kjypy; jhf;fk; eilngw ntg;gk; toq;fg;gLkplj;J
mg;NghJ cUthFk; ntg;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp gpd;du; epilngWk; jhf;fq;fs;
epfOk;.

fl;Liutif tpdhf;fspw;fhd tpilfs;

^1& (i) jhf;fntg;gk; = fyitapd; jpzpT x fyitapd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT

x ntg;gepiy khw;wk;

jpzpT = mlu;j;jp x fdtsT

= 1 g cm3 100 cm3

 jpzpT = 100 g

28  30
Muk;g ntg;gepiy = = 29 0C
2

jhf;f ntg;gk;= 100 g x 4.2 Jg-1 C-1 x 2 0C

= 8400 J

2
(ii) gad;gLj;jg;gl;l HCl %y;fs; =  50 = 0.100
1000
8400
 HCl 1 %ypypUe;J cUthFk; ntg;gk; = 1
0.1
= 84000 mol-1

= 84 kJ mol-1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 110

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(iii) ,uz;L vLNfhs;fs;

1' fiurypd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTf;Fr;
rkkhFk;.
2' fiurypd; mlu;j;jp ePupd; mlu;j;jpf;Fr; rkkhFk;.
3' #oypw;F ntg;g ,og;G eilngwhJ
(iv) nu[pNghkpD}lhf Fiwe;jsT ntg;g ,og;Ng eilngWk;.
^2& (i) ) rktsthd Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; jpzpTfs; ,uz;ilg; ngWf.
) rkkhd ,uz;L jpwe;j njjhFjpfspuz;by; Nkw;gb Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;iy
jdpj;jdpNa ,l;Lf; Nfhs;f.
) ,e;j ,uz;L njhFjpfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa tpwF> Bry; Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp ntg;ghf;Ftjidj; jpl;lkpLf
) rktsthd ePwpa Rz;zhk;gh fpilf;fpd;wnjdg; guPl;rpf;fTk;.
) tpwF> Bry; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nrytpdj;ijf; fzpf;f
(ii) ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; msitf; fzpff
; . Fiwthd fhdPnuhl;irl;L
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; vupnghUNs #oYf;F ctg;ghdjhFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 111

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 07 - fzpdp
gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;
1. cs;sq;ifapy; itj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jf; $ba rpwpa fzpdpf;F cjhuzk;;
1. kbf;fzpdp 2. kPff
; zpdp
3. ikaf;fzpdp 4. ngUq;fzpdp
5. jdpahs; vz;zpk cjtpahsd; (PDA)

2. fPOs;stw;wpy; nraw;wpwd; $ba fzpdp Kiwtopg;gLj;jy;;

1. ikaf; fzpdp 2. Ez;fzpdp 3. kPff
; zpdp
4. tiuT ,yf;fkhf;fpf; fzpdp (Tab) 5. ngUq;fzpdp

3. fzpdp Kiwiknahd;wpd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fs; mlq;fhjJ

1. cs;sply; 2. Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; 3. Nrkpj;jy;
4. tifg;gLj;jy; 5. tUtpisT jUjy;

4. fzpdp Kiwiknahd;wpd; tUtpisTr; rhjdj;Jf;F cjhuzk; my;yhjJ vJ?

1. mr;Rg;nghwp (Printer) 2. njuptpg;gp (monitor) 3. ,af;Fgpb (Joystick)
4. tiutp (Plotter) 5. NgReu; (speaker)

5. fhNrhiynahd;wpd; fPo;g;gFjpg; gl;bapy; cs;s mr;nrOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzj;jf;f

cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdk; vJ?
1. xsptopf;Fwp thrpg;G (OMR) 2. MICR
3. xsptop vOj;JU mwpjy; (OCR) 4. gl;ilf;FwpKiw thrpg;ghd; (Bar code reader)
5. Scanner

6. Rl;Lr; rhjdq;fSf;F (Pointing device) cjhuzk;

1. jlg;ge;J (Track ball) 2. xspg;Ngdh (Light pen) 3. Rl;b (Mouse)
4. njhL jpiu (Touch screen) 5. NkYs;s ahTk;

7. gpd;tUk; rhjdq;fisf; fUJf.

A - njhLjpiu (Touch screen)
B - gl;ilf;Fwp thrpg;ghd; (Bar code reader)
C - NgReu; (Speaker)
D - xypthq;fp (Microphone)

NkYs;stw;wpy; cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fshff; nfhs;sf;$bait

1. A Ak; B Ak; 2. B Ak; C Ak; 3. A Ak; B Ak; C Ak;
4. B Ak; C Ak; D Ak; 5. A Ak; B Ak; D Ak;

8. khztnuhUtu; jdJ etPd nry;ypl njhiyNgrp %yk; xspg;glnkhd;iw vLj;J mjid

r%f tiyj;jsnkhd;wpw;F juNtw;wQ; nra;fpfpwhu;. ,jd;NghJ nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp
gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJthfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ?
1. tUtpisTr; rhjdkhf khj;jpuk; 2. cs;sPl;L my;yJ tUtpisTr; rhjdkhf
3. cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdkhf khj;jpuk; 4. Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdkhf khj;jpuk;
5. tiyr; rhjdkhf khj;jpuk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 112
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9. khztnuhUtu; jkJ ,yj;jpudpay; Ratptug; gbtj;jpy; (Bio data) jdJ epow;glnkhd;iwr;

nrUf vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;. ,jw;F fPOs;stw;wpy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd rhjdk; vJ?
1. tUb (Scanner) 2. xspapay; vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (OCR)
3. tiutp (Plotter) 4. jlg;ge;J (Track ball)
5. mr;Rg;nghwp (Printer)

10. kpd;rf;jpiaf; Fiwthf EfUk; xspj;Njhw;wf;fhl;rp myF (VDU) vJ?

1. LED njuptpg;gp 2. LCD njuptpg;gp 3. CRT njuptpg;gp
4. OLED njuptpg;gp 5. Plasma njuptpg;gp

11. 2 MB f;F rkkhdJ>

1. 2048 bytes 2. 2  1021 KB 3. 224 bits
4. 220 KB 5. 221 bit

12. fPOs;s juT Nrkpg;G Clfq;fisf; ftdpf;fTk;

A - nefpo;tl;L (Floppy Disk)
B - gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jp (Flash Drive)
C - td;tl;L (Hard Disk)
D - ePyf; fjpu; tl;L (Blue Ray Disk)
,tw;Ws; ntspthupr; Nrkpg;gfq;fshtd;
1. A Ak; B Ak; 2. B Ak; CAk; 3. A Ak; B Ak; D Ak;
4. B Ak; C Ak; D Ak; 5. NkYs;s ahTk;

13. fPOs;s Nrkpg;gfq;fspy; mjp$ba nfhs;ssitf; nfhz;l Nrkpg;gfkhdJ>

1. fhe;j ehlh (Magnetic Tape) 2. td;tl;L (Hard Disk)
3. ,Wtl;L (CD) 4. ePyf;fjpu; tl;L (Blu Ray Disk)
5. epidtfr; rpy;Y (Memory chip)

14. xspapay; tpisT cj;jp my;yhjJ vJ?

1. gspr;rl
P ;L epidtfk; (Flash memory) 4. ,Wtl;L (CD)
3. ePyf; fjpu; tl;L (Blue Ray Disk) 4. ,yf;fg; gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L (CD)
5. NkYs;s vJTkpy;iy

15. tpirg;gyif %yk; cl;nrYj;jg;gLk; ve;j xU tupAUitAk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjd;%yk;

fhl;lKbAk;?
1. igw; (byte) 2. gpl; (bit) 3. xU fpNyh igw; (1 Kb)
4. ,U igw; (2 bytes) 5. xU nkfh igw; (1 Mb)

16.khztndhUtd; jdJ fzpdpapy; xspj;Njhw;wf; Nfhg;nghd;wpidg; (Video File) ghu;f;Fk;

NghJ mJ xg;gkhf ,aq;ftpy;iy vdf;$wp ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ahnjd jdJ Mrpupauplk;
tpdtpdhd;. Mrpupau;; toq;ff;$ba kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpil>
1. td;tl;bd; (Hard disk) nfhs;ssT Nghjpajhfhik.
2. thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; (ROM) Nghjpajhfhik.
3. jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk; (RAM) Nghjpajhfhik.
4. tpiuNtf (Cache) epidtfk; Nghjpajhfhik.
5. xspj;Njhw;w epidtfk; Nghjpajhfhik.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 113
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17. LCD, CRT Mfpa ,Utifj; njuptpg;gpfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ CRT njuptpg;gpapd;; gz;ghf
miktJ
1. Fiwe;jsT kpd; ghtid 2. Fiwe;jsT ntg;gk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLjy;
3. Fiwe;jsT ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jy; ; fhzk; $Ljyhf ,Uj;jy; (Viewing Angle)
4. fhl;rpfN
5. ,yFthff; nfhz;L nry;yf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;

18. gpd;tUk;; Jiwfisf; (Ports) ftdpf;fTk;.

A - PS2
B - RJ45
C - USB
D - HDMI
,tw;Ws; Rl;biag; (Mouse) nghUj;Jtw;F Vw;w Jiwfshtd?
1. A kl;Lk; 2. A Ak; B Ak; 3. A Ak; C Ak; 4. B Ak; D Ak; 5. A Ak; B Ak; C Ak;

19. jw;fhyf; fzpdpfspy; USB JiwahdJ gpugy;akhd JiwahFk;. ,q;F USB vdg;gLtJ
1. Unitron Serial Bus 2. Universal Serial Bus 3. Universal Service Bus
4. Universal Serial Bit 5. Unitron Serial Bit

20. tof;fwpQnuhUtu; jkJ Mtzq;f is mr;rr; nryT Fiwthd mr;Rg;g pujpfs;

rpijTwhjthW ePz;lfhyk; ghtpf;$ba mr;Rg; gpujpfisg;; ngWtjw;Nfw;w mr;Rg;
nghwpnahd;W gw;wp ck;kplk; tprhupf;fpd;whu;. ,tUf;F ePu; rpghu;R nra;Ak; mr;Rg; nghwp
1. Dot matrix Printer 2. Laser Printer 3. Ink jet Printer
4. Thermal Printer 5. Bubble jet Printer

21. thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; gw;wpa fPOs;s $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;Ff.

A- fzpdp ,af;f epiyf;F tUtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil mwpTWj;jy;fs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
B - ,J Jiz epidtfj;jpw;F xU cjhuzkhFk;.
C - kpd; toq;fy; Jz;bf;fg;gl;l NghJk;> ,jpypUf;Fk; juT mt;thNw ,Uf;Fk;.

NkYs;s $w;Wf;fspy; rupahdJ / rupahdit vit?

1. A khj;jpuk; 2. B khj;jpuk; 3. A Ak; B Ak; 4. A Ak; C Ak; 5. A Ak; C Ak;

22. gpd;tUk; mr;Rg; nghwpfisf; fUJf.

A - Dotmatrix Printer
B - Laser Printer
C - Daisy Wheel Printer
D - Ink jet Printer

NkYs;stw;wpy; jhf;f mOj;j mr;Rg;nghwp / nghwpfs; (Impact Printer) vJ / vit?

1. A kl;Lk; 2. B Ak; D Ak; 3. A Ak; C Ak; 4. A Ak; D Ak; 5. C Ak; D Ak;

23. Njf;fr; rhjdq;fis (Storage Devices) nfhs;sstpy; $baJ Kjy; Fiwe;jJ tiuapy;
rupahd xOq;fpy; fhl;LtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;> td;tl;L> Kjd;ik epidtfk;> nefpo; fhe;j tl;L
2. Kjd;ik epidtfk;> gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;> nefpo; fhe;j tl;L> td;jl;L
3. nefpo; fhe;j tl;L> td;tl;L> gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;> Kjd;ik epidtfk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 114
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4. td;tl;L> nefpo; fhe;j tl;L> gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;> Kjd;ik epidtfk;

5. td;tl;L> Kjd;ik epidtfk;> gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;> nefpo; fhe;j tl;L

24. fzpdpnahd;wpd; rpwg;gpay;G my;yhjJ vJ?

1. Ntfk; 2. gy;gzpahw;wy; 3. nrk;ik 4. Ez;zwpT 5. gy;jpwthw;wy;

25. fsQ;rpa rhjdq;fspd; (Storage Devices) mZfy; Ntfj;jpw;fika (Access speed) $ba
Ntfj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;j mZfy; Ntfj;ijf; nfhz;l rupahd tupirg;gLj;jy; vJ?
1. gjpNtL (Register), tpiuNtf epidtfk; (Cache memory), Kjd;ik epidtfk;
(Main memory), td;tl;L (Hard disk)
2. td;tl;L> Kjd;ik epidtfk;> tpiuNtf epidtfk;> gjpNtL
3. td;tl;L> gjpNtL> Kjd;ik epidtfk;> tpiuNtf epidtfk;
4. gjpNtL> Kjd;ik epidtfk;> tpiuNtf epidtfk;> td;tl;L
5. Kjd;ik epidtfk;> tpiuNtf epidtfk;> td;tl;L> gjpNtL

26. 2048 igw; (Byte) vd;gJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjw;Fr; rkkhdJ?

1. 2 GB 2. 2 MB 3. 1 GB 4. 1 TB 5. 2 Kb

27. fzpdpnahd;wpy; jlq;fypd;wpa tY toq;fnyhd;iwg; (UPS) gad;gLj;Jtjd; gpujhd

Fwpf;Nfhs; ahJ?
1. fzpdpapy; cs;Ns cs;s kpd;fytLf;if kpd;Ndw;Wjy;.
2. kpd;dy; jhf;fj;jypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;.
3. fzpdpf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kpd;idr; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; NgZjy;.
4. kpd; Jz;bg;gpd;NghJ kpd; toq;Fjy;.
5. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l vy;yhk;.

28. fzpdpapdJ Ntfj; j pd; kP J kpff; Fiwe; j msT nry; t hf; F r; nrYj; J tJ
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk;
2. Ez;Kiw topahf;fp Neu tPjk;
3. td; tl;bd; nfhs;ssT
4. gJf;F epidtfk;
5. gzpnray; Kiwik

29. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahd $w;W vJ?

1. rpkpl;nlhsp epidtfj;jpd; (Flash drive) nfhs;ssT ,Wtl;bd; nfhs;ssit tplf;
FiwthdJ.
2. Blue Ray tl;nlhd;wpid DVD nrYj;jpnahd;wpd; %yk; thrpf;fyhk;.
3. fhe;j ehlhf;fspd; nfhs;ssT kpf cau;thdNjhL gpujpfs; ngWtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
4. jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpd; Ntfj;ij tpl rpkpl;nlhsp epidtfj;jpd; (Flash
drive) Ntfk; cau;thdJ.
5. DVD tl;nlhd;wpid ,Wtl;Lr; (CD) nrYj;jpnahd;wpdhy; thrpf;fyhk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 115

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30. etPd tiff; fzpdpfspy; njhlu;epiyj; JiwfSk; (Serial Ports) rkhe;juj; JiwfSk;
(Parallel Ports) ghtidapypUe;J ePq;fpAs;sd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jit gpd;tUk;
A, B, C, D, E Mfpatw;Ws; vit?

A USB Jiwfs; gad;ghl;Lf;F te;jik.

B njhlu;epiyj; JiwfSk; rkhe;juj; JiwfSk; mstpw; ngupaitahf ,Ue;jik.
C njhlu;epiyj; JiwfspYk; rkhe;juj; JiwfspYk; juTfs; mZfy; Ntfk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jik.
D njhlu;epiyj; JiwfspYk; rkhe;juj;JiwfspYk; njhLf;ff;$ba rhjdq;fs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;litahf ,Ue;jik.
E etPd cs;slP L
; > tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; njhlu;epiy kw;Wk; rkhe;juj; JiwfSf;Fj;
Jyq;fy; fhl;lhik.

1. A, B, D 2. A, C, E 3. B, D, E 4. A, B 5. A, B, C, D, E

31. kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gl;l gpd;dUk; gpd;tUk; vjpy; jfty;fs; Njq;fpapUf;Fk;?

1. CPU 2. RAM 3. ROM 4. Register 5. Cache

32. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jpz;kepiy epidtfr; rhjdk; (Solid State Memory Device) vit?
1. td;tl;Lf;fs; (Hard disk, CD)
2. rpkpl;nlhsp epidtfk; (Flash momory, SD Card)
3. fhe;j ehlhTk; nefpo;tl;Lk; (Magnetic tape, floppy disk)
4. ,Wtl;L> gy;jpwthw;wy; tl;L (CD, DVD)
5. ePyf;fjpu; tl;L> ,Wtl;L> gytpjthw;wy; tl;L (Blue Ray Disk, CD, DVD)

33. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xspj;Njw;wj; Jiwfis (Video Port) khj;jpuk; nfhz;lit vit?

1. VGA, DVI, HDMI 2. VGA, HDMI, RCA
3. VGA, S-Video, USB 4. VGA, S-Video, PS/2
5. USB, VGA

34. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fsQ;rpa rhjdq;fspd; (Storage Devices) rupahd tsu;rr

; pg; gbKiwiaf;
fhl;LtJ vJ?
1. Floppy disk, Hard disk, Sky drive, DVD
2. Floppy disk, Hard disk, Flash device, DVD
3. Punch card, Hard disk, Blue ray disk, Flash drive
4. Punch card, Floppy disk, Hard disk, DVD, Sky drive
5. Floppy disk, DVD, Hard disk, Sky drive

35. mr;Rg;nghwpnahd;wpy; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

A mr;rpLk; NghJ xyp ntspg;gLfpwJ
B mr;rpLk; Ntfk; ke;jkhdJ
C mr;Rg; gpujpfs; juk; FiwthdJ
D mr;rply; nryT rhu;gstpy; FiwthdJ

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 116

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

,e;j mr;Rg; nghwpahdJ> gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg;nghwp (Dot matrix) 2. ikg;gPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp (Ink - Jet)
3. Nyru; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser - Jet) 4. ntg;g mr;Rg;nghwp (Thermal printer)
5. jpiur;rl;lf mr;Rg;gyit (Screen printer)

36. fzpdpfSf; F upa Kiwtopahf; f pfis (Processors) cw; g j; j p nra; A k; epWtdk;

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. $fps; (Google) 2. ikf;fpNuhnrht;w; (Microsoft) 3. mNlhgP (Adobe)
4. ,d;nuy; (Intel) 5. nly; (Dell)

37. jw;NghJ re;ijapy; fpilf;Fk; jdpahs; fzpdpfspd; (PC) jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpd;
(RAM) nfhs;ssT vdf; fUjj;jf;fJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. 4 KD 2. 4 MB 3. 4 GB 4. 4 TB 5. 4 Byte

38. gpd;tUk; A, B, C, D epidtfq;fSs; mopTwh epidtfq;fs; (Non Volatile Memory) vit?

A jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk; (Random Access Memory)
B thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Read Only Memory)
C gJf;F epidtfk; (Cache Memory)
D gjptf epidtfk; (Register Memory)

1. A khj;jpuk; 2. B khj;jpuk; 3. B, C khj;jpuk;

4. A, D khj;jpuk; 5. C, D khj;jpuk;

39. ,yf;fKiw fkuh (Digital Camera) xd;iwj; njupTnra;Ak; NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;b a Xu; ,ay; g hfpa xspg; g lj; j pd; gpupjpwid (Resolution) msf; Fk; myF
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
(1) nkfhgpw;Wfs; (Mega Bits) 2. nkfhN`l;]; (Mega Hertz)
3. nkfh igw;Wfs; (Mega Bytes) 4. nkfh gl%yk; (Mega Pixel)
5. fpNyhigw;Wfs; (Kilobytes)

myF : 7 gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1- 5 11 - 3 21 - 4 31 - 3
2- 3 12 - 3 22 - 3 32 - 2
3- 4 13 - 2 23 - 3 33 - 1
4- 3 14 - 1 24 - 5 34 - 4
5- 2 15 - 1 25 - 1 35 - 1
6- 5 16 - 3 26 - 5 36 - 4
7- 3 17 - 4 27 - 4 37 - 3
8- 2 18 - 3 28 - 3 38 - 2
9- 1 19 - 2 29 - 3 39 - 4
10 - 4 20 - 1 30 - 5
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 117
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 08 - fzpdp gzpnray; Kiwikfs;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1. fzpdp Kiwiknahd;wpd; mj;jpahtrpakhd nkd;nghUs;> mjd; gzpnray;KiwikahFk;.

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gzpnray;Kiwik my;yhjJ vJ?
1. Windows 8.1 2. Opera 3. Linux 4. Fedora 5. DOS

2. Linux gzpnray; Kiwik njhlu;ghd fPOs;s $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;fTk;.

A -,J fl;lis tup ,ilKfk; (Command line Interface) nfhz;l gzpnray;
KiwikahFk;.
B -,J tiy NkNyhb(Web browser) ahfr; nraw;gLk;.
C - ,J jpwe;j (Open source) KiwikahFk;.
,f;$w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ / rupahdit vJ / vit?
1. A khj;jpuk; 2. B khj;jpuk; 3. C khj;jpuk; 4. A Ak; B Ak; 5. A Ak; C Ak;

3. fzpdpapd; epidtfj;jpy; gzpnray; Kiwikia epWTtijf; Fwpg;gJ vJ?;.

1. njhlf;fy; (booting) 2. gpujpnra;jy; (Copying)
3. xg;gilj;jy; (Assigning) 4. Kiwtopahf;fy; (Processing) 5. ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;

4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fzpdpnahd;wpd; epidtf Kfhikj;Jtk;> gzp Kfhikj;Jtk;> Nfhg;G

Kfhikj;Jtk; Mfpa nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vJ?
1. Kiwtopahf;fp 2. jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk;
3. gzpnray; Kiwik 4. tiufiy gadu; ,ilKfk;
5. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;

5. tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk; (GUI) nfhz;l gzpnray; Kiwiknahd;wpy; Nfhg;G (File)>

ciw (Folder) Nghd;wit rpwpa glq;fspdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;. ,g;glq;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;F
kpfg;nghUj;jkhd gjk; vJ?
1. tiutpay; (Graphics) 2. glTUf;fs; (Icons) 3. xspg;glq;fs; (Photoes)
4. tbtq;fs; (Shapes) 5. fl;lisfs; (commands)

6. fPOs;s tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sTk;

A - td;nghUs;fSf;Fk; nkd;nghUs;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.
B - er;R epuy; (itu];) fSf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLjy;.
C - Njly; nghwpahfr; nraw;gly;.
D - Gwtl;lr; rhjdq;fisf; (Peripheral Devices) fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
NkYs;stw;wpy; gzpnray; Kiwiknahd;wpd; nray; / nray;fs; vit?
1. A Ak; B Ak; 2. A Ak; D Ak; 3. A Ak; B Ak;
4. A Ak; C Ak; D Ak; 5. A Ak; C Ak;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 118

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

7. fPOs;s cUtpy; x, y, z Mfpatw;why; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ

x y z gadu;

1. x - td;nghUs; y - cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs; z - gzpnray; Kiwik

2. x - gzpnray; Kiwik y - td;nghUs; z - cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs;
3. x - td;nghUs; y -gzpnray; Kiwik z - cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs;
4. x - gzpnray; Kiwik y - cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs; z - td;nghUs;
5. x - cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs; y - td;nghUs; z - gzpnray; Kiwik

8. Nfhg;G (File) njhlu;ghd fPOs;s $w;Wf;fspy; jtwhdJ vJ?

1. Nfhg;nghd;wpy;> Nfhg;Gg; ngau; (File name)> Nfhg;G ePlr
; p (File extension) vd ,U gpujhd
gFjpfs; cs;sd.
2. fzpdpapy; xNu ngauhy; mwpag;gLk; ,U Nfhg;Gfs; ,Uf;ftpayhJ.
3. Nfhg;G ePl;rp nkd;nghUSf;F nkd;nghUs; tpj;jpahrg;gLk;.
4. Nfhg;Gg; ngau; xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk;> Nfhg;G ePl;rp tpj;jpahrkhd Nfhg;Gfs; xNu
ciwapDs; (Folder) ,Uf;f KbAk;.
5. Nfhg;nghd;wpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; juTfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g Nfhg;G ePl;rp tpj;jpahrg;gLk;.

9. ciwfs; (Folders) njhlu;ghd fPNoAs;s $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ vJ?

1. ciw xd;wpDs; cUthf;ff;$ba mjpfgl;r ciwfspd; vz;zpf;if 16 MFk;.
2. ciw xd;iw cUthf;fpa clNdNa mJ td;jl;by; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
3. ciwnahd;wpd; ngaiu kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; khw;w KbAk;
4. xNu tifahd Nfhg;Gfis ,l;L itg;gjw;fhf ciw gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
5. ciwg; ngaUf;Fk; ciw ePl;rpnahd;W cs;sJ.

10. fP O s; s gzpnray; Kiwikfspy; jpwe; j Mjhu%y (Open source) gzpnray;

Kiwikfshtd.
A - Windows 8.1 B - Mac OS C - Ubuntu D - Linux
1. A, B khj;jpuk; 2. C, D khj;jpuk; 3. B, C, D khj;jpuk;
4. A, C, D khj;jpuk; 5. A, C khj;jpuk;

11. gzpnray; Kiwik gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ GUI vDk; gjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
cs;sd. GUI vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. Graphical Universal Interface 2. Graphic Unit Indicator
3. Graphical Unit Indicator 4. Graphical User Interface
5. Graphical User Indicator

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 119

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

37. jPa nra;epuy; (Malware) fSf;fhd cjhuzk; xd;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. tl;L Jz;lhf;fy; (Disk defragmentation) 2. jtW ePff; y; (Debugging)
3. epiynghUs; (Firmware) 4. l;Nuh[d; Fjpiu (Trojan Horse)
5. xUq;FNru;gG
; nkhop (Assembly Language)

13. Windows Explorer %yk; ahNjDk; ciwiaj; jpwe;jJk; mjd; Kftupg; gl;ilapy;
(Address bar) ,y; C:\SC_TEC vdf; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F C apdhy; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
1. fzpdpapd; gpujhd Nfhg;G ciw
2. SC_TEC Nfhg;G ciwg; ngaupd; xU gFjpahFk;
3. nrYj;jp (drive) MFk;.
4. jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpy; juTfs; Njq;fpAs;s Xu; ,lj;jpd; ngau; MFk;.
5. SC_TEC Nfhg;G ciw ,lg;gl;Ls;s Nfhg;G ciwahFk;

14. ,af;f epiyapypUf;Fk; fzpdpnahd;wpy; rpwpJ Neuj;jpw;F vJTNk nra;ahkypUf;Fk;

NghJ jpiuapy; mirTWk; NfhLfSld; $ba glk; xd;W njd;gLk;. mJ vt;thW
miof;fg;gLk;
1. Screen capture 2. Screen Saver 3. Screen Resolution
4. Screen Art 5. Wallpaper

15. khztndhUtd; nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp %yk; xspg;glnkhd;iwg; gpbf;fpd;whd;. mg;glj;ij

fzpdpapy; xU Nfhg;ghff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj Nfhg;Gg;
ngau; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. BMP Nfhg;G 2. JPG Nfhg;G 3. PPT Nfhg;G 4. TIF Nfhg;G
5. GIF Nfhg;G

16. DOS vd;gJ kpff;Fiwthf ,lj;ijg; gpbg;gNjhL> fzpdpf;F mbg;gilapy; Njitahd

xU nkd;nghUs; MFk;. ,q;F DOS vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; ahJ?
1. Data Operational Security 2. Disk Operation security
3. Disk Optical Security 4. Disk Operating System
5. Data operational system

17. fzpdp nkd;nghUnshd;iwg; ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ fzpdp jk;gpj (Stuck) epiyia

mile;jJ. ,d;nkd;nghUis %btpLtjw;fhd “Task manager” rhsuj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fupa
rhtpr; Nru;khdk; vJ?
1. Alt + Ctrl + T
2. Alt + Ctrl + Delete
3. Ctrl + Alt + End
4. Alt + Ctrl + F4
5. Ctrl + Alt + Backspace
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 120
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

18. DOS Prompt ,y; dir/P fl;lisia toq;Ftjd;%yk;>

1. P vDk; nrYj;jpf;F (Drive) khwKbAk;
2. jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; milTf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Nfhg;Gfspd; gl;baiyg; ghu;f;fyhk;.
3. jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; ciwf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; cg milTfspd; (sub directories) gl;baiy
khj;jpuk; ghu;;f;fyhk;.
4. jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; ciwf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Nfhg;G (files) fisAk; cg milT (sub
directories) fspd; gl;baiyAk; ghu;f;fyhk;.
5. nraw;gLk; Nfhg;gpypUe;J ePq;fyhk;.

19. C:\SFT> vd;wthW ,e;j DOS prompt cs;s NghJ CD Tech vDk; fl;lisia toq;Ftjd;
%yk;
1. SFT vDk; miltpy; ,Ue;J C nrYj;jpapypUf;Fk; Tech (c:\Tech) vDk; miltpw;F
khwyhk;.
2. SFT miltpy; ,Uf;Fk; Tech vDk; cg miltpw;F (Sub Directory) khwyhk;.
3. Dos prompt MdJ C:\Tech> vd khw;wkilAk;.
4. C nrYj;jpapy; Tech vDk; ngaupy; milT cUthf;fg;gLk;.
5. SFT miltpd; ngau; Tech vd kPsg; ngauplg;gLk;.

20. Xu; miltpypUe;J Nfhg;G xd;iw NtnwhU miltpw;F ,lkhw;wk; (Move) nra;tjw;fhd
FWf;Fr; rhtpr; Nru;khdk; ahJ?
1. Ctrl + C, Ctrl + V
2. Ctrl + Z, Ctrl + X
3. Ctrl + X, Ctrl + V
4. Ctrl + Y, Ctrl + V
5. Ctrl + Delete

21. khztnuhUtu; jdJ Fuiyf; fzpdpf;Fg; gupr;rag;gLj;jp> Fuy; %yk; fl;lis gpwg;gpf;f
vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;. ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s mtu; vjpy; gpuNtrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?
1. Control Panel ,Ds; ,Uf;Fk; Sound Recorder
2. System Tools ,Ds; ,Uf;Fk; Speech Recognition
3. Control Panel ,Ds; ,Uf;Fk; Speech Recognition
4. System Properties ,Ds; ,Uf;Fk; Sound Recognition
5. Control Panel ,Ds; ,Uf;Fk; Sound Recognition

22. fzpdp milnthd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; A vDk; Nfhg;igAk; gspr;rl

P L
; epidtfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
B vDk; Nfhg;igAk; Delete rhtp %yk; mopj;JtpLk;NghJ>
1. A, B Mfpa ,U Nfhg;GfSk; mope;J tpLk;.
2. A, B Mfpa ,UNfhg;GfSk; Recylce Bin ,w;Fr; nry;Yk;
3. A ahdJ Recycle Bin ,w;Fr; nry;Yk; B ahdJ mope;J tpLk;
4. A mope;J tpLk;. B ahdJ Recyle Bin ,w;Fr; nry;Yk;
5. A, B Mfpa ,uz;bdJk; Jizg;gpujpfs; Njhd;Wk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 121
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

23. fzpdpnahd;wpypUf;Fk; Nfhg;G xd;iw epue;jukhf mopj;JtpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba

FWf;Ftopr; rhtpr; Nru;khdk; ahJ?
1. Ctrl + Delete 2. Shift + Delete 3. Alt + Delete 4. Ctrl + Alt + Delete
5. Winkey + Shift + Delete

24. ckJ ez;gndhUtu; mtuJ fzpdpapd; rhsuq;fs; (Windows) ckJ fzpdp rhsuq;fis
tplg; ngupjhff; fhzg;gLtjhff; $wp mjid eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;F ck;kplk; MNyhrid
Nfl;ghuhapd;> gpd;tUk; vjidr; nra;AkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;FtPu;?
1. fzpdpj; jpiuapidr; rPuhf;fy;
2. fzpdpj; jpiuapd; gpupjpwid (Resolution) khw;wy;
3. rhsuq;fspd; msTfis khw;wy; (Resize)
4. nra;gzp Kiwikia kPz;Lk; epWTjy;
5. NtW njuptpg;gp (Monitor) xd;iwg; nghUj;jpg; ghu;j;jy;.

25. A - Defragmentation
B - Disk Clean up
C - Backup
Mfpatw;Ws; mj;jpahtrpa Nfhg;Gfs; ePf;fg;glhky; td;tl;by; ,ltrjpia mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sf; $baJ / $bait
1. A kl;Lk; 2. B kl;Lk; 3. A Ak; B Ak;
4. B Ak; C Ak; 5. NkYs;s rfyJk;

26. Kespersky, AVG, MaAfee vd;git gpd;tUk; ve;j tifiar; Nru;e;j nkd;nghUs;fshFk;?
1. gzpnray; Kiwik (Operating System) nkd;nghUs;
2. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; (Word Processing) nkd;nghUs;
3. er;Repuy; vjpu;g;G (Anti Virus) nkd;nghUs;
4. fzdptop ntspaPl;L (Desktop Publishing) nkd;nghUs;
5. mopT tif (Malware) nkd;nghUs;

27. nra;gzp Kiwiknahd;wpd; njhopy; my;yhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. epidtf Kfhik (Memory Management)
2. rhjd Kfhik (Device Management)
3. xyp Kfhik (Sound Management)
4. Kiwtop Kfhik (Process Management)
5. Nfhg;G Kfhik (File Management)

28. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; A, B, C, D cz;ikahdJ vJ / vit?

A gzpnray; KiwikahdJ gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; tifiar; Nru;e;jJ
B Mac Os vd;gJ jpwe;j %y gzpnray; Kiwikf;Fupa cjhuzkhFk;
C gzpnray; Kiwik %yk; nkd;nghUs;fSk; td;nghUs;fSk; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk;

1. A khj;jpuk; 2. A, B khj;jpuk; 3. B, C khj;jpuk;

4. C khj;jpuk; 5. A, C khj;jpuk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 122
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

29. xspg;glnkhd;wpd; gpupjpwd; (Resolution) %yk; msf;fg;gLtJ ahJ?

1. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s Pixel msT
2. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s epwq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
3. mjd; gpufhrk;
4. mjd; xsp - ,Us; tpfpjk;
5. glq;fspd; msT

30. fzpdpapd; Mw;Wifia (Performance) Nkk;gLj;j cjTk; nkd;nghUs;fs; vt;thW

miof;fg;gLk;?
1. nra;gzp Kiwik (Operating System)
2. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software)
3. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software)
4. gad;gL nkd;nghUs; (Utility Software)
5. Mw;Wif nkd;nghUs; (Performance Software)

31. fzpdpnahd;Wf;F flTr;nrhy; (Password) ,Ltjd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

1. fzpdpia er;R epuy;fspypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
2. midtUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;
3. ,izaj;jpy; ,yFthfg; gpuNtrpj;jy;
4. ghJfhg;G cj;jp vd;w tifapy; ghtidia kl;Lg;gLj;jy;
5. fzpdpiaf; fs;tu;fsplkpUe;J ghJfhj;jy;

32. fzpdpnahd;wpDs; er;Repuy; GFtjd;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; xU fhuzp my;yhjJ

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. fzpdpfis nghJtpy; gad;gLj;jy;
2. er;Repuy; vjpu; nkd;nghUis ,w;iwg;gLj;jhik
3. mwpKfkw;w xUtu; mDg;gpa kpd;dQ;riyj; jpwj;jy;
4. fs;s (Pirated) nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jy;
5. Nkw;gb vJTky;y

33. fzpdpapd; njhopw;ghL kPJ Neubahfr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf; $baJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ?
1. er;Repuy; nra;epuy;fs;
2. Trojen Horse (l;Nuh[d; N`hu;];) nra;epuy;fs;
3. Spyware (csTghu;j;jy;) nra;epuy;fs;
4. Nkw;gb %d;Wk;
5. Nkw;gb vJTky;y

34. jpwe;j epiyapYs;s ntt;NtW nra;epuy;;fSf;F ,ilNa ,lkhWtjw;fhf gad;gLk;

FWf;Ftopr; rhtp ahJ?
1. Alt + Tab 2. Ctrl + Tab 3. Alt + Shift
4. Ctrl + Shift 5. Ctrl + W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 123

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1- 2 11 - 4 21 - 3 31 - 4
2- 5 12 - 4 22 - 3 32 - 1
3- 1 13 - 3 23 - 2 33 - 4
4- 3 14 - 2 24 - 2 34 - 1
5- 2 15 - 3 25 - 3
6- 2 16 - 4 26 - 3
7- 3 17 - 2 27 - 3
8- 2 18 - 4 28 - 4
9- 3 19 - 2 29 - 1
10 - 2 20 - 3 30 - 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 124

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF - 9 jpupNfhz fzpjk;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1' 80 cm E}nyhd;wpd; me;jj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l fy;nyhd;w

; pd;
%yk; vspa Crnyhd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;
,af;fj;jpd;Nghjhd mjp cr;r cauj;jpy; E}y;
600 epiyf;Fj;Jld; 600 Nfhzj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ.
mt;Ntisapy; Rikapd; epiyf;Fj;J caukhf
80m miktJ vJ?
^1& 20 
^2& 80  40 3 
^3& 40 ^4& 40 3
^5& 80

2' 1350 Nfhzj;ij Miuadpy; jUtJ vJ?

^1&  ^2&  ^3& 

135 4 3
^4& 3 ^5& 
4

3' ,t;thiur;rpiwapd; tpy;ypd; ePsk; 2  vdpd;>

mjd; Miuahf miktJ vJ?
(1) 1.5 cm (2) 3 cm
 (3) 6 cm (4) 3 cm
3
(5) 175 cm

4' Miu r1 " r2 MfTs;s Miur;rpiwfspd; Nfhzk; MFk;. Miu r1 MfTs;s Miur;rpiwapd;
gug;G Miu r2 MfTs;s Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gstpd; ,U klq;fhFk;. r1 " r2 Mfpatw;wpw;F
,ilapyhd rupahd njhlu;igf; fhl;LtJ
^1& r1  2r2 ^2& r1  2r2 ^3& 2r1  r2

^4& r1  r2 ^5& 2r1  r2

5' gf;fePsk; 3cm MfTs;s rJuj;jpd; %iytpl;lj;jpd; ePsk;

3 3
^1& 2 ^2& 6 ^3& 2
^4& 6 cm ^5& 18 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 125

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' gpshj;jpf;F tisanyhd;W cile;j gpd;du; fpilj;j ,U gFjpfspdJk; ePsq;fis

mse;jNghJ xd;wpd; ePsk; 3 cm> kw;iwa gFjpapd; ePsk; 6 cm vdTk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;thwhd gFjpfs; 4 tPjk; xd;W Nru;j;J tisaiy Mf;fKbAkhapd; mt;tisaypd;
Miu ahJ?
^1& 2cm ^2&  cm ^3&  cm
3 6
^4& 9 cm ^5& 18 cm
 
A
7' cUtpy; cs;s Kf;Nfhzp ABC apd; gug;gsT
4cm
^1& 2 33 cm 2 ^2& 7 cm 2 ^3& 14cm2
0
30 ^4 28 cm 2 ^5& 66 cm 2
B 7cm C

8' cUtpy; x ,dhy; fhl;lg;gLk; ePskhf miktJ

x 5
^1& 2.5 ^2& ^3& 5
3
3 30 0

10
^4& ^5&
4 10 3 3

9' NkNy cs;s cUtpd; gug;gsT vj;jid rJu myFfs;?

12.5
^1& 12 ^2& 6  12.5 3 ^3& 6  12.5 ^4& 6 ^5& 31
3
10' sin 630  0.8910 vdpd;> cos 27 0 ,w;F rkdhf miktJ
^1& sin 27 0 ^2& 0.8910 ^3& 0.4455 ^4& cos 630 ^5& 0.4539

11' A, B, C vDk; %d;W Gs;spfs; nfhz;l epiyf;Fj;Jf; fk;gq;fs; epyj;jpy; ˆ 

ABC
2

ˆ  5 vdpd;> sin BAC

MFkhW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tan ABC ˆ apd; ngWkhdkhf miktJ
12
5 12 5 1 1
^1& ^2& ^3& ^4& ^5&
13 13 12 12 5
12' B cUtpy; ABCD gFjpapdhy; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ
Nkilnahd;wpd; Kw;g
; f;fj; Njhw;wkhFk;. ABCD
ˆ
a pd; g ug ; g sT 25  v dpd; > AOD , d;
A
ngWkhdj;ij Nubadpy; jUtJ vJ?
5m

O C
 
D
 ^1& ^2&
3 4
15m
  2
^3& ^4& ^5&
6 5 5

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 126

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
O
13' cUf;fpdhy; ,izf;fg;gl;l rJumbf; $k;gfnkhd;wpd; rl;lfk;
10m
cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. Kf;Nfhz tbt Kfnkhd;W fpilAld;
mikf;Fk; Nfhzk;  vdpd;>  ,d; ngWkhdkhf miktJ
D 3 4
C ^1& sin 1 ^2& cos 1
A 12m 4 5
12m B
3 3
^3& cos 1 ^4& sin 1
5 5
3
^5& tan 1
4

14' A OA vd;gJ epiyf;Fj;Jf; NfhGukhFk;. C apdhy;

fl;llnkhd;wpd; 1k; khbapd; xUGs;sp
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. C apy; ,Ue;J fk;gj;jpd; cr;rpf;fhd
D Vw; w f; N fhzk; 60 0 MtNjhL fk; g k; > fl; l lk;
Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd fpilj;J}uk; 20 m MFk;.
6m NfhGuj;jpd; caukhf miktJ

B C 
^1& 6  20 3 m  
^2& 20 3  6 m 
 20 
^3& 10 36 m  ^4&  6 
 3
m

 10 
^5&   6m
 3 
15' C cUtpy; cs;sJ ,izfu tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;l
D
ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;whFk;. ˆ   vdpd;> ABCD
ABC
50m
3
apd; gug;gsthf miktJ
A 40m B ^1& 600 m 2 ^2& 1000 3 m 2
^3& 1000 m 2 ^4& 600 3 m 2

^5& 500 m2

16' H G cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ ,Uk;Gf; fk;gpr;rl;lq;fs;

%yk; mikf;fg;gl;l fdTU tbtr; rl;lfkhFk;. HD
B F
1
,d; cauk; 10 cm > MfTk; mb tan  
D 2 2
C
rJukhfTk; mikAk; tpjj;jpYk; fdTUr; rl;lfj;ij
A
B mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd ,Uk;Gf; fk;gpapd; nkhj;j
ePsk;

^1& 80 
2  40 cm ^2& 200 cm ^3& 160 cm

^4& 120 cm ^5& 160 2  40 cm 

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 127
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17' F E mb rJutbtpy; mike;j 20 m ePs kz;lgj;jpd;

G H cauk; 5 m . mjd; epykl;lj;jpd; eLNt epd;w epiyapy;
,Uf;Fk; khztDf;F kz;lgj;jpd; NkNy Gs;sp H
D njd;gLk; Vw;wf;Nfhzkhf miktJ
o C
20cm 1  1 
A 20cm B ^1& tan 1   ^2& tan 1  
2  2

 1  1
^3& tan 1   ^4& tan 1  
2 2 4

^5& tan 1  2
A
B
18' Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W ghynkhd;wpd; kPJ gazpf;jJ ;
15m
, Wj pa py; ABCD t bt khd rha ; t pd; t opNa
gazpf;fpwJ. mr;rha;tpy;; Nkhl;lu; thfdk; gazpj;j
kpff; FWfpa J}ukhf miktJ
^1& 10 3 m ^2& 15 3 m
= 300
D ^3& 7.5 m ^4& 30 m
A
^5& 30 3 m

19' ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;wpd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf mikf;fg;gLk; jl;L

%b $k;Gtbtpy; mike;Js;sNjhL mjd; Miu 7 m MFk;.
rha;Tg; gf;fk; fpilAld; 300 Nfhzj;ij mikf;fpwJ.
0
30 mk;%bia mikf;fj; Njitahd jfl;bd; gug;gsT
7m 308 2 154 2
^1& m ^2& 308 m 2 ^3& m
8 3
308 2
^4& 154 m 2 ^5& m
3

20' C tPl;L Kd;wypy; G+q;fhnthd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk;

cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. G+q;fhg; gFjpapd; gug;gsT m2
A ,y;>
O  14
3 ^1& 7 ^2& ^3 14
3
B 154 196
^4& ^5&
g+q;WoHdkh
fh
D 3 3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 128

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

21' epiyf;Fj;J fk;gnkhd;wpypUe;J 21 m J}uj;jpYs;s fkypw;F fk;gj;jpd; cr;rp 300

Vw;wf;Nfhzj;jpy; njd;gLfpd;wJ. fk;gj;jpd; cauk;>
^1& 21 3m ^2& 7 3m ^3& 21m ^4& 10 3m ^5& 10m

22' tPl;bd; Nky;khbapy; epw;Fk; Rjdpw;F> ghijapy; gazpf;Fk; Nkhl;lu; thfdnkhd;W

Fwpj;j fzj;jpy; 300 ,wf;ff; Nfhzj;jpy; njd;gl;lJ. 1k; khbapy; mtjhdpg;Gg; Gs;sp
epykl;lj;jpypUe;J 9 m cauj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jnjdpd;> mf;fzj;jpy; me;j Nkhl;lu;
thfdk; tPl;bypUe;J vt;tsT J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ?
9 3 9 m
^1& 18 m ^2& 18 3 m ^3& 9 3m ^4& 2
m ^5& 3

D E C
23' ghlrhiyapd; Kd;thapy; fjtpd; Njhw;w k;
cUtpy; cs;sJ. Kf;Nfhzg; gFjp ABE
jfl;bdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. AE = BE MFk;.
4m
4m

fjtpw;Fj; Njitahd jfl;bd; gug;gsT

^1& 4 m 2 ^2& 16 m 2
A B ^3& 16 3 m 2 ^4& 4 3 m2
^5& 8 m 2

24' epiyf; F j; J f; fk; g nkhd; w pd; cWjpiag;

fk;gp
lïì NgZtjw;F fk;gj;jpd; ,U gf;fj;jpYk; fk;gpfs;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; cUtpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gj;jpd; cauk; 12 m MfTk;
12m
fk;gp fpilAld; mikf;Fk; Nfhzk; 300 Ak;
vdpd;> Njitahd fk;gpapd; ePskhf miktJ?
300 300 ^1& 48 m ^2& 24 m
24 m
^3& 3 ^4& 24 3 m
^5& 12 3 m

25' tpy; tbtpy; kbf;fg;gl;l A B fk;gpapd; ePskhf

A B miktJ
147 7
^1& cm ^2& cm
4 2
21 cm ^3& 14 cm ^4& 21 cm

6
21 21
^5& cm ^6& cm
2 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 129

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

26' cUtpYs;s tisthd gFjp A B C D xU $iu

D C
MFk;. A B tpy;tbtk;> ikaf;Nfhzj;jpd;  rad
6
21m ck; Miu 14m ck; MFk;. $iu 21m ePsKilaJ
A B
vdpd;  BC  21m  " $iuf;Fj; Njitahd jfl;bd;
gug;gsthf miktJ
14m
^1& 14 m 2 ^2& 21 m 2

6 21 2
^3& m ^4& 49 m 2
2
49 2
^5& m
3

27' epyj;jpy; elg;gl;Ls;s epiyf;Fj;Jf; fk;gq;fs; ,uz;bd; cauq;fs; KiwNa 20 m, 26

m MFk;. ,U fk;gq;fspd; cr;rpfSk; fk;gpnahd;wpdhy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,U
fk;gq;fSf;fpilapyhd fpilj;J}uk; 12 m vdpd;> fk;gp fpilAld; mikf;Fk; Nfhzk;;

^1& sin 1  6  ^2& tan 1 6 ^3& tan 1 12  ^4& tan 1 2

1
  ^5& tan 1 2

28' ,uhZtKfhnkhd;wpd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf

B mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;GNtypf;F fpilAld; 600
mikf;Fk; nfhq;fpwPw;Wj; J}z; xd;W
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. J}zpd; ePsk; 8m vdpd;> J}zpd;
cr;rpf;F epykl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J cs;s caukhf
miktJ
^1& 4 3m ^2& 8 3m
600
A 4 8
^3& m ^4& m
3 3
^5& 4m

29' 
kiyf;Fd;W xd;wpd; cr;rpapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s

 20m epiyf; Fj;J f; fk;g j;j pd; cauk; 20 m MFk; .

 fk;gj;jpd; cr;rp> epykl;lg; Gs;sp A fpilAld; 600
l=J}z;
`MK
fk;gp
lïìh Nfhzj; i j mikf; F khW fk; g p xd; w pdhy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpapd; ePsk; 60 m vdpd;> A
mike;Js;s fpilj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J kiyf;Fd;wpd;
epiyf;Fj;J caukhf miktJ>
600
A B

^1& 30 3 m ^2& 30 3  20 m ^3& 30 

3  20 m

^4&  60 3  20 m ^5& 60 3 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 130

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30' fl;llnkhd;W %d;W rk caukhd fl;lnkhd;W

3 rkcaukhd ,uz;L khbfisf; nfhz;lJ.
P fl; l lj; j pypUe; J 24 m J}uj; j py; cs; s
2 Gs;spaypUe;J ,uz;lhk; khbapd; cr;rpia
( Gs ;s p P) N e h f ; f p a N g h J m J 30 0
1 Vw; w f; N fhzj; j py; mikag; ngw; w pUe; j J.
fl;llj;jpd; xU khbapd; caukhf miktJ

^1& 8 3m ^2& 4 3m ^3& 24 3 m

8 m
^4& 12 3 m ^5& 3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 131

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; - jpupNfhz fzpjk;

1' i' gf;fk; AC apd; ePsk; a vdpd;> AB" BC

A Mfpatw;wpd; ePsq;fis a rhu;ghfj; jUf.

B Q C

ii' (a) ˆ ,d; ngWkhdj;ij Nubadpy;

PRQ
P Q
(Miuadpy;) jUf.
(b) P R ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
(c) P Q ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
12cm
0
60
R

iii' Neu;Nfhl;Lg; ghijnahd;wpypUe;J 12 m J}uj;jpYs;s ,uhZt tPunuhUtUf;F

ghijapd; xU Kidapy; ,Ue;JtUk; vjpupfs; $l;lnkhd;W ghijAld; 300 20
Nfhzj;jpYk; ghijapd; kWKidapypUe;JtUk; vjpupfs; $l;lk; 42012 Nfhzj;jpYk;
njd;gLfpd;wJ.

(a) ,j;jfty;fis tupg;glnkhd;wpy; fhl;Lf.

(b) ,e;j Ntisapy; ,U vjpupf;; $l;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd J}uj;ijf; fzpf;f.

(c) ,uhZt tPuuplKs;s Jg;ghf;fp rupahd ,yf;if milAk; J}uk; 25 m vdpd;>

jw;Nghija epiyapy; vjpupf;$l;lq;fs; ghJfhg;ghd #oypy; ,y;iy vdf; fhl;Lf.

ID  1.7090 12  20.50 m DR  1.1028 12  13.23 m

2' i' gf;f ePsk; 2 myfhf cs;s rkgf;f A

Kf;Nfhzpnahd;W cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;
cr;rpf; Nfhzq;fspd; ,U$whf;fp vjpu;g; gf;fq;fisr;
nrq;Fj;jhf ,U$wpLfpd;wJ.

,t;TUitg; gad;gLj;jp> sin 300 , sin 600 "

cos 300 , cos 600 vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fisj; B C
Jzpf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 132

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ii' Rtnuhd; w py; ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s $iug;

A
gFjpnahd;W cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. A B
apdhy; Rtu; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sNjhL Rtu;topNa
B D vDk; ,Uk;Gj; jPuhe;jp xd;W
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2m
(a) B C ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
0 0 (b) C D ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
60 30
B C D

iii. $iuapd; cWjpj;jd;ikia mjpfupg;jw;F> B apypUe;J AC apw;Fk;> C apypUe;J AD

apw;Fk; fpl;ba J}uk; mikAk; tpjj;jpy; ,U Nfhy;fis ,izf;fj; jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
(a) B apypUe;J ,izf;Fk; Nfhypd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
(b) C apypUe;J ,izf;Fk; Nfhypd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

iv' ,t;Ntiyg; gFjpiag; g+uj

; j
; pnra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nfhy;fspd; nkhj;j ePsj;Jf;fhd
xU Nfhitia vOJf. (,Wjpr; RUf;fk; Njitapy;iy).

3' xd;Wf;nfhd;W 12 m ,ilntspapYs;s ,U NtW cauKila ,U fl;llq;fSf;F

rupkj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtUf;F mtw;wpd; cr;rpfs; 700 " kw;Wk; 600 20 Vw;wf; Nfhzj;jpy;
njd;gLfpwJ.

i' ,tw;iw tifFwpf;f tupg;glnkhd;W tiuf.

ii' fl;blq;fspd; cauq;fis h1 " h2 vdf; nfhz;L ,U Nfhitfis vOJf.
iii' NkNy vOjpa Nfhitfisg; gad;gLj;jp h1 " h2 vd;gtw;iwf; fzpf;f.
iv' cauk; Fiwe;j fl;llj;jpd; mbthuj;jpypUe;J cauk; $ba fl;llj;jpd; cr;rpia
mtjhdpf;Fk; Nghjhd Vw;wf;Nfhzj;ijf; fhz;f.
v' jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fs;> igjfu]pd; Njw;wk; Mfpa xt;nthd;iwAk; gad;gLj;jp
ePsq;fisf; fhz;gjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; Njitfis ntt;Ntwhff; Fwpgg ; pLf.

4' (a) i' ,k; Kf;Nfhzpapd; nrk;gf;fj;ijg; ngaupLf.

ii' ,k;Kf;NfhzpapdJ gf;fq;fis sin  , A


cos  , tan  ,w;fhd Nfhitfis vOJf.

ˆ   vdpd;"
iii' BAC
6 AC " BC vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;f.
B C

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 133

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(b) P, Q, R vd;gd cl;$iunahd;wpy; cs;s xNu Neu;Nfhl;by; mikahj %d;W

Gs;spfshFk;. Q ,y; njhq;Fk; kpd;Fkpo; kpd;tlnkhd;wpdhy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mk;kpd;Fkpopd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf mjd; fPo; Kidapy; ,Ue;J P ,w;Fk; " R ,w;Fk; ,uz;L
xspapay; ehu;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cl;$iuapy; ,Ue;J kpd;Fkpopd; fPo;g;gFjpapy;
xspapay; ehu; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; tiuapyhd J}uk; 30 cm MFk;. PQ=16 cm,
QR=12 cm

i' Fkpopd; fPo;g;gFjpapd; xspapay; ehu; ,izf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ij O vdf;nfhz;L

,e;j mikg;gpYs;s nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfis> ntt;Ntwhf> jug;gl;Ls;s
mstPLfs; mlq;fyhf ngauplg;gl;l tupg;glj;ij tiuf.

ii' P R ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

iii' P S ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

iv' R S xspapay; ,ioapd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhd Nfhitnahd;iw vOJf.

5'

mjpNtf neLQ;rhiyapy; Nkk;ghynkhd;wpd; kPJ epw;Fk; nghyp]; mjpfhupnahUtu;

rkjsg;ghijapy; tUk; thfdj;ij 10 4 ,wf;ff; Nfhzj;jpy; fhz;fpwhu;. mjid
mtjhdpj;j clNdNa epWj;jw; fbfhuj;ij KLf;fpdhu;. 5 nrf;fdpd; gpd;du; mk;Nkhl;lhu;
thfdj;jpid ,wf;ff; Nfhzk; 20033 ,y; fhz;fpwhu;. Nkk;ghyj;jpypUe;J ghijf;fhd
epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uk; 12 m MFk;.

i' ,wf;ff; Nfhzq;fis Nkw;gb cUtpy; Fwpj;J fhl;Lf.

ii' filrp mtjhdpg;Gg; Gs;spapypUe;J ghyj;jpw;fhd fpl;ba fpilj;J}uj;ijf; fhz;f.

(fpl;ba KOntz;zpy;)

iii. Muk;g mtjhdpg;Gg; Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J ghyj;jpw;F cs;s fpilj; J}uj;ijf;

fhz;f.

iv. 5 nrf;fd;fdpy; mt;thfdk; gazpj;j J}uj;ijf; fhz;f.

v. Nkhl;lu; thfdj;jpd; Ntfj;ijf; fhz;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 134

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' A B C vDk; Kf;Nfhzpapy; Nfhzk; CAB = 300 AC=3cm AB=4cm ck; MFk;.
Kf;Nfhzp A B C apd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.

7' tPl;Lr; Rtnuhd;W cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j

45o 60o
cUtpy; fhl; l g; g l; l jfty; f spd; JizAld;
epyj;jpypUe;J Rtupd; cr;rpf;fhd cauj;ijf; fzpf;f. 2.5m 2.5m

8 md;udh Fohnahd;W fpilahd epyj;jpy;

5m
epiyf; F j; j hfg; nghUj; j g; g l; L s; s J. epyj; j pd;
Fwpj;j nthU Gs;spapypUe;J md;uhdhtpd; cr;rpia mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ mjd;
Vw; w f; N fhzk; 4 5 0 MFk.; mtjhdpf; f g; g Lk; ,lk; kw; W k; md; u dh Foha;
nghUj; j g; g l;L s;s ,lk; Mfpatw; i w ,izf; F k; Nfhl; bw;F ntspNa 14 m
njhiytpYs;s ,lnkhd;wpw;Fr; nrd;W mtjhdpj;jNghJ mjd; Vw;wf;Nfhzk; 30 0
MFk.; md;udh Fohapd; cauj;ijf; fhz;f.

9' fpilepyj;jpy; fk;gnkhd;W epiyf;Fj;jhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fk;gj;jpd; mbapypUe;J

2
70 m J}uj;jpy; epw;Fk; 1 m caukhd egnuhUtUf;F 36012 Vw;wf; Nfhzj;jpy;
3
fk;gj;jpd; cr;rp njd;gLfpd;wJ. fk;gj;jpd; cauk; vt;tsthFk;?

10' Neu;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; gazpf;Fk; njhlUe;njhd;W 100 m ePskhd Ruq;ftopg; ghijapDs;

EioAk;NghJ njhlUe;J gazpf;Fk; jpirf;F 420 20 Nfhzj;jpy; njhiytpy;
NfhGunkhd; W njd;g Lfpd; w J. njhlUe; J Ntfkhf Ruq;f topg; ghijapD}Nl
ntspNaWk;NghJ NfhGuk; njhlUe;J gazpf;Fk; jpirf;F 45056 Nfhzj;jpy;
njd;gLfpd;wJ. njhlUe;J ntspNaWk; ,lj;jpypUe;J ,e;jf; NfhGuj;Jf;fhd J}uk;
vt;tsthFk;?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gy;N ju;T tpilfs;

1 -3 2 -4 3 -3 4 -2 5 -3 6 -5 7 -2 8 -4 9 -4 10-2
11-2 12-2 13 -3 14-3 15-5 16-2 17-3 18-4 19-5 20-5
21-2 22-3 23-4 24-1 25-2 26-4 27-4 28-1 29-3 30-2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 135

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fSf;f hd tpilfs;

1' i' A AB  a sin 

BC  a cos 

B Q C

ii.
P Q
(a) ˆ  600    
PRQ
1800 3
(b) PR  12 cos 600
12cm
1
 12  6
600 2
R
(c) PQ  12sin 600
3
 12  6 3
2

iii. L D R
0
30 20 42012

12m

LSD  89 60 0 ˆ  890 60

DSR
300 20 420 12
590 40 470 48

L Sˆ D apw;F> D Sˆ R apw;F>
LD DR
tan 59 0 40  tan 47 0 48 
12 12
LD DR
 .7090   1.1028 
12 12

iv. ghijapd; ePsk; LR  20.51  13.23

 33.74m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 136

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

v. ,uhZt tPuu; epw;Fk; ,lj;ypUe;J njhiytpYs;s Gs;sp L MFk;'

12
L S ,d; ePsj;ijf; fzpj;jy sin 30 0 20 
LS
12
0.5050 
LS
12
LS 
0.5050
 23.76 m

,uhZttPuupd; cr;r ,yf;F 25m Mifahy; vjpupapdu; ghJfhg;gw;W ,Ug;gu;.

2' i' A AD 2  22  11
300 AD 2  3

2 2 AD  3
3

600
B 1 C
1

ABD  apdhy; DAC  apdhy;

3 1
sin 600  sin 300 
2 2
1 3
cos 600  cos 300 
2 2
3 1
tan 600  tan 300 
1 3

2 2
ii' (a) tan 600  (b) tan 300 
BC BD
2 1 2
 
BC 3 BC
2 2
BC  BD 
3 3

2
CD  2 3 
3
4

3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 137

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

my;yJ

BD
0 BC ta n 6 0 0 
tan 30  2
2 1 .7 3 2  2  B D
BC
0.5774  3 .4 6 4  B D
2
BC  0.5774  2 3 .4 6 m  B D
BC  1.1548
BC  1.15m

CD  B D  BC
= 3.46 m  1.15 m
= 2.31 m
x
iii' A (a) sin 30 0 
2
0.5  2  x
1m  x
2m
y
x y (b) sin 300 
0
0
60 60 0 0
2.31
60 30
B C D 0.5  2.31  y
1.15m  y

2 2
iv' sin 600  sin 30 0 
AC AD
3 2 1 2
 
2 AC 2 AD
AD  4 m
4
AC  m
3

4
Nfhy;fspd; nkhj;j ePsk;  3.46 m  1m  1.15 m  m  4m
3
 4 
  9.61  m
 3

h2
3' i'
h1

 6m 600 20 700 6m

12m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 138

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

h1 h2
ii' tan 600 20  , tan 70 0  ,
6 6

h1 h2
iii' 1.756  2.747 
6 6
h1  1.756  6 h2  2.747  6
h1  10.536 h2  16.482

h2
iv' tan     53056
12
16.482

12
tan   1.3735

i' jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fk;>

Nfhzk; Mfpatw;iwj; njupe;jpUj;jy; my;yJ gf;fq;fs; ,uz;ilj; njupe;jpUj;jy;
NghJkhdjhFk;.
igjfurpd; njhlu;igg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;nfd ,uz;L gf;fs; njupe;jpUg;J NghJkhdjhFk;.
4' (a) i' AC

A
 BC
ii. sin  
AC
AB
cos  
AC
BC
B C tan  
AB

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 139

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

 BC BC
iii' cos  sin 
6 AC 6 AC
3 BC 1 BC
 
2 12 2 12
BC  6 cm
3
BC  12 
2
BC  6 3 cm

12 12 16
(b) i' Q R Q R Q P

16 30 30

P S S

ii. ˆ  apy;
PQR iii. ˆ  apy;
PQS

PR  20cm PR 2  302  162

 5, 4,5   4  900  256
2
PR  1156
PR  1156

iv' RS2  302  122

 900  144
RS2  1044
RS  1044

5' i'
C
20o 33' 1o 4'

12m

O
A B

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 140

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ˆ  890 60 ˆ  890 60

OCB
ii' OCA
200 33 10 4

690 27 880 56

OA OB
tan 690 27  tan 880 56 
12 12
OA OB
2.668  49.10 
12 12
OA  32.  16m  32 m OB  49.10 12
OB  589.2
OB  589 m

iii' 589  32 iv' 557 1

ms  111.2 ms 1
557m 5

1 C
6' S  bc sin A
2
1 3cm
  3.4  sin 30
2
1 1
  3.4  A 300
2 2
3 4cm
B

ABC Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT 3 rJu nrd;up kPw;wu;fshFk;'

7' A

0 0
45 60 E
B
F

2.5m 2.5m

G
C 5m D
AF  h vdf; nfhs;Nthk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 141

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

h h
 tan 45  1  BF  h NkYk;" BE  h 
BF 1.732
h h  1   2.732 
 tan 60  1.73  EF   h 1    5  h 5
EF 1.732  1.732   1.732 
CD  BE  5 5 1.732
h   3.17
2.732

epyj;jpyPUe;J Rtupd; cr;rpf;fhd J}uk;  2.5  3.17

 5.67 m

A
8'

B 450 C 300
D
10m
h
 tan 45  1  BC  h
BC
h h
 tan 30  0.5774  CD 
CD 0.5774
BD  BC  CD

NkYk;" BD  14
h 1.5774
14  h  h
0.5774 0.5774
14  0.5774
h 
1.5774
 5.12

 md;udh Fohapd; cauk; 5.12 m

MFk;.

9' NfhGuj;jpd; cauk; egupd; h

fz;kl;lj;jpd; fpilf;Nfhl;bypUe;J h v df ;
nfhs;Nthk;.
36012
h
 tan 36012  0.7319 2
70 1 m
3
 h  70  0.7319  51.23
^mz;zsthf&

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 142

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

NfhGuj;jpd; cauk; 2
 51.23  1 m
3
 53.23  1.67 m
 52.9 m

10' D

B
100m 460 56
A 420 20

njhlUe;J Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J NfhGuj;Jf;fhd J}uk;  BC , x vdf;

DC  x sin 46056
BD  x cos 46056
 AD  100  x cos 46056
CD
 tan DAC 
AD
x sin 46056
 tan 420 20 
100 _ x cos 46056
x sin 46056

100  x sin 430 04
x  0.7306
0.9110 
100  x  0.6828 

FWf;Fg; ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; 0.9110 100  0.6828 x   0.7306 x

91.1  x  0.7306  0.9110  0.6828
91.1  x  0.7306  0.6220 
x  x  0.1086
91.1
x  838.86
0.1086

,jw;fika NfhGuj;jpw;fhd J}uk;  838.86 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 143

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
myF 10 - ntg;gtpay;
gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;
1' cNyhfnkhd;wpd; ePl;ly; tpupjfT 1'2 « 10-5 0C-1 MFk;. KiwNa mjd; gug;G tpupjfT 
fdtsT tpupjfT  Mfpatw;wpd; rupahd ngWkhdq;fisf; fhl;LtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1'  = 1'2 « 10-5 0C-1 ;  = 2'4 « 10-5 0C-1
2'  = 2'4 « 10-5 0C-1 ;  = 4'8 « 10-5 0C-1
3'  = 1'2 « 10-5 0C-1 ;  = 3'6 « 10-5 0C-1
4'  = 2'4 « 10-5 0C-1 ;  = 3'6 « 10-5 0C-1
5'  = 2'4 « 10-5 0C-1 ;  = 2'4 « 10-5 0C-1
2' mYkpdpaj; jfnlhd;wpd; 1 cm2 msTila rJutbtj; Jisnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mYkpdpaj;jpd;
ePl;ly; tpupjfT 2.5 « 10-5 0C-1 vdpd;> ntg;gepiyia 20 0C apdhy; mjpfupj;jhy; Jisapd;
msT vt;tsthFk;?
1' 1'001 cm2 2' 1'0001 cm2 3' 1'0005 cm2
4' 1'0 cm2 5' 0'999 cm2
3' ePl;ly; tpupjfT 1'9 « 10-5 0C-1 ia cila gpj;jis tisankhd;wpd; cs; Miu 2 cm MFk;.
,jD}lhf 4'02 cm Nfhsnkhd;iwr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhfg; gpj;jis tisaj;ij vt;tsT ntg;gepiy
khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?
1' 40 0C 2' 64 0C 3' 264 0C 4 148 0 C 5' 336 0C
4' rPuhd jbg;Gila nky;ypa cNyhfj;jfnlhd;wpy; a Miu nfhz;l ,uz;L tl;l tbtj; Jisfs;
,lg;gl;Ls;sd. Jisfspd; ikaq;fSf;fpilNaahd J}uk; x MFk;. cNyhfj;jpd; ePll ; y; tpupjfT
Mapd; ntg;gepiy ,dhy; mjpfupf;fg;gl;lNghJ ,U JisfsJk; ikaq;fSf;fpilNaahd
Gjpa J}uk; ahJ?
1' x(1- ) 2' x(1+ ) 3' x(1-) 4' x(1-2) 5' x(1+2)
5' Vg fdtsTs;s ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; Vm fdtsT ,urk; mlq;fpAs;sJ fz;zhb>
,urk; Mfpatw;wpd; fdtsT tpupTfs; KiwNa. g > m MFk;. Vg / Vm vy;yh
ntg;gepiyfspYk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; epuk;ghf; fdtsT khwhJs;sjhapd; Vg/ Vm
,w;Fr; rkkhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' g/ m 2' m/ g 3' (g -m)
4' (m -g) / g) 5' 3m / m
6' cNyhff; Nfhsnkhd;W mjd; ikakhdJ> miwntg;gepiyapy; cs;s
jputnkhd;wpd; Nkw;gug;Gld; rkkl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;FkhW kpjf;fpd;wJ. jputj;jpd;
fdtsT tpupjfthdJ cNyhfj;jpd; fdtsT tpupjfittpl mjpfkhFk;.
ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpd; fhuzkhf Nfhsj;jpd; ikakhdJ.
1' jput kl;lj;Jld; rkkhd kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
2' Kjypy; jput Nkw;gug;Gf;F NkNy nrd;W gpd;du; fPNo nry;Yk;.
3' Kjypy; jput Nkw;gug;Gf;Ff; fPNo nrd;W gpd;du; NkNy nry;Yk;.
4' jput Nkw;gug;Gf;F NkNy khj;jpuk; nry;Yk;.
5' jput Nkw;gug;Gf;F fPNo khj;jpuk; nry;Yk;.
7 0 0C y; fhzg;gLk; ePiu 100 0C tiu nkJthf ntg;gNkw;Wk; NghJ mjd; mlu;j;jp
1& gbg;gbahf mjpfupf;Fk;.
2& gbg;ggbahff; FiwtilAk;.
3& gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;J cr;r epiyaile;J gpd; kPz;Lk; FiwtilAk;.
4& khw;wNkw;glhJ.
5& gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J ,opT epiyia mile;J kPz;Lk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 144

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

8' ePl;ly; tpupjfT  ,idf; nfhz;l jputpaj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuk;> miwntg;gepiyapy;

V fdtsT cilaJ. ve;j ntg;gepiyapYk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; ntWk; ntspapd; fdtsT khwpypahf
,Uf;fj;jf;fjhf ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,lf;$ba fdtsT tpupjfTs;s jputj;jpd; fdtsT ahJ?
1' v/3 2' 3v/  3' v/ 4' v/ 
5' 3v/
9 cNyhfj; Jz;nlhd;W 90 °C tiu ntg;gNkw;wp 30 °C apy; fhzg;gLk; ePu; nfhz;l fNyhupkhdpapDs;
,lg;gl;lJ. ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 60 °C MFk;. Kjy; cNyhfj; Jz;bdJ jpzptpd; miug;gq;fpw;Fr;
rkkhd jpzpTila mNj cNyhfj;jpd; Jz;nlhd;iw 90 °C tiu ntg;gNkw;wp 30 °C apy;
fhzg;gLk; Kd;ida mNj msT ePu; cs;s ru;trkkhd fNyhupkhdpapy; ,lg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ
,Wjp ntg;gepiy vt;tsthFk;?
1' 35°C 2. 40°C 3. 45°C
4. 50°C 5. 55°C
10 A, B vDk; NtWgl;l ,uz;L nghUs;fspd; rkkhd fdtsTfs; rkkhd ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT
nfhz;litahFk;. B apd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 4200 Jkg-1K-1 MFk;. mjd; mlu;j;jp 1000 kgm-
3
MFk;. A apd; mlu;j;jp 2000 kgm-3 vdpd;> A apdJ jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT ahJ?
1 2000 Jkg-1K-1 2 2100 Jkg-1K-1 3 8400 Jkg-1K-1
4 1050 Jkg-1K-1 5 4200 Jkg-1K-1
11 jpzpT  nfhz;l nghUnshd;Wf;F Q msT ntg;gk; toq;fg;gLk;NghJ mjd; ntg;gepiy 
tpdhy; mjpfupf;Fnkdpd; nghUs; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT ahJ?
1' Q/M 2. Q/ 3. Q/(273+)
4 Q/M(273+) 5. MQ
12#oYld; ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; epfohjNghJ epiykhw;wj;jpw;Fl;glhj nghUnshd;wpw;F ntg;gj;ij
toq;Fk; tPjk; (Q/t) ,w;Fk; ntg;gepiy NtWgLk; tPjk; (/t) ,w;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;igf;
fhl;Lk; tiughff; fUjj;jf;fJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1 2 3 4 5

13 #oYf;F ntg;g ,og;G epfohjthW cNyhfg; ghj;jpunkhd;wpDs; #lhd jputnkhd;Wk;> Fspuhd
jputnkhd;Wk; fyf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;NghJ
(A) #lhd jputk; FspuhtJld;> Fspuhd jputk; #lhFk;
(B ) njhFjp ,Wjpg; nghJ khwpyp ntg;gepiyia milAk;
(C) ntg; g khd jputk; ntspapl; l ntg; g khdJ> Fspuhd jputk; ngw; W f; nfhz; l
ntg;gj;jpw;Fr; rkdhdJ.
,f;$w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ.
1  kl;Lk; 2  kl;Lk; 3   Mfpad kl;Lk;
4 C Mfpa kl;Lk; 5  B, C Mfpa vy;yhk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 145

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

14 nfhjpfyndhd;wpd; cs;Ns ntg;gepiy 105 °C MFk;. nfhjpfydpdJ Rtupd; jbg;G 2 cm

MFk;. mJ 4 cm jbg;Gila jputpankhd;wpdhy; ftrkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. epj;jpaepiyapy; tspAld;
njhlu; G w; Wf; fhzg; g Lk; ftrj; jputpaj; j pd; ntspg; g ug; g pd; ntg; g epiy 30 °C MFk; .
nfhjpfyDf;Fk; ftrj; jputpaj;Jf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l nghJNkw;gug;gpd; ntg;gepiy 100 °C MFk;.
nfhjpfyd; Mf;fg;gl;l jputpaj;jpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW k1 ck; fhtypj; jputpaj;jpd; ntg;gf;
flj;jhW k2 ck; vdpd;> k1 / k2 tpfpjk; ahJ?

1' 1/14 2' 1/7 3' 7

4' 14 5' 28

15' njhopDl;gtpay; gapYk; khztnuhUtu; jahupj;j Xu; cgfuzj;jpw;F> ntg;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L

Mspnahd;W Njitahf cs;sJ. mjw;fhf <UNyhf ehlnthd;wpidg; gad;gLj;j
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy cNyhfq;fspd; ePl;ly; tpupTf; Fzfq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
cUf;F : 1'2 « 10-5 oC-1
gpj;jis : 1'9 « 10-5 oC-1
mYkpdpak;: 2'5 « 10-5 oC-1
czu;jpwd;kpf;f (rpwpa ntg;gepiy NtWghl;Lf;Fj; Jyq;fj;jf;f) Mspnahd;wpid
mikg;gjw;F KiwNa A kw;Wk; B cNyhfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
cNyhfr; Nrhb gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

;
;fs
plq
A B
1' A = cUf;F> B = gpj;jis 2' A = gpj;jis> B = mYkpdpak;

bt
; K
3' A = mYkpdpak;> B = gpj;jis 4' A = gpj;jis> B = cUf;F

k pd
5' A = mYkpdpak;> B = cUf;F

16. Nfhnyhd;wpd; ePl;ly; tpupjfT njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpAq;fs;.

A- Nfhypd; ePl;ly; tpupjfT mf;Nfhypd; Muk;g ePsj;Jf;F Neu;tpfpjrkkhdJ
B- Nfhypd; ePll; y; tpupjfT> mf;Nfhiy ntg;gNkw;wpaikahy; mjpy; Vw;gl;l ePs mjpfupg;Gf;F
Neu;tpfpj rkkhdJ
C- Nfhypd; ePll ; y; tpupjfT mf;Nfhypy; mjpfupj;j ntg;gepiyf;F Neu;khW tpfpjrkkhdJ
,tw;Ws; jtwhd $w;W vJ / $w;Wf;fs; vit?
1' A, B khj;jpuk; 2' B, C khj;jpuk; 3' A, C khj;jpuk;
4' A khj;jpuk; 5' A, B, C Mfpa vy;yhk;
17' 10 kPw;wu; ePskhd ,Uk;Gf; Nfhnyhd;W 27 0C apy; cs;sJ. mf;Nfhypd; ePsk; 1.1 kpy;yp
kPw;wupdhy; FiwtilAk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjd; ntg;gepiy vt;tsthFk;? (,Uk;gpd; ePl;ly;
tpupTf;Fzfk; 1'1 « 10-5 K-1&
1' 10 0C 2' 17 0C 3' 20 0C 4' 0 0C 5' 8 0C
18' jpz;kq;fspd; gug;gsT tpupjfTf;Fk; (  ) ePl;ly; tpupjfTf;Fk; (  ) ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
ahJ?
1'  2   2'    2 3' 2   2 4'    5'   
2 2
19' jpz;knkhd;wpd; ePl;l tpupjfT> gug;gsT tpupjfT Mfpatw;wpd; myFfs; KiwNa
vit?
1' K-1, K 2' K, K2 3' K-1, K-1 4' K-1, K-2 5' K, K-1
20' 5 cm MiuAk; 20 cm ePsKk; nfhz;l xNu jputpaj;jpdhyhf;fg;gl;l ru;trkkhd ,uz;L
Nfhy;fSs; xd;W nghs;shdjhfTk; kw;iwaJ jpz;k cUisahfTk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,uz;L Nfhy;fsJk; ntg;gepiyiar; rkmstpdhy; mjpfupj;j epiyapy; mf;Nfhy;fs;
,uz;bdJk; tpupjfT tpfpjk; E1 ahJ?
1' 1 ( 4 2' 1 ( 8 3' 1 ( 2 4' 1 ( 6 5' 1 ( 1
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 146
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

21' l1 , l2 ePsKs;s jpz;kg; gjhu;j;jnkhd;wpdhyhd ,uz;L Nfhy;fspd; ePl;ly; tpupT KiwNa

1 ck; 2 ck; MFk;. Nfhy;fspuz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhf tpuptilaj;jf;f tifapy; glj;jpw;
fhl;bAs;sthW mtw;wpd; fPo; me;jq;fs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ve;jnthU ntg;gepiyapYk;
,uz;L Nfhy;fsJk; ePsq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghL rkkhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jid
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' 11   2  2 2'  1 2    1 3' 1 2  1 2
1  1 2
4' 1
 2
2 5' 121  222
22 jput tpupT njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf. 1 2
A- jput tpupT> jpz;k tpupit tpl mjpf ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWk;.
B- jput tpupT kPJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupT nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
C- jputnkhd;wpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupthdJ jputnkhd;wpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupit
tplf; $LjyhdJ.
,tw;Ws; rupahd $w;W vJ / $w;Wf;fs; vit?
1' A khj;jpuk; 2' B khj;jpuk; 3. C khj;jpuk;
4' A, B khj;jpuk; 5' B, C khj;jpuk;
23' jpz;knkhd;wpd; ntg;gepiyia 0 0C apypUe;J 10 0C tiu cau;j;Jk;NghJ fdtstpy;
Vw;gLk; gFjp mjpfupg;G 0.033 Mapd; jpz;kj;jpd; ePl;ly; tpupjfT gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' 0.0011 0C-1 2' 0.011 0C-1 3' 0.0027 0C-1
4' 0.03 0C-1 5' 0.11 0C-1
24' miwntg;gepiyapy; ^270C apy;& fhzg;gLk; 10 g ePupdJ ntg;gepiyia 25 0C apdhy;
cau;j;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ?
(ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;sT 4200J kg-1 C-1 MFk;.)
1' 2050 J 2' 1100 J 3' 1050 J 4' 105 J 5' 205 J
25' 0 C apy; cs;s 1g gdpf;fl;b> 10 C apy; cs;s 5g ePUld; fyf;fg;gl;lJ. gdpf;fl;bapd;
0 0

cUfypd; kiwntg;gk; 80 J g-1 Mapd; fyitapd; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy vt;tsT?

1' 5 0C 2' 0 0C 3' -5 0C
4' -10 0C 5' Nkw;gb vJTky;y
26' 2 kg jpzpTs;s ,Uk;Gf; Fw;wpnahd;wpd; ntg;gepiy 30 oC MFk;. mjid 90 0C tiu
ntg;gNkw;wp> nghwpg;gFjpnahd;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthwhf tpNrlkhd xU tbtj;ijf;
nfhz;ljhf khw;wNtz;bAs;sJ. ,jw;fhf me;j ,Uk;Gf; Fw;wpf;F toq;f Ntz;ba
ntg;gr; rf;jpapd; msT ahJ> ,Uk;gpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT } 470 J kg-1C-1 MFk;.
1' 5.46 x 104 J 2' 5.64 KJ 3' 5.64 x 105 J 4' 5.46 x 103 J 5' 5.64 x 104 J
27' xU nfhjpfydpy; 100 oC apYs;s 4 kg ePu; cs;sJ. nghwpnahd;wpid ,af;Ftjw;fhf
mjd;%yk; 100 oC apy; cs;s nfhjpePuhtpia cw;gj;jpnra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjw;Fj;
Njitahd ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ?
(ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; } 2'26 « 106 kg-1&
1' 10.04 x 106 J 2' 10 x 106 J 3' 9.04 x 106 J 4' 9.5 x 106 J 5' 10.04 x 105 J
28' 20 oC apy; cs;s jpz;k nts;sp (Ag) cNyhff; Fw;wpnahd;wpd; jpzpT 16'5 kg MFk;.
mjidf; nfhz; L gpwpnjhU ghtidg; nghUisr; nra; t jw; f hf mjid
cUf;fNtz;bAs;sJ. mjw;fhf toq;f Ntz;ba ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ?
^nts; s papd; jd; n tg; g f; nfhs; s sT } 230J kg-1 oC -1, nts; s papd; cUfypd;
jd;kiwntg;gk; }8.8 x 104 J kg , cUFepiy } 961 oC &
1' 5.0 x 106 J 2' 4 x 106 J 3' 3 x 106 J 4' 2 x 106 J 5' 8 x 106 J

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 147

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

29' cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; vd;why;>

1' ahNjDk; nghUspd; 1 kg ,dJ ntg;gepiyia 1 oC apdhy; cau;jJ ; tjw;Fj; Njitahd
ntg;gj;jpd; msthFk;.
2' ahNjDk; nghUisj; jpz;k epiyapypUe;J jput epiyf;F khw;Wtjw;F toq;fNtz;ba
ntg;gj;jpd; msthFk;.
3' ahNjDk; nghUspd; 1 kg ,id> ntg;gepiy khw;wkpd;wp jpz;k epiyapypUe;J jput
epiyf;F khw;Wtjw;F toq;f Ntz;ba ntg;gj;jpd; msthFk;.
4' ahNjDk; nghUisj; jput epiyapypUe;J thA epiyf;F khw;Wtjw;F toq;f Ntz;ba
ntg;gj;jpd; msthFk;.
5' jpz;k epiyapy; cs;s ahNjDk; nghUspd; ntg;gepiyia 1 oC apdhy; cau;jJ ; tjw;Fj;
Njitahd ntg;gj;jpd; msthFk;.
30 ahNjDnkhU nghUspd; 1kg ,id ntg;gepiy khw;wkpd;wp jput epiyapypUe;J Mtp
epiyf;F khWk;NghJ mJ ngWk; ntg;gk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
1. Mtpahjypd; kiwntg;gk; 2. Mtpahf;fypd; kiwntg;gk;
3. cUfypd; kiwntg;gk; 4. Mtpahjypd; ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT
5. Fspu;j;jypd; ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT
31. Mtpahjy;> Mtpahf;fy; Mfpad njhlu;ghd rupahf $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. MtpahjYk; Mtpahf;fYk; ve;j ntg;gepiyapYk; epfOk;
2. Mtpahjy;> Mtpahf;fy; Mfpa ,uz;L epfo;TfSk; <ug;gjdpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
3. Mtpahf;fw; nrad;Kiw nfhjpepiyapy; epfOk;> Mtpahjy; nrad;Kiw ve;jnthU
ntg;gepiyapYk; epfOk;
4. Mtpahjy;> Mtpahf;fy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xNu nrad;Kiwiaf; Fwpf;Fk; gjq;fshFk;.
5. Mtpahjy;> nfhjpepiyapy; epfOk;> Mtpahf;fy; ve;j ntg;gepiyapYk; epfOk;
32' Nfhnyhd;wpd; topNa ntg;gk; flj;jg;gLk; tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
mlq;fpa njhFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk;> FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT> jbg;G
2. Muk;g ntg;gepiy> ,Wjp ntg;gepiy> jbg;G
3. Nfhypd; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT> jbg;G> Nfhy; ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;l ntg;gepiy
4. Nfhypd; ,UKidfSf;F ,ilNaahd ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk;> jbg;G> Nfhy;
Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpak;;
5. Nfhypd; jd;ik> FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT> Muk;g ntg;gepiy
33' Nfhypd; ntg;gf; flj;jhWf; Fzfj;jpd; myF ahJ?
1' Wm oC 2' Wm-1 oC-1 3' Wm oC-1 4' Wm-1 oC 5' Wm-1 oC-2
34' 2 cm tpl;lKk; 40 cm ePsKKs;s mYkpdpak; Nfhnyhd;wpd; Xu; me;jk; 360 oC ntg;gepiyapy;
itf;fg;gl;ls;sNjhL kW me;jk; 10 oC apy; cs;s ePupDs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhypd;
topNa ntg;gk; ghAk; tPjj;ijf; fhz;f.
(mYkpdpaj;jpd; ntg;gf;flj;jhW 200Wm-1 oC-1 MFk;.)
1' 50 W 2' 52 W 3' 83 W 4' 80 W 5' 55 W
35' ed;F fhtyplg;gl;l cNyhff; Nfhnyhd;wpy; #lhd me;jj;jpypUe;J Fspuhd me;jk;
tiuapy; ntg;gk; ghAk; tpjj;ijr; rupahff; fhl;Lk; tiuG gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1' 2' 3'

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 148

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4' 5'

36' 0.5 cm jbg; g hd ad; d w; fz; z hbnahd; w pd; Nkw; g ug; g sT 3 m2 MFk; . mjd;
Nkw;gug;Gfspuz;Lf;Fk; FWf;fhd ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk; 20 oC Mapd;> me;j ad;dYf;Ff;
FWf;fhf xU kzp Neuj;jpy; ghAk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ?
(fz;zhbapd; ntg;gf; flj;jhW 0.84 Wm-1 oC-1 )
1' 10080 « 602 J 2' 1008 « 602 J
2
3' 10080 « 10 J 4' 1008 « 102 J
5' 10080 « 362 J
37' Nfhilfhyj;jpy; cly; ntg;gepiyapYk; cau;thd miwntg;gepiyapy; fhzg;gLk;>
cNyhff; Fw;wpnahd;wpidAk; kuf;Fw;wpnahd;wpidAk; njhl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ cNyhff;
Fw;wpahdJ kuf;Fw;wpia tplr; #lhf cs;sij czuyhk;. ml;ltizapy; cs;s
juTfspd;gb ,r;re;ju;g;gk; njhlu;ghf> Fwpj;j juTfSf;F ,ilapyhd rupahd njhlu;G
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
nghUs; ntg;gf;flj;jhW ntg;gk; ghAk; tPjk;
cNyhfk; K1 H1
kuk; K2 H2
1' K2>K1 ck; H1>H2 ck;
2' K2>K1 ck; H2>H1 ck;
3' K1>K2 ck; H2>H1 ck;
4' K1>K2 ck; H1>H2 ck;
5' K1>K1 ck; H1=H2 ck;
38' gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSs;> Nkw;fhTif xl;lk; Vw;gLk; re;ju;gg
; q;fSf;fhd cjhuzk; my;yhjJ
vJ?
1. ePu;j;Njf;fnkhd;wpy; Fspu; ePUk; #lhd ePUk; Rw;Nwhl;lkhfr; nry;yy;
2. tPl;bDs; fjpu;j;jpapd; mfw;Gwk;
3. ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; ePiu ntg;gNkw;Wk; NghJ
4. tspkz;lyj;jpy; cauj;Nj Kfpy;fs; cs;sNghJ
5. cNyhff; Nfhnyhd;wpd; Xu; me;jj;ij ntg;gNkw;Wk; NghJ mt;TNyhff; Nfhypd;
topNa ntg;gk; flj;jg;gly;
39' fjpu;g;G njhlu;ghf fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.
a. fjpu;g;Gr; rf;jpia kpd;rf;jpahf khw;Wtjw;fhf Qhapw;Wf; fyq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
b. fjpu;g;G %yk; ntg;gj;ij ,lk;khwr;nra;a Clfk; Njitapy;iy.
c. Kfpy;fs; mw;w Xu; ,utpy; ntg;gg; guty; jilapd;wp epfOtjhy; ,uhf;fhyk;
Fspu;r;rpailAk;.
Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ vJ? / rupahdit vit?
1' a khj;jpuk;
2' b khj;jpuk;
3' c khj;jpuk;
4' a, b Mfpad khj;jpuk;
5' a, b, c Mfpad vy;yhk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 149

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg;Gf; fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;

1&' ahNjDk; nghUis ntg;gNkw;Wtjhy; mjpy; ePl;ly; tpupTk; gug;gsT tpupTk; fdtsT
tpupTk; Vw;gLk;.
i). xU nghUspd; ePl;ly; tpupTf; Fzfk; ^tpupjfT -  & mjd; gug;gsT tpupjfTf;Fk;
^  & fdtsT tpupjfTf;Fk; ^  & ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig vOJf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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ii).
r0 = 20 cm Mapd; 30 0C apy; Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT ahJ?
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
r0 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

iii) 20 cm MiuAs; s cUf; F f; Nfhsnkhd; W 30 0C apypUe; J 130 0C tiu

ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;ljhapd; mjd; Gjpa fdtsitf; fhz;f. cUf;fpd; ePl;ly;
t pupT f ;F z f k ; ^  & = 11 x 10-6 0C-1
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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iv). Nkw;gb gFjp (ii) ,d;gb fdtsT mjpfupg;G vt;tsT?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v). 130 0C tiu ntg;gNkw;wpa gpd;du;> mjpfupj;j fdtsitf; nfhz;L> rk fdtsTs;s
vj;jid Nfhsq;fis Mf;fyhk;?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
vi). 30 0C apy; Nkw;gb Nfhsj;jpd; mlu;j;jp 6000 kgm-3 Mapd; 130 0C apy; mf;Nfhsj;jpd;
mlu;j;jpiaf; fhz;f.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2&' A B
1 2
nfhjpeuP htp ePu;

ePupd; Mtpahjypd; kiwntg;gk; (L) = 2.27 x 106 J / kg

ePupd; jd;kiwntg;gk; (Cc) = 4200 J / kg0C
nfhjpePuhtpapd; jd;kiwntg;gk; (Cs) = 2000 J / kg0C

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 150

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

njhopw;rhiynahd;wpDs; epfOk; xU nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ xU Fwpj;j msT ePiu xU

Fwpj;j msT Neuj;jpy; jho; ntg;gepiyapypUe;J cau; ntg;gepiy tiu ntg;gNkw;w
Neu;e;Js;sJ. mjw;fhf ePu; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuj;jpDs; mkpo;j;jg;gl;Ls;s nrg;Gf; Foha;j;
njhFjpnahd;W NkNyAs;s glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Foha;j;
njhFjpapd; A me;jj;jpd; %yk; nfhjpfydpd; JizAld;> 1 cau; ntg;gepiyapy;
cs;s nfhjpePuhtp cl;nry;yj;jf;fjhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FohapDs; nfhjpePuhtp
xLq;fp> 2 ntg;gepiyapy; ^ 2  1 & cs;s ePuhf kPz;Lk; nfhjpfyid milfpd;wJ.
i' Nkw;gb nghwpiag; gad;gLj;jp xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; 10 kg ePiu 25 0C - 85 0C
tiu ntg;gNkw;w Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thW ntg;gNkw;Wk; NghJ me;euP ;
ngWk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii' Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;Js; nfhjpePuhtp ntsptpl;l ntg;gj;jpd; msitf; fhz;gjw;Fj;
Njitg;gLk; Nkyjpf juT ahJ? xU kzp Neuj;Js; FohapD}lhfr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
nfhjpePuhtpapd; jpzpT ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii' xU kzp Neuj;Js; nfhjpePuhtp ntspapl;l ntg;gj;Jf;fhd ^Q2& Nfhitia Nkw;gb
FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp vOjpf;fhl;Lf. (mf;FohapD}lhfr; nrd;w nfhjpePuhtpapd;
jpzpT m MFk;&
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv' mkpo;jj ; g;gl;Ls;s nrg;Gf; fk;gpapd; Clhfr; nry;Yk; nfhjpePuhtp 150 0C apy; cs;sjhfTk;>
Fohapy; ePuhf xLq;fpa nfhjpePuhtp 90 0C apy; cs;sjhfTk; fUjp> Q2 ,w;Fupa
Nfhitia m ,y; vOjpf;fhl;Lf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v' ,r; n rad; K iwapd; N ghJ nrg ; G f; F ohAk; ghj; j puKk; cwpQ; r pa ntg; g k;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lj;jf;fjhapd; xU kzp Neuj;jpy; ntspNawpa nfhjpePuhtpapd; jpzpitf;
fhz;f.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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vi' Nkw;gb re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l vLNfhs;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3&' 910 Jkg-1oC-1 jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTila mYkpdpaj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l ghj;jpuj;jpd;
jpzpT 200 g MFk;. mjDs; 20 oC apy; cs;s 2 kg ePu; mlq;fpAs;sNjhL> nghwpnahd;wpdJ
xU gFjpiar; Rj;jpfupg;gjw;fhf me;ei P u 60 oC tiu ntg;gNkw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ.
i. mYkpdpag; ghj;jpuj;ij 20 C ,ypUe;J 60 oC tiu ntg;gNkWk;NghJ mJ ngWk; o

ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ? ^ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT } 4200 Jkg-1 oC-1&

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii. Nkw;gb ghj;jpuj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ePiu khj;jpuk; ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd
ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 151
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iii. Njitg;gLk; nkhj;j rf;jpapd; msT ahJ?

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv. ,q;F Nkyjpfkhfj; Njitg;gLk; rf;jpapd; msthdJ ePiu khj;jpuk; ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;Fj;
Njitahd rf;jpapd; vj;jid rjtPjkhFk;?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v. Nkw;gb 2 kg ePiu 400 Jkg-1oC-1 jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT nfhz;l ru;trkdhd nrg;Gg;
ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; ,l;L ,f;fUkj;ij elj;JNthkhapd;> Nkyjpfkhfr; nrythFk; rf;jpapd;
msT Kd;dupy; Fiwthdjh $Ljyhdjh vd;gijf; fhuzq; fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
vi. a) Nkw;gb nrg;Gg; ghj;jpuj;ij ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;Fr; nrythFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msitf;
fhz;f
b) mJ ePiu khj;jpuk; ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;Fr; nrythFk; ntg;gj;jpd; vj;jid rjtPjkhFk;?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

4&' M tpahjy pd; j d; k i wnt g; g j ; i j j; JzpAk;

gupNrhjidnahd;Wf;fhf xU khztd; jahupj;j
cgfuz mikg;G fPNo glj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

i. fPNo jug;gl;l cgfuzq;fSf;Fupa FwpaPLfisf;

nfhz;L mikg;gpd; gFjpfSf;Fg; ngaupLf.
P - fNyhupkhdp
Q - nfhjpePuhtpg; nghwp
R - nfhjpePuhtpg; gpwg;ghf;fp
S - gd;rd; RluLg;G

ii. mikg;gpy; A, B Mfpa Foha;fspd; gad; ahJ?

A''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
B ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. Foha; B ,dJ Kid Neubahf fNyhupkhdpapDs; GFj;jg;glhJ kw;WNkhu;
cgfuzj;jpd; topNa nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv. ,g;gupNrhjidf;Fupa Vida mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v. ,g;gupNrhjidapy; ngWk; mstPLfis xOq;FKiwg;gb Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 152
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

vi. ePupd; Mtpahjypd; kiw ntg;gj;ijj; Jzptjw;Fj; Njitahd Vida jfty;fs;

ahit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
vii. ,g;gupNrhjidapd; jd;ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd njhlu;G ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
viii. Nkw;gb tpdh vii ,w;Fupa njhlu;ig vOJk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vLNfhs;
ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ix. NkNy glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW cgfuzq;fis mikj;J gupNrhjidia elj;Jk;
NghJ> Nkw;gb vLNfhs;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jj;jf;f xU jilia Vd; ePf;f
NeupLk;? mj;jil ahJ? mjw;fhf ePq;fs; Ma;$lj;jpy; vLf;Fk; eltbf;ifia
glj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ngaupLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

5& 2 x 10-4 m2 FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT nfhz;l 50 cm ePskhd cNyhff; Nfhnyhd;wpd;

ntspNkw;gug;G ed;F fhtyplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; Xu; me;jk; 100 0C ,y; cs;s Xu;
miwAld; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> kWme;jk; 20 0C apy; cs;s ePUld; njhLifAWkhW
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nfhjp ePu;
ePuhtp
100 0C 20 0C

i. epj;jpaepiyapy; Nfhypd; topNa ntg;gk; ghAk; tPjj;ijf; fhz;f. (Nfhypd; ntg;gf;

flj;jhW 380 Wm-1 0C-1)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ii. Nkw;gb mikg;gpy; Nfhypd; tyJ gf;f me;jk; ePUf;Fg; gjpyhf cUFk;
gdpf;fl;bapDs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhapd;> Nfhypd; topNa cWjpepiyapy; ntg;gk;
ghAk; tpjj;ijf; fhz;f.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. ePupd; cUfypd; jd; kiwntg;gk; 330000 J kg -1 Mapd;> xU kzp Neuj;jpy; cUFk;
gdpf;fl;bapd; jpzpT ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 153

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iv.
250 oC 0 oC

Nkw;gb cNyhff;NfhYk; ru;trkkhd msTfisf; nfhz;l mYkpdpaf; Nfhnyhd;Wk;

glj;jpw; fhl;bAs;sthW ,izf;fg;gl;L Xu; me;jk; 250 0C ,Yk;> kW me;jk; 0 0C
apYk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (mYkpdpaj;jpd; ntg;gf; flj;jhW 200 Wm-1 0C-1 MFk;)
a). $l;Lf;Nfhypd; nghJ %l;bdJ ntg;gepiyiaf; fhz;f.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
b). $l;Lf;Nfhypd; topNa ntg;gk; ghAk; tPjk; ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

6&' njhopDl;gtpay; ghlk; gapYk; khztnuhUtu; khwh

ntg;gepiyAs;s Xu; miwia ^Incubator& mikf;fj;
jpl;lkpLfpwhu;. mjd; cl;Gw ntg;gepiyia 40 0C apy;
NgZjy; mtrpakhFk;. ntspg;Gw ,ilntg;gepiy 25 0C
vdf; nfhs; s g; g l; L s; s J. miwapd; cl; G wj; i j 150cm
ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;fhf 100W vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,io
kpd;t psf;Ffisg; gad;g Lj;j vjpu;g hu;f ; f g;g Lfpd;w J.
miwapd; ePs> mfy> cauq;fs; KiwNa 100> 100> 150
cm MFk;.
100cm
i' miwapd; Nkw;gug;gsitf; fzpf;Ff. 100cm
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii' ,e;j miwapd; Rtu;fis mikg;gjw;fhfj; njupTnra;Ak; nghUspy; fhzg;gl
Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd ntg;g ,ay;nghd;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii' ,e;j miwia mikg;g jw;fhf 25 nrd;upkPw;wu; jbg;Gs;s gyif gad;g Lj;j
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ^Kmupkuk;= 0.2 Wm-1K-1&. miwapd; Rtu;fSf;Ff; FWf;fhf
xU nrf;fdpy; ntspNa ghAk; ntg;gj;jpd; msitf; fzpf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv. ,iotpsf;fpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tYtpd; 50% ntg;gkhf toq;fg;gLfpd;wnjdpd;> xU
nrf;fdpy; xU kpd;Fkpo; toq;Fk; ntg;gj;jpd; msitf; fhz;f.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v' mjw;fika gad;gLj;jNtz;ba 100 W kpd;Fkpo;fspd; njhif ahJ? (NtW KiwfspYk;
Vwj;jho 40 W tYTld; ntg;gk; gha;tjhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;f.)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
vi' miwapd; cl;Gwr; Rtu;fis nu[pNghkpdhy; kiwg;gpLtjhy;> gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
kpd;Fkpo;fspd; njhifiaf; Fiwf;f KbAkh vd tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 154

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

7& i. ePl;ly; tpupjfT vd;gJ ahJ?

ii. 1'9 « 10-5 K-1 ePl;ly; tpupjfTs;s gpj;jisapdhyhd kPw;wu;f;Nfhnyhd;W 0 oC apy;
gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. kPw;wu;f;Nfhy; 30 0C apy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ 1 m vdg;
gjpthFk; mstPl;bd; cz;ikahd ePsk; ahJ?
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. 30 0C ,y; cs;s mYkpdpak; Nfhnyhd;wpid 30 0C apy; cs;s kPww ; u;f; Nfhnyhd;wpdhy;
mse;jNghJ mstPL 50 cm vdg; gjpthfpaJ. mYkpdpaf; Nfhypd; cz;ik ePsk;
ahJ?
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. mYkpdpaf; Nfhypd; ntg;gepiy 0 0C tiu Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. mYkpdpaj;jpd; ePl;ly;
tpupjfT 2.5x10-5k-1 Mapd; 00 C ,y; mYkpdpaf;Nfhypd; cz;ik ePsk; ahJ?
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

8&' fhtyplg;gl;l Nfhnyhd;wpd; topNa ntg;gk; flj;jg;gLk;NghJ ntg;gg; guk;giyf;

fw;wha;tjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Ma;$l mikg;nghd;W glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
P Q R S

A B
cNyhff; Nfhy;

nghypj;
ig
fmd,s ijupd;
a hßka ftrk;
wdjrKh
i' ,ilntspfspy; ,lg; g l;L s; s JisfspDs; ntg;g khdpfspd; Fkpo; g Fjp
itf;fg;gl;L gd;rd; RluLg;gpdhy; cNyhff;Nfhy; ntg;gNkw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
a Nkw;gb gupNrhjidaikg;gpy; cs;s gd;rd; RluLg;ig tiue;J fhl;Lf.
b ntg;gkhdpfisj; JisfspDs; GFj;j Kd;du; mj;JisfspDs; rpwpjsT
krnfz;nza; ,lg;gl;lJ. mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

ii' Nfhy; epj;jpaepiyia mile;Js;sjh vd ePq;fs; vt;thW fz;lwptPu;fs;.

iii' Nfhy; epj;jpaepiyia mile;j gpd;du; ePq;fs; ngWk; thrpg;Gf;fs; vit?
iv' ePq;fs; tiuAk; tiugpd; mr;Rf;fs; ahit?
X mr;R '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
y mr;R '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v' ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; tiuig gpd;tUk; mr;Rf;fspd; kPJ tiue;J fhl;Lf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 155

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

vi' Nfhy;> fhtyplg;gltpy;iynadpd; fpilf;Fk; tiuigg; gpd;tUk; mr;Rf;fspd;kPJ

tiue;J fhl;Lf.

vii' Nkw;gb gupNrhjidapd;NghJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;l NfhYf;Fg; gjpyhf flj;jhW Fiwthd

xU Nfhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhapd;> Nkw;gb tiugpd; ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwDf;Fk;
(m) Gjpa Nfhypd; ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwDf;Fk; (m1) ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig
vOjpf; fhl;Lf.

viii' cNyhff; Nfhypd; A KidapypUe;J KjyhtJ ntg;gkhdp (P) tiuapyhd J}uk;

25 cm ck; Q ntg;gkhdp tiuapyhd J}uk; 32 cm ck; Mapd; epj;jpa epiyapy;
P apdJ thrpg;G 35 0C ck; Q ,d; ntg;gepiy 21 0C ck; Mapd; Nfhypd;
ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwd; ahJ?

fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;
1' gug;gsT tpupjfT vd;gJ ahnjd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp> gug;gsT tpupjfTf;Fk; ePl;ly;
tpupjfTf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;g Lk; njhlu;i gf; fl;bnaOg;Gf. ePl;ly; tpupjfT
1.2 x 10-5 K-1 nfhz;l rJutbt cUf;Fj; jfnlhd;W 0 0C epiyapd;NghJ 80 cm gf;f
ePsk; nfhz;lJ. 60 0C ,d; NghJ mjpy; mjpfupf;Fk; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
2' ePl;ly; tpupjfT 2.5 x 10-5 K-1 nfhz;l mYkpdpaj; jfnlhd;wpy;> 20 0C ,y; 1 cm Miu
nfhz;l Jisnahd;W cs;sJ. 200 0C apd; NghJ ,j;Jisapd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
1.01 cm MiuAs;s Nfhsnkhd;iw ,j;JisapD}lhf nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkdpd; jfl;bd;
ntg;gepiy vt;tsthftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

3. ePl;ly; tpupjfT 1.2 x 10-5 K-1 nfhz;l cNyhf ehlhtpdhy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tz;bw;
rpy;Y tisankhd;wpd; Miu 44 cm MFk;. 44.2 cm Miu nfhz;l kuj;jhyhd
rpy;nyhd;iw ,jDs; GFj;Jtjw;F cNyhf tisaj;ij vt;tsT ntg;gepiy khw;wj;jpwF
;
cl;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?

4. fdtsT tpupjfT vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp> fdtsT tpupjfT kw;Wk; ePl;ly;

tpupjfT vd;gtw;wpf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gf. ePl;ly; tpupjfT 2.5 X
nfhz;l mYkpdpaj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l fdkhdf; FLitnahd;wpy; cl;fdtsT 20 0C
,y; 1 l MFk;. 100 0C apd;NghJ mjd; cl; fdtsitf; fhz;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 156

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

; y; tpupjfT 1.2 X 10-5 K-1 nfhz;l cUf;fpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l fdkhdf; FLitnahd;wpd;

5. ePll
nfhs;ssT 0 0C y; 2 l MFk;. xt;nthU ntg;gepiyapYk; khw;wkilahj ntWk;
ntspia itj; j pUg; g jw; f hfg; ghj; j puj; j pDs; ,l Ntz; b a eP l ; l y; tpupjfT
2.5 X10-5 K-1 nfhz;l mYkpdpaf; Fw;wpapd; fdtsitf; fhz;f.
6. ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;jpy; jhf;fQ; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; vit? ahNjDk; jputpaj;Jf;fhd
ntg;gf; flj;jhWf;Fupa rkd;ghl;il vOjp mjd; cWg;Gf;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f. ve;j
epge;jidfspd; fPo; ,r;rkd;ghL cz;ikahFk;?
7. 12 cm jbg;ghd> nrq;fy; Rtu; nfhz;l miwnahd;wpd; ntsp ntg;gepiy 30 0C Ak;>
cs; ntg;gepiy 20 0C Ak; MFk;. nrq;fy;ypd; ntg;gf; flj;jhW 0.48 Wm-1 K-1 vdpd;
Rtupd; 1 m2 Clhf xU epkplj;Js; nry;Yk; ntg;gj;jpd; msitf; fzpf;Ff. ,t;thW
ntg;gkiljiy ,opthf;Ftjw;fhf Rtupd; cl;gug;gpy; 2.5 cm jbg;ghd> 0.14 Wm-1 K-1
ntg;gf; flj;jhW nfhz;l gyif kiwg;G ,lg;gbd; nrq;fy; - gyif ,lg;gl;l
gFjpapy; 1 m2 Clhf xU epkplj;Js; nry;Yk; ntg;g msitf; fzf;fpLf.
8' ePuhtpf; nfhjpfyd; xd;wpd; mbj;jsj;jpd; jbg;G 1.2 cm ck; fPo; jsg;gug;G 1 m2 ck;
M F k ;. m J 48 Wm-10C-1 ntg;gf; flj;jhW nfhz;l cNyhfj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
mJ epkplj;jpw;F 1 kg tPjk; tspkz;ly mKf;fk; l ,d; fPo; ePuhtpia cw;gj;jp
nra;fpwJ. nfhjpfydpd; fPog ; G
; w mbg;gug;gpd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fhz;f. (ePupd; Mtpahjypd;
jd;kiwntg;gk; 2.26 x 10 Jkg-1) Rthiyapd; ntg;gepiyAk; mNj msthfNt ,Uj;jy;
6

Ntz;Lkh? tpsf;fk; jUf.

ePz ; l ehl; f s; gad;g Lj;j pa gpd; du; nfhjpfydpd; cl; G w mbj; j sg; gug; g py;
0.8 Wm-1K-1 msT ntg;gf; flj;jhW nfhz;l 2 mm jbg;ghd cg;Gg;gilnahd;W
gbe;jJ. vdpDk;> Kd;ida tPjj;jpNyNa ePuhtp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;NghJ nfhjpfydpd;
fPo; mbg;gug;gpd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fzf;fpLf. ,uz;L gilfsJk; ,ilKfg;gpd;
ntg;gepiyiaf; fhz;f.
9. Jtpr;rf;fu tz;bapy; I];fpwPk; tpw;gid nra;Ak; xUtuJ I];fpwPk; ngl;b 50 cm gf;f
ePsq; nfhz;l rJuKfpahFk;. mJ 4 cm jbg;ghd 0.4 Wm-1 K-1 msT ntg;gf; flj;jhW
nfhz;l jputpaj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngl;bAs; 00C ,y; cs;s 10 kg I];fpwPk;
fhzg;gbd;> #oy; ntg;gepiy 34 0C cs;s ehnshd;wpy;> KO I];fpwPKk; fiue;J
nry; t jw; F vt; t sT NeunkLf; F k; ? (I]; f pwP k pd; cUfypd; jd; k iwntg; g k;
3.4 X 105 J kg-1 ck; fiue;j gpwF jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 4200 J kg-1 K-1 ck; MFk;.)
10. kJrhu cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Xu; mikg;gpy; cs;s> cs; Miu 5 mm ck; ntsp
Miu 6 mm ck; nfhz;l> 380 Wm-1K-1 ntg;gf;flj;jhW cila 6 m ePskhd nrg;Gf;
Fohapd; 6 m ePskhd gFjp gdpf;fl;b fye;j ePupy; mkpo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fohapd;
Clhfg; ghAk; kJrhu Mtp 78 0C ntg;gepiyAila jputkhf FohapypUe;J ntsptUk;.
kJrhuj;jpd; nfhjpepiyAk; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gKk; KiwNa 78 0C ck;, 8.6 X
105 J kg-1 ck; gdpf;fl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; 3'4x105 J kg-1 ck; Mapd;
1. Fohapd; Rtupd; Clhf ntg;g ,og;G Vw;gLk; tPjj;ijf; fzpf;f.
2. Fohapd; ntspntg;gepiy 0 0C apNyNa Ngzg;gLkhapd; xU epkplj;jpy; fiuAk;
gdpf;fl;bapd; jpzpitf; fzf;fpLf.
3. xU epkplj;jpy; jput epiyailAk; kJrhuj;jpd; jpzpitf; fzf;fpLf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 157

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

11. i. ntg;gf; flj;jhW vd;why; vd;d?

ii. xU cNyhfg; ghj;jpuk; 1 X 102 Wm-1 K-1 ntg;gf; flj;jhW nfhz;l cNyhfj;jhy;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; mbj;jsj; jbg;G 1 cm ck; Miu 7 cm ck; MFk;.
ghj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ePu; 80 0C khwpyp ntg;gepiyapy; epj;jpa epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ghj;jpuk; 1000 W ntg;g %yfk; xd;wpd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;bUg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;F
vt;tpj ,og;Gkpd;wp ntg;g %yfj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ntg;gk; mbapD}lhfr;
nry;Ykhapd; fPo; mbj;jsj;jpd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fzpf;Ff.
iii. mbj;jsj;jpd; jbg;G 3 cm vdpd;> fPo; mbj;jsg; gug;gpd; ntg;gepiy ahJ?

12. Fspayiwnahd;Wf;F nte;ePu; ngWtjw;fhf> njhopDl;gtpay; gapYk; khztnuhUtu;

Mf;fpa mikg;G glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fohapd; topNa ghAk; ePu; Xu; miwapy;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;L mkpo;g;G ntg;gkhf;fp %yk; ntg;gNkw;wg;gLk;. miwapDs; GFk; ePupd;
ntg;gepiy 20 0 C MFk;. 38 0 C apy; cs;s ePNu Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. mikg;gpy; 1000 W
mkpo;g;G ntg;gkhf;fpnahd;W gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhapd;> 380 C apy; fhzg;gLk; nte;ei P ug;
ngwj;jf;f tPjj;ijf; fhz;f.
[ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 4200 J kg-1 0C vdTk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ntg;g ,og;G Vw;gLtjpyi; y
vdTk; nfhs;f.]

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 158

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
gy; N ju; T - tpdhf;f Sf; f hd tpilfs;
1' tpil 4   2 , r  3 Mjyhy;
2' tpil 1

A2  A1 1  2 
 11  5  105  20 
 11  0.001
 1.001cm 2

3' tpil 3

d 2  d1 1   
d 2  d1  d1
d 2  d1

d1
4.02  4

4  1.9  105
0.02  105

4  1.9
264 o C  

4' tpil 2

JisfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilntspf;F l2  l1 1    Ig; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ J}uk;

 x 1   
5' tpil 2
ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupT Vg rg  (1)

ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupT Vm rm  (2)

Nkw;gb Njitf;fhf ^1&}^2& Mjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Vg rg  Vm rm
Vg rm

Vm rg

6' tpil 5 jputj;jpd mlu;j;jpahdJ Nfhsj;jpd; mlu;j;jpia tplj; Jupjkhff; Fiwtiltjhy;

Nfhsj;jpd; ikak; fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;.
7' tpil 3
8' tpil 2
,q;F gjhu;j;jj;jpd; tpupT = jputpaj;jpd; tpupT
V  3  V ' 
V 3
V '


khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 159

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
9' tpil 4
Q  mc ,d; gb>
KjyhtJ re;ju;g;gk;
mc(90  60)  mwcw (60  30)
mc  mwcw  (1)
,uz;lhtJ re;ju;g;gk;.
m
c  90     mwcw   30   (2)
2

(2) 90  
,y;    30
(1) 2
90    2  60
150  3
50 oC  

10' tpil 2

mAC A  mB CB
2000 V C A  V  4200 1000
4200
CA 
2
 2100 Jkg 1 K 1

11' tpil 1
Q  mc
Q
c
m
12' tpil 2

Q  mc
Q 
 mc
t t
Q 

t t
13' tpil 3 A.B Mfpa $w;Wf;fs; rupahdit vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
ghj;jpuKk; ntg;gj;ijg; ngWfpd;wikahy; C jtwhdJ.
14' tpil 3

Q    
 KA 1 2
t l

K1 A
105  100   K A 100  30 
2
2 4
K1
7
K2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 160

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
15' tpil 5
16' tpil 5 jputpaj;jpd;kJ
P jhq;fpahdJ xU khwpypahFk;.

    
17' tpil 2

   .
1.1 103  1.1105 10  (27   )
  17 oC
18' tpil 4 (2   ) Mjyhy;.
19' tpil 3
20' tpil 5
21' tpil 1

(1)  1  11

(2)   2   2  2  1 2
1   2  11 /    2  2 
11   2 2 1 2

22' tpil 4  x     3 

23' tpil 1

v   v1
 v 
3   
 v1  
0.033
  0.0011 oC 1
3  10
24' tpil 3

Q  ms
 10 103  4200  25
 1050 J
25' tpil 1
26' tpil 5

Q  ms  2  470  60
 56400
 5.64  104 J

27' tpil 3
Q = mL
= 4 x 2.26 x 106 = 9.04 x 106 J
28' tpil 1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 161

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

nts;sp Q
o
20 C 16.5 kg 16.5 kg 961 oC
(s) (e)

Q = mc  mL
= m(c +L)
 16.5(230  941  8.8  104 )
 5.02 106 J
29' tpil 3
30' tpil 2
31' tpil 3
32' tpil 1

q  (1   2 )
t
q  A
t
q  1
t l
q A(1   2 )
t

l

33' tpil 2
A ,dJ myF = m2
1   2 ,dJ myF = oC ck;
l ,dJ myF = m ck;
Q
,dJ myF = w ck; Mjyhy;
t

34' tpil 5 Q KA(θ1 -θ 2 )  360-10 

= =200×  π×1×10 -4  ×   =55 W
t l  0.4 
35' tpil 5
36' tpil 1

Q KA(Q1  Q2 )

t l
0.84  3  20

0.5 102
 10080 J / S
xU kzpj; jpahyj; jpy;  10080  602

37' tpil 4 miw ntg;gepiy > cly; ntg;gepiy

cNyhfk; mupkuk;  jpirapy; ntg;gk; ghAk;
38' tpil 5
39' tpil 5

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 162

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg; G f; fl; L iutif tpdhf; f Sf; f hd tpilfs;

1& i'   2
  3

ii' V0  4  (20  102 )3  4  22  (0.2)3  0.0334 m3

3 3 7
iii. V  V0 (1  3 )
1

 (0.034)(1  3  11 106 (130  30)

 0.0335m 3
iv' fdtsT mjpfupg;G  V  V1  V 0

 0.0335 m 3  0.0334 m 3  0.0001 m 3

 100 cm 3

33500cm3
v' Mf;ff;$ba cNyhff; Nfhsq;fspd; njhif 
100cm3
 335
vi' ρ 0 = ρ 1 (1+ γΔ θ)

6000  ρ1 (1  33  10 6  100)

6000
ρ1 
(1.0033)

=5980.2 kg/m 3

2&' i) Q1=msΔθ
=10×4200×(85-25)
=2.52×10 6 J
ii) nfhjpePuhtpapd; ntg;gepiy
iii.) [ Q2= nfhjpePuhtpia 1 ,ypUe;J 100 0C tiu FiwtilAk;NghJ ntspNawpa ntg;gk;
+ 1000C apy; cs;s nfhjpePuhtp 100 0C ,y; cs;s ePuhf khWk;NghJ> kiwntg;gk;
+1000C apy; cs;s ePu; 2 0C ,y; cs;s ePuhf khWk;NghJ ntspNaWk; ntg;gk;]
Q2 = mcs( 1 -100)+mx2.27x106+mcl(100- 2 )
(iv) Q2 = m x 2000(150-100) + m x 2.27 x 106 + m x 4200(100-90)
Q2 = 2.412 x 106 Jm
(v)' Q1 = Q2
2.52 x 106 = 2.412 x 106 m
m = 1.05 kg
vi) ePu; ngw;w ntg;gk; } nfhjpePuhtp ntspNaw;wpa ntg;gk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 163

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3&' i. Q  ms 
1

= 0.2  910  (60  20)

 7280 J
ii. Q  ms
2

= 2  4200  (60  20)

 3.36  105 J

iii. Q  Q1  Q2

= (7280  3.36 105 ) J
 343280 J
 343.28 KJ

iv. Q1 7280

 100   100  2.2%
Q2 3.36  105
v. fhuzk;: nrg;gpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssthdJ mYkpdpaj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssit
4&' tplf; Fiwthdjhifahy;> Njitg;gLk; Nkyjpf rf;jpapd; msT FiwthdJ.
Q  ms , m /  khwpyp vdpd; S  Q  

vi. a).  Q3  0.2  400  (60  20)

 3200 J

b). Q3  100  3200

 100 
32
 0.95%
5
Q1 3.36  10 33.6

i.
i.

ii. A - nfhjpePuhtp gpwg;ghf;fpapDs; mKf;fk; mjpfupg;gijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf

B - cw;gj;jpahFk; nfhjpePuhtpiaf; fNyhupkhdpf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf
iii. B ,y; xLq;fpa ePu;> fNyhupkhdpapy; cs;s ePUld; fyg;gijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf
iv. ^1& ntg;gkhdp ^2& Kj;Jyh $ ehd;F Jyhj;juhR
v. 1' ntWq; fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpT
2' ePUld; fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpT
3' ePupd; Muk;g ntg;gepiy

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 164

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
4' njhFjpapd; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy
5' nfhjpePuhtpiar; nrYj;jpa gpd;du;> mlq;fpAs;stw;NwhL> fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpT
vi. 1' fNyhupkhdp Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd; jd; ntg;gf;nfhs;ssT
2' ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT
vii. nfhjp ePuhtp ntsptpl;l ntg;gk; } ePu; ¬ fNyhupkhdp ngw;w ntg;gk;
viii.#oYld; ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; epfOtjpy;iy
ix. gd;rd; RluLg;gpdhy; ntsptplg;gLk; ntg;gk;> fjpu;gG
; %yk; fNyhupkhdpia te;jilayhk;.
,J ,Wjpntg;gepiy mstPl;by; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j ,lKz;L. ,jw;fhf> nfhjpePuhtp
gpwg;ghf;fpf;Fk; fNyhupkhdpj; njhFjpf;Fk; ,ilNa fd;dhu;j; jpiu itf;fg;gLk;.

5& i. Q KA(1  2 ) 380  2 104  (100  20)

   12.16 W
t l 50 102
ii. Q 380  2  10 4  100
  15.2 W
t 50  10 2

iii. Q mL
=
t 60×60
m×330000
15.2=
3600
m=0.165 kg
iv. Q/t cu Al Q/t

250 0C  0 0C

q (   ) (250   )
(a) nrg;G   KA 1 2  K cu A
t l l
q (  0)
mYkpdpak; 
  K Al A
t l

epj;jpa epiyapy; A(250   ) A(  0)

K cu   K Al
l l
250 K cu 250  380
 
K Al  K cu 380  200
 163.8 0C

(b) Q  250  163.8 

 380  2 104  
t  1
Q
 6.55 W
t
6& i' Nkw;gug;gsT } A

A = 2 [(1m x 1m) + (1m x 1.5m) + (1m x 1.5m)

= 2 [ 1 + 1.5 + 1.5) m2 = 8 m2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 165

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ii' ntg;gf; flj;jhW Fiwthd xU jputpaj;ijj;; njupT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

iii'

25 0C 40 0C

50
iv. 100 W   50 W
100
v' ntsptplg;gLk; nkhj;jr; rf;jp = 960 W + 40 W
tY = 1000 W
1000 W
= 50 W = 20 kpd;Fkpo;fs;

vi' nu[pNghk; ntg;gf; flj;jhW Fiwthd xU jputpakhjyhy;> ntg;gk; ntspNa gha;tJ

NkYk; FiwtilAk;. vdNt> gad;gLj;jNtz;ba kpd; Fkpo;fspd; njhifiaf; Fiwj;J
kpd;rf;jpia kPjg;gLj;jyhk;.

7& ePl;ly; tpupjfT vd;gJ myF ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpd; NghJ jpz;kg; nghUnshd;wpd;
ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gpd;d mjpfupg;ghFk;.
(i) l2  l1 (1   )

 (1  1.9  105  30)

 (1  5.7  104 )
 1.00057 m
1.00057
(ii)   50
100 2

= 0.500285 m

(iii) l2  l1 (1   )
l2  0.5003(1  2.5  10 5  30)

 0.5003(1  7.5  10 4 )
 0.5003(1  0.00075)
 0.5003  0.99925
l2  0.4999 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 166

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

8& i' (a)

A

(b) ntg;gkhdpf; Fkpio Nfhypd; ntg;gepiyia milar; nra;a KbAkhjyhy;

ii' ntg;gkhdpfspd; thrpg;Gf;fs; khwhg; ngWkhdj;ij mile;Js;sjh vd;gijr;

Nrhjpg;gjd; %yk;
iii' 1' ntg;gkhdpapd; thrpg;G
2' A KidapypUe;J me;je;j ntg;gkhdp tiuapyhd J}uk;.
iv' X ePsk; ^ A apypUe;J&
Y ntg;gepiy.
v'
WIag
ntg; Kepiy
;ajh ((oC)
C)

ePsk; (cm)
(cm)

vi' m  m.

θ 1 -θ 2 35-21 14
vii' m= = = =2 0 C cm -1
l1 -l 2 32-25 7

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 167

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fSf;f hd tpilfs;

1' myF ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpd; %yk; jpz;kg; nghUnshd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gstpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;Ng
gug;gsT tpupjfT MFk;.
A2  A1
a1  a2
A1

A1 b1  A2 b2

jfl;bd; ePl;ly; tpupTf;fhd

a2  a1 (1   )  (1)
b2  b1 (1   )  (2)
^1& « ^2& ,y; a2b2  a1b1 (1   ) 2

A2 = A1[1+2 + ,d; mLf;F (mJ 0 MFk;)] 

gug;gsT tpupTf;fhd

A2  A1 (1   )  (4) ;F
^3&}^4& ,y; 1    1  2
A2  A1   
 22
A1 
 80  80  2  1.2  10 5  60
 64  14.4  10 2 cm 2
 9.22 cm 2
2' i.
ii. Jisapd; tpupitf; fUjpdhy;
A2  A1 (1  2 ) A2  A1 (1  2 )
 r2 2   r12 (1  2 ) 
22 2
1 (1  2  2.5  105  180)
2 7
1.01  12 (1  2  2.5  105  )
22
1.0201  1  5  105   (1  0.009)
7
0.0201 22
  1.009  3.168 cm 2
5  105 7
 400 o C

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 168

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3'  r2 2   r12 (1  2 )

2
 44.2   1  2 1.2 105
2
 44 
379.6o C  
4' myF ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpd;NghJ gjhu;j;jnkhd;wpd; fdtstpy; epfOk; gpd;d mjpfupg;Ng
fdtsT tpupjfT vdg;gLk;.
ePl;ly; tpupjfitf; fUjp
a1 b1  a2 b2
a2  a1 (1   )  (1) v1 c1 v2 c2
b2  b1 (1   )  (2)
c2  c1 (1   )  (3)
a2b2 c2  a1b1c1 (1  3   y s by,
,d; n, &mLf;F
cau;

 ,d; cau; mLf;Ffisf; fUjKbAkhjyhy;

a2b2 c2  a1b1c1 (1  3 &
V2  V1 (1  3 )  (4)
fdtsT tpupitf; fUJtjhy;.
V2  V1 (1   )  (5)
^4&}^5& ,y; 1  3  1  
  3

V2  V1 (1  3 )
V2  1 l (1  3  2.5  10 5  80)
V2  1  0.006
 1.006 l

5' ghj;jpuj;jpdJk; miwapdJk; mjpfupf;Fk; fdtsT rkkhjy;

Ntz;Lk;
ghj;jpuj;jpy; mjpfupf;Fk; fdtsT V  V  3
miwapy; mjpfupf;Fk; fstsT V  V ' 3 '

V  3  V ' 3 '

V 
V '
'
2  1.2  10 5 V
V '
2.5  10 5
24
 V'
25
 0.96 l

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 169

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwd; FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;gsT> jputpak;

Q
t
Q    
 KA 1 2
K 

   
t ,d;gb A 1 2 
l
 l 
Q } myF Neuj;jpy; ghAk; ntg;gk;.
t
 1   2 
  } ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwd;
 l 
A } FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;gsT
fhtyplg;gl;l Nfhy; (mr;Rg; gha;r;rypy;) epj;jpaepiyapy;

7' Q  KA
1   2 
t l

 0.48  1
 30  20 
12  10 2
 4  10 Rtu;
 40 w 30 oC 20 oC

12 cm
xU epkplj;jpy; ghAk; ntg;gk;. } 40 « 60 J
} 2400 J

I. Q  K1 A
1  2   K A 2  3 
t l1
2
l2
0.14(  20)
 4(30   ) 
0.025

140
 4(30   )  (  20)
25 30 oC
20 oC
 300  10  14  28
580  28 12 cm
580

28
20.71o C  

II. Q 0.48(30  20.71)


t 0.12
 4  9.29
 37.16 W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 170

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

8' A  1m 2
l  1.2 102 m
q    
 KA 1 2
t l
(  100)
mL  48 1
1.2 10 2
1 2.26 106 48   100  100 0C
 1.2 cm
60 12 103
2.26 103 1 m2
   100
4  60
9.42  100  
  109.42 oC

ryhifapd; ntg;gepiy mJthfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. mbapd; ntg;gepiyahdJ

mbapd; jbg;G> ntg;gf; flj;jhW Mfpatw;wpdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

Q    
 KA 1 2
ii.
t 
  100   K  2  1 
mL  K1 1 2
1 2
1  2.26  106   100   48  2  1 
 0.8 1
60 2  103 1.2  10 2 100 0C
2mm
1  2.26  106 0.8 1  100  1 1.2cm

60 2  10 3 2
2260
 1  100
24
1  194.16
4.8 1  100   48  2  1 
1  100  10 2  101
111  10 2  100  (1)

^1& ,y; gpujpaPL nra;tjhy;.

11194.16  10 2  100

2036
2 
10
 203.6 oC

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 171

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9' (i) 1  34,  2  0 4 cm

K  0.4
A  0.5  0.5  6 50 cm
34 oC 0 oC
2
 1.5 m

Q
 KA 1
   2 
t 
mL 34
 0.4  1.5 
t 4  10 2
5
10  3.4  10 4  15  34

t 4
10  3.4  10 5
t
4  15  34
20000
t
3  60

t = 2 kzp 45 epkplk;

(ii) #oy; ntg;gepiyia miltjw;F ePz;l Neuk; nry;Yk;.

10' 1' K  48
0 oC
A   
1 mm
22
A  2   5.5  10 3  6 78 oC
7
44
A  55  6  10 4
7

Q
 KA 1
   2 
t 

 48 
44
 55  6  10 4
 78  0 
7 1  10 3
44
 48   55  6  78  10 1
7
 7.76  10 5 W

2' mL  7.76  105  60

m  3.4 105  7.76  60  105
7.76  60
m
3.4
m  136 kg

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 172

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3' m  8.6  105  7.76 105  60

7.76  60
m
8.6
m  54.13 kg

11' myF ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwdpd; fPo; myFf; FWf;Fntl;Lf;F Clhf ntg;gk; ghAk; tPjNk
ntg;gf;flj;jhW MFk;.
1'
K  1 102
22
A  7  7 104 154 10 4 m 2
7
Q    
 KA 1 2
t 

1000  1102 154 104

  80 
1 102
1000
  80   6.5
154
  86.5o C

2'   3cm
1154 102
1000  (  80)
3 102
19.48    80
  99.48o C

12& m
1000   4200  18
t
10 m
kgs -1 
42  18 t

m
 c
t
m
1000   4200  18
t
10 m
kgs -1 
42  18 t
50 10
10  60
ePu; ngWk; tPjk; epkplj;Jf;F fpNyhfpuhkpy; 
42 21  18 3

50

63
 0.794 kg min 1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 173

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 11 - ,af;f ,urhadtpay;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1' jhf;ftPjj;jpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ahj fhuzp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. jhf;ftPjk; 2. ntg;gepiy
3. jhf;fpfspd; ngsjpfj; jd;ik 4. jhf;fk; epfOk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT
5. Cf;fp

2' fha; gOj;jy; vd;gJ njhlu;rr

; pahd capupurhadj; jhf;fq;fspd; xU tpisthFk;.
re;ijf;F goq;fis toq;Fk; NghJ ,j;jhf;fq;fspd; tPjj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. fha;fs; gOg;gijj; jhkjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhff; ifahsj;jf;f Xu; cj;jp
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. fha;fs; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuq;fis ntg;gNkw;wy;
2. fha;fs; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuq;fis Fspu;j;Jjy;
3. <ukhf;fpa fhigl;L %yk; Cf;fp thA toq;Fjy;
4. fha;fs; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuq;fspd; <ug;gjid mjpfupj;jy;
5. fha; gOj;jy; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahd xU nrad;Kiwahjyhy; vJTk; nra;ahjpUj;jy;

3. capupurhadj; jhf;fq;fspd; tPjj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Cf;fpfs;

vg;ngau; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLk;?
1. Gujk; 2. nehjpak; 3. Vftpd Cf;fp
4. XNkhd; 5. gy;ypd Cf;fp

4' rPnke;J ,Wfp cWjpngwy; vd;gJ njhluhd ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fspd; tpisthf

epfOtjhFk;. Ntiyj;jsq;fSf;F ghupa mstpy; nfhq;fpuPw;Wf; fyit Njitg;gLk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> rPke;J fyf;Fk; jsq;fspy; cupa juq;fspd;gb nfhq;fpuPw;Wf; fyit
jahupf;fg;gl;L mjw;nfd tpNrlkhf mikf;fg;gl;l thfdq;fspy; Njitahd ,lk;
tiuapy; nfhq;fpuPw;Wf; fyit nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk;. ,q;F Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;nfd Neuk;
nrythfpd;wikahy; rPnke;J ,WFtJ nghUj;jkhdthW jhkjg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mjw;fhfr;
nra;ag;gLtJ ahJ?
1. fyitapy; rPnke;J Fiwthf ,ly;
2. ,WFtijj; jhkjg;gLj;Jk; ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fisg; NghJkhd msTf;F ,Ljy;
3. ePu; Nru;f;fhJ fyitia toq;Fjy;
4. #lhd ePu; Nru;j;J fyitiaj; jahupj;jy;
5. ,tw;Ws; vJTkd;W
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 174
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5&' xU jhf;fj;Jf;Fupa (rf;jp) ntg;gTs;Siwg; glk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

rf;jp
E3

jhf;Fjpwd;
E2

tpisTfs;
E1
Neuk;

jhf;fj;jpd; Vtw;rf;jp ahJ?

1' E2-E1 2' E3-E1 3' E3-E2 4' E2-E3 5' E1-E3

6&' rpy jhf;fq;fs; rpy gbKiwfspd; topNa epfOk;. (gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fk;). ,t;thwhdnjhU
jhf;fj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tPjj;jpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tJ ahJ?
1. jhf;f tPjk; cr;rkhd gbKiw
2. jhf;f tPjk; ,opthd gbKiw
3. jhf;fj;jpd; gbKiwfspd; vz;zpf;if
4. Muk;gg; gbKiwapd; tPjk;
5. ,Wjpg; gbKiwapd; tPjk;

7' jhf;fnkhd;wpd; jhf;f tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzp>

1' ntg;gepiyahFk;. 2' nrwpthFk;.
3' ngsjpfj; jd;ikahFk;. 4' Cf;fyhFk;.
5' NkYs;s midj;JkhFk;.

8' 2N 2 O5→
9
4NO 2 9 + O 29
Muk;gj;jpy; 2N2O5 ,d; nrwpT Mff; fhzg;gl;lJld; 10 nrf;fdpd; gpd;du;.
-3
N2O5 ,d; nrwpT 0.1moldm MfpaJ. 2N2O5 ,d; nrwpTf; FiwT tPjk; vt;tsT?
1' 0.3 moldm -3S -1 2' 0.3 moldm -3S-1
3' 0.03 moldm -3S-1 4' 0.03 moldm-3S-1
5' fzpg;gjw;Fupa juTfs; NghjhJ.

9' jhf;fnkhd;W eilngw gpd;tUk; ve;j epge;jid/epge;jidfs; G+uj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;?

(A) jhf;fj; Jzpf;iffspilNa NkhJif epfo Ntz;Lk;.
(B) jhf;fj; Jzpf;iffs; cupa jpirfspy; NkhJifaila Ntz;Lk;.
(C) Vtw; rf;jpia tpQ;rf;$ba msT rf;jpiag; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1' A kl;Lk; 2' A,B kl;Lk;.
3' A,C kl;Lk;. 4' B,C kl;Lk;.
5' A , B,C Mfpad vy;yhk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 175

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10' 2 N O 2 (g )  2 N O (g ) + O 2 (g )
3
Muk;g NO 2 (g) ,d; nrwpT 0.01mol dm vd;wthW %ba Fohnahd;wpDs; cs;sJ. 100
-3 -1
nrf;fdpd; gpd;du; NO 2 (g) ,d; nrwpT 0.0065 m ol dm S MfpaJ NO cUthFk; tPjk;
moldm -3S-1 ,y; vt;tsthFk;?
1' 3.5 104 2' 3.5 102
3' 3.5  105 4' 7.0  104
5' 7 105

11' cau; ntg;gepiyapy; eilngWk; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghd ,urhadf; ifj; njhopYf;fhd

rupahd $w;whf miktJ.
1' jhf;fk; eilngWk; ntg;gepiyf;fika nrytpy; khw;wk; Vw;glhJ.
2' ntg;g ,og;igf; Fiwg;gjd;%yk; jhf;ftPjj;ij mjpfupf;fyhk;.
3' ntg;g ,og;igf; Fiwg;gjd;%yk; Vw;gLk; nrytpdj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
4' Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; jhf;fk; eilngWk;NghJ jhf;ftPjj;jpy; ghjpg;G Vw;glhJ.
5' gad; g Lj;j g;g Lk; %yg;n ghUl;f spd; mstpw; f ika toq; f g; g Lk;
ntg;gj;jpd; mstpy; ghjpg;G Vw;glhJ.

mOj;jrf;jp
12' H2(g)+I2(g)  2HIg)

2H2(g)  H2(g) + I2(g) vDk; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd Vtw;rf;jp.

^1& A ^2& B ^3& C
^4& A-B ^5& B+C

jhf;f Ms;$W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 176

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;

1' gpd;tUk; jhf;fj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;f.

A(aq) + 2B  AB2(aq)
A, B Mfpatw;wpd; nrwpTfs; KiwNa 0.2 moldm-3 > 0.3 moldm-3 vd;wthW fyf;fg;gl;ld.
50 nrf;fd;fspd; gpd; AB2 ,d; nrwpT 0.05 moldm-3 MfpaJ.
i' A apd; rhu;gpy; jhf;ftPjj;Jf;fhd Nru;itnahd;iw vOJf.
ii' B apd; rhu;gpy; jhf;ftPjj;Jf;fhd Nru;itnahd;iw vOJf.
iii' AB2 apd; rhu;gpy; jhf;ftPjj;Jf;fhd Nru;itnahd;iw vOJf.
iv' NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Nru;itfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igj; jUf.
v' A tpuakhFk; tPjk; vt;tsT @
vi' B tpuakhFk; tPjk; vt;tsT @
vii' AB cUthFk; tPjk; ahJ @
viii' ,urhadf; ifj;njhopnyhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ jhf;ftPjj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;tjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

2' Fwpj;j ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fs; xU gbKiwapy; epfOk;. ,it mbg;gilj; jhf;fpfs;

vdg;gLk;.
i' jhf;fg;; nghwpKiw vd;why; vd;d?
ii' gy;gbKiw jhf;fj;jpy; ,iltpisT vd;why; vd;d@
iii' gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fj;ijj;; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gbKiw vd;why; vd;d @
iv' jhf;fg; nghwpKiwia mwpe;jpUg;gjhy; ifj;njhopypy; Vw;gLk; mD$yq;fs;
ahit?
v' jhf;fnkhd;W eilngw G+uzg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba epge;jidfis tpsf;Ff

3. jhf;ftPjj;jpy; ntg;gepiy> nryT (thAntdpd; mKf;fk;) ngsjPfj; jd;ik Cf;fy;

vd;gd nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjid vspa gupNrhjid xt;nthd;wpd; %yk; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.

4' jhf;ftPjj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; fhuzpfshd ntg;gepiy> nrwpT> ngsjpfj; jd;ik> Cf;fy;

Mfpatw;wpd; nry;thf;fpid tptupf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 177

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;

1-4 6-2 11 - 3
2-2 7-5 12 - 1
3-2 8-3 13 - 3
4-2 9-5 14 - 3
5-3 10 - 3 15 - 4

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

 A
1' i' jhf;ftPjk; 
t

1   B
ii' jhf;ftPjk;  
2 t

  AB2 
iii' jhf;ftPjk;. 
t

  A 1   B   AB2 
iv'  
t 2 t t
v' A ,d; nrwptpy; Vw;gLk; FiwT  0.05mol dm 3

0.05 mol dm 3
 jhf;ftPjk;. 
50 s
 0.001mol dm 3 s 1

vi' B ,y; nrwptpy; Vw;gLk; FiwT  0.1mol dm 3

0.1mol dm 3
 jhf;ftPjk;. 
50 s
 0.002 mol dm 3 s 1

0.05 mol dm 3
vii' AB2 Vw;gLk; FiwT 
50 s
 0.001mol dm 3 s 1

viii' ,d; %ykhf myF Neuj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; tpisT kw;Wk; jhf;ftPjj;jpd; msT
vd;gtw;iw mwpayhk;. ,jpypUe;J ifj;njhopypd; ,yhgj;ijf; fzpf;fyhk;.

2' i' gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fnkhd;wpy; jhf;fp tpisthf khWk; tpjj;ijg; gf;ftpisTfs;

mlq;fyhfg; gbKiwapy; fhl;Lf.
ii' jhf;fpapd; ,Wjp tpisT vQ;rhj NghJk; jhf;fy; gbKiwfspy; cUthFk;
tpisT.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 178

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iii' nkJthf eilngWk; gbKiw

iv' ,jd; %yk; jhf;ftPjk; jq;fpAs;s gbKiwia ,dq;fhzyhk;. ,jidf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; ifj;njhopypy; ,yhgkPl;lKbAk;.
v' ) %yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif
) %yf;$Wfs; cupa jpirNfhs;fspy; NkhJifiailjy;.
) NkhJifailAk; %yf;$Wfs; Vtw;rf;jpapid tpQ;rpapUj;jy;.

vi' Cf;fpfspd; nry;thf;F.

-3-3 33
0.1 mol dm
0.1mold n NaoHNaOH55cm
cm

c,h
ePu;
5cm
3 MnO2 l= vq 0.5g
J}s;

3
H2O2 10cm

NaOH, MnO2 Mfpad ,lg;gl;l Foha;fspy; Fkpopfs; tpiuthf ntspNaWk;.

3' ) ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ %yf;$Wfspd; ,af;fr; rf;jp mjpfupf;Fk;.

,jd;NghJ NkhJif mjpfupf;Fk;. NkYk; jhf;frf;jpia tpQ;rp> %yf;$w;Wg;
gpd;dk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
) nrwpit mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ %yf; $WfSf;F ,ilapyhd NkhJif
mjpfupf;Fk;.
) myF jpzptpd; Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsT mjpfupf;;f Vw;gLk; NkhJiffspd;
msTk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
) Cf;fp %ykhf jhf;fpfspd; Vtw;rf;jp FiwtilAk;.

Cf;fpaw;wNghJ
>

rf;jp

Cf;fp cs;sNghJ

jhf;fpfs;

tpisTfs;
>

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 179

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 13 - fzpdp nkd;nghUl; gad;ghL

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;
1. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;whdJ
1. Open office writer 2. Windows 7 3. Excel 2010 4. Internet Explorer
5. Macromedia Flash.
2. MS-Word ,y; Gjpa Nfhg;G xd;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd top;
1' File>Tab 2' File>New
3' File>Open 4' File>Save As
5' Edit>Past
3. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; Nrkpf;fKbahj Nfhg;G tif
1. .doc 2. .html 3. .odt 4. .exe 5. .rtf
4. ntl;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FWtopr; rhtp ahJ?
1' ctrl + C 2' ctrl + X 3' ctrl + V 4' ctrl + F 5' ctrl + P
5. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; ctrl + z cgNahfg;gLj;JtJ
1. ahNjDnkhd;iwf; fopg;gjw;fhFk;.
2. vy;yhtw;iwAk; njupTnra;tjw;fhFk;.
3. z vOj;ijf; fUik epwkhf;Ftjw;fhFk;.
4. xUgb gpd;nry;tjw;fhFk; (Undo)
5. xUgb Kd;nry;tjw;fhFk; (Redo)
6. ntt;NtW tif Mtzq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba nkd;nghUshtJ
1. tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;
2. nkd;nghUs;
3. nra;gzpKiwik nkd;nghUs;
4. juT Kfhik nkd;nghUs;
5 nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;
7. Mtznkhd;wpYs;s ghlg; gf;fj;jpy; ,lJ> tyJ Mfpa ,uz;L Xuq;fisAk; (Margin)
Neu;g;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fl;lis vJ?
1' Align Left 2' Align Right
3' Align Center 4' Align Justify
5' Align Top
8' fPNo jug;gl;l khjpupahdJ.

• Terazzo Tile
• Terazzo Marble
• Terazzo Chipe
• Terazzo Floors

1' ,yf;fkpl;L nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

2' Bullets (Fz;Lf;Fwpfs;) ,l;Lr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
3' Center Neu;g;gLj;jQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
4' Left Neu;g;gLj;jQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
5' kP ,izg;Gr; ^Hyperlink& nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
9' ge;jpnahd;wpy;> Kjyhk; tup jtpu Vida tupfs; gf;fj;jpd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpypUe;J
njhlq;f Ntz;ba ,lj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLtJ.
1' First Line Indent 2' Hanging Indent 3' Left Indent
4' Right Indent 5' Tab Selecter

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 180

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10' NkNy tpdh 8 ,y; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;L tif

1' Page Boader 2' Paragraph Boader
3' Text Boader 4' Inside Boader
5' Outside Boader
11' glj;Jf;F NkNyAk; fPNoAk; khj;jpuk; nrhw;fs; mikAkhW nra;tjw;fhf gpuNahfpf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba Wrap style vJ
1' Square 2' Tight 3. Through
4' Top and Bottom 5' Behind Text
12' ,uz;L tupfisAk; %d;W epuy;fisAk; nfhz;l ml;ltiznahd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fr;
nra;aNtz;baJ
1' Table > Insert Table 2' Edit > Table
3' Boarder & Shading 4' Format > Table
5' Table > Insert > Column
13' cUthf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizf;Fg; Gjpjhf tupirnahd;iwr; nrUFtjw;Fr; nra;aNtz;baJ
1' Table > Insert > Column 2' Insert > Table Properties
3' Format > Table Boarder 4' Table > Number of Row
5' Table > Insert > Row
14. ml;ltizapd; mLj;jLj;Js;s ,U fyq;fis xU fykhf khw;Wtjw;F
1. fyq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; njupTnra;J Split nra;ag; gad;gLk;
2. fyq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; njupTnra;J Merge nra;ag; gad;gLk;
3. fyq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; njupTnra;J Shade nra;ag; gad;gLk;
4. fyq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; njupTnra;J Delete nra;ag; gad;gLk;
5. fyq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; njupTnra;J Border nra;ag; gad;gLk;
15' cUthf;fg;gl;l fbjnkhd;iw> mr;rpl Kd;du; mr;R Kd;fhl;rpiag; ngWk; top
1' Print Preview %yk;
2' Ctrl + P mOj;Jtjd; %yk;
3' Zoom fl;lisia Whole Page vdj; njupTnra;jy; %yk;
4' View > web page njupTnra;jy; %yk;.
5' Page setup > Print Preview %yk;.
16. gf;fnkhd;wpd; ghl Xuk; (Margine) cUthf;fg;gLtJ
1. Tools > Page setup %yk;
2. Edit > Margin %yk;
3. File > Page setup %yk;
4. View > Margin %yk;
5. Insert > Margin %yk;
17 nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; vOj;Jf;fisf; fUikahf;Ftjw;Fk;
vOj;Jf;fisg;; ngupjhf;Ftjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jk; FWf;F topfs; vit?
1' Ctrl + I ck; Ctrl + [ ck; 2' Ctrl + X ck; Ctrl + ] ck;
3' Ctrl + Z ck; Ctrl + A ck; 4' Ctrl + B ck; Ctrl +] ck;
5' Ctrl + C ck; Ctrl + V ck;
18' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; gpd;tUk; ve;jf; FwpaPL ghlj;ij ^Text&
gf;fj;jpd; kj;jpapy; Neu;g;gLj;jYf;fhfg; ^Aligning& gad;gLk;?
1' 2 3' 4' 5' ,tw;Ws; vJTky;y

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 181

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

19' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspYs;s ¶ glTUitg; (Icon) gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk;

vjidr; nra;ayhk;
1' tbtikg;ig ^Formatting& ePfF
; Fjy;.
2' jj;jy;fs; ^Tab& milahskply;.
3' xspe;Js;s tbtq;fisg; ghu;j;jy;.
4' ge;jpfis Ntwhf;Fk; ,lq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
5' NkYs;s vJTkd;W.
20' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; Gjpa Mtznkhd;wpid (New Document)
njhlq;f Kd;du; gad;gLj;jpa FWf;Ftopr; rhtpr; (Shortcut Key) Nru;khdk; ahJ?
1' Ctrl + D 2' Ctrl + W 3' Ctrl + N
4' Ctrl + M 5' Ctrl + O
21' nrhy; Kiwtopg; g Lj; j ypy; vDk; glTU (Icon) gpd; t Uk; vjw; f hfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.?
1' Fz;Lf;Fwpg; gl;banyhd;iw my;yJ ,yf;fg; gl;banyhd;iw cl;gLj;jy;.
2' ge;jpnahd;wpdJ cgge;jp cs; js;Sk; ^Indent& kl;lj;ijf; Fiwj;jy; $ $l;Ljy;
3' gf;fnkhd;wpd; Xuq;fisf; (Margin) $l;bf; Fiwj;jy;.
4' ge;jpnahd;wpd; vOj;Jf;fspd; msit khw;Wjy;.
5' ge;jpfSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntspiaf; Fiwj;jy; $ $l;Ljy;.
22' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; Ctrl + X kw;Wk; Ctrl + V Mfpait KiwNa
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vtw;Wf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
1' ntl;Ltjw;Fk; xl;Ltjw;Fk;.
2' gpujpnra;tjw;Fk; xl;Ltjw;Fk;.
3' njupT nra;jtw;Fk; xl;Ltjw;Fk;.
4' fsQ;rpag;gLj;jTk; xl;Ltjw;Fk;.
5' gpujpnra;tjw;Fk; njupTnra;tjw;Fk;.
23' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Letter vDk; Nfhg;igj;
jpwe;J mjidg; gjpg;Gr; nra;j gpd;du; Letter-Edited vdr; Nrkpf;fNtz;bAs;sJ. ,jw;fhf
mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' File > Save 2' File > Save as.. 3' Ctrl + S
4' Ctrl + A 5' Ctrl + S + A
24' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; gad;gLk; ml;ltizfs; njhlu;ghd
jtwhd $w;W.
1' ml;ltizapd; ,Wjpr; rpw;wiwapypUe;J jj;jpr; (Tab) rhtpia mOj;Jtjd; %yk;
Gjpa tupnahd;wpidr; Nru;f;fyhk;.
2' cl;gLj;jpa ngWkhdq;fs; njhlu;ghf fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;tjw;fhfr; #j;jpuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3' ge;jp> epuy;fs;> tupirfs;. rpw;wiwfs; Mfpatw;wpd; msT NtWgLkhW Kw;WKOjhf
ml;ltizapd; msit xNuabahf khw;w KbahJ.
4' rpy rpw;wiwfis xd;wpizg;gjw;F ^Merge& rpw;wiwfisg; gpupg;gjw;F ^Split& trjp
cz;L
5' Gjpjhfg; ge;jp epuy;fisAk; tupirfisAk; Nru;ff ; yhk;
25' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpypUe;J ahNjDk; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjid ePf;Ftjw;fhf ^Undo& ,idg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd FWf;Ftopr;
rhtpr; Nru;khdk; ahJ?
1' Ctrl + X 2' Ctrl + Y 3' Ctrl + Z
4' Ctrl + W 5' Ctrl + C

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 182

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

26' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; cjtp (Help) ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

nraw;gL rhtp ahJ?
1' F1 2' F2 3' F8 4' F10 5' F5
27' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; H2O vd;gij cl;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpd;tUk;
vjidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
1' Superscript 2' Subscript 3' Function
4' Wordwrap 5' SmallCap
28' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; cs;s gpd;tUk; jj;jpfspd; ^Tab& rupahd
xOq;FKiwapy; tUtJ vJ?

1' tyJ jj;jy; (Right Tab)" ,lJ jj;jy; (Left Tab)" ikaj; jj;jy; (Center Tab)" jrkj;
jj;jy; (Decimal Tab)
2' ,lJ jj;jy;" tyJ jj;jy;> ikaj; jj;jy;> jrkj; jj;jy;
3' ,lJ jj;jy;" tyJ jj;jy;> jrkj; jj;jy; " ikaj; jj;jy;
4' tyJ jj;jy;> ,lJ jj;jy;" jrkj; jj;jy; " ikaj; jj;jy;
5' tyJ jj;jy;> jrkj; jj;jy;" ikaj; jj;jy;> ,lJ jj;jy;
29' Neu;Kfg; guPl;irnahd;Wf;F xU njhFjp tpz;zg;gjhupfis miog;gjw;fhf> xNu
khjpupapy; mike; j fbjq; f isj; jghypy; mDg; g Ntz;b As; s J. fzpdpapy;
Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpz;zg;gjhupfspd; ngau;> Kftup> Neu;Kfg; guP;li ; rf;F tUifju
Ntz;ba Neuk; Mfpa xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l juTfis cl;gLj;jp fbjq;fisj;;
jahupg;gjw;fhf nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; mlq;fpAs;s tpNrl trjp vJ?
1' Mail creater 2' Mailing 3' Mail Merge
4' Merge Mail 5' email
30' gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; ftdpf;f.
A. MS-Excel
B. MS-Word
C. Word Perfects
,tw;Ws; nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;/nghUs;fs; ^Word Processing software&
vit / vJ?
1' A khj;jpuk; 2' A,B khj;jpuk; 3' B,C khj;jpuk;
4' B khj;jpuk; 5' NkYs;s vy;yhk;
31' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; Mtznkhd;wpy; vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspYk;
fPo;g;gFjpapy; cq;fsJ ngaiu ,lNtz;bAs;snjdpd; mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
gFjp>
1' mbg;ghlk; ^Foot text& 2' mbj;jsf;Fwpg;G ^Footer& 3' mbf;Fwpg;G ^Foot Note&
4' jiyg;G ^Header& 5' NkYs;sit vitAky;y.
32' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs; Mtznkhd;wpy; tbtnkhd;iwr; nra;j clNdNa
mjid Undo nra;J fhl;lyhk;. mNj fzj;jpy; mjid kPsr; nra;tjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;JtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 183

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

33' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; jpirKfj;ij ^Orientation& khw;Wtjd; %yk;.

1. gf;fj;jpd; msit khw;wyhk;.
2. ghlk; mikAk; jpiria khw;wyhk;.
3. gf;fj; jpiria Landscape MfNth Portrait MfNth khw;wyhk;.
4. gf;fnkhd;wpd; Xu vy;iyfis (Margins) khw;wyhk;.
5. gf;fj;ijj; Njitahd msT ghiff;F Row;wyhk;.
34. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs; Mtznkhd;wpd; ghlj;ijj; (Text) njupTnra;jy;
njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W vJ?
1. Alt + A rhtpr; Nru;khdk; %yk; KO Mtzj;ijAk; xNuabahfj; njupT nra;ayhk;.
2. ge;jpnahd;wpy; Kd;dhy; Rl;bia (Mouse) xNuabahf %d;W jlitfs; mOj;Jtjhy;
(Triple Click) ge;jpiaj; njupT nra;ayhk;.
3. Ctrl rhtpAld; Rl;bia mOj;Jtjd; %yk; xU trdj;ijj; njupTnra;ayhk;.
4. xU me;jj;jpy; epiyfhl;b Cursor I itj;J kw;iwa Xuj;jpy; Ctrl rhtpAld;
Rl;bia (Mouse) mOj;Jtjd; %yk; xU thf;fpaj;ijj; njupTnra;ayhk;.
5. Select vDk; fl;lis (Command) %yk; mjidr; nra;ayhk;.
35. ge;jpnahd;wpd; KjyhtJ vOj;ijg; ngupjhf;fpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy;
nkd;nghUspy; fhzg;gLk; fl;lis ahJ?
1' Ntu;l; Mu;l; ^Word ART&
2' Lnuhg; nfg; ^Drop Cap&
3' ghlg; ngl;b ^Text Box&
4' vOj;JU msT ^Font Size&
5' vOj;ijg; ngupjhf;fy; ^Maximize&
36' nrhy; Kiwtopg;g Lj;j y; nkd;n ghUnshd; i wg; gad;g Lj;j pj; jahupf;f g;l;l xU
tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpy; vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspYk; Nky; Xuj;jpy; ghlj;jpd; ngaUk; fPo; Xuj;jpy;
gf;f ,yf;fKk; ,lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ vJ?
1' Top & Bottom Margine
2' Head Note & Foot Note
3' Header & Footer
4' Top Section & Bottom Section '
5' Print Note
37. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; cs;s xU gFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. Mtzj;jpy; tiuglnkhd;iwg; GFj;jy;.
2. Mtzj;jpy; ml;ltiznahd;iwg; GFj;jy;.
3. mirT+l;lg; glnkhd;iw cUthf;fy;.
4. ntt;NtW juTfisr; Nru;j;jy;.
5. Mtzj;jpy; glnkhd;iwr; Nru;j;jy;.
38' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; Mail Merge ,idr; nraw;gLj;jj;
Njitahdit gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ? vit?
A. gpujhd Mtzk;.
B. fbjj;ijg; ngWgtupd; tptuq;fs;.
C. kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup
1' A kl;Lk;. 2' A,B kl;Lk;. 3' A,C kl;Lk;.
4' C kl;Lk;. 5' Nkw;gb vy;yhk;
39' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; Mtznkhd;wpd; vOj;Jr; rupghu;g;gpiar;
(Spelling check) nraw;glr; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw; rhtp (Function key) vJ?
1' F5 2' F7 3' F8 4' F10 5' F2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 184

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

40' tpupjhnshd;wpd; rpw;wiwnahd;wpy; gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;ilg; GFj;Jk;NghJ TRUE vdf;

fhl;Lk; rkd;ghL gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' =NOT(6>2) 2' =NOT("A">"B")
3' =AND(6=6, "A">"B") 4' =OR(6=7, "A">"B")
5' =AND(6=7, "A">"B")
41' fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s x, y, z Mfpa jUf;ff; Nfhitfspd; ngWNgWfs; KiwNa
x : =And(5<>4, "B">"A")
y : =Not(OR(9<2,10>9))
z : =And(9<>8, Not(6>7))
1' True, False, True 2' True, True, True
3' True, True, False 4' False, False, True
5' False, False, False
42' tpupjhs; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; rpw;wiwnahd;wpy; ^Cell& GFj;jg;gl;Ls;s rhu;Gf;F cjhuzk;
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' = A3 + B1 2' = A1+B3*A10 3' =Count(A1:A5)
4' SUM(A5:A10) 5' =45+60
43' tha;g;ghL ^Formula& " rhu;G ^Function&" gzpj;jhs; ^Worksheet& Mfpad gpd;tUk; ve;jg;
gzpnra; nkd;nghUspy; fhzg;gLk;.?
1' nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;.
2' tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;
3' mspf;if nkd;nghUs; ^Presentation Software&
4' juTj;js Kfhik nkd;nghUs;. ^Databass Managment System Software&
5' tiutpay; nkd;nghUs; ^Graphic Software&
44' ,g;glj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntiyj;jhspy; cs;s vz;fspd; ruhrupg; ngWkhdk; F1 rpww; iwapDs;
,Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj rhu;G (Function) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1' = (A1 + B1+C1+D1+E1)/5

2' = SUM(A1:E1)/5
3' = AVERAGE(A1:E1) * 1/5
4' = AVERAGE(A1:E1)
5' = SUM(A1:E1) * 0.2
45' tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ vJ?
; hLfSk; (Formula) ,lkhfTk;
1. rpw;wiwapd; ghlq;fs; tykhfTk; ngWkhdq;fSk; tha;gg
Neu;g;gLj;jg;gLk;.
2. rpw;wiwnahd;wpd; ghlq;fs; ,lkhfTk;> ngWkhdq;fSk; tha;g;ghLfSk; tykhfTk;
Neu;g;gLj;jg;gLk;.
3. rpw;wiwnahd;wpd; ghlq;fSk; tha;g;ghLfSk; ,lkhfTk; ngWkhdq;fs; tykhfTk;>
Neu;g;gLj;jg;gLk;.
4. rpw;wiwnahd;wpd; ghlq;fs; tykhfTk;> ngWkhdq;fSk; #j;jpuq;fSk; ,lkhfTk;
Neu;g;gLj;jg;gLk;.
5. rpw; w iwnahd; w pd; ghlq; f Sk; ngWkhdq; f Sk; tha; g ; g hLfSk; tykhfTk;
Neu;g;gLj;jg;gLk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 185
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

46' jug;gl;Ls;d gzpj;jhnshd;wpy; gz;lq;fs; rpytw;wpd;

nga u;f S k ; t pi y f S k ; A, B epuy;fspy; jug;gl;gl;Ls;sd.
mg;gz;lq;fspd; fopTr; rjtPjk; C12 rpw;wiwapy;
jug; g l; L s; s J. juitg; gad; g Lj; j p> Kjyhk;
gz;lj;jpw;Fupa fopitf; fzpj;J mjd; %yk; Vida
gz;lq;fSf;Fupa fopitf; fhz;gjw;fhf C2 rpw;wiwapy;
cl;gLj;j Ntz;ba tha;g;ghL vJ?

1' = B2*B12 2' = $B$2 * #B$12

3' = B2 * $B12 4' = B2 * B$12
5' = B$2 * B$12
47' fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s A, B, C Mfpatw;Ws; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; gad;gLk; rpw;wiw
^Cell Address& Kftup vJ / Kftupfs; vit?
A. $A2$
B. $A$2
C. $A2
1' A kl;Lk; 2' Bkl;Lk; 3' C kl;Lk;
4' B,C kl;Lk; 5' Nkw;$wpa vy;yhk; rup
48' tpupjhs; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; A2 rpw;wiwapYs;s ngWkhdj;ij E}w;Wf;F E}w;iwk;gjhf
cau;j;Jtjw;F B2 rpw;wiwapy; vOjNtz;ba #j;jpuk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' = A2*3/2 2' = A2+A2*1/2 3' = A2*1.5
4' = A2 * 150% 5' = (A2 * A2)/2
49' tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;Jf;fhf Mz;bWjpg; guPl;irapy; khztu;fs; ngw;w Gs;spfis tpupjhs;
nkd;nghUspy; GFj;jp Fiwe;j gl;rk; 35 Gs;spfisg; ngw;w khztu;fs; zzPassZZ vdTk;
Vida khztu;fs; zzFailZZ vdTk; ngw vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;tupfspy; KjyhtJ
khztdpd; Gs;sp B2 rpw;wiwapy; cs;sNghJ my;yJ ngWNgw;iw C2 rpw;wiwapy;
ngWtjw;fhf vOj Ntz;ba #j;jpuk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' = IF(B2>35, "Pass","Faill")
2' = IF(B2<35, "Fail","Pass")
3' = IF(B2<=35, "Fail","Pass")
4' = IF(B2>=35, "Fail","Pass")
5' = IF(B2<>35, "Pass","Fail")
50' tpupjhs; nkd; n ghUnshd; w py; Gjpa Ntiyg; Gj; j fnkhd; i w ^New WorkBook&
njhlq;Ftjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FWf;Ftopr; rhtp ^Shortcut Key& vJ?
1' Ctrl + D 2' Ctrl + W 3' Ctrl + N
4' Ctrl + M 5' Ctrl + O

51' jug;gl;Ls;s tpupjhspy; cs;s Gs;spfspd; $l;Lj;njhif A7 rpw;wiwapy;

ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba rhu;G vJ?
1' = Total (A2:A6)
2' = Add (A2:A6)
3' = SUM (A2:A6)
4' = Count (A2:A6)
5' = Plus(A2:A6)

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 186

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

52' NkNy tpdh 51 ,y; jug;gl;l tpupjhspy; A9 rpw;wiwapy; = Count (A1:A8) vd vOJtjhy;
fpilf;Fk; ngWNgW ahJ?
1' 335 2' 8 3' 6 4' 5 5' 9
53' A9 rpw;wiwapy; =CountA (A1:A8) vd vOJtjhy; fpilf;Fk; ngWNgW ahJ?
1' 335 2' 8 3' 6 4' 5 5' 9
54' gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;Ff.
A. tbtq;fis mikf;fyhk;
B. tiuGfisg; GFj;jyhk;
C. ml;ltizfisg; GFj;jp mtw;Wf;Fg; ngWkhdq;fs; njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fs;
nra;ayhk;
D. tPbNahf; Nfhg;Gfisg; (Video File) gjpg;Gr; nra;ayhk;.
,tw;Ws; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; cs;s top vJ? topfs; vit?
1' A kl;Lk; 2' A, B kl;Lk; 3' A,B, C kl;Lk;
4' A, B, D kl;Lk; 5' NkYs;s vy;yhk; rup.
55' njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU tPrr ; py; cs;s vz;fspd; kpfr; rpwpa ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf
tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s rhu;G (Function) vJ?
1' =Mini ( ) 2' = Min ( ) 3' = Small ( )
4' = Lowest ( ) 5' = Minimum ( )
56' tpupjhs; xd;wpy; epunyhd;Wk; ^Column& epiunahd;Wk; ^Row& ,ilntl;Ltjhy; Njhd;WtJ
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' rpw;wiw ^Cell& 2' gzpj;jhs; ^Worksheet& 3' Ntiyg; Gj;jfk; ^Workbook&
4' ml;ltiz ^Table& 5' tiuG ^Chart&
57'

C1 rpw;wiwapy;=A$1 *B1 GFj;jpa gpd;du; mjid C2 rpw;wiwapy; gpujp nra;tjhy; C2

rpw;wiwapy; fhl;lg;gLk; ngWkhdk; ahJ?
1' 24 2' 35 3' 28 4' 30 5' 20
58' gpd;tUk; rpw;wiw Kftupfisf; fUJf.
A. $F$7
B. $F7
C. F$7
D. F7
,tw;Ws; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;fspd; rpw;wiw Kftup / Kftupfs; vit?
1' A kl;Lk; 2' C,D kl;Lk; 3' D kl;Lk;
4' A, D kl;Lk; 5' NkYs;s vy;yhk; rup.
59 xU ghlrhiyapy; f.ngh.j (cau;ju) khztu;fs; ghlj;Jiwfisj; njupTnra;Js;s
tpjj;ij tpupjhnshd;wpy; tiuglkhff; (Chart) fhl;b tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkidf;F
mDg;g Ntz;bAs;sJ.
1' ge;jp epuy; tiuglk; ^Column Chart&
2' tl;l tiuglk; ^Pie Chart&
3' Nfhl;L tiuglk;. ^Line Chart&
4' rpjwy; tiuglk; ^Scatter Chart&
5' Nkw;gb vy;yhtw;iwAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 187

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

60' jug;gl;Ls;s tpupjhspy; A2 rpw;wiwapy; =MAX(A1:F1)

vd vOJtjhy; fpilf;Fk; ngWkjp ahJ?
1' 2 2' 80 3' 65
4' 70 5' 66

61' ,e;jg; gzpj;jhspd; B2 rpw;wiwapy; = (A1-B1)/A2 + B1 vd vOJtjhy;

fpilf;Fk; ngWNgW ahJ?
1' 1 2' 6 3' 75 4' 25
5' 31
62' tpupjhs; nkd;nghUnshd;wpy; rpw;wiw Kftupia toq;fp Fwpjj ; rpww
; iwfspDs; xNuabahfg;
gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba rhtp vJ?
1' F1 2' F2 3' F5 4' F7 5' F8
63' Ntiyj;jhnshd;wpy; A1, B1, C1 Mfpa rpw;wiwfspy; KiwNa gpd;tUk; tha;g;ghLfs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
= 2 <> 1
=NOT (2 > 3)
= "A" > "B"
Nkw;gb rpw;wiwfSs; True vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; rpw;wiw vJ$rpw;wiwfs; vit?
1' B1 kl;Lk; 2' C1 kl;Lk; 3' A1,B1 kl;Lk;
4' B1,C1 kl;Lk; 5' A1,B1,C1 vy;yhk; rup
64' gzpj;jhnshd;wpy; GFj;jg;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; tha;g;ghLfSs; False vdf; fhl;LtJ vJ?
1' = AND(2+1<>2+2, 1+3<=4)
2' =1.5<>3/2
3' =OR(2+1=3,5>7)
4' =NOT(2+3>4+3)
5' =25>10
65' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;fis khj;jpuk; nfhz;lJ vJ?
1' Lotus 1 2 3 , Access, Excell, Open Office Calc
2' Lotus 1 2 3 , Excell, Open Office Calc, Oracal
3' Excell, Open Office Calc, Oracal, VisiCalc
4' Lotus 1 2 3 , Excell, Open Office Calc, VisiCalc
5' Lotus 1 2 3 , Excell, Oracal, Visi Calc
____________________________________________________________________________

gy;Nju;T tpilfs;.

1-1 11-4 21-2 31-2 41-1 51-3 61-5

2-2 12-1 22-1 32-1 42-3 52-4 62-3
3-5 13-5 23-2 33-3 43-2 53-3 63-3
4-2 14-2 24-3 34-4 44-3 54-3 64-2
5-4 15-1 25-3 35-2 45-2 55-2 65-4
6-5 16-3 26-1 36-3 46-4 56-1
7-4 17-4 27-2 37-3 47-4 57-3
8-2 18-4 28-2 38-2 48-5 58-5
9-2 19-4,3 29-3 39-2 49-2 59-1
10-2 20-3 30-3 40-2 50-3 60-2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 188

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF - 14 ,izaKk; njhlu;ghlYk;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;
1. fPNo cs;s $w;Wf;fspy; ,izaj;ijg; gw;wpa jtwhd $w;W vJ?
1. ,J ahUf;Fk; cupj;Jilajy;y.
2. gpy; Nfl;]; vd;gtUf;Fr; cupj;JilajhFk;.
3. ,jpy; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL ,y;iy
4. ,J fzpdp tiyfspd; tiyaikg;ghFk;
5. ,jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; kpfTk; rupahdJk; mjpf ek;gfj; jd;ikAk;
nfhz;litay;y.
2. ,izar; Nritapid toq;Fk; epWtdnkhd;W vg;ngau; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLk;?
1. Server 2. Client 3. ISP 4. Teleshop 5. Router
3. http://www.doenets.lk vd;gJ gpd;tUk; vjw;fhd cjhuzkhFk;?
1. Nritafk; (a server)
2. rPuhd ts ,Ug;gplq;fhl;b (Uniform Resource Locator)
3. tiyaikg;G xd;wpd; mZfy; FwpKiw (access code of a network)
4. epWtdnkhd;wpd; kpd;mQ;ry; Kftup (an email address of an organization)
5. mjpfhuk; ngw;w Nritafk; (Proxy server)
4. ,izak; njhlu;ghd fPNoAs;s $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;fTk;
A- ,izaj;Jld; njhlu;GgLtjw;F xt;nthU fzpdpf;Fk; IP vdg;gLk; jdpj;Jtkhd
Kftupnahd;W Njit
B- www vdg;gLtJ ,yj;jpudpay; Mtzq;fspd; Nru;g;Gf;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
C- ,izaj;jpD}lhf mZff;$ba Mtzk; tiyg;gf;fnkhd;whFk;.
NkYs;s $w;Wf;fspy; rupahdJ / rupahdit vit?
1. A Ak; B Ak; 2. B khj;jpuk;; 3. C khj;jpuk;
4. A,B khj;jpuk; 5. A, B, C Mfpad vy;yhk;
5. ghlrhiy fzpdp Ma;$lnkhd;wpy; cs;s ,uz;L fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,uz;L
khztu;fs; xNu ,izaj;jsj;jpy; (tiyf;flg;gplj;jpy;) gpuNtrpf;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j ,uz;L
fzpdpfspYk; NtWgl;bUf;f Ntz;baJ gpd;dtUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' tiyNkNyhb ^Web Browser&
2' Kftupfs; ^IP Addresses&
3' ,iza Nrit toq;Feu;. ^Internet Service Provider&
4' gzpnray; Kiwik ^Operating System&
5' Njly; nghwp ^Search Engine&
6. cyfshtpa tiy (World wide web) vd;gij ed;F tpsf;Fk; $w;W
1. www vDk; epWtdj; j hy; eilKiwg; g Lj; Jk; cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa fzpdp
tiyaikg;ghFk;.
2. ,izaj;jpw;Fk; mjpYs;s NritfSf;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghJthd ngauhFk;.
3. ,izaj;jpy; ,yj;jpudpay; Mtzq;fs; Nrkpj;J itf;FkplkhFk;.
4. ,ilj;njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;l (Interlinked) kPAiu (Hypertext) nfhz;l> ,izaj;jpd; Clhf
njhlu;Gglf;$ba Mtzj; njhFjpahFk;.
5. ,izaff; FwpKiwnahd;whFk;
7. fPNoTs;stw;wpy; rupahd kpd;mQ;ry; (Email) Kftup khjpupiaj; njupTnra;aTk;.
1' [email protected]
2' galahitiyawacrcgmail@com
3' galahitiyawacrc@gmailcom
4' [email protected]
5' galahitiyawa@crc-gmail_com
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 189
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

08. kpd;mQ;ry; gad;gLj;jp fbjk; mDg;Gk;NghJ BCC vDk; tpNrl mk;rj;ijg; ghtpf;fyhk;.
BCC vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk;>
1. Build Computer Copy 2. Blind Carbon Copy
3. Binary Computer Code 4. Basic Character Copy
5. Binary copy code.
09. cyfshtpa tiyapy; cs; s jfty; f is mDFtjw; F > URL vDk; gjk;
ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. U RL vdg;gLtJ
1' Universal Resource Location
2' Universal Resource Locater
3' Uniform Resource Locater
4' Unique Resource Location
5' Universal Record Location
10. ‘[email protected]’ vDk; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupapd; gadu; ngaiuf; nfhz;lJ. (User name)
5' sltnet.lk 2. lk 3. sc4tech 4. sltnet 5. sc4tech@sltnet1
11. jfty; jpul;Lgtu;fSf;fpilapy; Wikipedia kpfTk; gpugy;akhd tiyj; jskhFk;. fPNo
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Nritfspy; Wikipedia ve;j Nritf;Fs; mlq;Fk;?
1. Njly; nghwp (Search Engine)
2. ,izaf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; (Internet Encyclopedia)
3. ,iza cyhtp (Web browser)
4. ikf;fpNuh Gnshf;fpq; (Micro blogging)
5. r%f tiyj;jsk; (Social Network)
12. fPNoAs;s URL fspy; nry;Ygbaw;wJ vJ?
1' www.moe.gov.lk
2' ftp://ftp.funet.fi
3' https://www.google.com
4' [email protected]
5' www.galahitiycrc.sch.lk
13. http://www.doenets.lk vd;gJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjw;fhd cjhuzkhFk;?
1. ,iza Nrit toq;Fdu; (ISP) epWtdj;jpw;F
2. ,ufrpa jfty; fsQ;rpak;.
3. URL Kftup
4. epWtdnkhd;wpd; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupf;F
5. IP Kftupfisj; Njbj;jUk; fUtp
14. jdJ tPl;bYs;s fzpdpA+lhf ,izaj;jpy; jfty;fisj; NjLk; xUtuplk; fl;lhak;
,Uf;f Ntz;ba nkd;nghUs; fPOs;stw;Ws; vJ nkd;nghUs;?
1. www 2. ,iza NkNyhb 3. er;Repuy; fhg;G nkd;nghUs;
4. Njly;nghwp 5. ,izaj; jsg; gl;bay;.
15. ,izaj;j pD}lhf Nkw;n fhs;s g;g Lk; mDkjpaw;w mZfy;f isj; jtpu;g ;g jw;Fg;
ghtpf;ff;$baJ.
1. (Firewall) jPfhg;G kjpy; / rhjdk;
2. er;Repuy; fhg;G nkd;nghUs; (Anti virus Software)
3. flTr; nrhy; (Password)
4. njhluwh kpd; toq;fp (UPS)
5. ciwg;G+l;L (Folder Lock)
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 190
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

16. fPOs;s $w;Wf;fspy; gpioahdJ

1. ,izaj;jpD}lhf itj;jpa Nritiag; ngwyhk;.
2. njhluwhg; nghUs; nfhs;tdtpw;F (Online shopping) ,izaj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;fj;
Njitapy;iy.
3. tPl;bypUe;jthNw fzpdp kw;Wk; ,izaj;jpD}lhf vkJ tq;fpf; fzf;FfspypUe;J
gy;NtW fl;lzr; nrYj;jy;fisr; nra;ayhk;.
4. tPl;by; ,Ue;jthW murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
,izaj;ij cgNahfpf;f KbAk;.
5. ,izaj;jpD}lhf FWe;jfty; mDg;gyhk;.
17. kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupnahd;wpy; vg;NghJk; fhzj;jf;f FwpaPL / FwpaPLfshtd
1. .com 2. Underscane 3. @ 4. : // 5. #
18. ,izaj;ijAk; cyfshtpa tiyiaAk; gw;wpa kpfg;nghUj;jkhd $w;iwj; njupTnra;f.
1. cyfshtpa tiy vd;gJ ,izaj;jpd; kw;WnkhU ngauhFk;.
2. ,izak; vd;gJ cyfshtpa tiy %yk; fpilf;Fk; xU NritahFk;.
3. cyfshtpa tiy vd;gJ ,izaj;jpd; xU NritahFk;.
4. cyfshtpa tiy vd;gJ ,izar; Nrit toq;FNthupd; mikg;ghFk;.
5. cyfshtpa tiy vd;gJ ,izar; Nritapd; Muk;gkhFk;.
19. fPNoAs;stw;wpy; rupahd jdpj;Jt ts ,Ug;gplq;fhl;bahtJ
1' http://www.nie.lk/tech/ 2' http://tech/www.nie.lk
3' www.http://nie.tec.lk/Tech/ 4' ftp://tech/www.nie.lk
5' http://ftp:/www.nielk/tech
20. fPNoAs;stw;wpy; ,iza cyhtpfshtd
A - Opera
B - Firefox
C - Ubuntu
1. A khj;jpuk; 2. B khj;jpuk; 3. A, B khj;jpuk;
4. B, C khj;jpuk; 5. A, B, C rfyJk;
21. ,izaj; jsnkhd;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; tiyg;gf;fq;fis ,izg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ
fPOs;stw;Ws; vJ?
1. ,iza nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (Internet protocol)
2. tiyNkNyhb (Web Browsers)
3. Nrkpg;G ,lkhw;w nrk;ik elg;Gtoq;fp (File transfer Protocol)
4. kP,iz (Hyperlink)
5. tiyaikg;Gg; ghq;F (Network Mode)
22. kpd;dQ;ry; gad;ghl;bd;NghJ CC kw;Wk; BCC Mfpatw;wpw;F kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupfis
,lKbAk;. A, B Mfpa ,U egu;fSf;Fk; xNu kpd;dQ;riy mDg;Gk;NghJ A apd;
kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup CC apYk; B apd; Kftup BCC apYk; ,lg;gbd;> fPOs;stw;wpy;
rupahd $w;W vJthFk;.
1. A ,w;F mQ;ry; mDg;gg;gl;lik B apw;F njupahnjdpDk; A apw;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sij
B mwpthu;.
2. B ,w;F mQ;ry; mDg;gg;gl;lik A apw;F njupahnjdpDk; A apw;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sij
B mwpthu;.
3. ,UtUf;Fk; mQ;ry; fpilf;fg; ngw;wij ,UtUk; mwpthu;
4. xUtu; kw;wtUf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sij ,UtUk; njupe;jpUf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
5. ,UtUf;Fk; gpujpfs; fpilj;jikia mwptpj;J mQ;rypd; kw;WnkhU gpujp ,UtUf;Fk;
fpilf;Fk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 191
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

23. fPNoAs;stw;wpy; ,izaj;ij mZFtjw;Fj; Njitahd mk;rk; / mk;rq;fs; ahit?

A - fzpdp epfu; rhjdnkhd;W
B - ,iza Nrit
C - kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup
D - ,iza NkNyhb (Browser)
1. A, B Mfpa kl;Lk; 2. A, B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;
3. A, B, D Mfpad kl;Lk; 4. B, C Mfpa kl;Lk;
5. NkYs;s midj;Jk;
24. fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ciuahly; (Chatting) my;yJ xspj;Njhw;w ciuahl;L (Video
chatting) nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mk;rk; / mk;rq;fs; ahit?
1. tiy ,ilKfg;G ml;il (Network Interface card)
2. tiy NkNyhb (Web Browser)
3. tiyf; fkuh (Web cam)
4. Ms;fsg; ngau; (Domain name)
5. nkhnlk;
25. ghlrhiy fzpdpf; $lj;jpy; xU fzpdpapypUf;Fk; khztu; NtnwhU fzpdpapypUf;Fk;
khztUf;F jdJ fzpdpA+lhf Nfhg;G xd;iw mDg;Gfpd;whu;. ,e;epfo;T njhlu;ghf
kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ>
1. ,UtUk; xNu ,iza NkNyhbiag; ghtpg;gu;;.
2. ,UtUf;Fk; jj;jkf;nfd ,uz;L kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupfs; cs;sd.
3. ,UtUk; xNu gzpnray; Kiwikiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;
4. ,uz;L fzpdpfSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf ,uz;L IP Kftupfs; cs;sd.
5. ,UtUf;Fk; jPf;fhg;Gr; Rtupd; (Firewall) Clhfr; nry;y KbAk;.
26. www.nie.lk/grcxy/findcourse.php vDk; URL Kftupapd; Ms;fsg; ngauhtJ (Domain name)
1' nie.lk 2' .lk 3' findcource.php
4' grcxy 5' grcxy/findcource.php
27. tiyj;jsnkhd;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fupa jdpj;Jtkhd (unique) ngau; vd;d?
1. IP Kftup 2. Ms;fsg; ngau; (Domine Name)
4. cyfshtpa tiy (www) 4. ts ,lq;fhl;b (URL)
5. kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup.
28 ,izaj;Jld; Neubj; njhlu;Gila Nrit my;yhjJ
1. kpd;dQ;ry; 2. vOj;J %y ciuahl;L (Chatting)
2. Nfhg;G ,lkhw;wk; (File transfer) 4. gz ,lkhw;wk; (Money transfering)
29. khztu; xUtu; ,izaj;J}lhf jkJ fw;wy; eltbf;iffSf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisj;
Njl cj;Njrpf;fpwhu;. ,iza trjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,tUf;Fj;
NjitahdJ / Njitahdit.
A - ,iza Nrit toq;Fdu; (ISP)
B - ,iza NkNyhb
C - nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; fUtp
1. A khj;jpuk; 2. B khj;jpuk; 3. A Ak; B Ak;
4. B Ak; C Ak; 5. Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 192
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30. gf;f milahsk; (Book mark)> Gjpa jj;jy; (New tab)> tuyhW (History) Nghd;wit
fhzg;gLk; nkd;nghUs; vJ?
1. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; (Word processing) 2. tpupjhs; (Spread sheet)
3. nra;gzp Kiwik (Operating system) 4. ,iza NkNyhb (Web browser)
5. Kg;gupkhz mirT+l;lk; (3D Animation)

31. Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; ,izaj; jskhd www.nie.lk vd;gjpy; lk vdf; fhl;lg;gLtJ
ahJ?
1. Ms;fsg; ngauhFk; (Domain name)
2. nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (Protocol)
3. Nfhg;Gg; ngauhFk; (Filename)
4. Nky;kl;l Ms;fsg; ngauhFk;. (Top level Domain)
5. Nfhg;G ciwg; ngauhFk; (File folder name)
32' Njly; elhj;Jgtu; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij gl nkd;nghUnshd;wpd; Clhff; fz;lwptjw;fhfr;
rpy nry;NgrpfspYk; ug;yl; (Tablet) fzpdpfspYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;gk;
ahJ?
1' GPS 2' SMS 3' Wi-Fi
4' Bluetooth 5' Skype
33' Google Drive, Sky Drive, Dropbox Mfpatw;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nrit ahJ?
1' ,ytrkhfj; njhiyNgrp miog;G toq;Fjy;
2' ,ytrkhf kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;Ffs; toq;Fjy;
3' xspj;Njhw;w (Video) khehl;L trjp toq;Fjy;.
4' Nfhg;Gfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; trjp toq;Fjy;.
5' ,ytrkhf ,izaj;jsq;fis (web site) elj;jpr;nry;y ,lkspj;jy;.
34'. Njly; nghwpnahd;wpw;fhd cjhuzk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' Google Chrome 2' MSN 3' Firefox
4' Opera 5' Internet Explorer
35' ,izaj; jsj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nrit my;yhjJ vJ?
1' er;R epwq;fisf; fhl;ly;. (Virus) 2' kpd;dQ;ry; (e-mail;)
3' kpd;tzpfk; (e-commerce) 4' cyfyhtpa tiy (www)
5' kpd; fy;tp (e-education)
36' jdpj;Jt ts ,lq;fhl;b ^URL& njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.
A. mjpy; gad;gLj;Jk; nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (Protocol) mlq;fpAs;sJ.
B. mjpy; ,izaj; jsj;jpd; (www) Ms;fsg; ngau; ^Domain Name& mlq;fpAs;sJ.
C. mjpy; Nky;kl;l Ms;fsg; ngau; ^Top Level Domine Name& mlq;fpAs;sJ.
D. mj;py; ,izaj; jsj;jpd; (web site) tiyg; gf;fq;fspd; ngau;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
E. ,j;jfty;fs; mlq;fpAs;s nghJ ciwapd; ^Folder& ngau; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
,tw;Ws; cz;ikahdit vit?
1' A, B, C, D Mfpadkl;Lk; 2' B, C, D Mfpad kl;Lk;
3' A, B, D Mfpad kl;Lk; 4' B, C, D Mfpad kl;Lk;
5. Nkw;gb vy;yhk; rupahdit.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 193
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1-2 11-2 21-4 31-4

2-4 12-4 22-2 32-1
3-2 13-3 23-1 33-4
4-5 14-2 24-3 34-2
5-2 15-1 25-4 35-1
6-4 16-2 26-1 36-5
7-4 17-3 27-2
8-2 18-3 28-4
9-3 19-1 29-5
10-3 20-3 30-4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 194

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 15 - tpir

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1' jug;gl;l cUtpy; cs;s ,uz;L Fw;wpfspd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpir Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpir F vdpd; ,izg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,ioapd; ,Otpir
ahJ?

1' G+r;rpakhFk;. 2' F/2 3' F 4' m1F/m1+m2 5' m2F/m1+m2

2' A, B, C Mfpa Fw;wpfspd; jpzpTfs; KiwNa M, 2M, M MFk;' ,it fpilahd xg;gkhd
xU NkirkPJ ,izf;fg;gl;L ,Nyrhd ePl;lKbahj ,iofs; glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. C Fw;;wpia P ,il tpiriag; gpuNahfpj;J ,Of;Fk;NghJ B ,w;Fk;
C ,w;Fk; ,ilNa ,ioapd; ,Otpir ahJ?
1' P 2' P/2 3' 3P/4 4' P/4 5' 0 MFk;.

3' A, B Mfpa Fw;wpfspuz;bd; jpzpT KiwNa 10 kg ck; 5 kg

ck; MFk; . xg; g khd fg; g pnahd; w pd; Nkyhfr; nry; Y k;
ePl;lKbahj ,ioapdhy; A, B Mfpad ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd'
A ,w;Fk; Nkirf;Fk; ,ilNa vy;iy cuha;Tf; Fzfk; 0.2
Mapd; tOf;fpr; nry;tijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf A kPJ gpuNahfpf;f
Ntz;ba ,opTj; jpzpT ahJ?
1' 3 kg 2' 7 kg 3' 12 kg 4' 15 kg 5' 25 kg
4' 1000 kg jpzpTs;s thfdnkhd;W fpilahd ghijapd; topNa 20 ms-1 fjpapy; gazpf;fpd;wJ.
Mu;KLf;fpia tpLtpj;jgpd; 5s Neuj;jpy; mjd; fjp 10ms-1 tiu Fiwfpd;wJ. mt;thfdj;jpd;kPJ
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; Njwpa fpil tpir ahJ@
1' 100 N 2' 1000 N 3' 2000 N 4' 4000 N 5' 300 N
5' 30 kg jpzpTs;s rpWtd; xUtd; kuf;fpisnahd;wpy; fl;bj; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s fapw;wpd;
topNa 6ms-2 Mu;KLfYld; fPoN
; ehf;fp tUfpwhd;. mtd; fPo;Nehf;fp tUk;NghJ kuf;fpis kPJ
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,Oit ahJ?
1' 0 2' 120N 3' 180N 4' 240N 5' 300N
6' m1 > m2 jpzpTs;s ,uz;L nghUl;fs; ,Nyrhf xg;gkhd xU fg;gpiag; gw;wpr; nry;Yk;.
kPspay;gw;w ,ionahd;wpd; ,U KidfspYk; fl;bj; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,ioapd; ,Otpir
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjw;Fr; rkkhFk;.
1' (m1-m2)g 2' (m1+m2)g/2 3' (m1+m2)g
4' 2g/(1/m1+1/m2) 5' (1/m1+1/m2)g

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 195

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

7' xg;gkhd ,Nyrhd fg;gpahdJ tpw;wuhnrhd;wpy; fl;bj; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fg;gpiag; gw;wpr; nry;Yk; ,Nyrhd ,ionahd;wpd; ,U Kidfspy; 18g,
9g ,uz;L jpzpTfs; RahjPdkhf miraj;jf;fthW itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpw;wuhR fhl;Lk; epiw gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. 27 g 2. 24 g 3. 13.5 g 4. 12 g 5. 9 g

8. KiwNa 1kg, 2kg vDk; ,uz;L jpzpTfs;> 1kg jpzpTs;s tpw;wuhR

xd;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW 2kg jpzpTld;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,io> mirahj xg;gkhd fg;gpnahd;wpy; Nkyhfr;
nry;fpwJ. tpw;wuhrpd; thrpg;G ahJ?
1. 0 2. 1 kg 3. 2 kg 4. 3 kg 5. 4 kg

9' W epiwAs;s xU kdpjd; fpilj; jiukPJ epd;wthW NkNy ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s fg;gpnahd;wpd;

JizAld; P epiwiaj; jhq;fpapUf;fpd;whd;. kdpjd;kPJ jiuapdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;
kWjhf;fk; ahJ?
1. P 2. P+W 3. P-W 4. W-P 5. W

10' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpirnahd;W Njitg;glhj re;ju;g;gk; ahJ?

^1& gazk; nra;Ak; nghUnshd;wpd; fjpia mjpfg;gLj;jy;.
^2& gazk; nra;Ak; nghUnshd;wpd; jpiria khw;Wjy;.
^3& gazk; nra;Ak; nghUnshd;wpd; fjpiaf; Fiwj;jy;.
^4& GtPauP ;g;gpd; fPo; tpOk; nghUnshd;W fPo;Nehf;fp tpOtijj; jtpu;j;jy;.
^5&nghUnshd;W khwh Ntfj;jpy; gazpj;jy;.

11' khk; g onkhd; W kuj; j pypUe; J tpOk; N ghJ mjd; k P J 1 N tpir

njhopw;gLkhapd; mjd; jpzpT ahJ? ^g = 10 ms–2 )
^1& 10 kg ^2& 1 kg ^3& 0.1 kg ^4& 0.01 kg ^5& 0.001 kg

12' tz;bnahd;wpd;kJ
P glj;jpw; fhl;bAs;sthW F tpirahdJ
F
fpilAld;  Nfhzk; rha;thfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tz;bapd; ,af;fj; jpirapd; topahd tpirapd; $W
ahJ?
1' F Sin  2' F Cos 
3' F Tan  4'  F Sin 
5' F Cos 

13' M jpzpTs;s gpd;tUk; nghUl;fSs; kpff; $ba Mu;KLfiyf; nfhz;lJ vJ?

1' 2' 3'

100N 100N 100N 100N 100N
M M M

4' 100N 5'

100N 100N
M M

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 196

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

14 4 N, 3 N Mfpa ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs;fisr; rupahff; fhl;Lk; glk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ?
1' 2' 3'
3N 5N 3N 5N 3N 5N

4N 4N 4N
4' 5'

3N 5N 3N 5N

4N 4N

15' %d; W tpirfisg; gpuNahfpg; g jd; % yk; J}nzhd; i w epiyf; F j; j hf Xa; t py;
itj;jpUf;fyhk;. mjw;fhf tpirfs; rupahfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;s re;ju;g;gj;ijf; fhl;Lk;
cU gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' 2' 3'
F F
F F
F
F F F F

4' 5'
F F

F F
F F
16' A, B Mfpa ,uz;L gpizay;fisf; nfhz;L nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s
xU fjT glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fjtpd; <u;it ikak; C apy; A
mike;Js;sJ. mjd; kPJ A, B Mfpatw;wpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; C
tpirfs; KiwNa RA > RB ck; MFk;;. fjtpd; epiw W MFk;.
fjtpd; kP J njhopw; g Lk; tpirfisr; rupahff; fhl; L tJ B
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' 2' 3'

A RA A RA A RA

C C C
W W W
B RB B RB B RB
4' 5'

A RA A RA

C C
W W
B RB B RB

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 197

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17 nghUspd; kPJ rktsthd tpirnahd;W njhopw;gLtjd; tpisthf epfo KbahjJ

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' mg;nghUspd; Ntfk; mjpfupj;jy;. 2' mg;nghUspd; Ntfk; Fiwtiljy;.
3' mg;nghUspd; ce;jk; NtWgLjy; 4' mg;nghUspd; jpzpT NtWgLjy;.
5' mg;nghUs; Row;rpf;Fs;shjy;.
18' 1000 kg jpzpTs;s Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W 72 kmh-1 (20 ms-1) rPuhd Ntfj;jpy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ
mJ nfhz;Ls;s ,af;f rf;jp vt;tsT?
1' 10 kJ 2' 100 kJ 3' 200 kJ 4' 300 kJ 5' 400 kJ
19' khbtPlikg;G Ntiyjjsnkhd;wpy; 30 m cauj;jpy; cs;s khbtiuapy; fl;llg; nghUl;fis
cau;jJ ; tjw;fhf kpd;Nkhl;lhnuhd;W gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 100 kg jpzpit xU epkplj;jpy;
cau;j;JtJ vdpd;> Njitahd Nkhl;lupd; ,opT tY ahJ?
1' 10 W 2' 100 W 3' 500 W 4' 300 W 5' 400 W
20' kiyr;rupnthd;wpd; rha;T epiyf;Fj;Jld;  MFk;. mq;F Xa;tpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s W
epiwAs;s nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; cuha;T tpir ahJ?
1' W Sin  rha;T topNa Nky; Nehf;fp 2' W Sin  rha;T topNa fPo; Nehf;fp
3' W Cos  rha;T topNa Nky; Nehf;fp 4' W Cos  rha;T topNa fPo;Nehf;fp
5' W tpir rha;Tf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf Nky; Nehf;fp

21' epiyf;Fj;jhd ,uz;L Rtu;fs; kPJ epWj;jg;gl;Ls;s

rPuhd jPuhe;jpnahd;W glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jP u he; j papd; epiw W N Mapd; Rtupd; k P J W
jPuhe;jpapdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpir
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
W W
1' fPo;Nehf;fp 2' W fPo;Nehf;fp 3' 2 W fPo;Nehf;fp 4' Nky;Nehf;fp 5' W
2 2
Nky;Nehf;fp
22' xg;gkhd fg;gpnahd;wpdhy; 10 kg nghUnshd;wpidj;
jhq;fp itj;jpUf;ff;$ba ,uz;L tpjq;fs; glj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. me;jje;jr; re;j
; u;gg
; j;jpy; ,iofspd;
T2
,Otpir ahJ? T
T1 T2 1
A ,dJ T1,y; B ,dJ T2,y;
1' 100N 100N
2' 50 N 100N
10Kg 10Kg
3' 50 N 50N
A B
4' 100N 50N
5' 5 N 10N

23' ru;trkdhd ,uz;L fapWfspy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s rPuhd

jP u hj; j pnahd; w pd; k P J (jk; ; k plKs; s cgfuzq; f s; T
nghUs;fSld; nkhj;jj; jpzpT 60kg cs;s) xU tpidQu; T
Ntiy nra;fpwhu;.
A B
jpzpT 20 kg cs;s A apw;Fk; B ,w;FkpilNa ghJfhg;ghfr; nry;yj; jf;fjhf
cs;snjdpd; mt;ntht;nthU ,ioapYk; (fapWk;) jhq;Fk; ,opT tpir ahJ?
1. 100 N 2. 400 N 3. 600 N 4. 700 N 5. 800 N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 198

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

24 fpilahd ful;Lj; jiukPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s 8 kg jpzpit fpil tpirnahd;wpidg;

gpuNahfpj;J mjid mirf;f Kaw;rp nra;ag;gLfpd;wnjdpd; fk;gnkhd;wpd; kPJ
Vw;glf;$ba cr;r cuha;T tpir ahJ? (Nkw;gug;gpd; epiyj;j cuha;Tf; Fzfk;
  0.4 vdf; fUJf.)
^1& 8 N ^2& 18 N ^3& 30 N ^4& 32 N ^5& 40 N
25 0
ng hUnshd; w pd; k P J fpilf; F 30 rha; t hf 60N gUkDs; s tpirna hd; W
njhopw;gLfpd;wnjdpd; mt;tpirapdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; epiyf;Fj;Jg; gpupg;Gf; $W
ahJ? ^1& 30N ^2& 60
60N
^3& 30 3N ^4& 60 3N
0
30 30 N
o ^5& 3

26' 4N, 6N ,uz;L tpirfs; nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ njhopw;gLk;NghJ tpisAs; tpirapd;

gUkdhf mika KbahjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
^1& 2 N ^2& 4 N ^3& 6N ^4& 10 N ^5& 12 N

27' 5N nghUnshd;wpd;kPJ 12 N kw;Wk; 5 N tpirfspuz;Lk;

glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW fpilahfTk;
epiyf;Fj;jhfTk; njhopw;g Lk; NghJ tpisAs;
12N tpirapd; gUkd; vt;tsthFk;?
^1& 15 N ^2& 13 N ^3& 7 N
^4& 5N ^5& 0 N

28' 12N 8N ,N;yrhd A, B vDk; Nfhypd;kPJ ,U me;jq;fspYk;

rkhe;jukhf 12N, 8N tpirfs; ,uz;L njhopw;gLfpd;wd.
tpisAs; tpir A B apidr; re;jpf;Fk; ,lk; ahJ?
A B ^1& A apypUe;J B Nehf;fp 1.2 m J}uj;jpy;
2m ^2& A apypUe;J B Nehf;fp 0.2 m J}uj;jpy;
^3& B apypUe;J A Nehf;fp 0.58m J}uj;jpy;
^4& B apypUe;J A Nehf;fp 0.2 m J}uj;jpy;
^5& A apypUe;J B Nehf;fp 1.2 m J}uj;jpy;

29' fjnthd;wpid %Lk; Ntisapy; fjTf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf A

Gs;spapy; gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba ,opT tpir 10 N MFk;.
fjtpd; mfyk; 1m vdpd;> fjtpd; kj;jpapy; B Gs;spapy;
tpiriag; gpuNahfpj;Jf; fjit %Ltjw;fhfg; gpuNahfpf;f
Ntz;ba ,opT tpir ahJ?

^1& 5 N ^2& 10 N ^3& 15 N ^4& 20 N ^5& 30 N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 199

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30' glj;jpw; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghy; nghUnshd;wpd;kJ

P 60 N tpir
njhopw;gLk; NghJ A Gs;spiag; gw;wp mt;tpirapdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jpUg;gj;jpd; jpirAk; gUkDkhtd>
60N
^1& ,lQ;Ropahf> 2500 Nm
0
30 A ^2& tyQ;Ropahf> 2500 Nm
O
50cm ^3& tyQ;Ropahf> 30 Nm
^4& ,lQ;Ropahf> 30 Nm
^5& tyQ;Ropahf> 15 Nm

31' ,Nyrhd xg;gkhd fg;gpnahd;wpd; kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s

,ionahd;wpd; ,U me;jq;fspy; 5 kg > m kg jpzpTfs;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fg;gpapd;kJ
P ,io ,lQ;Ropahf 0.25
-2
0.25ms-2 ms Mu;KLfiyg; ngw;wjhapd; ,ioapd; ,Otpir ahJ?
^1& 60 N ^2& 50 N
^3& 48.75 N ^4& 30.25 N
^5& 6.75 N

5kg

m kg

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 200

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 15 tpir
gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f Sf;Fupa tpilfs;

1' Nju;T: (4&

T T
m1 m2 F

njhFjpf;fhf  F  ma
F   m1  m2  a
F
a
 m1  m2 

m1 ,w;F  F  ma
m1F
T
m1  m2

2' Nju;T: 3

njhFjpf;fhf  F  ma
A B C
P  4Ma T
M1 2M M P
aP
4M

C ,w;F  F  ma
P
P T  M 
4M
P
P T
4
3P
T
4

3' Nju;T: 4
B Xa;tpy; cs;sjhifahy; T = 50N
A tOf;fpr; nry;tjw;F T= F

 F  50 N
F  MR
50  0.2 R
50
R  250 N
0.2
mt;thwhtjw;nfdpd; jpzpT 25 kg Mjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf 15 kg ,id itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 201

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
4' Nju;T: 3

V  u  at
vu
a
t
10  20
  2 ms 2
5
F  ma
 1000  2
 2000 N

5' Nju;T: 2
300  T  30  6
300  180  T
T
120 N  T
30 kg  6 ms 2
6' Nju;T: 4

300 N
m2  m1 kï
Mapd;
m2 g  F  m2 a  (1)
,w;F
m1 g  F  ma
,w;F
T  m1 g  m1a  (2)
m2 g  T m2 a
(1)  (2)  T T
T  m1 g m1a
m1m2 g  m1T  m2T  m1m2 g a  a
m1 m2
2 m1m2 g  T  m1  m2 
m 1g m 2g
2 m1m2 g
T 
m1  m2

7' Nju;T: 2 ^tpw;wuhrpd; thrpg;G 2T Mjyhy;&

18 g g  F  ma
,w;F
18  102  T  18  103 a  (1)
ag g  F  ma T T
,w;F 2 3
T  9 10  9  10 a  (2)
18  102  T
(1)  (2) 2
T  9 102 9 x 10-2N
18 x 10-2N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 202

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

18  102  T  2T  18  102
36  102  3T
12  102 N  T
 2T  2  12  102 N
 24 g

8' ,UGwKk; epiwfs; rkkhditahifahy; Mu;KLfy; fpilahJ. vdNt> tpw;wuhR thrpg;G

1 kg MFk;.

9. Nju;T. 4
jiuapdhy; kdpjd; kPJ khWNtfk; R Mapd; ,ioapd; ,Otpir P ,w;Fr; rkkhdjhifahy;
kdpjdpd; tpirr; rkdpiyf;fhf
P+R = W
R =W-P

10. Nju;T . 5
11. Nju;T . 3 F = mg P R
1 N = m x 10
m = 0.1 kg
W
12. Nju;T . 2
13. Nju;T . 4
14. Nju;T . 2
15. Nju;T . 4
16. Nju;T . 3
17. Nju;T . 4
18. Nju;T . 3

KE  1 mv 2
2
1
  1000  20  20  200000 J  200 KJ
2
19. Nju;T. 3
tY = Ntiy / Neuk;.

mgh

t
100 Kg  10 ms 2  30m

60 S
 500 W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 203

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
20. Nju;T. 1
R F

F  W sin(1) 1

1 W

21. Nju;T. 1

22. Nju;T. 2

23. Nju;T. 4

A Ig; gw;wpa jpUg;gj;ijf; fUJtjhy;

vdNt ,iofs; ,uz;bYk; fhzg;glNtz;baJ 700N MFk;.

kdpjd; me;jj;jpypUf;Fk;NghJ fapw;wpd; ,Otpir cr;rkhFk;.
mg;NghJ
l
 200 N  l  600 N  l  T
2
100 N  600 N  T
T  700 N
24. Nju;T. 4 F= mR %yk; F = 0.4 x 80 = 32 N
25. Nju;T. 1 60 sin 300  30N
26. Nju;T. 5 tpisAs; (6 - 4)N ,w;Fk; (6+10)N ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l tPr;rpDs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
27. Nju;T. 2 R  122  52  13N
28. Nju;T. 5
C Nfhzj; j pdhy; ( z  x)12  x  8 20 N 8N
12 N
6  3x  2 x
6  5x
x  1.2 N A z-x C x B

29' Nju; T . 4 xU jpUg;gj;Jf;fhd J}uk; ghjpahFk; NghJ tpir ,U klq;fhjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

30' Nju;T. 5

60N A N f h z j ; j p d ;  60  x
G  60  0.5 sin 60 o
x  60  0.25
30 o
0 A  15 Nm tyQ;Ropahf
0.5m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 204

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

31. Nju;T. 3
5kg ,w;F  F  mc
T T
50  T  5  0.25
50  T  1.25 0.25  5kg M  0.25
T  48.75
50 mg

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 205

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF - 16 nghwpKiwr; rf;jp

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f s;
1' epiyf;Fj;jhf Nky;Nehf;fp vwpag;gl;l rpwpa fy;nyhd;W 45 m cauj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W
gpd; fPNo tUfpd;wJ. me;jf; fy; vwpag;gl;l Ntfk; ahJ?
1' 15 ms-1 2' 30 ms-1 3' 45 ms-1 4' 450 ms-1 5' 900 ms-1
2 xU fpNyhthw;W kzp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjw;Fr; rkdhFk;?
1' 3.6  102 J 2' 3.6  103 J 3' 3.6  104 J
4' 3.6 106 J 5' 3.6  108 J
3 njhopDl;gtpay; gapYk; khztnuhUtuhy; Gj;jhf;fkhfj; jahupff ; g;gl;l ney; mWtil
,ae;jpuj;jpd; gpujhd gFjpfspd; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; 10 kgm vdTk; mJ 10 rads-1 vDk;
2

NfhzNtfj;jpy; Roy Ntz;Lk; vdTk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. mr;Row;rpf;nfdg; gad;gLj;j

Ntz;ba Nkhl;lupd; ,opT tY ahJ?
1' 100 W 2' 250 W 3' 500 W
4' 750 W 5' 1000 W
4' Nkhl;lu; thfdnkhd;wpd; ,opT tpidj;jpwd; 80% vdpd; 500W gag;G tYitg; ngWtjw;F
mk;Nkhl;lu; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba nga;g;G tY vt;tsT?
1' 525 W 2' 550 W 3' 600 W
4' 625 W 5' 650 W

fl;Liutif tpdhf;f s;
1&

khztnuhUtu; epyj;jpd; topNa ngl;bnahd;iw ,Oj;Jr; nry;tjw;nfd fpilAld;

600 Nfhzj;jpYs;s ,ionahd;wpd;kPJ 160 N tpiriag; gpuNahfpf;fpd;whu;. ngl;bia
epyj;jpd; topNa 10 m J}uk; ,lk;ngau;f;f> nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyapd; msT ahJ?

2. fypypNahtpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gupNrhjidapy; 45 m caukhd gPrh NfhGuj;jpd;

cr;rpapypUe;J fy;nyhd;W tpotplg;gl;lJ. mJ epyj;ij njhLk; fzj;jpy; mjd; Ntfj;ijf;
fzpf;f.
3. ghue;J}f;fpnahd;W 200 kg jpzpit 30 nrf;fdpy; 8 m cauj;Jf;F cau;j;JfpwJ.

1. ,jd;NghJ ghue;J}f;fpapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; msitf; fzpf;f.

2. ghue;J}f;fpapd; tYitf; fzpf;f.

4. 1.2 kgm-2 vDk; jpUg;Gjpwidf; nfhz;l kpd;tprpwpnahd;W 16 rad s-1 vDk; Nfhz Ntfj;jpy;
RoYfpwJ. kpd;tprpwp nfhz;Ls;s ,af;fr; rf;jpiaf; fzpf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 206

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5. khztnuhUtu; ftizg; gad;gLj;jp 500 g epiwAila fy;nyhd;iw epiyf;Fj;jhf

va;tjw;F ftzpy; 20 N tpiriag; gpuNahfpf;fpd;whu;. ,jd;NghJ ,wg;gu; ehlh 16 cm
ePsj;jpdhy; tpuptile;jJ.

1. khztupdhy; ftzpy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyiaj; Jzpf.

2. fw;Wz;bd; Muk;g Ntfj;ijj; Jzpf.

3. fy; vOk; cr;r cauj;ijf; fzpf;f.

6. 100 kg jpzpTila Nkhl;lhu; tz;b 10 km iky;fy;iyf; flf;Fk;Nghjhd Ntfk;

60 ms-1 MFk;. 11 km iky;ff
; y;iyf; flf;Fk;NghJ mjd; Ntfk; 10 ms-1 MFk;.

1. 10 km iky;fy;iyf; flf;Fk;NghJ thfdj;jpd; ,af;fr; rf;jpiaf; fzpf;f.

2. 11 km iky;fy;iyf; flf;Fk;NghJ thfdj;jpd; ,af;f rf;jpiaf; fzpf;f.

3. me;jf; fhyg;gFjpapy; thfdj;jpd; mku;KLfy; tpir %yk; nra;ag;gl;l

Ntiy vt;tsthFk;?

4. thfdj;jpd;kPJ njhopw;gl;l ruhrup mku;KLfy; tpiriaf; fzpf;f.

7. fpuhkj;J tPnlhd;wpd; kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s 60 W ,io kpd;Fkpo;fs; 5 ehnshd;Wf;F

4 kzp Neuk; xspUfpd;wd. Vida kpd; cgfuzq;fSf;F ehnshd;Wf;F 0.8 kWh kpd;
tpuakhfpwJ.

a) 1. xU kpd;Fkpo; xU kzp Neuk; xspUk;NghJ tpuakhFk; kpd;rf;jpapd; msit A+ypy;

fzpf;f.

2. tPl;bd; ehshe;j kpd; Efu;it fpNyhthw;W kzpapy; fzpf;f.

b) ,t;thwhd 50 tPLfSf;fhd rpwpa ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyankhd;iw mikf;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ vdf; nfhs;f. ,jw;nfd 20 m cauj;jpypUe;J tpOk; ePiug; gad;gLj;jf;
$bajhf cs;sJ. 80% tpidj;jpwDld; njhopw;gLk; kpd;gpwg;ghf;fp jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. 50 tPLfSf;Fkhf kpd;gpwg;ghf;fp %yk; ehnshd;Wf;F tpepNahfpf;f Ntz;ba gag;Gr;

rf;jpia A+ypy; fzpf;f.

2. kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpapy; ehnshd;Wf;F cs;spl Ntz;ba nga;g;Gr; rf;jpapidf; fzpf;f.

3. Roypapd; xU ,wfpy; tpOk; ePupd; rf;jp KOtJk; ,og;NgJkpd;wp kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpf;F

toq;fg;gLnkdpd; ehnshd;Wf;Fj; Njitahd ePu;epuypd; jpzpitf; fzpf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 207

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

8.

A
0.09 m
B

100 g Cry; Fz;L nghUj;jg;gl;l Crypnahd;wpd; Cry; Fz;L> fPo;kl;lg; Gs;spahd B

apypUe;J 80 cm cauj;jpy; cs;sthW ,ioapy; njha;T Vw;glhj tifapy; A vDk;
Gs;spf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;L RahjPdkhf tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. mikg;G B apy; Cry; Fz;bd; Ntfj;ijf; fzpf;f.
2. mikg;G B apy; ,io mWfpwJ. gpd;du; mJ fpilj;jsj;jpd; topNa mku;KLfp 10
nrf;fdpd; gpd; Xa;Tf;F tUfpwJ.
3. Cry; Fz;bd; mku;KLfiyf; fzpf;f.
4. Cry; Fz;bd;kPJ nraw;gLk; jil tpiriaf; fzpf;f.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
myF 16

gy; N ju; T tpdhf; f Sf; f hd tpilfs;

1' tpil ,y - 2

2' tpil ,y - 4

1 kWh  1103 Js-1  60  60

 3600 103 J
=3.6 103 103
 3.6 106 J

3' tpil ,y - 3

1 2
ER  I
2
1
  10 Kgm 2  (10 rad s -1 ) 2
2
 5  100 Kgm 2 S 2
 500 W

4' tpil ,y - 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 208

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

tpidj;jpwd; } gag;G tY « 100

nga;g;G tY

nga;g;G tY } gag;G tY « 100

tpidj;jpwd;

} 500 W x 100 = 625 W

80

fl; L iutif tpdhf; f Sf; f hd tpilfs;

1& w = F S cos θ
= 160 N  10 w  cos 600
= 800 J

1
2& mgh = mv 2
2
v = 2gh
= 2  10  45
v = 900
v = 30 ms 1

3& (i) w = F  S = mgh

= 20  104  8

= 1.6 105 J

w 1.6  105
(ii) P  
t 30
 5.33 103 w

1 2
4& w  I
2
8
1
  1.2  16  16
2
 153.6 J

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 209

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

1
5& (i) w Fe
2

1 10
  20 16  10-2
2
 1.6 J

1 25
(ii) 1.6   50 10-3v 2
2

1.6
v2 
25  10 3

v 2  64

v  8 m s 1

1
(iii) mgh = mv 2
2

v2 64
h  
2g 20

 3.2m

1 2
6& (i) Ek1  mv
2

1
  1000  60 2
2
 1.8  10 6 J

1 2
(ii) Ek2  mv
2

1
  1000  10 2
2
 5  10 4 J

(iii) ,af;f rf;jp khw;wk;  (180  5)104

 1.75106 J

Ntiy  1.75 106 J

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 210

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(iv) F s  1.75106 J
1.75 106
F 
1000
 1.75 103 N
 1750 N

7& a) (i) w  Pt
 60w  3600s
 2.16 105 J

60
(ii) ehshe;j kpd; Efu;T  1000 kw  5  h  0.8kwh
 1.2kwh  0.8kwh
 2 kwh
b) (i) gpwg;ghf;fpapd; gag;Gr; rf;jp  2 kwh  50
 100 kwh
 100 1000  36000 ws
= 3.6 108 J

8 100
(ii) ngag;Gr; rf;jp  3.6 10  80

 4.5 108 J
(iii) mgh  4.5 108
m  10  20  4.5  108
4.5 108
m =
200
 2.25 106 kg
1
8& (i) mgh = mv 2
2
2gh = v2
2  10  0.8  v 2
v 2  16
v  4 ms 1

(ii) (a) v = u + at
0 = 4 + a x 10
a = 0.4 ms-2
(iii) F= ma
= 0.1kg x 0.4 ms-1
= 0.04 N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 211

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 17 ePu;epiyapay;
gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1. ahNjDnkhU gjhu;j;jj;jpd; mlu;j;jp kw;Wk; rhulu;j;jp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf;

ftdpf;f>
(a) mlu;j;jpia msf;Fk; myF kgm-3 MFk;.
(b) mlu;j;jpia ePupd; mlu;j;jpahy; ngUf;Ftjhy; rhulu;j;jp ngwg;gLk;.
(c) rhulu;j;jpf;F myF fpilahJ.

Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ/ rupahdit?

1) a kl;Lk;; 2) b kl;Lk; 3) c kl;Lk; 4) a, b Mfpad kl;Lk; 5) a, c Mfpad kl;Lk;

2. Fwpg;gpl;l jputnkhd;wpd; 5l fdtstpd; jpzpT 4 kg MFk;. mjd; mlu;j;jp ahJ?

1& 20 kgm-3 2& 80 kgm-3 3& 200 kgm-3 4& 800 kgm-3 5& 2000 kgm-3

3' fz;zhbapd; rhulu;j;jp 2.6 MFk;. ePupd; mlu;j;jp 1000 kgm-3 vdpd; 10 cm gf;f ePsk;
nfhz;l fz;zhbr; rJuKfpapd; jpzpT ahJ?
1& 0.26 kg 2& 2.6 kg 3& 26 kg 4& 260 kg 5& 2600 kg

4' Njq;fhnaz;nza; 1 kg ,d; tpiy &gh 260 MFk;. Njq;fhnaz;nza;apd; rhulu;j;jp 0.9
vdpd;> xU yPw;wu; Njq;fhnaz;nzapd; tpiy njhlu;ghd rupahd tpil ahJ?
1' &gh 290 2' &gh 272 3' &gh 254 4' &gh 234 5' &gh 195

5' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mKf;fj;ij mstplg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; myF my;yhjJ?

1' Nm-2 2' Pa 3' mm Hg 4' Nm 5' Bar

6' tspkz;ly mKf;fj;ij mstpLtjw;F ,urg;ghukhdp gad;gLj;jg;gLnkdpd; ghukhdp;

,urepuypd; cauk; vt;tsthFk;?
1& 76 mm 2& 760 mm 3&136 mm 4& 136 cm 5& 76 cm

7' tspkz;lyj;jpd; mKf;fk;> ePu;g;ghukhdp %yk; msf;fg;gbd; ghukhdp ePu;epuypd; cauk;

ahJ?
1& 10 mm 2& 100 mm 3& 1000 mm 4& 10 m 5& 100 m

8. jpwe;j epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuj;jpy; 12 cm

cauj;j pw;F ,urk; epug;gg;g l;Ls;sJ. tsp kz;ly
mKf;fk; 760 mm Hg vdpd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; mbapy; fhzg;gLk;
Gs;sp A apd; mKf;fk; ahJ? 12cm
1' 772 mm Hg 2' 880 mm Hg 3' 188 mm Hg
4' 880 cm Hg 5' 88 cm Hg
A

9' gf;fePsk; 30 cm nfhz;l rJu ntl;LKfj; Njhw;wk; nfhz;l nfhq;fpuPl;Lg; ghsnkhd;wpy;

kPJ 1000 kg jpzpTila ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ePu;j;njhl;b %yk; J}zpd;
cr;rpapy; cs;s xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mKf;fk;>
1& 2X1032Pa 2& 1.11X103 Pa 3& 1.11X104 Pa
4& 1.11X105 Pa 5& 1.11X106 Pa

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 212

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10' jpwe; j eP u ; j ; n jhl; b nahd; w py; 1.8 m cauj; j pw; F eP u ;

epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. tspkz;ly mKf;fk; 1X105 Pa " ePupd; mlu;jj ; p
1000 kgm-3 vdpd;> njhb;bapy; mbapy; mKf;fk; ahJ?
1' 1.12 X 105 Pa 2' 1.2 X 105 Pa 3' 1.8 X 105 Pa
4' 1.018 X 10 Pa 5' 0.18 X 10 Pa
5 5

11. cUf;fpd; mlu;j;jp 8500 kgm-3 ;MFk.; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT 1 mm2 ; nfhz;l cUf;Ff;
fk;gpapypUe;J 100g mse;njLf;fg;gl;ljhapd; mf;fk;gpj; Jz;bd; mz;zsthd ePsk;
ahJ?
1' 0.12 m 2' 1.2 m 3' 12 m 4' 120 m 5' 1200 m

12' glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW U Fohapy; Kjypy; ePu; ,lg;gl;L

gpd;> mjd; ,lJ Gaj;jpy; 900 kgm-3 nfhz;l vz;nza;
f;,a epuy; 10 cm cauj;jpw;F tplg;gl;lJ. rkepiyahd NghJ
vz;nza;
we;s
rE 10cm tyJ Ga ,ilKfg;gpypUe;J vt;tsT cauj;jpy; ePu;
uqyK
q ;G
,ilKfg; fhzg;gLk;?
1' 0.9 cm 2' 1.1 cm 3' 9 cm
ePc,h
u; 4' 11 cm 5' 12 cm

13' caukhd fl;llq;fisf; fl;Lk;NghJ> nfhq;fpuPl;Lj; J}z;fspd; mbg;gFjp> J}iztplg;

ngupjhf mikf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW mikf;fg;gLtjdhy;>
a. fl;llk; GijtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.
b. J}z;fspd; %yk; epiyj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpir Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
c. J}z;fspd; %yk; epyj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mKf;fk; Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fspy; rupahdJ / rupahdit vJ / vit?.
1' a kl;Lk;. 2' b kl;Lk;. 3' c kl;Lk;.
4' a >b vd;gd kl;Lk;. 5' a, c vd;gd kl;Lk;.

14' neUf;fU jputnkhd;W ,lg;gl;l mKf;ff; flj;jy; cgfuzk;

glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kryq;fspd; MiufSf;fpilapyhd
tpfpjk; 1 : 4 MFk;. ,lJgf;f Kryj;jpd;kPJ 10 kg jpzpit
itj;jNghJ tyJgf;f Kryj;jpd; Rik jhq;fg;gl;lJ. tyJgf;f
Rikapd; ngWkhdk;.
1& 10 N 2& 100 N 3& 160 N 4& 1600 N 5& 3200 N

15. Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; jputtifj; jLg;Gj;

njhFjpapy; gpujhd Kryk; jd; GAj;Jld; njhLifAWk;
jLg;G kpjpAld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; tpl;lk;
6 cm MFk;. Kryj;jpd;kPJ 20 N tpiriag; gpuNahfpj;J
320 N tpir gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdpd; ,uz;lhtJ
Kryj;jpd; ntl;LKf tpl;lk; ahjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;?
1' 6 cm 2' 12 cm 3' 18 cm
4' 64 cm 5' 80 cm

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 213

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
16' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW fz;zhbf;Fw;wpnahd;W tspapy;
njhq;ftplg;gl;L tpw;wuhrpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l thrpg;G 60 g
36g
MFk;. mJ ePupy; mkpo;j;jg;gl;l NghJ cU 2 ,w;fika 60g
mjd; thrpg;G 36 g Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. fz;zhbf;Fw;wp kPJ
ePuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l NkYijg;G ahJ?
1' 240 N 2' 24 N 3' 2.4 N
4' 0.24 N 5' 0.024 N (1) (2)

17' nghUnshd;W KOikahf ePupy; mkpo;e;J kpjf;fpd;wJ vdpd;.

a. NkYijg;G nghUspd; epiwf;Fr; rkdhdJ.
b. NkYijg;G ,lg;ngau;f;fg;gl;l ePupd; fdtstpdJ epiwf;Fr; rkdhdJ.
c. ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;l ePupd; fdtsT nghUspd; fdtstpw;Fr; rkdhdJ.
Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ / rupahdit.
1' a kl;Lk; 2' a, b vd;gd kl;Lk; 3' b, c vd;gd kl;Lk;
4' a, c vd;gd kl;Lk;; 5' a, b, c vd;gd midj;Jk;
18' fdTU tbtKs;s kuf;Fw;wpnahd;W jd; fdtstpd; 2/3 gFjp %o;fpathW J}a ePupy;
kpjf;fpd;wJ. kw;nwhU jputj;jpy; mJ 1/2 gFjp %o;fpathW kpjf;Fkhapd; mj;jputj;jpd;
rhulu;j;jp ahJ?
1' 1/2 2' 2/3 3' 3/4 4' 4/3 5' 5/2
19' ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;wpd; cauk; 30 m MFk;. mj;njhl;bapy; ePu; ghahj epiyapy; ePu;
epuk;gpAs;s NghJ mjd; mbapy; cs;s Fohapy; ePupdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mKf;fk; ahJ?
1' 1 X 10 5 Pa 2' 2 X 10 5 Pa 3' 3 X 10 5 Pa 4' 1 X 10 3 Pa 5' 3 X 10 4 Pa
20' glj;jpw; fhl;bAs;sthW 10 cm tpl;lk; nfhz;l fpilf;
Fohnahd;W mjd; tpl;lk; 2 cm MFkhW xLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;FohapDs; ePu; GFk; fjp V1 ck; ePu; ntspNaWk;
fjp V2 ck; Mapd; V2/V1 tpfpjk; ahJ?
1' 1/5 2' 5/1 3' 25/1 4' 1/25 5' 1/2.5

21' fz;zhbg; ghj;jpunkhd;W mjd; tha; Nky;Nehf;fp cs;sthW kpjf;fpd;wJ. mg;ghj;jpuj;jpDs;

nkJthf ePu; epuk;Gk;NghJ mJ mkpOk; jUzj;jpidf; fhl;Lk; tupg;glk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJthFk;?

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

22. gpd;tUtdw;Ws; vjid NgZ}aPf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;fika tpsf;fyhk;?

1. Mfhatpkhdr; rpwFfs; kPJ Vw;gLk; cau;j;Jtpir
2. Rod;W nry;Yk; fpwpf;fw; ge;jpd; gazg; ghij tisjy;
3. rptpW gk;gpapd; njhopw;ghL
4. tsp ntspNaWk; gY}d;
5. thA mLg;gpy; vupthA tspAld; ntspNawy;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 214

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

23. ghapfspy; mKf;fk; CLflj;jg;gly; njhlu;ghd g];fypd; Nfhl;ghL gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;

re;ju;g;gk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. thfdq;fspd; ePupay; jLg;Gj; njhFjp
2. thfdq;fis toq;fj;Jyf;Fk;(Service) epiyaq;fspy; thfdq;fis cau;j;Jk;
ePupay; cau;j;jp
3. caukhd miktpypUe;J ghapnahd;W fPo;Nehf;fpg; gha;jy;
4. gw;rpfpr;ir epiyaj;jpy; Nehahsp mkUk; ,Uf;ifiar; nrg;gQ;nra;jy;.
5. jpuhf;uupd; gpw;gFjpia (Trailor) cau;j;jg; gad;gLk; ePupay; cau;j;J njhFjp

24. glj;jpw; fhl;bathW A, B, C vd;gd rkkhd mbiaf;

nfhz;l rk cauj;Jf;F ePiuj; Njf;ff;$ba %d;W
ePu;j;njhl;bfshFk;. mj;njhl;bfspd; mbapy; ePupdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mKf;fq;fs; KiwNa PA, PB, PC MFk;. A B C
mj; n jhl; b fspd; epiw KiwNa WA, WB, WC Mapd;
mtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;igr; rupahff; fhl;LtJ
vJ?
1' PA=PB=PC kw;Wk; WB=WA=WC MFk;
2' PA>PB>PC kw;Wk; WB<WA<WC MFk;
3' PA<PB<PC kw;Wk; WA>WB>WC MFk;
4' PA=PB=PCkw;Wk; WB>WA>WC MFk
5' PA=PB=PC kw;Wk; WA<WB<WC MFk;

25. capu; t hA gpwg; g hf; f pnahd; w py; thA

mKf;fj;ij msg;gjw;nfd U Fohnahd;wpy;
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ePuepunyhd;W
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. njhl;bapy; capu;thA Ôj jdhq
epuk;gpAs;sNghJ U Fohia ePu; epuy;fSf;F 10 cm capu;
thAj;
gexlh
,ilapy; 10 cm caukhd eP u ; epuy; njhl;b
fhzg;gLfpd;wnjdpd; tspkz;ly
mKf;fj;Jf;F Nkyjpfkhf njhl;bapy; epyTk;
mKf;fk; ahJ? ePupd; mlu;j;jp -1000 kgm-3 ÔjthA
capu;
c,h
ePu;
jdhqj
1. 800 Pa 2. 900 Pa 3. 1000 Pa Ôrlh
4. 1200 Pa 5. 81X105 Pa rpijthf;fp

26.glj;jpw; fhl;bathW epiyf;Fj;jhf mikf;fg;gl;l ,urg; ghukhdpnahd;wpdJ

,ur epuy; kl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd epiyf;Fj;J cauk; 76 cm MFk;. Fohia
nkJthfr; rha;fF ; k;NghJ ,urkl;lq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd epiyf;Fj;J cauk; 76cm
1. mjpfupf;Fk;. 2. FiwtilAk;
3. khw;wkilahJ 4. mjpfupj;J gpd; FiwtilAk;
5. Fiwtile;j gpd; mjpfupf;Fk;

27.rpWfy;nyhd;iw epa+w;wd; juhrpy; njhq;ftpl;lNghJ juhrpd; thrpg;G 40 N Mff;

fhzg;gl;lJ. fy;iy ePupy; mkpo;j;jpaNghJ mjd; thrpg;G 24 N Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
fy;ypd;kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; NkYijg;G vt;tsT?
1. 64 N 2. 32 N 3. 16 N 4. 12 N 5. 8 N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 215

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
28' Mf;fpkpbrpd;; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghd $w;Wf;fs; tUkhW:
a. nghUnshd;wpd; epiw> vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; mjd; NkYijg;Gf;Fr; rkdhFk;.
b. NkYijg;G ,lg;ngau;f;fg;gl;l ePupd; epiwf;Fr; rkdhFk;.
c. ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;l ePupd; fdtsT nghUspd; fdtstpw;Fr; rkdhFk;.
,f;$w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ/ rupahdit>
1' a kl;Lk;. 2' b kl;Lk;. 3' c kl;Lk;.
4' a >b vd;gd kl;Lk;. 5' a, c vd;gd kl;Lk;.

29' kpfg;ngupa tiff; flw;fykhd fg;gy;> cUf;F cNyhfj;jhy; nra;ag;gLk;. mJ ghupa

epiwiar; Rke;J ePupy; kpje;J nry;Yk;. ,J vt;thW rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ?
1' cUf;fpd; mlu;j;jp> ePupd; mlu;j;jpia tplf; FiwthftpUj;jy;.
2' fg;gypd; epiwiatpl mjpf NkYijg;G vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; nraw;gLjy;.
3' cUf;f pd; mlu;j ;j p ePupd; mlu;j ;j pia tpl mjpkhff; fhzg;g bDk; fg;g y;
epUkhzpf; f g;g l;L s; s mikg; g pd; g b ,il mlu;j ;j p ePu pd; mlu;j ;j piatplf;;
FiwthftpUj;jy;.
4' fg;gypd; vQ;rpdpd;; %yk; NkYijg;G tpirnahd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
5' fhw;wpd; %yk; fg;gypd;kPJ fPOijg;G tpirnahd;W gpuNahfpf;fg;gly;.

30' khztndhUtu; ngupa ePu;g;ghj;jpuj;jpDs; ngd;rpnyhd;iw epiyf;Fj;jhf ,l;lhu;. mJ

fpilahf eP upd; kP J kpje; J fhzg;g l;lJ. ngd;r pypd; fPo ; me;j j;j py; fspkz;
cUz;ilnahd;iw xl;b epiyf;Fj;jhf ePupDs; itj;j NghJ mJ epiyf;Fj;jhf
kpje;jJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzk;>
1' fspkz; cUz;ilia xl;baJk; epiw mjpfupg;gjhFk;.
2' fspkz; cUz;ilia xl;bajhy; GtpaPu;g;Gikak; kPAe;jy; ikaj;ijtplf; fPo;r;
nry;jy; MFk;.
3' fspkz; cUz;ilia xl;Ltjhy; kPAe;jy; ikaj;ij fPo; fPoN; ehf;fpf; nfhz;Lnry;yf;;
$bajhf ,Ug;gjhyhFk;.
4' fspkz; cUz;il fhuzkhf NkYijg;G tpir Fiwtile;jik MFk;.
5' fspapy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrlkhd jd;ikapdhyhFk;.

31' cUtpy; ePukhdpnahd;W fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ njhlu;ghd A

$w;Wf;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
a. jiyg;gFjpapy; epiw ,lg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; epiyf;Fj;jhf B
mstpil
kpjf;fpwJ. nfhz;l
C
b. Fkpo;g; gFjp mfykhff; fhzg;gLtjdhy; NkYijg;ig clw;
Vw;gLj;Jk;. gFjp
c. clw;;gFjpapd; mstpil rkkhd ,ilntspfisf;
nfhz;like;jpUj;jy;. Fkpo;g;
gFjp
Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ/rupahdit vJ/vit
1' a kl;Lk;. 2' b kl;Lk;. 3' a, b kl;Lk;.
4' a, c vd;gd 4' a, b, c vd;gd jiyg;
gFjp
32' NkNy tpdh 32 ,y; cs;s cUtpy; fhl;lgl;l ePukhdp ePu;> nrwpthd cg;Gf; fiury;>
Njq;fhnaz;nza; vd;gtw;wpy; ,lg;gl;L thrpg;Gf;fs; A, B, C vdf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
mf;fiury;fs; KiwNa gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vitahFk;?
1' ePu;> nrwpthd cg;Gf; fiury;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;
2' Njq;fhnaz;nza;> vz;nza;> nrwpthd cg;Gf; fiury;
3' Njq;fhnaz;nza;> nrwpthd cg;Gf; fiury; ePu;
4' nrwpthd cg;Gf; fiury;> ePu;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;.
5' ePu;> Njq;fhnaz;nza;> nrwpthd cg;Gf; fiury;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 216

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
33' ghapg; gha;r;ry; njhlu;ghfj; jug;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fis mtjhdpf;f.
a. mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;rr
; ypy; xU Fwpg;gpll; Gs;spnahd;iwf; flf;Fk; ghapj; Jzpf;ifapd;
Ntfk; Neuj;Jf;fika khw;wKwhJ.
b. nfhe;jsg; gha;r;ry; vd;gJ Fok;gpa gha;r;ryhFk;.
c. ghapg; gha;r;rypd; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwe;j ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J gbg;gbahf mjpfupf;Fk;
NghJ gha;r;ryhdJ nfhe;js epiyapypUe;J mUtpf;Nfhl;L epiyf;F khWk;.
Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ/rupahdit vJ/vit
1' a kl;Lk;. 2' b kl;Lk;. 3' a, b kl;Lk;.
4' a, c vd;gd 5' a, b, c midj;Jk;.

34' mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;ry; njhlu;rr; pahf epfOk;NghJ>

a. gha;r;ry; Fohapy; xU Fwpj;j ntl;LKfj;jpD}lfr; nrf;fDf;F ntspahFk; ghapapd;
fdtsT Neuj;Jf;fika khw;wkilahJ.
b. gha;r;ry; Fohapd; xLq;fpa ,lq;fspy; gha;r;ry;; Ntfk; mjpfkhFk;.
c. mUtpf;NfhLfs; xd;iwnahd;W ClWf;fh.
Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fspy; rupahdJ/rupahdit vJ/vit
1' a kl;Lk;. 2' b kl;Lk;. 3' a, b kl;Lk;.
4' a, c vd;gd 4' a, b, c midj;Jk;.

35' gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; gpioahdijj; njupT nra;f.

1' neUf;fU ghapnahd;W ghAk;NghJ ghapapd; mlu;j;jp vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; kw;wKwhJ
fhzg;gLk;.
2' NgZ}aPf; Nfhl;ghl;L elj;ijiaf; fhl;Lk; jputq;fs; gpRf;Fik mjpfkhd
jputq;fshFk;.
3' NgZ}aPf; Nfhl;ghL rf;jpf;fhg;G njhlu;ghf $Wfpd;wJ.
4' mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;rypy; xNu fpil kl;lj;jpy cs;s ,U Gs;spfisf; fUJk;
NghJ Ntfk; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ mKf;fk; FiwtilAk;.
5' J}tw; gk;gpahdJ NgZ}aPf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; xU gpuNahfkhFk;.

36' glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s FohapD}lhf A apypUe;J B ia

Nehf;fp mUtpf;Nfhlhf ePu; gha;fpd;wJ. A apd; FWf;Fntl;L
tpl;lk; 2.8cm MtJld; B apd; FWf;Fntl;L tpl;lk;; 0.7 cm
MFk;. A me;jj;jpy; ePu; ghAk; Ntfk;. 0.2 ms-1 MFk;' B apd; B
me;jj;jpy; ePu; ghAk; Ntfk; ahJ? A
1' 0.8 ms-1 2' 8 ms-1 3' 3.2 ms-1
4' 32 ms -1
5' 320 ms -1

jug;gl;Ls;s cU A1 FWf;F ntl;LKfj;jpD}lhf h

0.4ms-1 Ntfj;jpy; GFk; mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;ry; A2
ntl;LKfk; V Ntfj;jpy; ntsptUtijf; fhl;Lfpdw ; J. 0.4ms-1 V
,jid mtjhdpj;J 38> 39 Mfpa tpdhf;fSf;F A2
tpil jUf. A1

37' A1:A2 = 4:1vdpd; V ,d; ngWkhdk; ahJ?

1' 0.016 ms-1 2' 0.16 ms-1 3' 1.6 ms-1 4' 4 ms-1 5' 16 ms-1

38' epiyf;Fj;jhd ,U Foha;fspd; jput kl;lq;fspw;fpilNaahd tpj;jpahrk; h ,d; ngWkhdk;

ahJ?
1' 12 m 2' 3 m 3' 1.2 m 4' 0.12 m 5' 0.003 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 217

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 17 ePu;epiyapay;
mikg;Gf; fl;L iu tif tpdhf;f s;
(1) rPuw;w tbtKs;s cNyhf; Fw;wpnahd;W epA+w;wd; tpw;wuhR E}y;> ePu;nfhz;l Kfit>
,lg;ngau;r;rpf; Ftis> msTr;rhb Mfpa ckf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(i) cNyhff; Fw;wpiaj; juhrpw; njhq;ftpl;L Fw;wpapd; epiwia mse;jNghJ
0.72 N Mff; fhzg;gl;lnjdpd; me;j cNyhff; Fw;wpapd; jpzpT ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) cNyhff; Fw;wpapd; fdtsit mwpaj;jf;f ,yFthd Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Nkw;gb (i), (ii) Mfpatw;wpy; ngwg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fs; %yk; cNyhfj;jpd; mlu;jj ; piaf;
fhz;gjw;fhd rkd;ghl;il vOjp FwpaPLfis mwpKfQ;nra;f.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) gFjp (ii) ,y; ePqf ; s; fz;lwpe;j cNyhfj;jpd; fdtsT 15 cm3 vdpd; cNyhfj;jpd;
mlu;j;jpiaf; fzpf;f.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(v) tpw;wuhrpy; njhq;ftpg;gl;bUf;Fk; cNyhff; Fw;wp KOikahf ePupy; %o;Fk; NghJ
tpw;wuhrpd; thrpg;G 0.57 N Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
(i) cNyhff; Fw;wpapypNyw;gl;l NkYijg;igf; fhz;f.
...............................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) cNyhff; Fw;wpapd; rhulu;j;jpiaf; fzpf;f.
...............................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) ePupd; mlu;j;jp 1000 kgcm-3 vdpd;> cNyhff; Fw;wpapd; mlu;j;jp ahJ?
...............................................................................................................................................................................

(2) (i) mKf;fk; vd;why; vd;dntd tiuaWf;f.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) 50 cm ePsKk; 40 cm mfyKk; nfhz;l nrt;tftbtj; jhq;F Nkw;gug;gpd;kPJ>
Nkw;gug;gpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf 40 N tpir njhopw;gLfpwJ. Nkw;gug;gpd;kJ P Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;
mKf;fj;ijf; fzpf;f.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) nghJthf ney; mWtilf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; uau;fs; nfhz;l
rpy;Yfs; cs;sd. vdpDk;> Nrw;Wepy tay;fspy; mWtilia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ
uau;f spd; vz; z pf; i f mjpfupf;f g; g l;L my;y J rq; f pyp ,lg;g l;L mit
Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 218

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(iv) mKf;fk; njhlu;ghd gupNrhjidnahd;iw Nkw;nfhz;l khztndhUtd; caukhkd

nghypj;jPd; ciwnahd;wpy; ePiu epug;gp mjpy; gy;NtW cauq;fspy; Jisfis
,l;L ePu; ntspNaWk; tPjj;ij mtjhdpj;jNghJ gpd;tUkhW cU 1 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;lthwhd epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. cU 2 ,w;fika xOq;fikg;Gfspy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,U ghj;jpuq;fspdJk; cauq;fs; NtWgbDk; ePupd; gha;r;ry;
,lg;ngau;r;rp rkkhff; fhzg;gl;l;lJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ePc,h
u;

x x

.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

(v) g];fhypd; mKf;f CLflj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;il vOJf.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(vi) g];fhypd; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpuNahfq;fs; %d;iwf;; Fwpg;gpLf.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

(3) jputnkhd;wpy; gFjpahf kpje;J fhzg;gLk; ePukhdpnahd;W glj;jpy;

jug;gl;Ls;sJ. jput mlu;j;jpia msg;gjw;F ,J gad;gLk;.
(i) ePukhdp kpjg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
................................................................................................................................................. A

.................................................................................................................................................
(ii) ePukhdpia epiyf;Fj;jhf kpjf;fr; nra;a ifahasg;gl;Ls;s
B h
cghak; ahJ?
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(iii) ePukhdpapd; Fkpo;g; gFjpf;F NkNyAs;s cUis tbtg; gFjp
mjpf tpl;lk; nfhz;ljhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikf;fhd fhuzk;
ahJ?
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 219

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(iv) ePukhdpapd; jpzpT m ck; Fkpo; kw;Wk; jiyg; gFjpapd; fdtsT V ck; jz;Lg;
gFjpapy;>; mkpo;eJ ; fhzg;gLk; gFjpapd; cauk; h ck; jz;Lg; gFjpapd; FWf;Fntl;Lg;
gug;gsT A ck; MFnkdpd; jputj;jpd; mluj;jpf;fhd Nfhitnahd;iw Nkw;gb
cUtpw;fika Fwpg;gpLf.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
(v) ePukhdpapd; jz;Lg; gFjpapd; mstpil rpuhdjh?
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
(vi) Nkw;gb ePukhdp %ykhf 800 kgm-3 Kjy; 1200 kgm-3 tiuahd tPr;ir msf;ff KbAk;.
mg;ngWkhdq;fs; A, B vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. A, B Mfpatw;iw KiwNa Fwpf;Fk;
ngWkhdq;fisr; rupahff; Fwpg;gpLf.
A - ................................................................................... B -.........................................................................................

(vii) ePukhdpnahd;W jputj;jpDs; rha;thf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; cUtpy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjd;kPJ nraw;gLk; tpirfisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;L> mJ kPz;Lk;

epiyf;Fj;jhf tUtjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.................................................................................................................................................................

(4) (i) mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;ry; vd;why; vd;d?

.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;ry; njhlu;rr ; pahf ,lk;ngWk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;fhd njhlu;rr ; pr;
rkd;ghl;il vOjp mjd; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ePu;g;gha;rr
; y; njhFjpapy;
A, B vd;gd NtWgl;l ntl;LKfj; Njhw;wk; nfhz;l
,U ,lq;fshFk;. A apd; ntl;LKf tpl;lk; 21 cm B
MFk; B apd; tpl;lk; 7 cm MFk; A Fohapy; ePupd; A
Ntfk; 0.8 ms-1 vdpd; B Fohapy; ePupd; Ntfk;
ahJ?
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) ePukhdpapd; Foha; B xLq;fpajhf cs;sjhy; Foha; B apy; jput mKf;fk;
mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLkh? ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 220

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(v) tP l ; L g; gad; g hl; L f; f hd eP i u toq; F k; eP u ; j ;

njhl;b
njhl;bapypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fp ePiuf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;
Foha; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW gbg;gbahf xLq;fpr; gUj;j Foha;
nry;fpd;wJ. ,jdhw; fpilf;Fk; mD$yk; ahJ? xLq;fpa Foha;Foha;

.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(vi) NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghl;bw;fika epfOk; epfo;Tfs; ,uz;L jUf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(5) (i) NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghl;il vOJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) mjw;Fupa rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghL> rf;jpf; fhg;G gw;wpa xU Nfhl;ghL vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLtjd; fhuzk; ahJ?
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW fpilahd ePu;f;Foha;j; njhFjpapd; topNa mfd;w
FohapypUe;J xLq;fpa Fohapw;F ePu; mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;rYf;Fs;shfpd;wJ.

A B

ePu;
V A A2
1

a. A, B Mfpa epiyf;Fj;Jf; Foha;fspYs;s ePu;kl;lq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
b. A, B Mfpa ePu;kl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;Lf;fhd Nfhitia A1, A2, ,
V Mfpatw;wpy; ngWf. (,q;FA1, A2 Mfpad FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsthf
miktJld;  ePupd; mlu;jpahFk;. V vdg;gLtJ ePupd; cl;gha;r;ry; tPjkhFk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
(v) NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpuNahfq;fs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 221

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl; L iu
(1) tPlL
; j;Njhl;lj;jpYs;s ehw;WNkilf;F ePupLtjw;nfd jahupf;fg;gl;l cgfuzk; cUtpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; mf tpl;lk; 1.9 cm nfhz;l ,wg;gu;f; FohAk; mjd; me;jj;jpy;
ePiuj; Jspahfj; njspf;fg; gad;gLk; g+itAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j g+tpy; 0.13 cm
msTila Jisfs; 24 mike;Js;sd. FohapD}lhf 0.91 ms-1 vDk; tPjj;jpy; ePu;
gha;fpwJ.

5m

(i) ,wg;gu;f; FohapD}lhf ePupd; gha;r;ry; tPjk; V1 vdTk; njspf;Fk; g+tpYs;s xU

Jthuj;jpD}lhf ePu; ntspNaWk; tPjk; V2 vdTk; ,wg;gu; Foha; kw;Wk; g+tpYs;s
Jthuk; Mfpatw;wpd; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;Gfs; KiwNa A, a vdf; nfhz;L
g+tpy; N vz;zpf;ifahd Jisfs; ,Uf;Fkhapd; V2 ,w;fhd Nfhitnahd;iw
Nkw;gb FwpaPLfspidg; gad;gLj;jp vOJf.

(ii) Nkw;gb juTfspd; cjtpAld; ePu; njspf;Fk; g+tpd; Jthuj;jpD}lhf ePu; ntspNaWk;
tPjj;ijf; fzpf;f.

(iii) ,wg;gu;f; Fohapd; xU me;jk; epykl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJld; g+tpidf; nfhz;l

kW me;jk; epykl;lj;jpypUe;J 5 m cauj;jpy; gpbf;fg;gl;l ePu; njspf;fg;gLk;NghJ
Fohapd; kWme;jj;jpd; mKf;fk; 2X105 N vdpd; g+tpd; Jthuj;Jf;F mz;ikapYs;s
mKf;fk; vt;tsthFk;? (ePupd; mlu;j;jp 1000 kg -3 )

(2) gf;f ePsk; 2 cm If; nfhz;l cNyhf rJuKfpnahd;wpd; epiw 79 g MFk; cNyhf
rJuKfpapd; ,il mlu;j;jpiaf; fhz;f.

(3) 2400 kg -3 mlu;j;j piaf; nfhz;l 2.4 kg fspiag; gad;g Lj;jp rJuKfpnahd;W
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rJuKfpapd; xU gf;fj;jpd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

(4) rhulu;j;jp 4.8 ,idf; nfhz;l cNyhfj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l 7 cm MiuAk; 10 cm

cauKk; nfhz;l rpypz;lnuhd;wpd; jpzpT ahJ?

(5) 900 kgm-3 jpzpT nfhz;l jputj;jpd; 70cm caukhd epuy; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;
mKf;fj;ijf; fzpf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 222

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(6)

40 cm

cUtpy; 40 cm caukhd jpwe;j ghj;jpuj;jpy; 800 kgm-3 mlu;j;jpAs;s jputnkhd;W

cs;sJ. tspkz;ly mKf;fk; 1X105 Pa vdpd; Gs;sp A apy; mKf;fj;ijf; fzpf;f.
(7) cUtpy; U tbtf; Fohnahd;wpy; tyJ Gaj;jpy; ePUk; ,lJ Gaj;jpy; Njq;fha; vz;nzAk;
rkepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; tpjk;; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(i) vz;;nzapd; mlu;j;jp 850 kgm-3 ck; vz;nza; epuypd; cauk;
20 cm ck; tsp kz;ly mKf;fk; 1X 105 Pa ck; MFnkdpd;
jputepuy;fspd; njhLgug;gpy; epyTk; mKf;fj;ijf; fzpf;f.
(ii) ,ilKfj;jpypUe;J vt;tsT cauj;jpw;F tyJ Gaj;jpy; ePu; vz;nza;
fhzg;gLk;? (ePupd; mlu;j;jp 1000 kgm-3)
(iii) tyJ Gaj;jpy; NkYk; ePu; Nru;f;fg;gbd; ,ilKfj;jpypUe;J ePu;
vz;nza; epuy; ePu; epuy; vd;gtw;wpd; Gjpa cauk; ahJ?

(8) Nkw;gb cUtpy; fhzg;gLk; A, B vd;Dk; Kryq;fspd;

tpl;lk; KiwNa 7 cm, 21 cm MFk;. A Kryj;jpd;kPJ 20 N
tpir gpuNahfpf;fg;gbd; B Kryj;jpd;kPJ vt;tsT tpir A B
njhopw;gLk;?

(9) ngf;Nfh ,ae;jpunkhd;wpd; gpujhd Kryj;jpd; ntl;LKfg;gug;G 70 cm MFk; mjpy; 14

000 N cr;rsT tpiriag; gpuNahfpf;f ,aYk;> 14 000 N tpiriag; ngwf;$bajhf
mjw;F Krynkhd;iwg; nghUj;j Ntz;bapUg;gpd;. Kryj;jpd; ntl;LKfg;; gug;gsT
vt;tsthftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.?
(10) rpW fy;nyhd;iw tpw;wuhrpy; tspapy; njhq;ftpl;L epiwia mstpl;lNghJ 80 g Mff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jid Mokhd ePu;g;ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbg;gbahf mkpo;j;jpg; ngwg;gl;l epiw
thrpg;Gf;fs; KiwNa 76> 72> 68> 64> 60> 58> 58> 58 MFk;.
(i) fy;ypd;kPJ njhopw;gl;l Nky;Nehf;fpa cijg;G vt;tsT?
(i) fy;ypd; ,il mlu;j;jp ahJ?
(11) fz;zhb %bnahd;iwf; fhw;wpy; njhq;ftpl;L tpw;;wuhrpdhy; epiwia mse;jNghJ
60 g Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. mjid KOikahf ePupy; mkpo;jj ; p epiwiaf; fzf;fpl;lNghJ
epiw 36 g Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. kw;nwhU jputj;jpy; KOikahf mkpo;j;jp mjd;
epiwiaf; fzf;fpl;lNghJ epiw 42 g Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j jputj;jpd; rhulu;jj
; piaf;
fzf;fpLf.
(12) xU gf;fk; 10 cm nfhz;l gyiff; Fw;wpnahd;iw ePupy; ,l;lNghJ
mjpy; rup ghjp ePupy; %o;fpf; fhzg;gl;lJ. gyiff; Fw;wpapd;kPJ
cNyhfj;Jz;nlhd;iw ,l;lJk; ,J KOikahf mkpo;e;jJ. ePupd;
mlu;j;jp 1000 kgm-3 vdpd; cNyhfj;Jz;bz; jpzpT ahJ?

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 223

01 01 - 27
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(13) GFj;jpnahd;wpd; Kryj;jpd; tpl;lk; 2 cm MFk;. mjd; Crpj; Jthuj;jpd; tpl;lk;

0.5 mm MFk;. GFj;jpapy; ePu; epug;gp 0.2 ms-1 Ntfj;jpy; Kryj;ijj; js;spdhy; Crpapd;
Clhf ePu; ghAk; Ntfj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
14) ePu; nfhz;l ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; Fj;jhf mkpo;j;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nky;ypa Fohnahd;W
;
6 cm ePu; klj;jpw;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; fpilahff; fhzg;gLk; B vDk; Foha; %yk;
tspiar; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; A Fohapd; ePu;kl;lj;ij caur; nrajy; Ntz;Lk;. A
Fohapd; Nky; kl;lj;jpw;F ePiu caur; nra;a Ntz;Lnkdpy; vt;tsT Ntfj;jpy; B
Fohapy; tspia cl;nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (tspapd; mlu;j;jp 2 kgm-3 MFk;)

(15) eP u ; ntspNaw; W k; njhFjpnahd; w pypUe; J ntt; N tW ntl; L Kfq; f s; nfhz; l

Foha;fspD}lhf ePu; ghAk; Ntfj;ij xg;gpLtjw;fhd xOq;fikg;nghd;W gpd;tUk;
glj;jpy; cs;sthW xOq;F nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ngupa Fohapd; tpl;lk; 12 cm ck;
rpwpa Fohapd; tpl;lk; 8 cm ck; MFk; njhlu;rr ; pahff; Foha; %yk; ePu;ghAk; vdpd;

A B

(i) Foha;fspD}lhf ePu; ghAk; Ntfq;fSf;fpilNaahd tpfpjj;ijf; fzpf;f

(ii) A Fohapy; ePu; ghAk; Ntfk; 0.4ms-1 vdpd; B Fohapy; ePu; ghAk; Ntfj;ijf; fzpf;f.
(iii) nrq;Fj;jhd ,U Foha;fspYKs;s ePuk
; l;lq;fspw;F ,ilNaahd cau NtWghl;ilf;
fzpf;f.
16) Mfha tpkhdnkhd;wpy; ,wf;iffspd; tbtj;jpd; fhuzkhf NkYijg;G tpirnahd;W
Vw;gLk;. NgZaPapd; jj;Jtg;gb ,jid tpsf;Ff. Mfha tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;iffs;
,uz;bdJk; gug;G 160 m2 MFk;. tpkhdj;jpd; ,wfpd; Nky;> fPo; gFjpfspD}lhf tPRk;
fhw;wpd; Ntfq;fs; KiwNa 160 ms-1>100 ms-1 ck; fhw;wpd; mlu;j;jp 1.2 kgm-3 ck;
vdpd; me;j Mfhatpkhdk; tpz;zpy; gpuahzpfSld; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jhq;ff; $ba
cr;r epiwiaf; fhz;f.

17) NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghl;ilj; jUf.

cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ ntt;NtW FWf;Fntl;Lg;
gug;Gfs; nfhz;l Foha;fshy; Md ePu;f;Foha;j;
njhFjp MFk;.
1. ,q;F; s;s gUj;j Fohapd; Miu 3.5 cm MtJld;
kw;iwa Fohapd; Miu 2.6 cm MFk;. ePupd;
gha;r;ry; mUtpf;Nfhl;Lf;FupaJ vdf; nfhz;L
gUj;j FohapD}lhd ePupd; gha;r;ry; tPj k;
0.4 cms-1 Mapd; xLq;fpa FohapD}lhd ePupd;
gha;;r;ry; tPjk; vt;tsT?
2. ePupd; mlu;j;jp 1000 kgm-3Mapd; h1 > h2 Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd tpj;jpahrj;ijf; fhz;f.
18. cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ g+r;rpehrpdp rptpwpahfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f cgfuzkhFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 224

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mjpYs;s epiyf;Fj;Jf; FohapD}lhf fhw;W Cjg;gLk; NghJ

ghj;jpuj;jpypYs;s jputk; rptpwg;gLk;. jputj;jpd; mlu;j;jp 800
kgm ck; tspapd; mlu;j;jp 2 kgm ck; vdpd; ghj;jpuj;jpDs; epyTk;
-3 -3

mKf;fk; tspkz;ly mKf;fj;jpw;Fr; rkkhdJ vdf;nfhz;L jputj;ij

tprpWtjw;F fpilf;Fohapy; tspia Cj Ntz;ba tPjj;ijf; fhz;f.
(ghj;jpuj;jpYs;s jputkl;lj;jpypUe;J fpilf; Fohapw;fhd cauk; 5
cm MFk;.)

19. fLfjpj; njhlUe;Jg; ghijf;fz;ikapy; ghijia Nehf;fpa tz;zk; egnuhUtu;

epw;fpwhu;. njhlUe;Jg; ghijapd; topNa 180 kmh-1 vDk; Ntfj;jpy; njhlUe;njhd;W
me;j egiuj; jhz;br; nry;fpwJ. tspapd; mlu;j;jp 2 kgm-3 ck; kdpjdpd; KJFg;Gw
Nkw;gug;gsT 0.3 m2 ck; vdpd; me;j kdpjdpd; KJfpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpir
vt;tsthFk;? mJ ve;jj; jpirapy; njhopw;gLk;? ,jdhy; me;j egUf;F Vw;gLk;
ghjpg;G ahJ?

20. Mfha tpkhdnkhd;wpd; rpwFfspd; gug;gsT 50 m2 MtJld; tpkhdk; gwf;Fk;NghJ

rpwFfspd; Nkw;Gwg; gug;gpD}lhf nry;Yk; fhw;wpd; Ntfk; 140 ms-1 ck; rpwFfspd;
fPo;g;Gwg; gug;gpD}lhf nry;Yk; fhw;wpd; Ntfk; 80 ms-1 ck; MFk;. tspapd; mlu;j;jp
2 kgm-3 Mapd; gazpfSld; $ba tpkhdj;jpd; cr;r epiw vt;tsthf ,Uf;Fk;?

myF 17 gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f Sf;fhd tpilfs;

1' tpil 4

2' tpil 3 1  103 m3

5  5 103 m 3
m 4 log
  
v 5  103 m3
 800 kgm 3

3' tpil 2 d  2.6  1000 kgm 3  2600 kgm 3

v  103 cm 3  103 10  6 m 3  103 m3
m
d 
v
vd  m
103 m 3  2600 kgm 3  m
m  2.6 kg

4' tpil 4 1m 3 apd; jpzpT  900kg

900 kg
1 apd; jpzpT   0.9 kg
1000
1 apd; tpiy  260  0.9
 &. 234/ 

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 225

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5' tpil 4 N m vdg;gLtJ jpUg;gj;ij msf;Fk; myfhFk;. mJ kl;LNk gpioahd

tpilahFk;.
6' tpil 3  105 Nm 2
 760 mmHg
 1 atm  760 mmHg

7' tpil 4 P  h g
5
110  h 1000 10
1105
h
1 4
10 m  h

8' tpil 2 PA  760 mmHg  120 mmHg

 880 mmHg

F  mg  105 N
A  30  30 cm 2  900  104 m 2
F 10 4
9. tpil 4 P 
A 900  104
106
  1.11 105 Pa
9
10' tpil 5 P  P0  hpg
 1  10 5  1.8  10 4
 1.18  10 5 P0

11' tpil 3 fk;gpapd; ePsk;  vdpd; fdtsT  A

m
d
v
m
d
A
m 0.1
  6
Ad 1 10  8500
1000

85
 12 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 226

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

12' tpil 3 rk kl;lj;jpy; mKf;fk; rkdhFk;

P0  h1 p1 g  P0  h2 p2 g
h1 p1  h2 p2
10  900  h2  1000
9 cm  h2

13' tpil 5
mbg;gFjp mfykhdhy; FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;G mjpfkhfp mKf;fk; FiwtilAk;.
epiw khwpypahFk;.

14' tpil 4 F1 F2

A1 A2
100 N F2
 2  F2  1600 N
12 4

2 2
6 d
2  2 
A1 A2 2 2
15' tpil 4       
F1 F2 2 32
36  16  d 2
d  24 cm

16' tpil U  60  10 3  10  36  10 3  10
 29  10 2  0.24 N

17' tpil 5 vy;yhf; $w;WfSk; cz;ikahdit

18' tpil 5
19' tpil 3
20' tpil 3
21' tpil 1
22' tpil 4
23' tpil 3
24' tpil 4
25' tpil 3
26' tpil 3
27' tpil 3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 227

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

28' tpil 2
29' tpil 3
30' tpil 2
31' tpil 3
32' tpil 2
33' tpil 3
34' tpil 5
35' tpil 2
36' tpil 3
37' tpil 3
38' tpil 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 228

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg;Gf; fl;L iu tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;

1.
(i) epiw  0.72N

jpzpT 0.72 N
 kg
10
 0.072 kg
 72 g
(ii) ,lg;ngau;r;rp ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePu; epuk;gp cNyhf Fw;wpia ePupy; KOikahf %o;ftpl;lgpd;
,lg;ngau;r;rpahd ePupd; fdtsit msTr; rhbahy; msj;jy;.
jpzpT m
(iii) cNyhfj; jpd; mlu; j; jp  d
fdtsT v

m
(iv) d
v
0.072 kg
d
15 106 m 3
72 103
d
15 106
24 103
d
4.8 103 kgm 3

(v) i. NkYijg;G U    72  57  N
U  15N

nghUspd; epiw
ii. rhulu; j; jp 
NkYijg; G
72 N
 4.8
15N

4.8  1000
iii. mlu; j; jp  4800 kgm 3

2'
(i) mKf;fk; vd;gJ myF Nkw;gug;gstpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf epfOk; tpirahFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 229

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(ii)

A  50  40  cm 2  2000 104 m 2
A  0.2 m 2
F  40 N
F 40
P   200 N
A 0.2

(iii) epyj;jpy; gLfpd;w gug;gsit mjpfupg;gjdhy; mKf;fk; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;NghJ

Nrw;wpy; Gijjy; jLf;fg;gLk;.
(iv) ,lJgf;fg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; mjpf cauj;jpy; ePu; fhzg;gLk; ,jdhy; mKf;fnkhd;W
Vw;gLk; ,t;tKf;fk; tyJgf;fg; ghj;jpuj;jpw;Ff; CLflj;jg;gLtjdhy;; tyJgf;f
ghj;jpuk; cauk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gpDk; jputk; mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ntspNa ghAk;.
(v) jpwe;j ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; neUf;fy; xU xNutifg; ghapapd; Nkw;gug;G %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l
Gs;spapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mKf;fk; ghapapd; midj;J ,lq;fspYk; Nkw;gug;G kPJ
rkkhfg; guTk;.
(vi) i. jput mKf;fk;
ii. jputj; jLg;Gj;njhFjp
iii. ngf;Nfh ,ae;jpuk;
iv. jput cau;j;jp
v. gw;rpfpr;irf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fjpiu
3) (i) mjd; epiw NkYijg;gpw;Fr; rkkhtjdhy;
(ii) jiyg;gFjpf;F <ar; Riknahd;iwapl;L GtpaPu;g;G ikaj;ij ikaj;ijtpl fPo;
nfhz;LtUjy;.
(iii) ,jd;NghJ ,lg;ngau;r;rpj; jputj;jpd fdtsit mjpfupj;J mjpf NkYijg;igg;
ngwf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhy;.
(iv) epiw = NkYijg;G

mg  V  Ah   g
m

A  Ah
tpil
5. ,y;iy

6' A=800 kgm-3

B.=1200 kgm-3

7' U NkyhfTk; mg fPohfTk; nraw;gLtjdhy; ,lQ;Ropj; jpUg;gk; %ykhf ePukhdp

epiyf;Fj;jhf kpjf;Fk;NghJ ,U tpirfSk; xNu jhf;ff; Nfhl;;by; tUk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 230

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4& (i) ghapd; gha;r;rypd;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spiaf; flf;Fk; ghapj; Jzpf;ifapd; Ntfk;
fhyj;Jld; khWglhnjdpd; mt;thwhd ghar;ry; mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;rr ; y; vdg;gLk;.

(ii) AV
1 1  A2V2

A1 A2 - ntl;LKfg; gug;gsT
VV
1 2 - Ntfk;.

2 2
(iii) d  d 
  1  V1    2  V2
1  2
2 2
d1 V1  d 2 V2
2
 21 X 0.8  7 2 V2
2
 21 
V2    X 0.8
 7 
 7.2 ms 1

(iv) ,y;iy. Foha; FWFk;NghJ ghAk; Ntfk; mjpfupg;gjdhy; NgZ}aPapd; rkd;ghl;bd;gb

mKf;fk; FiwAk;.
(v) fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ ePupd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhf
(vi) 1. Gifapuj Nkilnahd;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; gpuahzp xUtUf;F> mjpNtf Gifapujnkhd;W
nry;tjdhy; Kd;gf;fkhf rkepiyaw;w tpirnahd;W Vw;gLjy;.
2. miu jpwe;j epiyapYs;s fjnthd;W fhw;wpd; fhuzkhf rLjpahf %lg;gly;.
3. #whtspapd; fhuzkhf %lg;gl;Ls;s tPLfspy; $iu mfw;wg;gly;.
4. fhw;Wld; $ba ehl;fspy; Fil gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;yy; fbdkhjy;.

5. (i) ghFepiy tpirfs; Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fdthd neUf;fU ghap xd;wpy; epj;jpa epiyapy;

fhzg;gLk; mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;rypd; xNu mUtpf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ ve;jnthU
Gs;spapdJk; mKf;fj;jpdJk; myFf;fdtsT mOj;jr; rf;jpapdJk; myFf;
fdtstpd; ,af;fr; rf;jpapdJk; $l;Lj;njhif khwpypahFk;.

1 2
(ii) P  pgh  pv  k
2
P - mKf;fk;
pgh - myF fdtsnthd;wpd; mOj;jr; rf;jp
1 2
pv - myF fdtsnthd;wpd; mOj;jr; rf;jp
2
k - khwpypahFk;.

(iii) mKf;f tpj;jpahrj;jpd; %yk; myFf; fdtstpy; epfo;jj

; g;gLk; Ntiy mKf;fj;jpd;
%yk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J mKf;ftpir vdTk; rpy re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
,jd; %yk; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy tpirapd; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkkhdJ vd;gNj
,jd; %yk; Fwg;gLfpwJ.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 231

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iv) x ,w;Fk; y ,w;Fk; NgZ}ap

1 2 1
P1  pv1  P2  pv22
2 2
1
P1  P2  p  v 2  v22 
2
1
 h1  h2  Pg  P  v 2  v22 
2
v 2  v22
h1  h2 
2g

NkYk; AV
1 1  A2V2 vd;gjhy;

A1
V  V2 (1) , y; gpujpaL
P nra; f.
A2

2
A  2
V   1V
h1  h2   A2 
2g

A22V 2 A12V 2
h1  h2 
2 A22 g

v) 1. J}tw;ghrdg; gk;gp
2. Mfha tpkhd ,wf;iffspd; %yk; tpkhdj;ij NkYau;j;jy;
3. ge;njhd;iw tisthd ghijapy; nrYj;Jjy;.
4. gd;rd; Rlu;

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;

1' i.' A1V1 = A2V2

AV1 = aV2 x N
AV1
V2 =
aN

2

π 1.9
2 ×0.91 3.28
= 0.08 ms-1
ii' V2 = 2
=
 
π 1.3 ×24
2
40.56

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 232

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iii' NgZ}ap Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpuNahfpg;gjhy;

1 1
P1 + ρV12 +ρgh1 = P2 + ρV22 +ρgh 2
2 2
1 1
2×105 + ×1000×0.912 = P2 + ×1000×0.082 +(1000×10×5)
2 2
1
P2 = 105 (2-0.5)+ ×1000(0.912 -0.082 )
2
5
P2 = 10 (1.5)+500(0.82-0.006)
P2 = 105 (1.5)+407
P2  105 (1.5  0.00407)
 1.504 105

3
2' fdtsT = (2×10-2 )3 = 8×10-6 m

jpzpT 79 103
,il mlu;j;jp   6
 9878 kgm-3
fdtsT 8 10
m
3' d=
V

m
V=
d
2.4
a3 
2400
 1 10 3
a  110  1 m = 10 cm

4' cUisapd; fdtsT  πr 2 h

22
  7  7 104 10 102
7
 154 105 m 2

m
d=
V
dv  m
m  4.8 1000 1054 103
 7.4 kg

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 233

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5' P = hρg
 0.7  900  10
P  6300 Pa

6' PA = P0 +hρg

 1 105  0.4  800  10

 1 105  3200
P  1.032  105 Pa

7' i. ,ilKfg;gpy; mKf;fk; = P0 +hρg

 1 105  0.2  850  10

 1 105  1700
P  1.017700  105 Pa

ii. h1ρ1 = h 2ρ1

2 0  85 0 = h  10 0 0
h  17 cm
iii. NtWglkhl;lhJ. ,ilKfg;G Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;tJ khj;jpuNk epfOk;.
ePupd; cauk; = 17 cm
vz;nza; epuypd; cauk; = 20 cm
F1 F
8'  2
A1 A2

F1 F2
2

π r1 π r22
2
 3 
21 
   20
 7 
 
F2  180 N

F1 F
9'  2
A1 A2

4 000 14 000

70 A2
35
7
14  70
A2 
42
 245 cm 2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 234

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10. i) U  (8 0  5 8)1 0  2 N

 22 102 N
 2.2 101 N

ii) U V g
U 2.2 101
V 
g 104
V  2.2 105
m 80 103
d 
V 2.2 105
d  36.36 102
d  3.636 103 kgm3

11'
U1  (60  36)102 N  24 102 N
U 2  (60  42)102 N  18  102 N
U1  V 1 g
U 2  V 2 g
U1 1

U 2 2
1U 2
2 
U1
18
 2  1000 
24
 2  750 kgm 3

12' cNyhff;Fw;wp fhuzkhf kuf;Fw;wp mkpOk; Nkyjpf fstsTV vdpd;

1
V   10 10  10  106
2
V  5 104 m3
mg  V  g
m  5  104  103
m  0.5 kg

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 235

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

13'

AV
1 1  A2V2

 v12 v1   v2 2 v2
2 2 2cm 0.5cm
2 5 2 
   0.2    10  V2
2
   2 
25 1
0.2   104
4 2
4
0.2  4  10  V2
8000
 V2
25
V2  320 ms 1

14' A, B Mfpatw;Wf;F NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;

1
P1  V 2  P2
2 P1 V P2
A B
1
P2  P1  V 2
2
6cm
1 P2
hdg  V 2
2
1
6 10 2  1000  10   2  V 2
2
2
600  V
V  24.5 ms 1

15'
(i ) AV
1 1  A2V2

 r12V1   r2 2V2
2 2 h1
 12  8
  V1    V2
 2 2 h2
36V1  16V2
36 V1
 A B
16 V2
V2 9

V1 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 236

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

V2 9
(ii ) 
V1 4
9
V2   0.4
4
V2  0.9 ms 1

(iii) cUtpy; A, B Mfpatw;Wf;F NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;>

1 1
P1  V12  P2  V2 2
2 2
1
P1  P2   (V2 2  V12 )
2
1
 h1  h2   g   (V2 2  V12 )
2
1
h2  h1  (V2 2  V12 )
2g
1
 (0.9  0.4)(0.9  0.4)
20
1
  1.3  0.5
20
 0.0325 m
 3.25 cm

16&' cUtpy; A, B Mfpatw;Wf;F NgZ}aPapd; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;>

P2
1 1 V2 B
P1  V12  P2  V2 2
2 2
1
P1  P2   (V2 2  V12 )
2
1
 P1  P2  A   (V2 2  V12 )
2 A V1
1 P1 V1 P 1
mg  PA(V2 2  V12 )
2
1
  1.2  160(160  100)(160  100)
2
 1.2  80  260  60
 1.497 106 N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 237

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17& (i ). AV
1 1  A2V2

  (3.5) 2  0.4    (2.1) 2 V2

3.5  3.5  0.4
V2 
2.1 2.1
V2  1.11ms 1

1
(ii). P1  P2   (V2 2  V12 )
2
1
(h1  h2 )  g   (V2 2  V12 )
2
1
h1  h2  (1.112  0.42 )
20
=0.0537 m
 5.37cm

18& cUtpy;A, B Mfpatw;Wf;F Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;

1 A P1 B P2
P1  V 2  P2  0
2
1
P2  P1  V 2 h
2
1
hdg  V 2 P2
2
1
5 10-2  800 10 =  2  V 2
2
2
V  400
V  20 ms 1

19& A, B Mfpatw;wpD}lhd fhw;Nwhl;lj;Jf;F Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;

1
P1  V12  P2
2
1
P2 P1  V12
2
P2
1
(P2 P1)A V2 A
2 gazp
1 5
F = 2(180 )2 0.3 P2
2 18 P1
A B
3
2500
10
250N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 238

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

20& A  50m 2
V1  140ms 1
V2  80ms 1
1 1
P1  V12  P2  V12
2 2
1
( P2  P1 ) A   A(V2 2  V12 )
2
1
mg =  2  50  (1402  802 )
2
 50  220  60
 6.6 106 kg

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 239

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 18 - ,aw;if cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1. gpd;tUk; fiug;ghd;fSs; Kidtw;w fiug;ghd; vJ?
1' vf;Nrd; 2' ePu; 3' vjNdhy;
4' ilf;FNshNuh nkNjd;. 5' mnrw;wpf; mkpyk;
2' fiug;ghd;fspd; KidTj; jd;ik Fiwtile;J nry;Yk; njhFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1 ePu;> vf;Nrd;> ngd;rPd;> vjNdhy;
2' vf;Nrd;> ePu;> vjNdhy;> mnrw;wpf; mkpyk;.
3' ilf;FNshNuhnkNjd;> ePu;> vjNdhy;> vjapy; mw;fNfhy;.
4' ePu;> vjNdhy;> ilf;FNshNuhnkNjd;> vf;Nrd;.
5' vjapy; mrw;Nww;W> ePu;> vjNdhy;> FNshNuhNghk;.
3' gpd;tUk; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfSs; Kjdpiy mDNrgp my;;yhjJ vJ?
1' Gujk; 2' nghypgPNdhy;
3' tpw;wkpd; 4' ,ypg;gpl;L
5' nty;yq;fs;
4' ,aw;if cw;gj;jpg; ghFghl;by; mlq;Fk; mbg;gilahd ,uz;L $Wfs; vit?
1' Kjd;ik mDNrgq;fs;> Jiz mDNrgq;fs;
2' jhtu cw;gj;jpfs;> tpyq;F cw;gj;jpfs;
3' gpNdhy;> nghypgPNdhy;
4' mikNyR> mikNyhngj;jpd;
5' ,wf;Fkjp ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfSk; Vw;Wkjp ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfSk;
5' rupahd Kjdpiy mDNrgj; njhFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' fhNghitjNuw;W> ,ypg;gpl;L> epAf;fpspf;fkpyk;> lu;gpd;.
2' nghypgpNdhy;. gPNdhy;> FSf;NfhR> nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;.
3' fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L> tpw;wkpd;.
4' Gujk;> lu;gpd;> mw;fnyhapl;L. nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;.
5' fhNghitjNuw;W> epAf;fpspf;fkpyk;> nfhOg;gkpyk;.
6' rupahd mDNrgk; nfhz;l njhFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' nghypgPNdhy;> mw;fnyhapl;> rhu vz;nza;> lu;gpd;.
2' lu;gpd;> fhNghitjNuw;W> mw;fnyhapl;L> rhu vz;nza;.
3' Gujk;> gPNdhy;> nghypgPNdhy;> ,ypg;gpl;L.
4' fhNghitjNuw;W> ,ypg;gpl;L> lu;gpd;> nghypgPNdhy;.
5' Gujk;> fhNghitjNuw;W. rhu vz;nza;> lu;gpd;.
7' Jiz mDNrgpfs; njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' Jiz mDNrgpfs;> xt;nthU mq;fpapYk; mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jpahFk;.
2' Jiz mDNrgpfs;> mq;fpapd; clypy; rpwg;ghd njhopy;fisr; nra;tNjhL tsu;rr ; papd;
Kjpu;r;rpg; gUtj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; my;yJ ,Wjpapy; Njhd;Wk;.
3' Jiz mDNrgpfs; mq;fpfspy; nrwpT msTfspy; cw;gj;jpahtNjhL rf;jp cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;F ,d;wpaikahj xU fhuzpahFk;.
4' Jiz mDNrgpfs; mq;fpapd; ,Ug;Gf;Fk; tsu;rr ; pf;Fk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk; Neubahf
Njitahd gjhu;j;jq;fshFk;.
5' Jiz mDNrgpfs; tsu;r;rpapd; Kjd;ikg; gUtj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk;.

8' gpd;tUk; Nru;itfSs; gPNdhy; $l;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j Nru;it vJ?

1' 2' 3' 4' 5'
OH 100H CH3 OCH3
OH Cl C2H5OH

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 240

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
9' gpd;tUk; Nru;itfSs; kJrhuk; my;yhjJ vJ?
1' 2' 3' 4' 5'
CH2OH C2H5OH CH3 C2H5-O-CH3 CH3CH2CH2OH
|
CH3 - C - CH2OH
|
H
10' Kjdpiy mDNrgp njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W>
1' Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs; mq;fpapd; ,Ug;Gf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk;
Neubahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
2' Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs;> mq;fpapy; ahNjDk; rpwg;ghd njhopiy khj;jpuk; nra;Ak;.
3' Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs; mq;fpapd; Kjpu; gUtj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
4' Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs; mq;fpapd; ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiwf;Fj; JizahFk;.
5' Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs; mq; f papy; Jiz mDNrgpfs; tpUj;j pailtjpNyNa
cw;gj;jpahFk;.
11' fiug;ghd; gpupj;njLg;G %yk; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;NghJ gad;gLj;Jk;
f i ug;g hd pd ; Xu; , a y ;G my;yhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' fiug;ghDf;Fk; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpf;Fk; ,ilNa jhf;fk; epfohik.
2' fiug;ghdpd; nfhjpepiy cau;thf ,Uj;jy;.
3' fiug;ghdpd; KidTj;jd;ikAk;> ,aw;if cw;gj;jpapd; KidTj; jd;ikAk;. ^Like
dissolve like& xd;Wlndhd;W nghUe;Jk;.
4' fiug;ghdpd; nfhjpepiy ,opthf ,Uj;jy;.
5' fiug;ghd; kypthf ,Uj;jy;.
12. jhtuq;fspypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; Mtpg;gwg;Gs;s Jiz mDNrgp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1' rhu vz;nza; 2' Njq;fhnaz;nza; 3' jhtu vz;nza;
4' ey;nyz;nza; 5' xypt; vz;nza;
13' 35oC ntg;gepiyapy; vspjpy; jPg;gw;wj;jf;f> KidTj; jd;ik kpff; Fiwthd fiug;ghd;
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' nkjNdhy;. 2' mnrw;wpf; mkpyk; 3' il vjpy; <ju;
4' vjapy; mrw;Nww; 5' fhgd;nul;;uhFNshiul;L
14' rhu vz;nzapd; xU gad;ghL my;yhjJ
1' G+r;rpfis xl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s fspk;Gfs; jahupj;jy;.
2' czT jahupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
3' thridj; jputpaq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
4' moF rhjdq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;'
5' capu;%y Bry; (Bio Diesel) cw;gj;jpf;fhd %yg;nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jy;.
15' GtpaPug ; g
; pd; fPo; fiury;fis tbg;gjw;fhf kbj;j tbjhnshd;W gad;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzk;
ahJ?
1' kbg;G %yk; tbjhspd; gug;gsT mjpfupg;gjdhy; tbj;jy; tpisjpwdhf epfOjy;.
2' GdiytplTk; tbjhs; ngupjhifahy; GdypDs; ,Ltij ,yFgLj;jy;.
3' tbjhspd; vLg;ghd jd;ikia mjpfupj;jy;.
4' tbjhspd; MAl; fhyj;ij ePbj;jy;;.
5' tbjhs; fpope;JNghtijj; jtpu;j;jy;.
16' Jiz mDNrgpfisj; J}a;jhf;Ftjw;F ^Purify& ifahsj;jf;f Kiw gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1' jputkhf;fy;; 2' kPs; gspq;fhf;fy; 3' xLf;Fjy;
4' Mtpahf;fy; 5' Fspu;j;Jjy;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 241

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
17' fiug;ghd; %yk; gpupj;njLg;gpd;NghJ ePug;giliar; Nrjdg; gilapypUe;J Ntwhf;Ftjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba fz;zhb cgfuzk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' Faha; 2' mstp 3' gpupGdy;.
4' xLf;fp 5' jl;ilabf; FLit
18' kPs;gha;r;ry; (Reflux) nra;tjw;fhf ePu; xLf;fpiag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ xLf;fpapD}lhf
ePiur; nrYj;jNtz;ba rupahd Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk; glk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
Water in Water Out Water in
   

 Water Water Water

Out in Out

Water Water Water Water

in Out in Out

1' 2' 3' 4' 5'

19' Njapiyf; nfhOe;jpypUe;J nghJthfg; gpupjn

; jLf;fg;gLk; Jiz mDNrgp gpdt
; Utdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1' fNgd;
2' ,A[pNdhy;
3' rpw;wNdhy;
4' rpdky;birl;L
5'  fNuhl;bd;
20' fuhk;gpypUe;J gpuj;njLf;fg;gLk; ,A[pNdhy; miw ntg;gepiyapy;
1' kzKs;s epwKs;s xU jpz;kkhFk;.
2' kzKs;s epwkw;w xU thAthFk;.
3' kzkw;w epwKs;s xU jputkhFk;.
4' kzkw;w> epwKs;s xU jpz;kkhFk;.
5' kzKs;s epwKs;s xU jputkhFk;.
21' ,uz;L $Wfs; nfhz;L fyitia nkd;gil epwg;gjptpay; El;g Kiwiaf; ifahz;L
gFj;jhAk;NghJ $W 1 ,dJ Rf ngWkhdf; fzpg;gijf; fhl;Lk; rupahd $w;W
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
$W 1 nrd;wJ}uk;
1' RF 1 }
fiug;ghd; nrd;w J}uk;
$W 1 nrd;wJ}uk;
2 RF 1 }
$W 2 nrd;w J}uk;
$W 1 nrd;wJ}uk;
3 RF 1 }
$W 1 nrd;wJ}uk; + $W 2 nrd;w J}uk;
fiug;ghd; nrd;w J}uk;
4 RF 1 }
$W 1 nrd;w J}uk;
$W 1 nrd;wJ}uk; + $W 2 nrd;w J}uk;
5' RF 1 }
fiug;ghd; nrd;w J}uk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 242

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
22 fhgdpdJ ifj;njhopw; gad;ghL my;yhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' kUe;Jtif cw;gj;jp
2' Fspu;ghd cw;gj;jp
3' kpl;lha; tif (nuhgp> nyhrpd;[u;) cw;gj;jp
4' Gilitf;F rha%l;ly;
5' rf;jp jUk; ghdtif cw;gj;jp
23' rpj;jpuR vz;nza; gpupj;njLg;gjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd cj;jp ahJ?
1' nkOFKiwg; gpupj;njLg;G
2' nfhjpePuhtp tbg;G
3' fiug;ghd; gpupj;njLg;G
4' Fspu;Kiw mOj;jy; (Cold Pressing)
5' Fiwe;j mKf;ff; fha;r;rp tbg;G
24' nkOifg; gad;gLj;jp Jiz mDNrgg; gpupj;njLg;Gf;fhfg; gaad;gLj;jf; $ba xU
%yg;nghUs; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' ky;ypifg; G+tpypUe;J rhu vz;iziag; gpupj;njLj;jy;.
2' fuhk;gpypUe;J ,A+[pNdhy; gpupj;njLj;jy;.
3' nykdpypUe;J rpj;jpuR vz;nza; gpupj;njLj;jy;.
4' Njapiyf; nfhOe;jpypUe;J fNgd; gpuj;njLj;jy;.
5' MlhNjhil ,iyapypUe;J trrpd;> trrpNdhd; vd;gd gpupj;njLj;jy;.
25' nrhl;rpNyw;W fz;zhb cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp kPs;gha;r;ry; ^Reflux& nra;tjhy;
fpilf;Fk; mD$yk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' mjpfsT fiug;ghd; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;> Nru;itapy; $Ljyhd msit mf;fiug;ghdpy;
fiuj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;
2' Fiwe;j msT NeuNk nrythfpd;wikahy;> gpupj;njLg;G tpidj;jpwdhf epfOk;.
3' fiug;ghdpd; ,optsitg; gad;gLj;jp> cau; nrwpTs;s gpupj;njLg;igj; njhlu;rr; pahfg;
^Continuous extraction& ngwyhk;.'
4' gpupj;njLg;igj; njhlu;r;rpahfr; nra;a KbAkhjyhy; FWfpa msT NeuNk nrythFk;.
5' Ma;$lj;jpy; cs;s kypthd nghJthd xU fz;zhb cgfuzkhFk;.
26' nrwpthf;fp ePiu ntspNaw;wpg; ngw;w gpupj;njLg;gpy; nrhw;g mstpy; mlq;fpAs;s ePiu
ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf Ma;$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ,urhadg; nghUs; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1' ePuw;w kfdPrpak; ry;Ngw;W
2' ePNuw;wpa fy;rpak; fhgNdw;W
3' ePuw;w nrg;G ry;Ngw;W
4' ePNuw;wpa nrg;G ry;Ngw;W
5' fy;rpak; FNshiul;L.
27' TLC jfl;bd; kPJ khjpupia itg;gjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ>
1' kapu;j;Jisf; FohahFk;
2' Fz;^rp KidahFk;
3' tpuy; EzpahFk;
4' ngdprpypd; Kidahy;
5' Crpiaf; nfhz;l GFj;jpahFk;
28' kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; Kiwiaf; ifahz;L Nru;itnahd;iwj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk;NghJ
nghUj;jkhd xU fiug;ghidj;; njupTnra;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. mf;fiug;ghdpy;
fhzg;glNtz;ba ,ay;G gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' fiug;ghd; Kidtw;w jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy;.
2' Nru;itf;Fk; fiug;ghDf;Fk; ,ilNa jhf;fk; epfohik.
3' fiug;ghd; Mtpg;gwg;gw;wjhf ,Uj;jy;.
4' fiug;ghDf;NfAupa kzNkJk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy;.
5' fiug;ghd; KidTj; jd;ikaw;wjhf ,Uj;jy;.
29' nraw;if kUe;J cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba xU tplak; my;yhjJ
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' kUe;jpd; ngsjpf epiy ^Physical State&
2' kUe;jpd; kUj;Jt ,ay;G ^Efficasy)
3' kUe;jpd; typik ^Power&
4' kUe;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; gf;ftpisT
5' nraw;if Kiwapy; kUe;Jg; gpupj;njLg;G ,yFthdJk; mD$ykhdJkhFk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 243
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30' gq;fPl;Lf;zzPartitionZZ Nfhl;ghlhfpa Ntwhf;fy; epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiw gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ?
1' epuy; epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiw
2' nky;ypa gil epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiw
3' fljhrp epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiw
4' vr;.gP.vy;.rP. HPLC epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiw.
5' vt;.gP.vy;.rP. FPLC epwg; gjptpay; El;gKiw
31' gpupj;njLj;Jj; J}a;ikahf;fpa Jiz mDNrgpnahd;wpid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ePqf ; s;
Ma;$lj;jpy; elhj;jf;$ba xU Nrhjid gpd;tUdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' miw ntg;gepiyapy; jpz;k epiyapy; cs;s Jiz mDNrgpapd; cUFepiyia
msj;jy;'
2' Jiz mDNrgpapdJ jpzpit msj;jy;.
3' Jiz mDNrgpapdJ gspq;FFspd; epwq;fis mtjhdpj;jy;.
4' miw ntg;gepiyapy; jpz;k epiyapy; cs;s Jiz mDNrgpapd; nfhjpepiyia
msj;jy;
5' Jiz mDNrgpapd; ePupy; fiuAk; jpwid msj;jy;.
32' zzLike dissolve like ZZ vDk; vz;zf;fUthy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' KidTj;jd;ik cau;thd fiug;ghdpy;> KidTj;jd;ik Fiwthd Nru;itfs; ed;F
fiuAk;.
2' KidTj;jd;ik Fiwthd fiug;ghdpy; KidTj;jd;ik cau;thd Nru;itfs; ed;F
fiuAk;.
3' KidTj;jd;ik cau;thd fiug;ghdpy;> KidTj;jd;ik cau;thd Nru;itfs; ed;F
fiuAk;.
4' ve;jnthU Nru;itAk; ePupy; fiutjpy; fhl;Lk; ehl;lk;.
5' rpy Nru;itfs; khj;jpuk; ePupy; fiutjpy; fhl;Lk; ehl;lk;.
33' gpd;tUk; ve;jr; Nru;itapy; <ju; $l;lk; cs;sJ?

O O
|| ||
1' CH3OH 2' CH3 - CH2-C - OCH3 3' CH3 - CH2-C - OH
O
||
4' C2H5 - O - CH3 5' CH3 - C - O -

34' gpd;tUk; ve;jr; Nru;it %yj;jpypUe;J Jiz mDNrgpnahd;iwg; gpupj;njLf;f KbahJ.

1. jhtuk;. 2' iyf;fd;fs; 3' gw;wPupahf;fs; 4' tpyq;F ,dq;fs;
5' ,y;kidw;W.
35' Jiz mDNrgpnahd;wpd; njhopy; my;yhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' xl;rpnajpupahfj; njhopw;gly;'
2' mq;fpfspd; ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiwf;F cjTjy;.
3' rf;jpia gpwg;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahjy;.
4' vjpu;g;ghyhiuf; ftuf; fhuzkhFk; capu; ,urhad Nru;itfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
5' mq;fpapd; epwj;Jf;Fk; kzj;Jf;Fk; fhuzkhjy;.
36' kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; Kiwiaf; ifahz;L Nru;itnahd;wpidj; Ja;jhf;Fk;NghJ Vtg;gl;l
fhgd; (Charcoal) Nru;j;J ntg;gNkw;Wjtw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
1' khRf;fs; fhuzkhd Nru;itapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; kzj;ij ePf;fy;.
2' khRf;fs; fhuzkhd Nru;itapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; epwj;ij ePf;fy;.
3' Nru;itapd; gspq;Fj; jd;ikia mjpfupj;jy;.
4' Nru;itia J}a;jhf;Ftjhy; fpilf;Fk; tpistpd; msit mjpfupj;jy;.
5' Nru;itia ntg;gNkw;Wk;NghJ ntbg;G epfo;tijj; jtpu;j;jy;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 244
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
37' kPs;gspq;fhf;fypd;NghJ fpilf;Fk; gspq;Ffspd; gUkDk; tbtKk; gpd;tUk; vjd; kPJ
jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
1' #lhd fiuriyf; Fspur; nra;Ak; tPjj;jpy;.
2' #lhd fiuriy tbf;Fk; tPjj;jpy;.
3' #lhd fiuriy Row;wpf; fyf;Fk; (Swirl) tPjj;jpy;
4' #lhd fiuriy nrwpthf;Fk; tPjj;jpy;
5' #lhd fiuriyf; fyf;Fk; tPjj;jpy;.
38' ,A[pNdhypd; gad;ghL my;yhjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' Gilitiag; gjg;gLj;jy;.
2' czTf;F kz%l;ly;
3' gw;gir cw;gj;jp
4' czTf;Fr; RitA+l;ly;
5' typ epthuzp
39' gpd;tUk; Nru;itapy; mlq;fpAs;s njhopw;gL $l;lq;fs; vj;jid?
O
||
CH3O

NH2 H
|
CH2 - CH3 - C = C - CH2 - C - C C - H
|
H
1& 1 2& 3 3& 4 4& 5 5& 6

40' zzb];Nfhlu; yapw;ZZ vDk; Jid mDNrgpiag; gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba

%yKjy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' jhtuq;fs;; 2' tpyq;Ffs; 3' Ez;zq;fpfs; 4' gq;fRf;fs; 5' rKj;jpuk;
41' rhu vz;nza; vd;gJ>
1' cau; ngWkhdKs;s tpyq;Ffshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; xU XNkhd; MFk;.
2' cau; nfhjpepiyAs;s tpyq;F vz;nza; MFk;.
3' jhtuq;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; vz;nzahFk;.
4' fhu kzKs;s> tpyq;F vz;nzahFk;.
5' fhu kzKs;s cau; nfhjpepiyAs;s jhtu vz;nzahFk;.
42' epuy; epwg; gjptpay; El;gKiwapd;NghJ epuiy epug;Gk; rupahd Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk;
glk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1' 2' Solvent 3' Solvent

Solvent
cotton wool Sand (layer)
cotton wool
N 2O 3 Alumina/SiO3
Al 2O 3
Glass wool Sand Layer
Sand Layer Glass Wool
Sand Layer
Glass Wool

4' Solvent 5' Solvent

cotton wool
cotton wool
Sand Layer
Al 2O 3
Al2 O
Sand Layer
Sand Layer (1 cm)
Glass wool
Gloos Wool

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 245

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

43' jpz;kr; Nru;itnahd;wpd; nfhjpepiyia msf;Fk;NghJ Fwpj;j Nru;itapdhy; kapu;jJ; isf;

Fohia epug;gNtz;ba causT ahJ?
1' 2-3 mm 2' 2-3 cm 3' 5-6 mm 4' 5-6 cm 5' 8-10 mm
44' capu;Kiw ,urhadj; njhFg;G %yk; vjNdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;a gad;gLj;jf; $ba
xU %yg;nghUs; my;yhjJ gpd;tUttw;Ws; vJ?
1'FSf;NfhR 2' rPdp 3' gjdPu; 4' Gy; 5' fUg;gQ;rd
P p
45' ,urhaduPjpapyhd vjNdhy; njhFg;Gr; nrad;Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk; rupahd jhf;fk;
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
o
300 C
1' C2 H4 ( g )  H2O(l )cau;

wêl k" P W;Pafm%
ntg;mSgvepiy Cf;
CH3CH2OH (l)
arl fp

o
300 C
2' C2 H4 ( g)  H2O( g)cau;

wêl mSvk"
mKf; P W;Pafm%Cf;
fkk;
CH3CH2OH (l)
arl fp

o
300 C
3' C2 H4 ( g )  H2O( gFiwe;
) 
wvjq mS
mKf; k; N
vk" NfW;
CH3CH2OH (l)

afm%arCf;
l fp

o
300 C
4' C2 H4 ( g )  H2O(l )Fiwe;

wêl jmKf;
mSvk" N
CH3CH2OH (l )
fk;afNm%arCf;
fW; l fp

o
300 C
5' C2 H4 ( g)  H2O(g) 
wêl
cau; mmSKf;
vk"fNk;W;
N afCf;
CH3CH2OH (l)
m%arlfp

46' fuhk;gpypUe;J vspjpyhtpahFk; vz;nzahfpa ,A+[pNdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpfg; nghUj;jkhd Kiw gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' fha;r;rptbj;jy;
2' nkOifg; gad;gLj;jp mOj;Jjy;.
3' epuy; epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;
4' fiug;ghd; %yg; gpupj;njLg;G
5' Fspu;epiy mOj;jy;. (Cold pressure )
47' Njapiyf; nfhOe;jpypUe;J gpupj;njLj;Jj; J}a;ikahf;fpa fNgd; ,dJ J}a;ikia
Jzptjw;Nfw;w Kiw gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' epuy; epwg; gjptpay;
2' nfhjpepiyiaj; Jzpjy;
3' cUFepiyiaj; Jzpjy;
4' ePupy; fiuAk; jd;ikiaj; Jzpjy;
5' kPs;gspq;fhf;fy;.
48' epuy; epwg;gjptpay; El;g Kiwapd;NghJ epiyj;j tyaq;fshf epuiy epug;Gtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w ,urhadr; Nru;it gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' Al2O5 2' SiO3.nH2O 3' SiO4 4' SiO2 5' Al2O6
49' epuy; epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiwapd;NghJ fyitapy; cs;s $Wfs;; Ntwhf;fg;gLk; Nfhl;ghL
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' mfj;JwpQ;ry; 2' Gwj;JwpQ;ry; 3' guk;gy;
4' gpupif 5' Mtpahjy;.
50' Gj;jhf;fnkhd;Wf;F fhg;Gupikg; gj;jpunkhd;iwg; (Patent) ngWtjw;fhfg; G+u;jj; pnra;jpUf;f
Ntz;ba Njitfisf; nfhz;l njhFg;G gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' GJikg;ghL> nryT Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;> Gjpa njhopDl;g cj;jpfs; ,Uj;jy;.
2' nryT Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;> vtUf;Fk;. ,yFthfr; nra;aj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
3' GJikg; g hL> ifj; n jhopy; uP j pahfg; gad; g Lj; j f; $bajhf ,Uj; j y; > Gjpa
cw;gj;jpahapUj;jy;.
4. nryTFiwthf ,Uj;jy;> Gjpa cw;gj;jpg; gbKiwnahd;W ,Uj;jy;. vtuhYk; ,yFthfr;
nra;aj; jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
5. GJikg;ghL> Fiwe;j nryT> Jupjkhf cw;gj;jp nra;aj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;.
sff
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 246
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 18 - ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs;

mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs;

1' \\,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ? || vd;gij cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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2' ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfspd; tifg;ghl;by; mlq;Fk; mbg;gilahd ,uz;L gFjpfs; ahit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3' Kjdpiy mDNrgp vd;gJ ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4' Jiz mDNrgp vd;gJ ahJ?
5' Jiz mDNrgpfs; vy;yh mq;fpfspYk; cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gLkh?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
6' Jiz mDNrgpfspd; njhopy;fs; ahit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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7' Kjdpiy mDNrgpfSf;Fk; Jiz mDNrgpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il xU
ml;ltizapy; jUf.
Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs; Jiz mDNrgpfs;
............................................................................... .................................................................................
............................................................................... .................................................................................
............................................................................... .................................................................................
............................................................................... .................................................................................

8' Kjdpiy mDNrgpahd vjNdhypd; gad;ghLfs; ,uz;L jUf.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
9' ntt;NtW kJghdq;fspy; ntt;NtW msTfspy; vijy; mw;fNfhy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;
,yq;ifapy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLk; kJghd tiffspy; vijy; mw;fNfhypd; rjtPjj;ij
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
kJrhuk; vijy; mw;fNfhy; rjtPjk;
............................................................................... .................................................................................
............................................................................... .................................................................................
............................................................................... .................................................................................
............................................................................... .................................................................................
10' ,aw;ifahf vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpahFk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
11' FSf;NfhR jtpu ,aw;ifahf vjNdhy; ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba NtW
%yg;nghUl;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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12' fUg;gk; ghzpapypUe;J vijy; mw;fNfhy; ngWk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 247
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

13' vijy; mw;fNfhiyg; gad;g Lj;j pr; nra;a f;$ba ifj;n jhopy;f Sf;fhd %d;W
cjhuzq;fisj; jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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14' capupurhad Kiwapy; vjNdhy; njhFg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

15' ,urhadKiw vjNdhy; njhFg;gpid ,urhadr; rkd;ghLfs; %yk; tpsf;Ff.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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16' vjNdhiyg; gad;gLj;jp czTf; ifj;njhopYf;fhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpujhdkhd
xU tpisitf; Fwpg;gpLf. mt;tpisapy; mlq;fpAs;s ,urhadf; $Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
17' vjNdhiyg; gad;gLj;jp tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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18' ,aw;if tpdhfpup> nraw;if tpdhfpup Mfpad cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
,aw;if tpdhfpup''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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nraw;if tpdhfpup'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
19' tpdhfpupapd; gad;fs; rpy jUf.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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20. (a) vjNdhy; ,urhad Kiwapy; njhFg;gijtpl capupurhad Kiwapy; njhFg;gJ
mD$ykhdjhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ijj; jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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(b) vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ mjidj; J}a;ikahf;Ftjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiw
ahJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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21' 540 g FSf;Nfhirg; gad;gLj;jp vj;jid %y; vjNdhy; ngwyhk;?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 248
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

22' rhu vz;nza; vd;gJ ahJ?

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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23' vkJ ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpujhdkhd rhu; (eWkz) vz;nza; tiffs;
rpytw;Wf;F cjhuzq;fs; jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

24' rhu vz;nza;fspd; gad;fs; rpy jUf.

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
25' rhu vz;nza; ngWtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; jhtug; gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
26' Jiz mDNrgpfspd; gad;fs; rpy jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
27' Jiz mDNrgpfspd; %yKjy;> gad;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk;
ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jpnra;f.

Nru;itapd; ngau; %yKjy; gad;fs;

jhtu f/Ngd; J}z;b xsljk;
%yq;fs; fuhk;G vz;nza; kz%l;b /RitA+l;b
Nkh/gPd;

Ez;zq;fp ngd;rpypak;
%yq;fs; gq;fR

28' Jiz mDNrgpfspd; capupurhadj; njhopw;ghl;Lf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; njhopw;ghl;Lf;

$l;lq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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29' gr;ir epwk; jtpu jhtuq;fSf;F ntt;NtW epwq;fis toq;Fk; Jiz mDNrgpfs;
,uz;Lf;F cjhuzq;fs; jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 249

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30' fuhk;G vz;nza;apy; mlq;Fk; ,A+[pNdhy;> fWth vz;nza;apy; mlq;fpAs;s rpdky;bidl;

Mfpa Nru;itfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;Lf; $l;lq;fis ,dq;fhz;f.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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31 Jiz mDNrgpfs; rhu;ghf ,yq;ifapy; gz;Lnjhl;L gpugy;ak; ngw;Wf; fhzg;gLk;
ifj;njhopy; vJ?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
32' Jiz mDNrgpfs; gpupj;njLg;Gf;fhff; iaahsg;gLk; gpujhdkhd ehd;F KiwfisAk;
Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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33' Jiz mDNrgpfspd; gpupj;njLg;gpd;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; vit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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34' Jiz mDNrgpfs; gpupj;njLg;gpd;NghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ngWk; tplaq;fs; ahit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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35' njupahj ^unknown& Jiz mDNrgpnahd;wpidg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
mbg;gilahd gbKiwfs; ahit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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36' gpd;tUk; Nru;itfSs; mNuhkw;wpf;F fl;likg;G mw;w Nru;it vJ?

1' 2' 3' 4' 5'
Cl
Cl Cl Cl CH3
CH3

CH3

37' gpd;tUk; Nru;itfSs; gy;ypdtif tisar; Nru;it vJ?

1' 2' 3' 4' 5'
O CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
N
N
OH
O N N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 250

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

38' gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; fWth vz;nza; cw;gj;jpahdJ kpfg; gpugy;akhff; fhzg;gl;lNghJk;

jw;fhyj;jpy; mf;ifj;njhopy; rw;Wg; gpd;dila VJthaike;j ,uz;L fhuzpfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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39' Jiz mDNrgpfs; jhtuq;f spy; ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiwf;F cjTk; tpjj;i j
cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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40' jhtuq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiwia kdpjd; mD$ykhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
re;ju;g;gj;ij tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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41' eWkzg; nghUs;fshfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba Jiz mDNrgpfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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42' jhtuq;fSf;F jdpr;rpwg;ghd Ritia toq;Fk; Jiz mDNrgpfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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43' jhtuq;fSf;Fj; jdpr;rpwg;ghd kzj;ij toq;Fk; Jiz mDNrgpfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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44' nghJthff; fUJifapy; jhtuq;fSf;F epwj;ij toq;Fk; Jiz mDNrgp tiffs;
vit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
45' Jiz mDNrgpfs; ,aw;ifapd; tpj;ijkpf;f Xu; mq;fkhFk;. Jiz mDNrgpfspd;
,ay;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L mtw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; rpytw;iw vOJf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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46' gpd;tUk; $w;iw cjhuzq; fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
\\gpzpaha; Jiwapy; gad;ghl;by; cs;s kUe;JfSs; 50% ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;lit ,aw;if
cw;gj;jpfNsh mtw;wpd; ngWjpfNsh my;yJ mtw;iw xj;j Nru;itfNsh MFk;.||
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 251
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

47' ghuk;gupa itj;jpaj;Jiwapy; gad;gLk; ,uz;L jhtu tiffisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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48' Jiz mDNrgpfs; Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; MFk; my;yJ mtw;wpd; ngWjpfshFk;. Jiz
mDNrgpfSf;F Nrjdj; Njhw;wk; vt;thW fpilj;jJ? vd tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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49' Ntwhf;Fk; epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiwfs; %d;W jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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50' nky;ypa gil epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiwiag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Kjypy; jput miwiaj;
jahu;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ. mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

51' fljhrp epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiw %yk; fyitnahd;wpy; cs;s $Wfis ,dq;fhZk;

re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> Ngidiag; gad;gLj;jp Mjhuf;Nfhl;il tiue;Jnfhs;syhfhJ. Vd;?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
52' fljhrp epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiwapy; epiyj;j tyak;> ,af;f tyak; Mfpad ahit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
53' fljhrp my;yJ nky;ypa gil epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiwapy; RF ngWkhdj;ijf;
fzpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfhitia vOJf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
54' RF ngWkhdk; vg;NghJk; xd;wpYk; (1 ,Yk;) Nkw;gl;l ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWk;. ,jw;fhd
fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
55' gpupj;njLj;J Ntwhf;fpa xU Nru;itiaj; J}a;jhf;Ftjw;fhf ifahsj;jf;f ,uz;L
Kiwfs; jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
56. nky;ypa gil epwg;gjptpay; El;g Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ khjpupia itf;Fk;
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;il vg;NghJk; fiug;ghd; fiurYf;F Nkyhf itg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ijj;
jUf.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 252
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

57' nky;ypa gil epwg;gjptpay; El;g Kiwiaf; ifahSk;NghJ fyitapd; kpfr; nrhw;g
msit kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; %yk; nky;ypa gilapd; kPJ itg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
58' kPs; gspq;fhf;Ftjd;%yk; Nru;itnahd;wpidj; J}a;jhf;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba gpujhd ehd;F gbKiwfs; ahit?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gy;N ju;T (tpilfs;)
1-1 11-2 21-1 31-1 41-3
2-4 12-1 22-4 32-3 42-3
3-2 13-3 23-2 33-4 43-1
4-1 14-5 24-1 34-5 44-4
5-3 15-1 25-3 35-3 45-2
6-1 16-2 26-1 36-2 46-1
7-2 17-3 27-1 37-1 47-3
8-1 18-4 28-2 38-1 48-4
9-4 19-1 29-1 39-4 49-2
10-1 20-5 30-3 40-5 50-3

mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tpilfs;

1. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; epfOk; capu;j; njhopw;ghLfs; %yk; ,aw;ifahf

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Nrjdg; nghUl;fNs ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfshFk;.
cjhuzk;: Gujq;fs;> fNghitjNuw;Wf;fs;> mw;fnyhapl;Lf;fs;> nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;.
2. Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs;
Jiz mDNrgpfs;
3. Kjdpiy mDNrgp vdg;gLgit mq;fpapd; (capupapd;) ,Ug;G. tsu;rr ; p> ,dg;ngUf;fkhFk;.
tpUj;jp Mfpatw;wd; kPJ Neubahfr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gjhu;j;jjq;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;:. fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujq;fs;> tpw;wkpd;fs;> nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;> ,yj;jpupf;fkpyk;>
vjNdhy;.
4. Jiz mDNrgpfs; vdg;gLgit: mq;fpapd; (capupapd;> ,Ug;G> tsu;r;rp> ,dg;ngUf;fk;>
tpUj;jp Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ Neubahfr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gjhu;j;jq;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;: nghypgPNdhy;fs;> mw;fnyhapl;Lf;fs;> rhu vz;nza;
Jiz mDNrgpfs; mq;fpapdJ tsu;r;rpapd; Kjpu;gUtj;jpy; my;yJ tsu;r;rpapd;
,WjpapNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
5. Jiz mDNrgpfs; vy;yh mq;fpfspYk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy tiuaiwg;gl;l
rpW njhif mq;fpfspNyNa mit cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. mit rpy rpwg;ghd
njhopy;fisNa nra;Ak;.
6. Fwpj;j mq;fpf;NfAupa rpwg;ghd njhopiyNa nra;Ak;.
cjhuzk;: Jiz mDNrgpfs;> mq;fpapd; ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiw> vjpu;g;ghw; ftu;r;rp>
epwk;> kzk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F cjTk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 253
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

7
Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs; Jiz mDNrgpfs;;
² vy;yhj; jhtuq;fspYk;; vy;yh ² tiuaiwg;;gl;l rpy mq;fpfspy;
tpyq;FfspYk; cw;gj;jp khj;jpuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
nra;ag;gLk;.
² tsu;r;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ² tsu;r;rpapd; Kjpu; gUtj;ij
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; mz;kpf;Fk;NghJ cw;gj;jpahFk;.
² tsu;r;rp ,Ug;G> ,dg;ngUf;fk;> ² tsu;r;rp ,Ug;G> ,dg;ngUf;fk;>
tpUj;jp Nghd;wtw;Wld; tpUj;jp Nghd;wtw;Wld; Neubahfj;
Neubahfj; njhlu;GWk;. njhlu;GWtjpy;iy
² rpwg;ghd njhopnyjidAk; ² rpwg;ghd njhopypy; khj;jpuk;
nra;tjpy;iy nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
² jhtuj;jpy; ghupa mstpy; ² jhtuq;fspy; kpfr; rpwpa mstpy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. cw;gj;jpahFk;;. Kjdpiy mDNrgpfs;
gpupifailtjhy; ,it
cw;gj;jpahFk;.

8. vjNdhy; Mtpg;gwg;Gs;s xU nghUshFk;> vupnghUshfTk; gy;NtW

cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd %yg;nghUshfTk; fiug;ghdhfTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ

kJghd tif vjapy; kJrhur; rjtPjk; (%)

fs;S 4-5
gpau; 4-8
tapd; 12-13
rhuhak; 20-35
tp];fp 40-50
tpuz;b 40-50

10. kJt mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwapd; xU gf;ftpisthf vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpahFk;. mj;NjhL

fdpe;j (Overripe) goq;fspYk;. vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpahFk; FSf;Nfhrpd; kPJ kJtk;
njhopw;gLtjhy; ,aw;ifahf vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpahFk;.
C6H12O6(aq) C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(s)
kJtk;

kJtj;jpy; cs;s irw;NwR nehjpaj;jpd; %yk; rpj;jpupf;fkpy tPjk; mjpfupf;fg;gLk;

,t;thwhf mw;fNfhy; cw;gj;jpahFk; nrad;Kiw nehjpj;jy; (Fermentation) vdg;gLk;.

11. FSf;NfhR jtpu;e;jtplj;J nty;yk;> rPdp> mlq;fpAs;s %yg; nghUl;fspypUe;J

vjNdhy; ngwyhk;
cjhuzk;: gjdPu;
fUk;G nty;yg;ghF (Molasses)
NguPr;rk;gok;
gor;rhW

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 254

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

12. nrwpe;j fUg;gQ;rhw;Wf; fiurypypUe;J rPdpiag; gspq;fhf;fpa gpd;du; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;

,Uz;l epwkhd nfl;bahd nghUNs fUk;G nty;yg;ghF MFk;. fUk;G nty;yg;ghfpy;
Vwj;jho 30 rjtPjk; nty;yk; mlq;fpAs;sJ. fUk;G nty;yg;ghfpy; Rf;FNuhR> FSf;NfhR>
Guw;NwhR Mfpa nty;yq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
,jw;fhf Kjypy; fUg;gQ;rhw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s Vida nty;yq;fis FSf;Nfhrhf
khw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf fUk;G nty;yg;ghif ePUld; 1:5 tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J
Ijhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. fUk;G nty;yg;ghfpy; mlq;fpAs;s iejurd; msT Nghjhnjdpy;
mjDld; mNkhdpak; ry;Ngw;W my;yJ mNkhdpak; nghRg;Ngw;W Nru;j;J rpwpjsT
ry;G+upf;fkpyk; ,l;L mkpykhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. kJt tsu;r;rpf;F mkpy Clfk; ,Ug;gJ
mtrpakhFk;. mkpy fUk;G nty;yg;ghif nehjpj;jy; njhl;bapy; ,l;L kJtk;
Nru;f;fg;gLk;. kJtj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ,d;tl;NlR vDk; nehjpak; Rf;FNuhR nty;yj;ij
FSf;NfhR> gpuw;NwhR Mfpa vspa nty;yq;fshf cilf;Fk;.
,d; Ntl; NlR
C12 H 22O11  H 2O 
kJtk;
 C6 H12O6  C6 H12O6
Rf;FNuhR ePu; sFSf;NfhR Guw;NwhR
gpd;du;> kJtj;jpy; cs;s irNkR nehjpak;. fhw;wpd;wpa epge;jidfspd;fPo; FSf;NfhR
vijy; kJrhukhf khWk; mt;thW fpilj;j fiuriyf; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; %yk; J}a
vjapy; kJrhuj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
fhw; wpd; wpa
C6 H12O6 
kJtk; (irw; NwR)
 2C2 H 5OH  2CO2

13' ² thu;zpR> yf;fu;> (muf;Fg;G+r;R) Nghd;w G+r;Rtif cw;gj;jp

² eWkzg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp
² jPk;ghF (Syrup)> xsljghd cw;gj;jpf;F> czTf;F> ,Uky; epthuzp tiffspd;
cw;gj;jp
² tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp
14'
fhw; wpd; wpa Rthrk;
C6 H12O6 (aq ) 
kJtk; fl; Lg; gLj; jpa re; ju; g; gk;
 2CH 3CH 2OH (aq)  2CO2 ( g )

C12 H 22O11 (aq )  H 2O (l ) 

kJtk;
 4CH 3CH 2OH (aq )  4CO2 ( s )
capupurhadj; njhFg;gpd; NghJ vjNdhNyhL $lNt xU gf;ftpisthf fpilf;Fk;
fhgdPnuhl;irl;L thA cUthtjyhy;> tpisnghUis NtWgLj;Jk; mnrsfupak;
jtpu;f;fg;gLk;. NkYk; xU FSf;NfhR %yf;$wpdhy; ,uz;L vjNdhy; %yf;$WfSk;
xU Rf;FNuhR %yf;$wpdhy; ehd;F vjNdhy; %yf;$WfSk; cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLk;.
,j;j hf;f q;f s; epfOtjw;F caupa jhf;f epge;j idfs; Njitapy;i yahjyhy;
capupurhadtpay; Kiwapy; vjNdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;jyhdJ nghUshjhu uPjpapy;
mD$ykhdjhFk;.
15' ,urhad uPjpahf vjNdhy; njhFg;gjw;fhf vjPd; thA gutyhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

C2 H 4 ( s )  H 2O( g )  CH 3CH 2OH (l ) H  45 KJmo l
vjPd; vjNdhy;
300 oC, 60-70 atm, Phosphonic (V) acid catalyst
my;yJ
C2 H 2 ( g )  H 2 SO4 (l )  CH3CH 2 SO4 H (l )
Ethyl Hydric sulphate
CH3CH 2 SO4 H (l )  H 2 O(l )  CH3CH 2 OH (l )  H 2 SO4 (l )
vjNdy;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 255

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

16' tpdhfpup> mnrw;wpf;fkpyk;

17' vijy; kJrhuk; mlq;fpAs;s fiury; kPJ mrw;Nwhgf;uu; vDk; gw;wPupah njhopw;gLtjhy;.
tpdhfpup cw;gj;jpahFk;
mnrw;Nwhgw;wu; weisfgdanelagra
C2 H 5 OH (C
aq2 H
) 5 OH
O2 ((gaq )  O2 ( g ) 
)   CH 3 COOH  CH
( aq
3 COOH
)  H 2O
( aq
(l )  H 2 O (l )
18. ,aw;if tpdhf;fpup cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf nty;yk; mlq;fpajhd Njq;fha;j; jpuhtfk;
Nghd;w jputq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Njq;fha;j; jpuhtfj;Jld; rPdp Nru;j;J nty;y
mlf;fj;ij mjpfupj;J mf;fiurypDs; kJtk; Nru;j;J nehjpf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;. mg;NghJ
cj;jpahFk; kJrhuf; fiurYld; mnrw;Nwhgf;uu; gw;wPupah mlq;fpajhd tpdhfpup
rpwpjsitr; Nru;j;J tpdhfpup jahupf;fg;gLk;.
vdpDk; ,aw;ifahf tpdhfpup jahupf;Fk;NghJ J}a mnrw;wpf; mkpyj;ij Ijhf;fp
tpdhfpup jahupf;fg;gLk;.
19. RitA+l;bahfTk; czT ew;fhg;Gf;fhfTk; czit nkd;ikahf;Ftjw;fhfTk; gad;gLk;.
20 ,urhad Kiwapy; vjNdhy; nehjpg;gjw;fhf cau; jhf;f ntg;gepiy epge;jidfs;
300 C mKf;fk; 60 - 70 atm, kw;Wk; Cf;fp gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; xU jhf;fpr;
Rw;wpd;NghJ fpilf;Fk; tpistpd; msT Fiwthdjhifahy;> rpy Rw;Wf;fs; tiu
jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;Jtjd;%yk; cau; tpisr;ry; ngwyhhk;.
Nkw;gb> cau;thd jhf;f epge;jidfs; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; gpujp$ykhkditahFk;.
vdpDk; capupurhadj; njhFg;gpd;NghJ %yg; nghUs;fSf;fhf nryT (fpuak;) rhu;gstpy;
FiwthdJ. ,q;F cau; jhf;f epge;jidfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. NkYk;> ,q;F
fpilf;Fk; tpisT J}a;ikahdjhFk;. Rj;jpfupg;gjw;fhf nryT fpilahJ.
21' fha;r;rptbj;jy;.
C6 H12O6 
kJtk;
 2C2 H 5OH  2CO2
1 2
540 g
540 g FSf;Nfhrpy; mlq;fpAs;s %y; vz;zpf;if  3
180 g / mol
vjNdhy; %y; vz;zpf;if =6
22' rpy jhtuq;fs; mtw;Wf;NfAupa rpwg;gpay;ghd kzj;ijAk; RitiaAk; nfhz;l
Mtpg;gwg;Gs;s Nru;itfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. mit eWkz nea;fs; vdg;gLk;.
23' fWth ,iy vz;nza; ^Cinnamon leaf oil&
vz;nza;gG ; y; vz;nza; ^Citronella oil&
kpsF vz;nza; ^Pepper oil&
Vyf;fha; vz;nza; ^Cardamom oil&
fWtg;gl;il vz;nza; ^Cinnamon bark oil&
rhjpf;fha; vz;nza; ^Nutmeg oil&
fuhk;Gg; G+ vz;nza; ^Clove bud oil&
re;jd vz;nza; ^Sandalwood oil &
24' fWtg;gl;il vz;nza;: cztpd; kzj;ijAk; RitiaAk; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd
Ritruf;Fg; nghUshfg; gad;gLk;.
fuhk;G vz;nza;: cztpd; kzj;ijAk; RitiaAk; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd Ritr;
ruf;Fg; nghUshfg; gad;gLjy;. gw;gir cw;gj;jpf;F> rtu;f;fhu
cw;gj;jp.
vz;nza;g; Gy; vz;nza;: G+r;rpfis Xl;Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLk; (insect repellent)

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 256

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

25. ntl;bNtu; - Ntu;

re;jdk; - jz;L
fWth - gl;il> ,iy> Ntu;.
vz;nza;g; Gy; - ,iy
Nuhrh> ky;ypif - G+
rhjpf;fha; - tpj;J
fuhk;G - G+> G+ mUk;G
26. kUe;J (xsljk;) RitA+l;b> eWkzg; nghUs;fs;> rha tiffs;> epwg;nghUs;fs;>
tptrha ,urhadg; nghUs;fs;> gPilnfhy;ypfs;> G+r;rpnfhy;ypfs;> fisnfhy;ypfs;>
czTr; Nru;khdg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;witahfg; gad;gLk;.

27. Nru;itapd; ngau; %yk; gad;fs;

jhtu fNgd; Njapiy Gj;Jzu;T+l;;Lk; kUe;J
%yq;f s; ,A+[pNdhy; fuhk;G kz%l;b/RitA+l;b
Nkh/gPd; nghg;gpj; jhtuk; typnfhy;yp
Ez;zq;fp ngd;rpypd; ngd;rpypak; gq;fR Ez;Zapu;nfhy;yp
%yq;f s;.

28' ² gpNdhy; %ypfk; ($l;lk;).

² Ijnuhl;irl;L %ypfk; ($l;lk;).
² mNuhnkw;wpf;F mikg;Gf;fs;.
² fPw;Nwh %yfk;. $ fhgdapy; %ypfk;.
² iejurd; mlq;fpAs;s gy;ypd tiffs;
^Heterocyclic compounds with Nitrogen&
29' ² me;Njhradpd; 1
² nll;uhNug;gpNdhapl;L 3 2
1 4 3 CHO
30'
2
HO
euginol Cinamaldehyde
31 fWth vz;nza;f; ifj;njhopy;.
32' 1' fha;r;rp tbj;jy;.
2' fiug;ghd; gpupj;njLg;G
3' gpopjy;> neUf;Fjy;. $ Expression
4' nkOifg; gad;gLj;jp mOj;Jjy;.
33' ² Jiz mDNrgpfs; nrhw;g mstpNyNa jhtuq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. vdNt
,tw;iwg; gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhd %yg;nghUl;fshf jhtu Kjy;fs; ghupa msTfspy;
Njitg;gLk;. mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; Nfs;tpf;F <LnfhLg;gjw;fhd msT jhtu %yg;
nghUl;fis Vf fhyj;jpy; ngwKbahJ. NkYk;> Jiz mDNrgpfis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; epiy tiu Kjpu;;r;rpailtjw;F ePzl ; fhyk; nry;Yk;.
² J}a epiyapy; Jiz mDNrgpfisg; ngWjy; ,yFthdnthU fhupakd;W. NkYk;
Rj;jpfupf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ Jiz mDNrgpfspd; njhopw;gLjd;ik ghjpf;fg;lyhk;.
² me;je;j Jiz mDNrgpf;nfd ntt;Ntwhd gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW gupNrhjidfis elhj;jpNa mk;Kiwfisf; fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
² gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l Jiz mDNrgpapd; jukhd gpupj;njLg;G Kiw> mJ nra;if
gz;zg;gl;l epyk; - kz; ehl;bd; fhyepiy Nghd;w gy fhuzpfs; kPJ jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 257
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

34. gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l Nru;itapd; ,urhadj; jd;ik njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtJ

Kf;fpakhdJ cUFepiy fiujpwd;> KidTj; jd;ik> mkpy / %y ,ay;Gfs;>
cWjpepiy> ngsjpfj; jd;ik> mZj;jpzpT> kpd;Ndw;wk;.
35. 1. nghUj;jkhd xUfiug;ghd; my;yJ Kiwiag; gad;;gLj;jp cyu;e;j jhtu
%ynkhd;wpypUe;J gpupj;njLg;igj; jahupj;jy; ( Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l 4 KiwfSs; nghUj;jkhd
xU Kiwiaf; ifahs;f.)
2. gpupj;njLg;igr; nrwpjhf;FjYk;> fiug;ghid ePf;FjYk; ,jw;fhf nuhl;lNtl;lu;
(Rotovator) gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3. J}a;ikaw;w gpupj;njLg;igf; $Wfshfg; gpupj;jy;.
4. mt;ntht;nthU $iwAk; Rj;jpfupj;jy;.
5. Rj;jpfupj;j $wpd; mikg;igj; Jzpjy;> ,urhad ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfisj;
jPuk
; hdpj;jy;.

36' 1' 2' 3' 4'

Cl CH
5' 3
Cl Cl Cl
CH3

CH3

37' 1' 2' CH 3

3' 4' 5'
O CH 3
CH 3
N
N
OH
O N N

38. ² fWth vz;nza; ngWtjw;fhf Kjypy; fWthj; jz;il jl;bg; gl;iliag; gjg;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gapw;rpngw;w Copau; jl;Lg;ghlhf ,Uj;jy;.
² fWth vz;nza;iag; gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhf nrg;gpdhyhd cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf mjpf gzk; nryT nra;a NeupLk;.
² fhyq;fle;j gioikahd KiwfNs ifahsg;gLfpd;wikahy; ngUe;njhifahd
Copau;fs; Njitg;gLjy;> cupa tpidj;jpwd; Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;.
² nryT mjpfupg;gjhy; ,yhgk; Fd;wpg;Nghjy;.

39. ² ahNjDk; G+r;rp jhtuj;ijr; Nrjg;gLj;Jkhapd; mt;tplj;jpd; topNa Jiz mDNrgpfs;

ntspgplg;gLk;. rpy Jiz mDNrgpfs; mjw;Nf cupj;jhd fhukhd kzj;ijAk;
xslj ,ay;GfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vdNt mg;G+rr ; pg; gPilfs; jhtuj;ijj; jhf;Ftij
tpLj;Jj; jg;gpr; nry;Yk;.
² ,t;thwhf #oypy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; Jiz mDNrgpfis ehbtUk; rpy CDz;zp
tpyq;Ffs; Nkw;gb jhtuj;ijj; jhf;Fk; g+r;rpfis czthff; nfhs;tjhy; jhtuk;
ghJfhg;Gg; ngWk;.

40.² rpy Jiz mDNrgpfs; vjpu;g;ghy; gpuhzpfisf; ftUk; jd;ikAilait. ,t;thwhd

Jiz mDNrgpfis ,urhad uPjpapy; njhFj;J Fwpj;j gapu; epyq;fspy; itg;gjhy;
mjd; ghy; <u;f;fg;gLk; njd;id tz;Lfisg; gpbj;J mopf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhf G+r;rp
ehrpdpfisg; gad;gLj;jhJ #oy;Neakhd Kiwfisf; ifahz;L G+r;rpfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 258
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

² rpy Jiz mDNrgpfs; G+r;rpfis xl;Lk; (Repellent) jd;ikAilaJ ,j;Jiz .

mDNrgpfis ,urhad uPjpapy; vLj;J kUe;jhfTk; G+R kUe;jhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

41. 1. Njapiyapy;; mlq;fpAs;s fNgd;

2. Nuhrh vz;nza;apy; (Rose oil) mlq;fpAs;s n[udpNahd;
3. fuhk;G vz;nza;apy; mlq;fpAs;s ,A+[pNdhy;.

42. fuhk;G vz;nza;apy mlq;fpAs;s ,A+[pNdhy;.

fWth vz;nza;apy; mlq;fpAs;s rpdky;birl;L.

43 Nlu;gidl;Lk; eWkz vz;nza;Ak;.

44. FtpNdhd;> kdd;.
45. xsljq;fs;/kUe;Jfs;: NjapiyapypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; fNgd; Gj;Jzu;T+l;Lk; xU
kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

KiyA+l;bfs;: fuhk;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s ,A+[pNdhy; gupNrhjid

fWthg;gl;ilapy; mlq;fpAs;s rpdkapbirl;L Nghd;wit mtw;wpd; Rit/ kzk;
Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; fhuzkhf czTr; RitA+l;bfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
G+r;;rpfis xl;Lgit: vYkpr;rk; goj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s vz;nza; G+r;rp tpul;bahfg;
gutyhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
gw;wPupahf; nfhy;ypfs;: fuhk;G vz;nza;apy; mlq;fpAs;s ,A+[pNdhy;> kUe;jhfTk;>
gw;wPupahf; nfhy;ypahfTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

46. Jiz mDNrgpfspd; rpwe;j ,ay;Gfs; fhuzkhf mtw;iw kUe;jhfg; gad;gLj;j

Kbfpd;wJ. jtpu capupapypUe;J Jiz mDNrgpfs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;. vdpDk; Nfs;tpf;F
Vw;g toq;Ftjw;fhd ghupa mstpy; mk;kUe;Jfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;fhf mjd; %yg;nghUs;fs; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ghupastpy; Njitg;gLk;. vdNt
Njitahd msT jhtu %yg;nghUl;fis Nrfupg;gJ fbdkhifahy; ,urhaduPjpapy;
njhFg;gJ njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. kUe;Jfspd; gf;ftpisTfs; ,opthFkhWk;
xslj ,ay;Gfs; cau;thf ,Uf;FkhWk; kUe;Jfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> ,urhad uPjpapy; njhFf;fg;gLk; kUe;Jfs; 50 rjtPjj;jpYk; Nkw;gl;lit
,aw;if cw;gj;jpfNsh mtw;wpd; ngWjpfNsh MFk;.

47. fw;whis/gps;isf; fw;whis: ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s capupurhadg; nghUs; vupfhaq;fs;

Njhy; Neha;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
kQ;rs;: fpUkpnfhy;ypahfTk; czTf;F kQ;rs; epw%l;bahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
MAu;Ntjj;jpYk; ghuk;gupa itj;jpaj;JiwapYk; rkpghl;Lf; Nfhshiw
Nghf;Ftjw;fhfTk; <uypd; njhopw;ghl;bidj; J}z;L tjw;f hfTk; typ
epthuzpahfTk; khjtplha;r; rPuhf;fpahfTk; kQ;rs; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

48. ve;j ; Nthu; mq;fpapdJk; clypDs; fhgd; GFk; Kjd;ikahd gbKiw xspj;njhFg;ghFk;.
ePu.; #upa xsp Mfpad cs;sNghJ gq;fRj; jhtuq;fs;> tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;ilf;
FSf;Nfhrhf khw;wpg; gjpf;Fk;. ,t;thwhfj; njhFf;fg;gl;l czit Efu;tjd; %yk;
rfy mq;fpfspYk; fhgd; GFk;. xspj;njhFg;gpy; Muk;gpj;J gy gbKiwfspd; Kd;du;>
Jiz mDNrgpfs; jhtuq;fspy; cw;gj;jpahFk;. vdNt> Jiz mDNrgpfs; vd;gJ
Nrjdr; Nru;itfNsh mtw;wpd; ngWjpfNsh MFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 259

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

49. 1. fljhrp epwg; gjptpay; Kiw

2. nkd;gil epwg;gjptpay; Kiw
3. epuy; epwg;gjptpay; Kiw

50. tpidj;jpwDilajhf Ntwhf;fpg; ngWtjw;F> fiug;ghd; miwapDs; fiug;ghd; fyitia

Mtpapdhy; epuk;gr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; Ez;Lisf; ftu;r;rp %yk; nkd;gil
kPJ fiug;ghd; fyit Nky; Nehf;fpr nry;y khl;lhJ.

51. Ngid ikAk; $Wfshfg; gpupa ,lKz;L

52. epiyj;j tyak;: fljhrpapd; nrYNyhRld; ,ize;Js;s ePuhtp

,af;f tyak;: fiug;ghd; fyit

53 Rf = $Wfs; nrd;w J}uk;

fiug;ghd; Kfg;G nrd;w J}uk;

54. $Wfs; nrd;w J}uj;ijtpl Kfg;G nrd;w J}uk; vg;NghJk; $Ljyhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Rf ngWkhdk; vd;gJ $Wfspd; Kfg;Gf;Fk; fiug;ghd; Kfg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tpfpjkhFk;. vdNt Rf ngWkhdk; vg;NghJk; 1 ,Yk; FiwthdjhFk;.
55 . 1. kPs;gspq;fhf;fy;
2. gjq;fkhjy;.
56. khjpupahdJ fiug;ghd; fyitapy; fiutNjhL nkd;gilapd;kPJ kapu;j;Jisf; ftu;r;rp
%yk; Nky; Nehf;fpr; nry;y khl;lhJ.
57. ,y;iyNay; fyitapd; $Wfs; ed;F Nthwhfkhl;lhJ. nkd;gilapd;kPJ Nky;Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yk;NghJ> epuy; Nghd;W gutpr; nry;Yk;.

58. 1. Nru;itahdJ #lhd fiug;ghdpy; fiujy; Ntz;Lk;. fiug;ghidf; Fspu;j;Jk;NghJ

jpz;kkhjy; tifapyhd nghUj;jkhd xU fiug;ghidj; njupT nra;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
2. fiug;g hdpd; ,optstpy; Nru;i tiaf; fiuj;J epwg;n ghUs; fhzg;g l; lhy;
mfw;W tjw;nfd Vtg;g l;l fhgd; rpwpjsT ,l;L> nfhjpf;f itj;J #lhfNt
tbj;njLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. tbj;njLj;j tpisit gdpf;fl;b ,lg;gl;l ghj;jpunkhd;wpy;; ,l;Lf; Fspur; nra;J
gspq;Ffshf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. gpupGdiyAk; cwpQ;r w; gk;g piaAk; gad;g Lj;j p gspq; Ffis tbj;n jLj; J
Fspu;epiyapYs;s fiuriyg; gad;gLj;jp gspq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jp cyu;jj
; pf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 260

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
myF 19 - Ms;$w;Wf; Nfj;jpufzpjk;
gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1' A (2, 3), B (2, 5) Mapd; AB apdJ ePsk; ahJ?

^1& 3 ^2& 3 ^3& 2 ^4& 2 ^5& -7

2' P (0, 0), Q (3, 4) Mapd; PQ ,dJ ePsk; ahJ?

^1& 3 ^2& 4 ^3& 5 ^4& 7 ^5& 5

3' X (3, 4), Y (7, 4) Mapd; XY ,dJ ePsk; ahJ?

^1& 4 ^2& 2 ^3& 3 ^4& 3 ^5& 58

4' AB = BC ck; B (2, 3), C (4, 7) ck; Mapd; A apdJ Ms;$W ahJ?
C
B (4, 7)
(2, 3)
A
^1& (3, 5) ^2& (6, 10) ^3& (2, 4) ^4& (0, -1) ^5& (-1, 0)

5' y = 3x + a vDk; NfhL (0, 7) vDk; Ms;$Wf;Fupa Gs;spf;F Clhfr;

nry;Ykhapd; a ,dJ ngWkhdk; ahJ?
^1& 0 ^2& 7 ^3& -21 ^4& 21 ^5& -7

6' y + 2x = b vDk; NfhL (1, 3) vDk; Ms;$Wf;Fupa Gs;spf;F Clhfr;

nry;Ykhapd b ,dJ ngWkhdk; ahJ?
^1& 1 ^2& 3 ^3& 5 ^4& 7 ^5& 2

7' y = 3x - 2 " y + 2x = -2 Mfpa ,uz;L Neu;NfhLfspd; ClWf;Fk; Gs;spfspd;

Ms;$Wfs; vit?
^1& (-2, 0) ^2& (2, -2) ^3& (0, 2) ^4& (0, -2) ^5& (3, -2)

8' y = 3x + 2, 3y + x = 6 Mfpa Neu;NfhLfspuz;Lk;>

a. rkhe;jukhdit.
b. nrq;Fj;jhdit
c. y mr;rpy; xNu Gs;spapy; ClWf;Fk;
,tw;Ws; cz;ikahdJ vJ / cz;ikahdit vit?
^1& a khj;jpuk; ^2& b khj;jpuk; ^3& c khj;jpuk;
^4& a " c khj;jpuk; ^5& b " c khj;jpuk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 261

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9' y + 2x = 1 " y = -2x + 2 Mfpa Neu;NfhLfspuz;Lk;>

a. rkhe;jukhdit.
b. nrq;Fj;jhdit
c. y mr;rpd; kPJ xNu Gs;spapy; ClWf;Fk;
,tw;Ws; cz;ikahdJ vJ / cz;ikahdit vit?
^1& a khj;jpuk; ^1& b khj;jpuk; ^3& c khj;jpuk;
^4& a " c khj;jpuk; ^5& b " c khj;jpuk;

10' y + 1/2x = 0 Neu;NfhlhdJ x mr;rpy; Neu;j;jpirapy; cUthf;Fk; Nfhzj;jpd;

tan ngWkhdk;
1
^1& -1 ^2& - ^3& -2 ^4& 0.5 ^5& 1
2

11' A (2, 1) " B (3, 2) MFk;. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; A B ePsj;Jf;Fr; rkkhdJ vJ?

^1& 2 ^2& 2 ^3& 4 ^4& 8 ^5& 34

12' A (2, -3) " B (-1, 1) MFk;. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; A B ePsj;Jf;Fr; rkkhdJ vJ?
^1& 5 ^2& 25 ^3& 1 ^4& 5 ^5& 15

13' X (21, 28), A (21, 35), B (27, 28), C (25, 31) MFk;. A, B, C Mfpatw;Ws; X ,w;F kpf
mz;ikapy; cs;s Gs;sp/Gs;spfs; vJ/vit?
^1& A ^2& B ^3& C ^4& A, B, C Mfpa vy;yhk;
^5& jug;gl;l jfty;fs; NghJkhdit md;W

14' A (5, 6) ck; B (17, x) ck; MFk;. AB = 13 Mapd; X ,d; ngWkhdk; rkdhtJ>
^1& 1 ,w;fhFk; ^2& 11 ,w;fhFk;
^3& 1 my;yJ 11 ,w;fhFk; ^4& 10 my;yJ 12 ,w;fhFk;
^5& ,tw;Ws; vJTkd;W

15' P (2, 1) ck; Q (4, 7) ck; Mapd; P Q ,dJ eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$whf miktJ ahJ?
^1& ^6" 8& ^2& ^2" 6& ^3& ^3" 4& ^4& ^1" 3& ^5& ^4" 12&

16' A (3, 7) ck; B (5, 1) ck; vdpd;> A B apd; eLg;Gs;sp C Ak; A C apd; eLg;Gs;sp D ck;
MFk;. Gs;sp D apd; Ms;$whf miktJ ahJ?
^1& ^11" 15& ^2& ^7" 11& ^3& ^-1" 13& ^4& ^11" 15& ^5& ^ 3 12 , 5 12 &

17' P Q ,d; eLg;Gs;sp R MFk;. P ,d; Ms;$W ^2" 3& ck; R ,d; Ms;$W ^3" 2& ck; MFk;.
Q ,d; Ms;$WfSf;Fr; rkkhf miktJ vJ?
^1& ^5" 5& ^2& ^2'5" 2'5& ^3& ^1" -1& ^4& ^0'5" -0'5& ^5& ^4" 1&

18' A, B, C vd;gd xU Neu;Nfhl;by; mike;j %d;W Gs;spfshFk;. AB:BC = 3:1 MFk;. A,

C Mfpa Gs;spfspd; Ms;$Wfs; KiwNa ^7" 2& ck; ^-1" 2& ck; MFk;. B ,d; Ms;$Wfshf
miktJ vJ?
^1& ^1" 2& ^2& ^4" 0& ^3& ^ 2 12 , -1 & ^4& ^2" 0& ^5& ^ 2 12 , 0 &

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 262

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

19' Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; cr;rpfspd; Ms;$Wfs; ^1" 2&" ^-1" 1&" ^2" 1& MFk;. ,k;Kf;Nfhzp>
^1& rkgf;f Kf;NfhzpahFk;. ^2& ,U rkgf;f Kf;NfhzpahFk;.
^3& rkdpy; gf;f Kf;NfhzpahFk;. ^4& nrq;Nfhz Kf;NfhzpahFk;.
^5& NkNy $wg;gl;l ve;j tif Kf;NfhzpAkd;W.

20' A(11, 0)" B(3, 4) Mfpatw;wpd; eLg;Gs;sp C MFk;. CO ,d; (O vd;gJ cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spahFk;)
eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs; vit?
^1& ^2" -1& ^2& ^7" 2& ^3& ^ 2 23 , 1 13 & ^4& ^14" 4& ^5& ^ 3 12 , 1 &

21' gbj;jpwd; 4 MfTk; ntl;Lj;Jz;L 3 MfTk; cs;s Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghlhf miktJ

vJ?
^1& y = 4x +3 ^2& y = 3x +4 ^3& y-3 = x - 4
^4& y  14 x  13 ^5& y  13 x  14

22' gbj;jpwd;  12 MfTk; ntl;Lj;Jz;L -2 MfTk; nfhz;l Neu;Nfhl;ilf; tifFwpg;gJ

vJ?
^1& y  2 x  4  0 ^2& 2y  x  4  0 ^3& y  2x  4  0 ^4&
2 y  2 x  2  0 ^5& y  12 x  2  0

23' y  4 x ,dJ gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L vd;gdtw;iw KiwNa fhl;LtJ vJ?

^1& 0" 4 ^2& 4" 0 ^3& 2" 2 ^4& 2" 0 ^5& 0" 2

24' 2 y  3 x  6 ,d; gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L vd;gdtw;iw KiwNa fhl;LtJ vJ?

^1& 3" 6 ^2& 3" -6 ^3& 1'5" -3 ^4& 1'5" 3 ^5& 1'5" -6

25' y  x  1 ,dhy; fhl;lg;gLk; NfhL x - mr;rpd; Neu;j;jpirAld; mikf;Fk; $u;q;Nfhzk;

ahJ?
^1& 10 ^2& 00 ^3& 450 ^4& 900 ^5& 1350

26' y  3 x  1  0 vDk; rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; tifFwpf;fg;gLk; Neu;NfhL x - mr;rpd;

Neu;j;jpirAld; mikf;Fk; $u;;q;Nfhzk; ahJ?
0
^1& 3 ^2& 450 ^3& 300 ^4& 600 ^5& 1200

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 263

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

27' x mr;rpd; Neu;jj

; pirAld; mikf;Fk; Nfhzj;jpd; ngWkhdk; Fiwe;j ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J
$Ljyhd ngWkhdk; tiuapy; xOq;F Kiwg;gb mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; rkd;ghLfSf;Fupa
NfhLfisr; rupahff; fhl;Lk; rkd;ghl;Lfisf; nfhz;l njhFjp ahJ?

^1& y  x  1, 2 y  6 x  1, 3 y  x  1

^2& y  x  1, 3 y  x  1, 2 y  6 x  1

^3& 3 y  x  1, 2 y  6 x  1, y  x  1

^4& 3 y  x  1, y  x  1, 2y  6 x  1

^5& 2 y  6 x  1, 3 y  x  1, y  x  1

28' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; y  2 x  4 vDk; Neu;Nfhl;bd; ntl;Lj;Jz;bd; Clhfr; nry;Yk;

Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL ahJ?

^1& x  4 ^2& y4 ^3& 3 y  4 ^4& 3x  4 ^5& x y  4

29' gpd;tUk; Neu;Nfhl;Lr; Nrhbfspy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkhe;jukhf mike;j Nfhl;Lr; Nrhbia

tifFwpg;gJ vJ?

^1& 2 x  y  4 ; x  2 y  4

^2& 3x  2 y  23 ; 3x  2 y  26

^3& 6 x  3 y  7 ; 6x  2 y  15

^4& 5 x  y  7 ; x  5 y  18

^5& x  2 y  14 ; 2x  4 y  25

30' y  3 x  4 vd;gjhy; tifFwpf;fg;gLk; Neu;Nfhl;bw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf mikAk; Nfhl;bd;

gbj;jpwd; ahJ?

1' 3 2' 3
4 3'  43 4' -3 5'  13

31' A(-2, 1) vDk; Gs;spapD}lhfr; nry;Yk; x mr;rpw;F rkhe;jukhf mikAk; Nfhl;bd;

rkd;ghL

1' x  2 2' x  1 3' y  2 4' y  4 5' Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 264

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;

1' khztndhUtd; jd;dplKs;s glnkhd;iw fzpdp tUb (Scanner) %yk; tUly;nra;J

fzpdpj;jpiuf;F vLj;J mjd;kPJ 1 cm gf;f ePsq;nfhz;l rJuf; fl;lTUit ^Grid -
nea;aupia& tiue;jhd;. fzpdpj; jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;l cU fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

i. O ,dhy; fhl;lg;gl;l Gs;spia cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spahff; nfhz;L my;yJ rJuf;Nfhl;LUit

Ms;$w;Wj;jskhf khw;wp A, B, C, D, E Gs;spfspd; Ms;$Wfspd; tupirg;gl;l Nrhbfisj;
jUf.
ii. J}uk; BE If; fzpf;f.
iii. Neu;NfhLfs; A E > B D vd;gtw;wpd; gbj;jpwd;fisf; fhz;f.
iv. Neu;NfhLfs; A E > B D vd;gtw;iwg; gw;wp ahJ $wyhk;?
v. J}uk; B C If; fzpf;f.
vi. Gs;spfs; A IAk; D IAk; ,izf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;bw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf P apD}lhf
tiuag;gLk; Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
vii. Gs;spfs; B> C apd; eLg;Gs;spf;F P apypUe;J nry;yNtz;ba epiyf;Fj;J kw;Wk;
fpilj;J}uq;fis cm ,y; jUf.

2' cyfk; Nfhs tbtkhtkhf cs;s Jld;> rpwpa gug;gsit Nehf;Fk;NghJ mJ

NfhstbtkhdJ vd;gij tpl rkjiuahdjhf ekf;Ff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. tpkhdg;
ghij tiugl Ma;tpd;NghJ Nfhs tbtk;> kiy Mfpatw;iwtpl rkjiuahdJ vd;gJ
Kf;fpakhFk;. rJuf;fl;lj; jsnkhd;wpy; cs;s ,yq;ifg; glj;jpy; mikTfisg; gpd;tUkhW
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
mk;ghe;Njhl;il ^0" 0&" jpUNfhzkiy ^8" 15&" aho;g;ghzk; ^5" 12&" nfhOk;G ^-3" 4& MFk;.
i. nfhOk;G - mk;ghe;Njhl;il tpkhdg; ghijapd; J}uj;ijf; fzpf;f.
ii. nfhOk;gpypUe;J gpuahzj;ij Muk;gpf;Fk; tpkhdnkhd;W mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapD}lhf
jpUNfhzkiyiar; nrd;wilfpwJ. gpuahzg; ghijapd; J}uj;ijf; fzpf;f.
iii. mk;ghe;Njhl;ilf;Fk; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fk; eLNt tpkhdepiyankhd;W
epWtg;gLnkdpd; nfhOk;gpypUe;J> mt;tpkhd epiyaj;jpw;fhd J}uj;ijf; fhz;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 265

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3' jsnkhd;wpy; cs;s ,lq;fissr;; rupahff;; fhl;Ltjw;fhdnjhU Kiw Ms;$w;Wj;jsk;

MFk;.
i. eilKiw cyfpy; Ms;$w;Wj; jsk; gad;gLk; ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
ii. P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) vdpd;> Neu;NfhL PQ ,d; ePsj;Jf;fhd Nfhitnahd;iw
vOJf. A(5, 3), B(1, 0) vdpd;> Neu;NfhL AB apd; ePsj;ijf; fzpf;f.
iii. AB apdJ eLg;Gs;sp C MFk;. C apd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.
iv. X(6, 8), Y(2, -2) vdpd;> NfhL XY ,w;F ,id 3:1 vDk; tpfpfjj;jpy; gpupf;Fk;
Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.
v. NfhL y = 3x + 2 ,w;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf ^0" -1& ,D}lhfr; nry;Yk; Nfhl;bd;
rkd;ghl;il vOJf.'

4' A(1, 1), B(5, 1), C(3, 4) MFkhW ABC vDk; Kf;Nfhzp cs;sJ.
i. A, B, C Gs;spfis Ms;$w;Wj;jsnkhd;wpw; Fwpf;f.
ii. A B apd; ePsk; vj;jid myFfs;?
iii. Kf;Nfhzp A B C apd; ePsq;fisf; fz;L> mJ Xu; ,Urkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp vdf;
fhl;Lf.
iv. gf;fk; A B I nrq;Fj;jhf ,U gFjpfshfg; gpupf;f. me;jf; Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghl;il
vOJf.
v. Kf;Nfhzp A B C apd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.

5' i. y=3x-2 vDk; Neu;Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.

ii. y=3x-2 vDk; Neu;Nfhl;bw;Fr; rkhe;jukhfTk; cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spapD}lhfr;
nry;tJkhd Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;f.
iii. y = 2x+4 vDk; Neu;NfhL x> y mr;Rf;fis ntl;Lk; Gs;spfspd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.
iv. me;j Neu;NfhL x> y mr;Rf;fis ntl;Lk; Gs;spfspilapyhd kpff; FWfpa
J}uj;ijf; fhz;f.
v. ,e; Neu;NfhL> x mr;R> y mr;R %yk; mikf;fg;gLk; Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsitf;
fzpf;f.

6' ,izfuk; A B C D apy; A apd; Ms;$Wfs; ^1" 4& ck; C apd; Ms;$Wfs; ^-3" 5& ck; MFk;'
A B > A D apd; gbj;jpwd;fs; KiwNa  12 > 1 MFk;' B> D vd;gtw;wpd; Ms;$Wfisf;
fhz;f.

D
(1, 4)
A
(1)
C (-3, 5)
  1
2

7' ,izfuk; PQRS ,y; Neu;NfhLfs; QR > QP vd;gtw;wpd; rkd;ghLfs; KiwNa y-3x=-2>
3y - x=14 ck; MFk;. S,d; Ms;$Wfs;(4>2) MFk;. PQRS vd;gJ xU nrt;tfk; vdf;fhl;b>
mjd; gug;gsitf; fzpf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 266

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
S

P
R
3y - x=14
y-3x=-2
Q
8' Kf;Nfhzp ABC apy; gf;fq;fs; A B, B C> C A vDk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lq;fspd; rkd;ghLfs;
KiwNa 2y = x + 4, y = 2x - 1, y = -4x -7 MFk;. Kf;Nfhzp ABC apd; gug;gsT 9 2 rJu
myFfs; vdf; fhl;Lf.
2y = x + 4 A
B

y = 2x - 1 y=1

C
9' l vDk; Neu;Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwd; 2 MtNjhL mJ P(1 ,2) vDk; Gs;spfspD}lhfr; nry;fpd;wJ.
P apD}lhf l ,w;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhfr; nry;Yk; Neu;Nfhl;bd; kPJ Q MdJ PQ ,d; ePsk; 2
myF MFkhW mike;Js;sJ. Q ,w;F ,U epiyfs; cs;snjdf; fhl;b mjd;
Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.
Q
P(1, 2)
1

10' A(9, 2), B(3, 2)> C(6, 6) MfTs;s Kf;Nfhzp ABC apd; gf;fq;fspd; eLg;Gs;spfis
cr;rpfshff; nfhz;l Kf;Nfhzpapd; Rw;wsitf; fhz;f.
A (9, 2)

P
C (6, 6)

R Q

B (3, 2)

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 267

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

tpilfs;

1' tpil-3
2' tpil-3
3' tpil-1
4' tpil-4
5' tpil-2
6' tpil-3
7' tpil-4
8' tpil-5
9' tpil-1
10' tpil-4
11' tpil-2

AB 2  (2  3) 2  (1  2)2  12  12  2
AB  2
12' tpil-1
2
AB 2   2  ( 1)   ( 3  1) 2  32  42  25  AB  5
13' tpil-3

XA2  (21  21) 2  (28  35) 2  7 2  XA  7

XB 2  (21  27) 2  (28  28)2  62  XB  6
XC 2  (21  25) 2  (28  31)2  4 2  33  25  52  xc  5

XA, XB  XC  X mz;ikapy; cs;sJ C MFk;.

14' tpil-3

AB2 =132 =(17-5) 2 +(x-6) 2 =>169 =12 2  ( x  6) 2  ( x  6) 2  169  144  25  52

 x  6  5 or x  6  5
x  11 or x  1
15' tpil-3

 4  2 7 1
PQ ,d; eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs;  ,   (3, 4)
 2 2 
16' tpil-5

3  5 7 1
C apd; Ms;$W   ,   (4, 4)
 2 2 

D apd; Ms;$W   3  4 , 7  4    7 , 11    3 12 , 5 12 
 2 2  2 2 
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 268
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17' tpil-5
Q apd; Ms;$W ^a, b& vdf; nfhz;L
PQ apd; eLg;Gs;sp R Mapd;

 a2 b3
R ,    3, 2  vdj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
 2 2 

a2 b3
  3 ck;  2 ck; MFk;.
2 2

 a  b  2 ck; b  4  3 ck; MFk;.

4 1

 Q ,d; Ms;$W } ^4" 1&

18' tpil-1

 7  (1) 2  2 
AC apd; eLg;Gs;sp D vdf; nfhs;f. vdNt D   ,   (3, 2) DC ,d; eLg;Gs;sp
 2 2 

 3  (1) 2  2 
B MFk;. B   ,   (1, 2) MFk;. ^ AB:BC=3:1 Mifahy;&
 2 2 

19' tpil-3

gf;f ePsq;fs; ( (1  2) 2  (2  1) 2  2, (1  (1)) 2  (2  1) 2  5 ck;

(2  ( 1)) 2  (1  1) 2  3
gf;fePsq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrg;gLtjhy; rkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzp
20' tpil-5

 11  3 0  4 
C  ,   (7, 2)
 2 2 
O cw;gj;jpg; Gs;sp O=(0, 0) MFk;.

70 20 7 
 CO ,d; eLg;Gs;sp }  2 , 2    2 ,1   3 2 ,1
1

   
21' tpil-1
y=mx + c ,y; m gbj;jpwDk; c ntl;Lj;Jz;Lk; MFk;. ,q;F m=4 ck; c=3 ck; MFk;.
 Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghl;L tbtk; y  4 x  3 MFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 269

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

22' tpil-2

m   12 ck; C=-2 vdpd;>

Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL y   12 x  2  2 y   x  4  2 y  x  4  0
23' tpil-2
y  mx  c vDk; tbtpy; y  4 x  0 Mtjhy; gbj;jpwd; 4 ck; ntl;Lj;Jz;L 0 ck;
MFk;.
24' tpil-3
2 y  3 x  6 rkd;ghl;il y  mx  c vDk; tbtpy; fhl;Lk; NghJ y  1.5 x  ( 3) vd;wthW
mikAk;. mjd; gb m = gbj;jpwd; 1'5 MFk;. c = ntl;Lj;Jz;L -3 MFk;.
25' tpil- 3
m=1=tan 

 =450
26' tpil- 4

y  3x  1  0
m  3  tan 
  600
27' tpil-4
y  x  1 ,d; gbj;jpwd; 1 MFk;.

2 y  6 x  1 ,d; gbj;jpwd; 2 MFk;.

1
3 y  x  1 ,d; gbj;jpwd; 3 MFk;.

m ^gbj;jpwd;&  tan  ,  vd;gJ x mr;rpd; Neu;j;jpirAld; mikf;Fk;

$u;q;Nfhzk;.

 m  mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ   mjpfupf;Fk;.

1
 m ,d; VWtupir 3 , 1 , 2 MFk;.
,e;j m ,d; ngWkhdq;fSf;Nfw;g Neu;Nfhl;Lr; rkd;ghLfisr; rupahff;
fhl;LtJ ^1 r& ,y; MFk;.
28' tpil-2
y  2 x  4 ntl;Lk; Gs;spapd; Ms;$W ^0" 4& MFk;. (0> 4) ,D}lhfr; nry;Yk; Neu;Nfhl;bd;
rkd;ghL y = 4 MFk;.
29' tpil-5

x  2 y  14 ,d; gbj;jpwd;   12 MFk;. 2 x  4 y  25 ,d; gbj;jpwd   12 MFk;.

gbj;jpwd;fs; rkdhf mike;jhy; Neu;NfhLfs; rkhe;jukhFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 270

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30' tpil-5
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd Neu;NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fs; m1 > m2 vdpd; m1m2=-1 MFk;.
,q;F jug;gl;l Neu;Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwd; 3 MFk;.
 3m2  1  m2   1 3 MFk;.
31' tpil-4
x mr;Rf;F rkhe;jukhd Neu;NfhL y=k vdf; fhl;lyhk;. ^k khwpyp&
A(-2, 1) Clfr; nry;tjhy; 1= k
 Njitahd Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL y=1 MFk;.

tpilfs; - fl;Liu

1' i. A(1, 5) , B(2, 6), C(5, 3), D(3, 2) , E (2, 1)

ii. (6-1) = 5cm

iii. AE ,d; gbj;jpwd; m1  y1  y0

x1  x0
5 1 4
   4
1  2 1

BD ,d; gbj;jpwd; m2  6  2  4  4
23 1
iv. AE Ak; BD Ak; rkhe;jukhFk;.
v. 2 2
 x1  x0    y1  y2 
2 2
BC   2  5    6  3
2 2
=  3   3
= 18
BC =3 2

52
vi. AD ,d; gbj;jpwd; m 
1 3
3 3
 
2 2
2
AD ,w;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhd Neu;Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwd;  (m1m2=-1)
3
2
AD ,w;F nrq;Fj;J NfhL y  x  c ,e; Neu;NfhL P(3, 3) Gs;spapD}lhfr;
3
nry;fpd;wJ.
2
y  3 c 2
3 Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL y  x 1
c 1 3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 271

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

vii. BC ,y; eLg;Gs;sp B(2, 6), C(5, 3)

 25 63
eLg;Gs;sp   , 
 2 2 
  3.5, 4.5

P (3, 3) Mtjhy; nry;y Ntz;ba fpilj;J}uk; 0.5 cm, epiyf;Fj;Jj; J}uk; 1.5 cm
MFk;.

2' i. 2 2
 x1  x0    y1  y2 
2 2
 3  0    4  0 
9  16
25
5

ii. mk;ghe;Njhl;il - jpUNfhzkiy ,ilapyhd J}uk;

2 2
 9  0   15  0 
64  225
gpuahzj; J}uk; = 5+ 17 = 22
289
17

iii. ^0" 0& ^5" 12&

eLg; Gs;sp  5 2 , 12 2 
^2'5" 6&

J}uk;  (2.5  3) 2  (6  4)2

 5.52  22
 30.25  4
 34.25

3' i. ² fzpdp tpisahl;bd; (Computer Games) NghJ fzpdpj; jpiu> Ms;$w;Wj; jskhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
² fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nuhNghf;fspd; nraw;ghl;bw;F Ms;$w;Wj;jsnkhd;W
cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
² jfty; njhlu;ghlYf;nfd Ms;$w;Wj; jsk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Cjhuzk;: tiuGfs;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 272

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ii. 2 2
 x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
AB  (5  1) 2   3  0 

 4 2  32
 16  9
 25
5

iii. A(5, 3) , B(1, 0)

 5 1 3  0 
C  , 
 2 2 
C   3,1.5 
iv.
1 Y(2, -2)

P 1
3
Q 1
2
X(6, 8)

 62 82
Neu;NfhL X Y ,d; eLg;Gs;sp Q vdpd; Q   , 
 2 2 
Q  (4,3)
Neu;NfhL X Y 3(1 Mf gpupgLk; Gs;sp Q Y ,d; eLg;Gs;spahFk;. me;jg; Gs;sp P vdpd;

 4 2 3 2 
P ,   (3, 1.5)
 2 2 
v. y=3x + 2 Neu;Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwd; m1 vdpd;" m1 = 3, ,e;Neu;Nfhl;bw;F nrq;Fj;jhd
Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwd; m2 vdpd;>
m1 m2 = -1
3 x m2= -1
m2=  13 ,
1
mr; nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL y   x  C vDk; tbtpy; mikAk;. ^0" -1& Clhf ,e;Neu;NfhL
3
nry;tjhy; C = -1 MFk;. -1 = 1/3X O+ C

1
y   xC
3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 273

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4' i.

ii. AB ePsk; } 5 -1
}4

iii. AC  (3  1) 2  (4  1) 2
 22  33
AC  13

AC  BC  AB

 ABC ,Urkgf;f Kf;NfhzpahFk;.

 5 1 11
iv. AB ,d; eLg;Gs;sp   , 
 2 2 
 (3, 1)

AB ,d; eLg;Gs;spapD}lhf AB ,ypUe;J nrq;Fj;Jf; NfhL C ,D}lhfr; nry;fpwJ.

,e;j Neu;NfhL x = 3 MFk;.

v. C ,ypUe;J A B apw;F nrq;Fj;Jj;J}uk; } ^4 - 1&

} 3"

1
Kf;Nfhzp A B C apd; gug;gsT   4  3
2
6
} rJu myF 6 MFk;.
5' i. y = 3x - 2
y = mx + c
gbj;jpwd; m=3
ntl;Lj;Jz;L c = -2
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 274
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ii. y = 3x - 2
gbj;jpwd; 3 vdf; nfhs;Nthk;. (0> 0) Clhfr; nry;fpd;wikahy; 0 =3x0 + c MfNt
c=0
MfNt Nrhbapd; rkd;ghL y = 3x

y = 3x

iii. y = 2x + 4
c = 4, y mr;ir ntl;Lk;Gs;sp ^0" 4& x mr;ir ntl;Lk;Gs;spf;F
y=0
0 = 2x + 4
x = -2 4
(-2, 0)
iv. (0, 4), (2, 0)
x
2
 (0  2)  (4  0) 2 -2

 4  16
 20
2 5

1
v. rJu myFfs;   2  4
2
4

6 AB ,d; rkd;ghL y = m1x +c1 vdf; nfhs;f.

1 1
m1   Mtjhy; y   x  c1 MFk;.
2 2
1 9
A (1>4) ,D}lhfr; nry;tjhy; 4    1  c1  c1  4 12 
2 2
1 9
 AB apd; rkd;ghL y   x  mjhtJ x  2y  9  1
2 2

AD apd; rkd;ghL y = m2x +c2 vdf; nfhs;f.

m2  1 Mapd;> y  1x  c2 MFk;.
A (1>4) ,D}lhfr; nry;tjhy; 4  1  c2  c2  3
 AD apd; rkd;ghL y  x  3 mjhtJ x  y  3   2

DC apd; rkd;ghL y = m3x +c3 vdf; fUJNthk;

1 1
DC//AB kw;Wk; AB apd; gbj;jpwd;  Mtjhy; m3  
2 2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 275

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

1
D C apd; rkd;ghL y   x  C3 MFk;.
2
1 3 7
C(-3, 5) Clhfr; nry;tjhy; 5    3  C3  C3  5  
2 2 2
1 7
 D C apd; rkd;ghL y   x  MFk;. mjhtJ x  2 y  7   3
2 2
B C apd; rkd;ghL y = m3x +c4 vdf; fUJNthk;.
BC//AD kw;Wk; A D ,d; gbj;jpwd; 1 Mjyhy; m4 = 1 MFk;.
 BC apd; rkd;ghL y  x  C 4 MFk;.

C(-3, 5) Clhfr; nry;tjhy; 5   3  C 4  C 4  8

B C apd; rkd;ghL y  x  8 MFk;. mjhtJ  x  y  8   4

D vdg;gLtJ A D kw;Wk; D C Mfpatw;wpd; ntl;Lg;Gs;sp Mjyhy;

 x  y  3 10
  3 y  10  y 
x  2 y  7 3
10 10 1
 x   3  x  3 
3 3 3

 D apd; Ms;$Wfs;  13 , 10 3 
B vdg;gLtJ rkd;ghL A B, B C Mfpatw;wpd; ntl;Lg; Gs;spahjyhy;

x  2 y  9 17
  3 y  17  y
 x  y  8 3
17 34 7
x  2.  9  x 9 
3 3 3

 B apd; ntl;Lg;Gs;sp   7 3 , 17 3  MFk;.

1
7' P Q apd; gbj;jpwd; MFk;.
3
QR apd; gbj;jpwd; 3 MFk;.

 1
    3  1 Miahy;
 3

P⊥
Q Q R MFk;.
NkYk; PQRS ,izfukhjyhy;
P Q R S nrt;tfkhFk;.
P Q, Q R Mfpatw;wpd; ntl;Lg; Gs;sp Q Mjyhy; Q Ms;$Wfshf

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 276

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3 y  x  14  (1)
y  3 x  2  (2)
(1)  3 9 y  3 x  42  (3) rkd;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;Nghk;.
(2)  (3) 10 y  40  y4

y4 (1) ,y; gpujpapl;lhy;

3  4  x  14  x  2
 Q Ms;$Wfs; ^2" 4& MFk;.
,g;NghJ R ,d; Ms;$Wfisg; ngWtjw;fhf SR ,d; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;Nghk;.
1
PQ//SR Mjyhy; mjd; gbj;jpwd; } P Q ,d; gbj;jpwd;  
3
1
 SR ,d; rkd;ghL y   x  c Mff; nfhs;syhk;.
3
S ^4" 2& ,D}lhfr; nry;tjhy;
1 4 10
2   4c  c 
3 3 3
1 10
 SR ,d; rkd;ghL y   x  MFk;.
3 3
mjhtJ 3 y  x  10  (4) MFk;.
QR kw;Wk; RS ntl;Lg;Gs;sp R Mifahy;

y  3 x  2  (2)
3y  x  10  (4)
(4)  3 9 y  3x  30  (5)
14
(2)  (5) 10 y  28  y
5

14 42
^4& ,y; gpujpapLtjd;%yk;a 3   x  10  x  10 
5 5

 8 14 
 R ,d; Ms;$Wfs;  5 , 5  MFk;.
 
,g;NghJ QR ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;Nghk;.
2 2
 8   14 
QR2    2     4 
5   5 
2 2
2  6 4  36 40
  2  2
52 5 5
40
QR 
5
,g;NghJ SR ,d; ePsj;ijf; fhz;Nghk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 277

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
2 2
 8   14 
SR2   4     2  
 5  5 
122  42 144 16 160
   2
52 52 5
160
SR 
5
P Q R S nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gsT } 2 « QRS Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT

1
 2  .QR.RS
2
40 160 80 1 myF gug;G
   3
5 5 25 5
8 ,jw;nfd A, B, C Mfpa Gs;spfspd; Ms;$Wfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
Gs;sp A apw;F
2y  x  4  (1)
y  4 x  7  (2)
2  (2) sy  8 x  14 vdf; nfhs;tjd; %yk;
8 x  14  x  4
9 x  18  x  2 ,y; gpujpapLtjhy;

 A apd; Ms;$Wfs; ^-2" 1& MFk;.

Gs;sp B apw;F
2y  x  4  (3)
y  2x 1  (4)
2  (4) 2 y  4x  2 (3) vdf; nfhs;tjd; %yk;
4x  2  x  4  3x  6  x2 (4) ,y; gpujpapLtjhy;
y  2 2 1  3
 B apd; Ms;$Wfs; ^2" 3& MFk;.
Gs;sp C apw;F
y  4 x  7  (5)
y  2x  1  (6)
^5& kw;Wk; ^6& Mfpatw;iw  4 x  7  2 x  1 =   6 x  6  x   1 (1) ,y;
gpujpapLtjhy;
y  2( 1)  1  3
 C apd; Ms;$Wfs; ^-1" -3& MFk;.

A apypUe;J BC apw;F tiue;j nrq;Fj;jpd; mb D vdf; fUJNthk;.

1
,g;NghJ ABC apd; gug;gsT = BC.A D
2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 278

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

2 2
,q;F BC 2   2   1   3   3   33  6 2  9  36  45
 BC  45
A D ,d; ePsj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf A D ,dJ rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;Nghk;. B C ,dJ gbj;jpud;
2 ck; A D⊥ B C ck; Mjyhy; D A ,dJ gbj;jpwd; m MFk;"

1
2m  1 MFk;  m   2

1
,jd;gb A D ,dJ rkd;ghL y   x  c vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
2
1
A D, A (-2, 1) Clhfr; nry;tjhy; 1   (2)  c  c0
2
 AD ,dJ rkd;ghL 2 y   x MFk;.

,dp A Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;Nghk;.

D Gs;sp Ms;$WfSf;fhf>
y  2 x  1  (7)
2 y  x  (8)

1
2  (8) 4 y  2 x " ^7& cld; $l;Ltjhy; 5 y  1  y  
5
1  1 2
y ^8& ,y; gpujpaPL nra;tjhy; 2      x  x 
5  5 5

2 1
 D ,d; Ms;FW  5 ,  5  MFk;.
,g;NghJ A ,dJ Ms;$W ^-2" 1& vdf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2 2 2 2
2 2    1   12   6  144 36 180
 AD   2    1              
 5    5   5  5 25 25 25
180
 AD 
5

,g;NghJ BC  45 vd;gJ fhl;lg;gLs;sikahy;

1
ABC gug;gsT  BC. AD
2
1 180 1 45. 45  4 1 45  45  4
 . 45.  .  .
2 5 2 5 2 5
45  2 90
  9
10 10

 ABC  gug;gsT } 9 2 rJu myFfs;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 279

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9' P Q apd; rkd;ghl;ilf; fhz;Nghk;' P Q apd; rkd;ghL y  mx  c vdf; fUJNthk;.

PQ  l kw;Wk; l gbj;jpwd; 2 Mjyhy;
1
2 m  1 m  
2
 1
,w;fika PQ apd; rkd;ghL y     x  c vdf; fhl;lyhk;.
 2
P ^2" 1& Gs;spapd; Clhf P Q nry;tjhy;
 1
1  2C  C2
 2
1
 PQ apd; rkd;ghL y   x  2 MFk;.
2
PQ  5 MFkhW Q Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;Nghk;.

2
2
 x  1   y  2 
2
  5
2
 1 
 x  2     x  2   2  5
2

 2  
2
 1
2 
 x  2   x  1  5
 2 
1
x2  4 x  4  x2  x  1  5
4
4 x  16 x  16  x 2  4 x  4  20
2

5 x 2  20 x  20  20
5 x 2  20 x  0
5x  x  4  0
 x  0 my; yJ x  4

5x 2

 1
x  0 MFk; NghJ y     0  2
 2
 x  0 MFk; NghJ y  2
 1
x  4 MFk; NghJ y      4  2
 2
 x  4 MFk; NghJ y  0

 Q ,w;F ,uz;L rkd;ghLfs; cz;L. mr;rkd;ghLfspd; Ms;Wfs;

^0" 2& ck; ^4" 0& MFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 280

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10' glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;s ABC Kf;Nfhzpapd; AC, CB kw;Wk; BA gf;fq;fspd; eLg;Gs;spfs;

KiwNa P, Q, R vdf; fUJNthk;.
eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; gb PQ, QR, RP apd; epsk; ABC Kf;NfhzpapdJ ePsj;jpd; rupghjp
MFk;.

 ABC Kf;NfhzpapdJ Rw;wstpd; rup ghjpapd; rkDkhFk; PQR ,d;

Rw;wsT.
 ABC Kf;Nfhzpapd; Rw;wsitf; fhz;Nghk;.
2 2
AC 2   9  6    2  6   32  42  25  52
 AC  5 myFfs;
2 2
CB 2   6  3   6  2   32  42  25  52
 CB  5 myFfs;
2 2
BA 2   3  9    2  2   6 2  0 2  36  6 2
 BC  6 myFfs;
ABC Rw;wsT  AC  CB  BA  5  5  6  16
16
 PQR  Rw;wsT  8
2
 Njitahd Rw;wsT = 8 myFfs;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 281

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 20 - rlg;nghUl;fspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1' nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l Gw tpiria mfw;wpa gpd; mJ jdJ Kjy;

tbtk; kw;Wk; msit milAk; jd;ik vd;gJ>
1. kPspay;Gj;jd;ik
2. ghFj;jd;ik
3. ePl;lw; jd;ik
4. Nkw;gug;G ,Otpir
5. gha;kj;jd;ik
(a) (b) (C)
2' 50cm ePskhd fk;gpapd; kPJ 20N tpiriag; gpuNahfpj;j
NghJ ePl;rp 1mm MFk;. fk;gpahdJ kPspay;Gj;jd;ik
nfhz;lJ vdf; fUjpdhy; mjid  c  glj;jpw;Nghd;W
20 N mOj;j epiyf;F cl;gLj;jpdhy; mjd; Gjpa ePskhdJ
50cm
20N

1' 50.1c m 2' 50.0 cm 3' 49.9 cm

4' 49.8 cm 5' 49.98 cm

3' (a) (b) l ePskhd Nfhypd; FWf;F ntl;LKfg; gug;G A MFk;. F

Gw tpirapd;fPo; Nfhy; rkdpiyahFk; NghJ Nfhypy;
Vw; g Lk; tpir f1 vdf; fhl; l g; g l; L s; s J. gpd; t Uk;
$w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;f.
e
A F

a. f1 kPs;jd;ik tpirnadf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld; f1  F MFk;.

b. f1 ntl;LKfj;jpw;F epiyf;Fj;jhfr; nraw;gLtjdhy; ,k;Kiw kPs;jd;ik tpir

vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;;.
F
c. tpfpjk; ,Oitj; jifg;G vdg;gLk;. vdg;gLk;.
A

e
d. tpfpjk; ,Oit tpfhukhFk;.
l
,tw;Ws; rupahdit
1' a " b
2' b " c
3' a "c " d
4' a " b " d
5' midj;Jk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 282

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
4' gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; `{f;fpd; tpjpahff; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
1. ,ionahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; ePl;rp mjpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; neUf;fYf;F Neu;tpfpjrkkhdJ.
2. rktpfpj vy;iyAs; ,ionahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; ePl;rpf;F cUthf;Fk; ePl;rpf;F
Neu;tpfpj rkkhFk;.
3. rktpfpj vy;iyAs; kPspay;Gs;s ,ionahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; ePl;rp> cUthf;Fk;
neUf;fYf;F Neu; tpfpj rkkhdJ.
4. rktpfpj vy;iyAs; ,ionahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; ePl;rp cUthf;Fk; neUf;fYf;F
Neu;khW rktpfpjkhFk;.
5. ,ionahd;wpy; ,Otpirf;Fk; ePl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk; khwpypahFk;.

5' epak FwpaPLfspy;> jputnkhd;wpd; aq;fpd; Fzfk; Y MdJ gpd;tUk; vf;$w;wpdhy;

fhl;lg;gLk;>
 F / A F
1' Y  2' Y
l e / l 
 F / A F
3' Y  4' Y
e / l  l
e
5' Y 
l
6' rktpfpj vy;iyia kPwhj re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,ionahd;wpy; gpuNahfpf;Fk; Gw tpirapd; gb
mjd; ePl;rp khw;wkiltijg; gpd;tUk; vt;tiuG fhl;Lk;?

1' 2' F 3' F

F

e e e
0.0 0.0 0.0

F F
4' 5'

e e
0.0 0.0

7' ,Oitj; jifg;G tpirapd; epak myfhdJ>

1' mN 2 2' Nm 1 3' Nm
4' Nm 2 5' Nm 3

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 283

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

8' ,Oit tpfhuj;jpd; myfhdJ>

1' Nm 2' Nm 1 3' Nm 2
4' Nm 3 5' myF fhzg;glhJ.
9. nghUnshd;iw ,Of;Fk;NghJ my;yJ neUf;Fk; NghJ mjd; kPs pay;Gj;jd;ik
fhzg;gLtJ neUf;fy; my;yJ ,O tpirapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l cr;rtsTg; ngWkhdj;jpw;F
kl;LNkahFk;. ,g;ngWkhdk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ.
1. tpfpjrk vy;iy 2. kPspay; epiy 3. ,Wjifg;G tpir
4. aq;fpd; Fzfk; 5. ,Otpirg; Gs;sp
10. FWf;F ntl;LKfg; gug;gsT 1cm 2 nfhz;l fk;gpapd; kPspay;G vy;iy 2  109 Nm 2
MFk;. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; kPspay;Gj;jd;ik gb mjpy; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba cr;rtsT
tpirahtJ?
1' 20N 2' 200N 3' 2000N
4' 20000N 5' 200000N
11' A " B vd;gd xNu tifahd ,U fk;gpfspd; ntl;LKf gug;gsTfs; KiwNa 1cm 2 k;
2cm 2 MFk;. A d; kPspay;G vy;iy 2  108 Nm 2 vdpd;> B d; kPspay;G vy;iy ahJ?
1' 1 108 Nm 2 2' 2 108 Nm 2 3' 4 108 Nm 2
4' 8  108 Nm 2 5' 16  108 Nm 2
12' A " B vd;Dk; ,U fk;gpfs;; xNu tifahd nghUspdhy; nra;ag;gl;lit. A ,d; FWf;F
ntl;LKfg; gug;G 1cm 2 k;> B d; FWf;F ntl;LKfg;gug;G 2cm 2 MFk;. B fk;gpapd; kPspay;G
vy;iy kPwhj tifapy; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba cr;rtsT tpir 20000N vdpd;> A fk;gpapd;
kPspay;G vy;iy kPwhj tifapy; gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba cr;rtsT tpir ahJ?
1' 5000N 2' 10000N 3' 20000N
4' 40000N 5' 80000N
13' fk;gpnahd;wpd; ,Wjifg;G 2.1 109 Nm 2 MFk;. mjd; FWf;Fntl;LKfg; gug;gsT 1mm 2
MFk;. mJ KwptilahjthW gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba cr;rtsT tpir ahJ?
1' 210N 2' 240N 3' 2100N
4' 2400N 5' 21000N

14' 1m ePskhd cNyhf ,ionahd;wpd; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT

1mm 2 MFk; . mjd; fP o ; me; j j; j py; 20 kg jpzpnthd; W
,izf;fg;gl;lNghJ mjd; ePsk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJthFk;.
(fk;gpj; jputpaj;jpdJ aq;fpd; Fzfk; 2.0  1011 Nm 2 MFk;.)

1' 106 m 2' 105 m 3' 104 m

4' 103 m 5' 102 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 284

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

15' l ePskhd ,ionahd;wpy; e ePl;rpiag; ngWtjw;F tpiria

E ngWkhdk; tiu mjpfupj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdpd;> mt;tpir
%yk; ,lk;ngWk; Ntiy vt;tsT?

e
1' F  e 2' 2Fe 3' Fe 2
1
4' Fe 5' Fe
2

16' Nkw;gb re;ju;g;gj;jpd;NghJ tpy;ypy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; tpir

1' F  e 2' 2Fe 3' Fe 2
1
4' Fe 5' Fe
2

17' F fk;gpnahd;wpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; Gwtpir F

,w;fika ePl;rp e tpj;jpahrg;gLk; jd;ik gpd;tUk;
D C tiugpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rik F1 MFk; NghJ>
ePl;rp e1 vdpd;> tpy;ypy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; tpir
gpd;tUk; ve;jg; gug;gstpdhy; msf;fg;gLk;?
F1
B
A e

1
1' ABC 2' 2ABC 3' ABC
2
4' ABCD 5' 2ABCD

18' F fk;gpnahd;iw F1 tpir %yk; ,Of;Fk; NghJ mjd; ePl;rp

D
e1 MFk;> tpiria F2 tiu mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ePl;rp e2
F2
E MFk;. tpir> kPspay;G vy;iyAs; fhzg;gbd; F1 ,y;
,Ue;J F2 tiu mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd;
F1 msitf; fhl;Lk; gug;gsT vJ?
B C
A e1 e
e2

1' ABC 2' ACD 3' BEDC

4' 2ABC 5' 2BEDC

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 285

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

19' xNu jputpaj; j pdhy; Mf; f g; g l; L s; s ,Uk; G f; fk; g pfspd; FWf; F ntl; L Kf
tpl;lq;fSf;fpilNaahd tpfpjk; 2:1 MFk;. ePsq;fSf;fpilNa tpfpjk; 1 : 2 MFk;. ,U
fk;gpfs; kPJk; rktsT tpir gpuNahfpf;fg;gbd; mtw;wpd; ePl;rpfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk;
tpfpjk;
1' 1 : 1 2' 1 : 2 3' 1 : 3
4' 1 : 4 5' 1 : 8
20' 4F tpirapd; fPo; ,wg;gu; ehlhnthd;wpd; ePsk; l1 MFk;. 5F d; fPo; l2 MFk;. 9F1
tpirapd; fPo; mjd; ePskhdJ
1' 5l1  4l2 2' 5l2  4l1 3' 9l1  8l2
4' 9l2  8l1 5' 10l1  8l2

 tpdh ,y. 21> 22 vd;gtw;Wf;fhd cU

PQ vDk; ,Nyrhd Nfhypd;; ePsk; L MFk;. mJ

A " B vd;Dk; ,U ,iofspdhy; epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. A ,d;
FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;gsT B ,d; gug;gsTg; ngWkhdj;jpd;
A B
miuthrpahFk;. A ,d; aq;qpd; Fzfk; B ,d;
ngWkhdj;jpd; ,Uklq;fhFk;.
L
P x Q

21' A > B vd;Dk; ,U fk;gpfspYk; xNu jifg;G Vw;gbd; x d; ngWkhdk; ahJ?

L L 2L
1' 2' 3'
3 2 3

3L 6L
4' 5'
4 7

22' A apYk;" B apYk; rkkhd tpfhuk; Vw;gLk; tifapy; x ,d; ngWkhdk; ahJ?

L L 2L
1' 2' 3'
4 2 3

4L 6L
4' 5'
5 7

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 286

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg;Gf; fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;

1' tpfhuk;

y1 y2

x
jifg;G

Nkw;gb glj;jpy; A " B vd;Dk; ,U fk;gpfspd; jifg;G tpfhu tiuglk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jifg;G x MFk;NghJ B apd; tpfhuk; y1 ck;> A d; tpfhuk; y2 ck; MFk;.
a. A ,d; aq;fpd; Fzfk; y A ck; B d; aq;fpd; Fzfk; yB ck; vdpd; y A kw;Wk; yB
njhlu;ghd Nfhitia vOJf.
y A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
yB ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. y A > yB Mfpa ngWkhdq;fSs; ngupaJ vJ ?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c. A " B vd;gtw;wpy; jug;gl;l jifg;gpd; fPo; mjpf tpfhuj;ijj; jhq;ff;$baJ
vJ?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d. A " B vd;gtw;wpy; vJ jug;gl;l tpfhuj;jpd; fPo; mjpf jifg;igj;
jhq;ff;$baJ?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2' gpd;tUtJ cNyhff; fk;gpnahd;wpd; jifg;G - tpfhu tiughFk;.

jifg;G

Y4 D
E
Y3
Y2 C
Y1 B
A

tpfhuk;
X1 X2 X3 X4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 287

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

a. ,t;tiugpd; ve;j tPr;Rf;F `{f;fpd; tpjp nry;YgbahFk;?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. i. kPspay;G vd;gJ ahJ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. Nkw;gb tiuglj;jpy; vg;Gs;spkPJ ,J fhzg;gLk;?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c. cNyhff; fk;gpnahd;wpd; Muk;g ePsk; l1 k;> ntl;LKfj;Njhw;wk; A1 k; vdpd;>
Nkw;gb tiuglj;jpy; juTfisAk; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; fzpaq;fSf;fhd
$w;Wf;fis vOJf.
i. ,Otpirj; jifg;G -
ii. ,Otpir tpfhuk; -
iii. aq;fpd; Fzfk; -
d. i. ,W jifg;G vd;gJ ahnjdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. fk;gpnahd;wpd; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT A1 y; khwpypahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
vdf; nfhz;L> tiuglj; juTfisAk; gpuNahfpj;J ,Wjifg;Gf;fhd
xU Nfhitia vOJf.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii. jug;gl;Ls;s Gs;spfSf;fpilNa gpupg;Gg; Gs;sp ahJ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;

1' 5m ePskhd fk;gpapy; 2 kg Rik ,lg;gl;lJk;> Vw;gLk; ePl;rp 0.25mm MFk;. fk;gpapd;
Miu 1mm vdpd;> fk;gpf;fhd jifg;G tpfhuk; kw;Wk; fk;gp cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaj;jpd;
aq;fpd; Fzfk; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpf;Ff.
2' i. ,Otpirj; jifg;G kw;Wk; neUf;fy;; jifg;G vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk;
NtWghL ahJ?
ii. fuh[; xd;wpy; fhu;fis cau;jJ
; tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePupay; cau;jj
; p 3m ePsKk;>
10cm MiuAk; nfhz;l rpypz;lu; tbt cUf;Fj; jz;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1500 kg
fhu; xd;iw cau;j;jpAs;sNghJ jz;by; Vw;gLk; ePsf;Fiwitf;; fzf;fpLf. cUf;fpd;
aq;fpd; Fzfk; 2  1011 Nm 2 MFk;.
3' FWf;Fntl;LKfg; gug;gsT 3  106 m 2 nfhz;l fk;gpnahd;W jhq;ff;$ba cr;rtsT
tpfhuk; 103 MFk;. cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; Fzfk; 2  1011 Nm 2 MFk;.
i. jhq;ff;$ba cr;rtsT jifg;igf; fzf;fpLf.
ii. jhq;ff;$ba cr;rtsT jpzpitf; fzf;fpLf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 288

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4' gpd;tUk; ehd;F fk;gpfSk; xNu jputpaj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

a. ePsk; 40cm > tpl;lk; 0.5mm
b. ePsk; 100cm > tpl;lk; 1mm
c. ePsk; 200cm > tpl;lk; 2mm
d. ePsk; 300cm > tpl;lk; 3mm

xNu ,Oittpirf;F cl;gLj;Jk; NghJ Nkw;gb fk;gpfspy; vjpy; cr;rtsT ePl;rp

Vw;gLk;?

5' jpzpT M nfhz;l xU rPuhd Nfhypd; C me;j k; td;i kahd jhq;f pnahd;w py;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; kw;iwa A me;jj;jpy; jpzT M nfhz;l nghUnshd;W
njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

i. fk;gpapd; A me;jj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jifg;G C

ii. fk;gpapd; B me;jj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jifg;G
iii. fk;gpapd; C me;jj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jifg;G B

A
M

6'
(a) (b) (c) (d)

l
l1
l2
l3

5N
6N

10N
fk;gpnahd;W ,Oglhj epiyapy; ePsk; l MFk;. ntsptpir 5N MFk; NghJ ePsk; l1
MFk;. fk;gpj; jputpaj;jpd; aq;fpd; Fzfk; Y MFk;. FWf;Fntl;LKfk; A MFk;.

a. Y f;fhd Nfhitnahd;iw l , l1 A kw;wk; 5N %yk; vOJf. ,jd; %yk;

5l
l1   l MFk; vdf; fhl;Lf.
Ay
b. ntsp tpiria 6N tiu mjpfupj;jhy; fk;gpapd; KO ePsk; l2 MFk;.
6l
l2  l MFk; vdf; fhl;Lf.
Ay

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 289

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
5l
c. ntsptpir 10N tiu mjpfupj;jhy; fk;gpapd; KO ePsk; l3l MFk;
 . l ,id AY
Ay
%yk; ngWf.
d. Nkw;gb a, b $w;Wf;fspd; gb 6l1  5l2  l vdf; fhl;Lf.

7' cUf; f pd; aq; f pd; Fzfk; 2  1011 Nm 2 vdpd; kP s pay; vy; i yia kP w hjthW
FWf;Fntl;LKfg; gug;G 0.03cm 2 > ePsk; 100cm nfhz;l cUf;Ff; fk;gpapy; 100N tiu
Rikia gbg;gbahf ,l;L ,Of;Fk; NghJ ,lk;ngWk; Ntiyiaf; fzpf;f.

8' cUf;Ff; fk;gpnahd;W (Muk;g ePsk; 2m > tpl;lk; 1mm & ck; gpj;jisf; fk;gpnahd;W
(Muk;g ePsk; 1m > tpl;lk; 2mm & cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW RikfSf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cUf;F> gpj;jis vd;gtw;wpy; aq;fpd; Fzfk; KiwNa 2  1011 Nm 2 k;> 1 10 2 Nm 2
MFk;.
i. gpj;jisf; fk;gpapd; ePl;rp T1 ck; cUf;Ff;fk;gpapd; ePl;rp T2 vdpd;> T1
kw;Wk; T2 d; ngWkhdq;fisf; fhz;f. 2m ,io

ii. gpj;jis kw;Wk; ,Uk;Gf; fk;gpfspd; ePl;rp e1 " e2 vdpd;> ,jw;fhd $w;iw 4kg
1m ,io
vOJf. 6kg

e1
iii. e tpfpjj;ijg; ngWf.
2

9' fk;gpnahd;wpd; me;jj;jpy;; 2 kg jpzpnthd;iwj; njhq;ftplg;gl;lNghJ mjd; ePl;rp 1mm

MFk;.
(a) (b)

1mm

20N

i. fk;gpapd; kPspay;G mKf;f rf;jp ahJ?

ii. GtpaPu;g;G mKf;f rf;jp FiwAk; msT ahJ?

10' AB vDk; ,Nyrhd Nfhnyhd;W ( AB  2m) epiyf;Fj;jhd cUf;F> gpj;jisf; fk;gpfs;

,uz;by; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. cUf;Ff; fk;gpapd; FWf;Fntl;LKfg; gug;gsT 0.1cm 2
Mf miktJld; gpj;jisf; fk;gpapd; FWf;F ntl;LKfg; gug;G 0.2cm 2 ck; MFk;.
cUf;F> gpj;jis Mfpatw;wpd; aq;qpd; Fzfk; KiwNa 2  1011 Nm 2 ck; 1 1011 Nm 2
MFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 290

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

T1 T2

cUf;F gpj;jis

T1 T2
1m 1m
A B

200N

a. 200N Rik AB apd; rupkj;jpapy; fhzg;gLnkdpd; T1 " T2

Mfpatw;wpd; ngWkhdk; fhz;f.

b. i. 200N Rik Kid A apypUe;J x J}uj;jpy; fhzg;gLkhapd; T1 , T2 " x

Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngWf.

ii. T1  T2 ,d; ngWkhdk; vt;tsthFk;?

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 291

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1' 1' 1
2' 3
3' 5
4' 3
5' 3
6' 1
7' 4
8' 5
9' 2
10' 5

kPspay; vy;iy F

A

F
2  10 9  2
1  10 3
m
F  2  10 3 N

11' 2
kPspay; vy;iy MdJ myF ntl;LKfj;jpd;kPJ jifg;G Mjyhy; mJ FWf;F
ntl;LKfj;jpy; jq;fpapuhJ.
12' 2
B d; FWf;Fntl;LKfk; 2cm 2 MFk;. 2cm 2 " 20000N tY gpuNahfpf;fg;gbd;
1cm 2 kPJ tpir 10000N Mjy; Ntz;Lk;.
13' 3

F
 2.1 109
A
F  2.1 109  A
 2.1 109  106
 2100 N

14' 4

Fl
Y
eA
Fl
e
YA
200  1

2 1011  10 6
 10 3 m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 292

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17' 1

18' 3
rf;jp F1 MFk; NghJ Nrkpf;fg;gLk; rf;jp  ABE
rf;jp F2 MFk; NghJ Nrkpf;fg;gLk;; rf;jp  ACD
 F1 ypUe;J F2 tiu mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ Nrkpf;fg;gLk; rf;jp  ACD  ABE
 BCDE
19' 5

Fl FWKiw
Y
eA 4F tpirapd; fPo; ePsk; l1
 F  5F tpirapd; fPo; ePsk; l2
e  l 1
 AY 
F tpirapd; fPo; ePsk; l2-l1
5F njhlf;fk; 9F tiu 4F mjpfupf;Fk;.
 F1 
 4F  x  mg;NghJ Mf;fg;gLk; ePsk; e Mapd;
l1  l   1  l  4 x  2  AY 
 AY 
e = 4(l2-l1)
vdNt 9F tpirapd; fPo; ePsk; l Mapd;
 5F 
l1  l   1  l  5 x  3 l = l2 + 4(l2 - l1)
 AY 
l = 5l2 - 4l1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 293

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

F  9 F1 MFk;NghJ

9 F1l
l3  l   9x  4
AY
3  2  l1  l2  x  5

4  3  l3  l 2  5 x  6

 l3  l2  5  l2  l1 
l3  5l2  4l1

21' 3
A ,d; jifg;G TA

A1
B ,d; jifg;G T
 B
2 A1
TA TB
  2TA  TB  1
A1 2 A1
njhFjp rkepiyahdjhjyhy;;>

TA  x  TB   L  x 
Y
TA  x   2TA  L  x 
x  2L  2 x
2L
x
3
22' 2
F
jifg;G A
Y 
tpfhuk; tpfhuk;
tpfhuk;  F
AY
A ,d; tpfhuk;  B ,d; tpfhuk;
TA T
 B
 A1  2Y1  2 AY
1 1

TA  TB  1
TA x  TB  L  x   2

1 " 2 ,dhy; x  L
2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 294

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg;Gf; fl;L iu tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1' a. x
YA 
y2
x
YB 
yâ

b. Y1  Y2 Mjyhy; YB  YA
c. Y2  Y1 Mjyhy; jug;gl;l x jifg;gpd; fPo; A tpfhukhdJ B ,Yk; $LjyhdJ'
d. jug;gl;l tpfhuj;jpd; fPo; B mjpf jifg;igf; nfhz;lJ.

2' a. OA
b. i. nghUspd; (fk;gpapd;) kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; Gwtpiria ePf;fpaJk; mJ kPz;Lk;
Muk;gepiyia milAk; ,ay;G.
ii. B
c. aq;fpd; kl;L
d. i. cilahjthW gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f cr;r jifg;G
ii. F rpW jifg;G Y4 MFk;.
A

A1
iii. E

e. B ,C Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd ePl;rpapd; xU gFjp %yf;$w;Wg; gilfs; xd;wd; kPJ

xd;W tOf;FtjhYk;> kPjp> kPspay;gpdhYk; Vw;gLk;.

fl;L iu tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1' l  5m
F  20 N
e  0.25  103 m
A  ur 2
22
 12  106
7

jifg;G  F tpfhuk; 
e
A l
20 0.25 103
  7 106 
22 5
 6.36 106 Nm 2  5 105

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 295

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

jifg; G
Y
tpfhuk;

6.36  106

5  105
 1.27  1011 Nm 2

2' i' ,Oit (jifg;G) vd;gJ Xu; ,ioia my;yJ mit ,Og;gjw;fhfr; nrq;Fj;jhfj;
njhopw;gLk; tpirahFk;.
xLq; f y; jifg; G vd; g J myFf; FWf; F ntl; L f; F r; nrq; F j; j hf mjid
neUf;Ftjw;fhfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpirahFk;.

ii' Y  2  1011 Nm 2
l  3m
A   r2
22
  (0.1)2 m2
7

F  1.5  10 4 N

e?
F
Y A
e
l
Fl
Y
eA

Fl
e
YA

1.5  104  3  7

2  1011  0.22
 7.16  106 m

3' A  3  106
Y  2  1011
tpfhuk;  103

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 296

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

jifg; G
i. Y = 
tpfhuk;

jifg;G = 2  1011  103

2  108 Nm 2

F
ii. jifg;G 
A

F  2 108  3 106
mg  600 N
m  60 Kg

4. F A
Y
el
Fl
Y
eA
Fl
e
YA

F  0.4
e1  2
Y     0.25 103 
F  0.4 
e1   
Y  u 10  6  0.06 
40
e1  K 
6
e1  6.67 K

mt;thNw

1
e2  K 2
 0.5
e2  4 K
2
e3  K 
12
e3  2 K
3
e4  K 2 cr;r ePl;rp 40cm ePskhd fk;gpapy; epfOk;.
1.5
3
e4  K
2.25
e4  1.3K

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 297

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5. i' jifg;G F

A
Mg

A

ii. B ,y; tpirahdJ njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s epiwAk; Nfhypd; miuthrpapd;

epiwAk; MFk;.

1
 F  Mg  Mg
2

 jifg;G  3Mg
2A

iii. B ,y; tpir  2Mg

 C ,y; jifg;G  2Mg

A

6. a) Fl
y
eA
5l
y
 l1  l  A
5l
l1  l 
yA
5l
l1  l
Ay

b) y  6l
 l1  l  A
6l
l2  l
Ay

mt;thNw"

10l
c) l3   l MFk;.
Ay

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 298

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

d) 5l
l1   l  (1)
Ay
6l
l2   l  (2)
Ay
(1)  6 , dhy;
30l
6l1   6l  (3)
Ay
(2)  5 , dhy;
30l
5l2   5l  (4)
Ay
(3)-(4) , dhy;
6l1  5l2  l

7. y  2  1011
A  3  106 m 2
l 1
F  100

1
Fl Ntiy  Fe
y 2
eA
1
Fl   100  16.7  105
e 2
yA
 8.35  103 J
100 1

2 1011  3 106
e  16.7  105 m

8.
2
T2 A1    1 103 
2m
cUf;F A2     0.5 103 
2

y1  11011 l1  1m
1m 40N y2  2  10 11
l2  12
nrg;G T1

60N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 299

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

i. T1  60 N
T2  100 N

ii. Fl
e
yA
60 1
e1 
110   106
11

 1.09 104 m
100  2
e2  2
2 1011     0.5  103 
100
  4 105

 1.27 103 m

1
9. i.. kPspay; mOj;j rf;jp  Fe
2
1
  20  1 103
2
 1 102 J

ii. <u;it mOj;j rf;jp Fiwjy;  mgh

 20 1103
 2  102 J

10. a). Nfhypd; tpirr; rkepiyiaf; fUjp

 T1  T2  200N
A gw;wpa jpUg;gj;jpdhy; T1 T2
1 200  2T2  0
cUf;F gpj;jis
T2  100 N
T1  100 N
T1 T2
x 2 x
b). i. C gw;wpa jpUg;gj;jpdhy; x  T1   2  x  T2 A B
T1 2  x

T2 x 200N

 tpirr; rkepiyiaf; fUJtjhy;

T1  T2  200N

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 300

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 21 - kpd;dpaYk; fhe;jtpaYk;

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f s;

1' l ePsq;nfhz;l cUis tbt nrg;Gf;Nfhnyhd;wpypUe;J 3 l kPw;wu; ePsq;nfhz;l

Gjpa nrg;Gf;Nfhnyhd;W jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa nrg;Gf;Nfhypd; jilg;ngWkhdkhdJ
Kjypy; vLf;fg;gl;l nrg;Gf;;Nfhypd; jilg;ngWkhdj;jpd;
1' %d;W klq;fhFk;. 2' xd;gjpnyhU klq;fhFk;.
3' mNjasthFk; 4' xd;gJ klq;fhFk;.
5' %d;wpnyhU klq;fhFk;.

2' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW jilapfspuz;L rkhe;jukhf

,izf; f g; g l; L s; s d. 5  jilapapd; %ykhf
ntsptplg;gLk; tY 40 W MFk;' 15  jilapapd;
%ykhf ntsptplg;gLk; tYtpd; msT
1' 9 « 40 W 2' 3 « 40 W 3'
40 W
4' 40 W $ 3 5' 40 W $ 9

3' gb$l;L epiykhw;wpnahd;W 40 V kpd;dOjj;jj;ij 80 V tiu

mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiykhw;wp KOikahdnjdpd;
mjd; Kjw;Rw;Wf;fs; kw;Wk; Jizr; Rw;Wf;fs;
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd tpfpjk; ahJ?
1' 120 2' 4 3' 1
4' 0'5 5' 0'25

4' cUtpy; fhl; l g; g l; L s; s Rw; W 9 jilapfisf;

nfhz;ljhFk;. A, C Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd rktYj;jil
vt;tsT?
1' R 2' 2R
3' 4R 4' 8R
5' 12R

5' L ePsKk; R jilAk; nfhz;l rPuhd fk;gpnahd;W> mfj;;jil r ck; kpd;dpaf;ftpir

E ck; nfhz; l kpd; f yj; J ld; ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s J. cau; jil nfhz; l
Nthw;Wkhdpnahd;W fk;gpapd; xU KidapYk; me;j KidapypUe;J x J}uj;jpYs;s
kw;nwhU Gs;spapYk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nthw;Wkhdpapd;
thrpg;G V kw;Wk; x Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G
1' V = Ex/R 2' V = Ex/L 3' V = Ex/(R+r)
4' V = Ex/(R+r)L 5' V = ExR/(R+r)L

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 301

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' 60 W, 230 W jq;fpjd; ,io kpd;Fkpnohd;W 250 V kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; fPo; nraw;gLk;

NghJ
A. mJ 60 W ,Yk; mjpfkhf EfUk;.
B. mjd; jil 230 V ,Ys;s jilia tpl FiwthdjhFk;.
C. mjd; gpufhrk; 230 V ,Ys;s gpufhrj;ij tpl FiwthdjhFk;.
,tw;Ws;
1' A, B Mfpad kl;Lk; rupahditahFk;.
2' B, C Mfpad kl;Lk; rupahditahFk;.
3' A, B, C Mfpa %d;Wk; rupahditahFk;.
4' A, C Mfpad kl;Lk; rupahditahFk;.
5' A, B, C Mfpa %d;Wk; gpioahditahFk;.

7' 2 V tPjk; kpd;dOj;jk; nfhz;l ru;trk kpd;fyq;fs; ,uz;L

cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. A Bapw;Ff;
FWf;Nfahd kpd;dOj;jk; vt;tsthFk;?
1' 0 V 2' 2 V
3' 1 V 4' 4 V
5' tpilaspf;fj; juTfs; NghjhJ

8' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;l jilj;n jhFjpapy; AB apw;F f;

FWf;NfAs;s rktYj;jil ahJ?
1' g+r;rpakhFk; 2' 10 
3' 100  4' 1000 
5' 12100 

9' mfj;jil nfhz;l kpdd ; fynkhd;wpd; KidTfSld; kpdF ; kpnohd;W njhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

ru;trkdhd NtW ,uz;L kpd;Fkpo;fs; Ke;ija kpd;Fkpo;fSld; njhlu;epiyapy;
,izf;fg;gbd; mJ njhu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;WfSs; rupahdJ vJ?
1' kpdf
; yj;jpd; KidfSf;fpilapyhd kpd;dOj;jk; Kd;diu tplf; FiwthdjhFk;.
2' kpd;fyj;jpd; KidfSf;fpilapyhd kpd;dOj;jk; Kd;diu tplf; mjpfkhdjhFk;.
3' kpd;fyj;jpd; KidfSf;fpilapyhd kpd;dOj;jk; khwhJ.
4' kpd;fyj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Kd;diu tpl mjpfkhFk;.
5' kpd;fyj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; khwhJ.

10' E kpd;dpaf;ftpir nfhz;lJk; Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f mfj;jiliaf;

nfhz; l Jkhd ru; t rk kpd; f yq; f s; %d; W cUtpy;
fhl;lg;gl;lthW njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. A B apw;Ff; FWf;Nfahd
mOj;j ,wf;fk;>
1' 0 2' E 3' 2E
4' 3 E 5' E/2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 302

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

11' kpd;Fkpopd; gpufhrj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthwhd Rw;W

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

A B - apid gpujhd toq;fpAld; njhLj;J K vDk; A B

njhLrhtpia A, B Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapy; R ,D}Nl R
nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk;. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf. C D

B
a. rhtp K, C apYs;sNghJ kpd;Fkpo; cr;r gpufhrj;Jld; xspUk;.
b. rhtp K, C apYs;sNghJk; D apYs;sNghJk; R ,y; rf;jp gpwg;gpjj
; y; rkkhFk;.
c. KOikahd rf;jp ntspaPL vg;NghJk; rkkhFk;.

1' a kl;Lk; rupahdjhFk;.

2' b kl;Lk; rupahdjhFk;.
3' c kl;Lk; rupahdjhFk;.
4' a, b Mfpad kl;Lk; rupahditahFk;.
5' a, b, c Mfpa vy;yhk; gpioahditahFk;.

12' jq;fpjd; ,iokpd;Fkpo; xd;wpD}lhd kpd;Ndhl;lk;(I) kw;Wk; mjw;Ff; FWf;Nfahd

kpd;dOj;j NtWghL (v) Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd tiuig kpfg; nghUj;jkhff;
fhl;LtJ

1' 2' 3' 4'

5'

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 303

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

13' Fiwflj;jp ,Uthapnahd;wpD}lhd I - V tisapia kpfg; nghUj;jkhff;

fhl;LtJ.

1' 2' 3' 4'

14. Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;iwj; njhlf;f Kw;gl;lNghJ mjd; (12 V) kpd;fytLf;F

kpd;dpwf;fkile;Js;sjhfj; njupate;jJ. thfdj;ij ,af;Ftjw;F (kpd;fytLf;iff;
fow;whky;) NtW kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l kpd;fytLf;ifj; njhlu;GgLj;j Ntz;ba rupahd
Kiwahf miktJ>

1. 2. 3.
kpd;dpwf;fkile;j kpd;fytLf;F
+ - + -
+ -
12V 12V 12V

- + + - + -
12V 12V 24V
kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l kpd;fytLf;F

4. 5.
kpd;dpwf;fkile;j kpd;fytLf;F

+ - + -
12V 12V

- +
+ -
6V 9V
kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l kpd;fytLf;F

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 304

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

15. 1.5 V kpd;dpaf;ftpir nfhz;l kpd;fynkhd;iw 10  jilAld; ,izf;Fk; NghJ

mjd; ,uz;L KidfSf;Fkpilapyhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghL 1.2 V Mfpanjdpd;
1 0  jilapD}lhfg; gha;ej; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vt;tsT?
1. 100 mA 2. 120 mA 3. 1.50 mA
4. 30 mA 5. 10 mA

16. NkNy jug;gl;l tpdhtpy; jug;gl;l kpd;fyj;jpd; cl;jil

1' 0  2' 2.5  3' 5.0  4' 25  5' 250 

17. kpd;tiyaikg;nghd;wpy; A, B, C Mfpa %d;;W Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; %d;W jilfis

Kf;Nfhz tbtpy;  ,izf;f KbtJld; mg;Gs;spfspD}lhf kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;dOj;j
NtWghL Mfpad khwhj tifapy; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW Y tbt Rw;whf khw;w
KbAk;.
A B A r B
R 1 2
r3
R3 R2 r1
C
C

,e; j Kf; Nfhz tbtr; Rw; w py; Gs; s pfs; A, B Mfpatw; W f; F ,ilNaahd
r k t Y j ; j i l f ; F r r k k h f j ; j f ; f t h W m i k g ; G Y a p y ; G s ; s p f s ; A, B
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNaahd rktYj;jil r2  r3 If; fhl;Lk; rupahd Nfhit vJ?
1' R1 ( R3  R2 ) 2' R  R  R 3' R3 ( R1  R2 )
1 2 3

R1  R2  R3 R1 ( R3  R2 ) R1  R2  R3
4' R1  R2  R3 5' R2 ( R1  R2 )
R3 ( R1  R2 ) R1  R2  R3

18. njhopDl;gtpayhsnuhUtu; kpd;ntg;gkhf;fpnahd;wpy; jpUj;j Ntiyiiar; nra;j NghJ>

mjd; ntg;gr;RUspd; xU gFjp vupe;J gOjile;jpUg;gijf; fz;lhu;. mtu; gOjile;j
RUspd; gFjpia mfw;wptpl;L kPjpr;RUis ,izj;J cgfuzj;ijg; gOJghu;j;jhu;.
gpd;du; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ. mJ>
1) toikahd tpjjjpy; nraw;gLk;.
2) mjd;%yk; Fiwe;j ntg;gk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtJld; mjd; ghtidf;
fhyKk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
3) rpwpJfhyk;; njhopw;gl;l gpd;du; kPz;Lk; vupe;JtpLk;.
4) mjw;F Fiwe;j kpd;mOj;jk; NghJkhdjhFk;.
5) mjD}lhfg; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; kpff; FiwthFk;.

19. kpd; mynfhd;wpd; fl;lzk; 30 &ghthFk; 2000 W kpd;ntg;gkhf;fp 15 epkplq;fs;

cgNahfpf;fg;gl;lnjdpd; nrythFk; kpd; fl;lzk; vt;tsT?
1) &gh 10 2) &gh 15 3) &gh 20 4) &gh 45 5) &gh 30

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 305

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

20. mk;gpau; kzpj;jpahyk; vDk; myfpdhy; msf;fg;gLtJ

1) kpd;Ndhl;lkhFk;. 2) tYthFk;. 3) rf;jpahFk;.
4) fhykhFk;. 5) kpd;Ndw;wkhFk;.

21. 100 W ,io kpd; t psf; f pw; F g; gjpyhf 10 W LED tpsf; F j; njhFjpnahd; W
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wnjdpd; xU ehisf;F 5 kzpj;jpahyk; tPjk; 100 ehl;fs; xspUk;
NghJ kPjg;gLj;jj;jf;f kpd; myFfspd; vz;zpf;if>
1) 3.6 2) 9 3) 36 4) 9000 5) 10>000

22. kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;aj;jf;f kpd;fytLfnfhd;wpd; nfhs;sstk; 3.6mAh

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;snjdpd; mjpy; Nrkpf;ff;$ba kpd;Ndw;wj;jpd; msT>
1& 3.6 C 2& 3.62 C 3& 3.62  10-3 C
1 1
4&C 5& C
3.6 3.62
24' gpd;tUk; tupg;glj;jpy; KwpNfhLfspdhy; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpDs; epyt
Kbahj fhe;jg;Gy tupg;glk; vJ/vit?

(A) (B) (C)

^1& A kl;Lk; ^2& B kl;Lk; ^3& C kl;Lk;

^4& A, B Mfpad kl;Lk; ^5& A, C Mfpad kl;Lk;

25' kpd;fhe;j J}z;ly; Vw;gLtJ>

1' <UNyhfr; rl;lk;> epiykhw;wp 2' ijdNkh> <UNyhfr; rl;lk;
3' ntg;gkhf;FQ; RUs;> ijdNkh 4' epiykhw;wp> ntg;gkhf;FQ; RUs;
5' ijdNkh> epiykhw;wp

26' fhe;j g;Gyj;j py; itf;f g;g l; L s;s xl; lj; i jf; fhTk; flj;j pnahd;w pd;k P J tpir
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ vdf; fhl;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzk;>
^1& ijdNkh ^2& epiykhw;wp ^3& Xl;lj;juhR
^4& vspafyk; ^5& ,aq;FRUs; fy;tNdhkhdp

27' Jizr;RUs;fspd; vz;zpf;if Kjw;RUspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl mjpfupf;fj;jf;fjhf

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s epiykhw;wp>
^1& gbFiwg;G epiykhw;wpnadg;gLk;.
^2& gb$l;L epiykhw;wpnadg;gLk.;
^3& Kjyhd epiykhw;wpnadg;gLk;.
^4& Jizahd epiykhw;wpnadg;gLk;.
^5& khjpup epiykhw;wpnadg;gLk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 306

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

28' KOikahd epiykhw;wpnahd;wpd; Kjw;RUspYs;s Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 200 Mf

mike;jpUg;gJld; Jizr;RUspYs;s Rw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 50 MFk;. Jizr;RUspy;
40 A kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;NghJ Kjw;RUspy; J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; msT>
^1& 5 A ^2& 10 A ^3& 80 A
^4& 120 A ^5& 160 A

29' cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s epiykhw;wpapd; gag;gpw;F gpd;tUkhwhd Nthw;wsT miy

khjpup jdpj;jdpNa gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j tiuG khjpup t1  t2
fhy ,ilntspapy; fhzg;gLtjdhy; mf;fhyj;jpDs; gag;Gr; rkpf;iQ fpilf;fhJ?

Vi
V0

^1& ^2&
v v1

0 t 0
0 t1 t2 t
0 t1 t2

^3& 0 t ^4&
0 t1 t2 v

0 t
0 t1 t2

v
^5&

0 t
0 t1 t2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 307

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

30' fljhjrpj; jsnkhd;Wf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Neupa flj;jpnahd;W jsj;jpw;Fs;

kpd;idf; fhTfpd;wJ. flj;jpapd; maw;gpuNjrj;jpy; cUthFk; fhe;jg;Gyj;ijr; rupahf
tifFwpg;gJ vJ?

^1& ^2&

X
X

^3& ^4&

^5&

31' fhj;jg;Gyj;jpy; RoYk; jl;ilahd fk;gpr;RUspy; J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;ftpir gpd;tUk;

vjpy; jq;;fpapUf;fhJ?
^1& RUspd;; Row;rp tPjj;jpyhFk;. ^2& RUspd; Gyj;jpyhFk;
^3& RUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapyhFk; ^4& RUspd; jilapyhFk;
^5& fhe;jg; gha mlu;j;jpapyhFk;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 308

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

mikg;Gf; fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;

1&' i. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; vd;why; vd;d?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
ii. fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ kpd;khw;wpapd; FwpaPl;L tupg;glkhFk;. ,q;F X, Y, Z vdg;
ngauplg;gl;Ls;sit ahit?

X ........................................................................................................................................
Y ........................................................................................................................................
Z ........................................................................................................................................
iii. nkd;dpUk;G mfzpapd;kPJ fk;gpiar; Rw;Wtjd;%yk; epiykhw;wp jahupf;fg;gLk;.
,jw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
iv. cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s epiykhw;wp gbFiwkhw;wpnadpd; mjd; Jizr; RUspYs;s
fk;gpapd; tpl;lk; Kjw;RUspYs;s fk;gpapd; tpl;lj;ijtpl ngupjhff; fhzg;gl
Ntz;bapUg;J Vd;?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
v. epiykhw;wpapypUe;J mjpf tYitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mJ ntg;gkilAk;.
mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
vi. fha;r;rpapizj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epiykhw;wpfspd; cNyhff; ftrj;jpDs;
vz;nza; epug;gg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j vz;nza; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;
%d;W vOJf.
1. .............................................................................................................................................
2. .............................................................................................................................................
3. .............................................................................................................................................
vii. fha;r;rpapizj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epiykhw;wp gb$l;L khw;wpah gbFiw
khw;wpah? ckJ tpilf;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

viii. 240 V gpujhd kpd;toq;fpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s gbFiwkhw;wp 900 RUs;fs;> 45

RUs;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epiykhw;wpapd; gag;G Nthw;wsT ahJ?
..............................................................................................................................................
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 309
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ix. ehk; mtjhdpj;Js;s epiykhw;wpfs; MlNyhl;lj;jpd; %yNk ,aq;Ffpd;wd.

,jd; fhuzk; ahJ? NeNuhl;l kpd;idg; gad;gLj;j ,ayhjh?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs;

1&' a). B vDk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpD}lhf I kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk; L ePskhd flj;jpnahd;W
itf; f g; g l;L s;s NghJ cUthFk; tpir F f; Fupa Nfhitfis gpd; tUk;
re;ju;g;gq;fSf;nfd vOJf.
i. flj;jp A apD}lhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; jpir Gyj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;jhf
cs;s re;ju;g;gk;.
ii. flj;jp B apD}lhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; jpir Gyj;jpw;F 600 rha;thf
cs;s re;ju;g;gk;.
iii. flj;jp C apD}lhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; jpir Gyj;jpw;Fr; rkhe;jukhf
cs;s re;ju;g;gk;.
b). cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW 0.2 T fhe;jg; Gyj;jpw;F 600 rha;tpy; 4 A kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;
60cm ePskhd flj;jpnahd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. flj;jpapd;kj
P hd tpiriaf; fzpj;Jf;
Fwpg;gpLf. jpiria mwpa ePu; gad;gLj;jpa tpjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2&' I kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; a ePsKk; b mfyKk; nfhz;l nrt;tf tbtf; fk;gpr;rl;lfk;

gha mlu;j;jp B iaf; nfhz;l rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;kPJ
cUthFk; cr;r tpirapizf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
i. tpirapizapd; ngWkhdk; cr;rkhtJ fk;gpr;rl;lfk;;> Gyj;Jld; vt;tsT rha;tpy;
mike;Js;s NghJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ii. tpirapizapd; ngWkhdj;ij rPuhfg; NgZtjw;F Gyj;jpy; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba khw;wk; ahJ?

iii. 5 A kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; 3 cm ePsKk; 2 cm mfyKk; nfhz;lJkhd 20 RUs;fs;

nfhz;l nrt;tftbtf; fk;gpr; rl;lfkhdJ gha mlu;j;jp 0.2 T Miuf;Fupa
fhe;jg;Gyj;jpDs; itf;fggl;Ls;sJ. mjd;kPJ cUtFk; cr;r tpirapiziaf;
fzpf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 310

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3& L ePsq;nfhz;l cNyhff; Nfhnyhd;iw fhe;jg;Gyk; V apDs; Gyj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf

mirf;Fk;NghJ cNyhf; Nfhypd; Kidapy; cUthFk; kpd;dpaf;f tpir E apw;fhd
Nfhitnahd;iw vOJf. kpd;dpaf;ftpirapd; jpiria mwpag; gad;gLj;jpa tpjpia
vOJf. fhe;jg;ghak; 0.8 T apidf; nfhz;l rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf 20 cm
ePsq;nfhz;l cNyhff; fk;gpnahd;W
12 ms-1 Ntfj;jpy; ,af;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lf;fhe;jj;jpy; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;f tpirapidf;
fzpf;f.

4& rPuhd flj;jpnahd;wpd; FWf;Fntl;bD}lhf ,uz;L nrf;fdpy; 1200 0C kpd;Ndw;wk;

nry;fpwJ. flj;jpapD}fr; nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhhl;lj;ijf; fzpf;f.

5& kpd;Nkhl;lhnuhd;wpd; KidTfSf;fpilapy; 12 V kpd;dOj;jj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jNghJ

mjD}Nl ghAk; Xl;lk; 0.3 A MFk;. Nkhl;lupd; jil vt;tsthFk;.?

6& 50 jiliaf; nfhz;l mkpo;g;G ntg;gkhf;fpapD}Nl 3 A kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;ej

; njdpd;
30 nrf;fdpy; mjpypUe;J ntspNaWk; ntg;grf;jp vt;tsthFk;?

7& A, B Mfpad ,uz;L cUis tbt nrg;Gf;Nfhy;fshFk;. Nfhy; A apd; ePsj;ijg;

Nghd;W Nfhy; B apd; ePsk; %d;W klq;fhFk;. B apd; Miu A apd; Miuapd; ,uz;L
klq;fhFk;. A apd; KidTfSf;fpilapyhd j i l 8  v d p d ; B apd;
KidTfSf;fpilapyhd J}uk; vt;tsthFk;@

8& 240 V Rw; nwhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp tPl ;by; gpd;tUk; kpd;rhjdq; fisg; gad;gLj;j
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j xt;nthU rhjdj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjD}lhfr;
nry;y Ntz;ba kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzpf;f.
,jw;Fupa kpd;Rw;wpy; kpff; Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; jhq;ff;$ba cUfpia gad;gLj;j
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;snjdpd; 3 A, 7 A, 10 A Mfpa cUfpfspy; vJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;?

cgfuzk; kpd;d Oj;j NtWghL tY

Nfrcyu;j;jp 240 V 60 W
(Hair Dryer)

kpd;dOj;jp 240 V 700 W

kpd;dLg;G 240 V 800 W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 311

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9&' gpd;tUk; Rw;Wfspy; x kw;Wk; y Mfpa Gs;spfspilNaahd rktYj; jiliaf; fzpf;f.

(i) (iii)
8
6 6
12 
x x y
y

12  12  24 

(ii) (iv) 4
12  8
4
x 20  y x 8 y
4
20 
15  5 
4

E1 , r1 R1
10& F E cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Rw;wpd; cjtpAld;
I1 gpd;tUk; njhlu;Gfis epWTf.
I2 E2 , r2
A D i' E1  E2  I1 R1  I1r1  I 2 r2
ii' E2  IR  I 2 r2
B C iii' E1  I1r1  I1 R1  IR
I R

11& 8V, 3A vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l kpd;gpwg;ghf;fp cr;r tYld; nraw;gLfpd;wJ?

i' kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpapd; cr;r tYtsT ahJ?
ii' kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpapd; jiliaf; fzpf;f.
iii' 10 nrf;fdpy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rf;jpiaf; fzpf;f.

12& ntg;gkhf;Fk; %yfnkhd;iw (RUnshd;iw) jahupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cNyhff;

fk;gpapd; jil 5  10 1 m MtJld; mjd; FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsT 1 mm2 MFk;. 240V,,
1200 W ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;l %yfnkhd;iw jahupf;fj; Njitahd fk;gpapd;
ePsk; vt;tsthFk;?
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 312

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1' 4 Mk; tpil

pl
R
A
p  3l
R1 
A
3
1
R  9R

2' 4 Mk; tpil

p  VI
40  VI
I
p1  V 
3
40
p1  W
3

3' 4 Mk; tpil

p  VI
V1 I1  V2 I 2
40 I1  160 I 2
40 I 2

80 I1
I2
0.5 
I1

4' 3 Mk; tpil

5' 5 Mk; tpil
fk;gpapd; jil R vdpd;
E  L( R  r )
E
I
Rr
X ePsj;jpd; jil R1 vdpd;
Rx
R1 
L
V  2 R1
E Rx
 
Rr L
ERx
V
(R  r)L

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 313

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' 4 Mk; tpil cz;i kahFk;.

7' 2 Mk; tpil
,uz;L fyq;fSk; ru;trkdhditahjyhy; mtw;wpd; Clhf Xl;lk; gha khl;lhJ.
vdNt VAB vd;gJ kpd;dpaf;f tpirahfpa 2V MFk;.
8' 3 Mk; tpil
110  1100
R
1100  110
R  100
9' 2 Mk; tpil: kpd;Fkpo;fs; njhluhf mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Rw;wpd; jil mjpfupg;gjhy;
Xl;lk; FiwtilAk;. V = IR ,d;gb l FiwtilAk; NghJ KidfSf;F ,ilapyhd
tpj;jpahrk; mjpfupf;Fk;. r vd;gJ fyj;jpd; mfj;jilahFk;.

10' 3 Mk; tpil

11' 2 Mk; tpil
12' 5 Mk; tpil
13' 5 Mk; tpil
14' 2 Mk; tpil
15' 2 Mk; tpil

V  IR E=1.50V
1.20  I  10
1.20 I
I I
10
I  0.12 A
I  120mA
V=1.20 V
16' 2 Mk; tpil

17' 5 Mk; tpil 1 1 1

 
R1 R3  R2 r2  r3
R1  R2  R3 1
 
R1 ( R3  R2 ) r2  r3
R1 ( R3  R2 )
r2  r3 
R1  R2  R3

18' 3 Mk; tpil

19' 2 Mk; tpil

15
tpuakhd rf;jp  2000W  h
60
 500 Wh
 0.5 kWh
gzk; } 0'5 « &gh 30
} &gh 15

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 314

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

20' 2 Mk; tpil mk;gpau; 

kzpj;jpahyk; t
It = Q
21' 3 Mk; tpil
vQ;Rk; thw;wsT = 100 W - 10 W
= 90 W
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jp = 90 W x 5h x 100
= 45 kWh
22' 2 Mk; tpil
23' 1 Mk; tpil
24' 3 Mk; tpil
25' 5 Mk; tpil
26' 3 Mk; tpil
27' 2 Mk; tpil
28' 2 Mk; tpil
29' 4 Mk; tpil
30' 5 Mk; tpil
31' 4 Mk; tpil

mikg;Gf; fl;Liu tif tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;

1&'
i. flj;jpnahd;wpd; kpd;fhe;jg;Gyk; khWgLk;NghJ my;yJ fhe;jg;Gyj;jpD}lhf
flj;jpnahd;W ,aq;Fk;NghJ flj;jpapy; kpd;dpaf;ftpir J}z;lg;gLjNy
kpd;fhe;jj;J}z;ly; vdg;gLk;.

ii. X - MlNyhl;l kpd;Ndhl;lk;

Y - Kjw;RUs;
Z - Jizr;RUs
;
iii. nkd;dpUk;G mfzpapy; Rw;wpdhy; fhe;jg;ghak; ,of;fg;glhJ Ngzg;gLk;.
iv. gbFiwg;G epiykhw;wpapd; Jizr;Rw;wpd; Nthw;wsT Fiwthifahy; V1l1=V2l2 apwf
; ika
V FiwtilAk;NghJ I mjpfupf;Fk;. mjpf xl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf fk;gp ntg;gkilahjpUf;f
jbg;ghd fk;gp gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
v. mjpfsT tYitg; ngWk;NghJ P=VI apw;fika I mjpfupf;Fk;. P=I2R ,w;fika P
mjpfupf;fg;gly;. tYg;gpwg;ghf;fy; mjpfupf;Fk;.
vi. 1' kpd; flj;jpahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
2' jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT mjpfkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
3' cau; ntg;gepiyapy; MtpahfjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;/ vupgw;whjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vii. gbFiwg;G epiykhw;wp> fk;gp cUFtjw;F mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lk; mtrpakhFk;. MfNt
V Fiwthff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 315
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

viii. Vs N
 s
Vp N p
Vs 45

240 900
240
Vs 
20
 12V

ix. MlNyhl;l kpd;Ndhl;lkhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NeNuhl;l kpd;dhifahy; fhe;jg; Gyj;jpy;

khWjy;fs; Vw;glhJ.

fl;L iu tif tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1&' a). i. F  BI l

ii. F  BI l sin 

iii. F  0

b). F  0.2  4  0.6 sin 60o

3
 0.48 
2
 0.416 N

jpir jsj;jpDs;shf. gpsnkq;fpd; ,lf;if tpjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

2&'
b
D C AD apd; kPjhd tpir F = BI a
I F
BC apd; kPjhd tpir F = BIa
a ,izapd; jpUg;gk; = BI ab
F I = BI A

A B KWf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if n vdpd;" G = BI n A

i. ,iz cr;rkhf miktJ RUspd; jsk; Gyj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf mikAk;NghjhFk;.

ii. ,izapd; ngWkhdj;ij khwhJ NgZtjw;F Miua fhe;jg;Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 316

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iii. G  BI n A
= 0.2  5  20  3  2  10-4 Nm
= 1.2  10-2 Nm

3& E = BI V

eLtpuy;> Rl;Ltpuy;. ngUtpuy; Mfpatw;iw xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhfg; gpbj;J ngUtpuy;

Gyj;jpd; jpiriaAk; Rl;Ltpuy; ,af;fj;jpd; jpiriaAk; Nehf;fpapUf;fj;jf;fjhfg;
gpbf;Fk; NghJ> eLtpuy; J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;f tpirapd; jpiriaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
E  BI V
= 0.8  0.2 12
= 1.92 V

4) E
Q 5) V  IR 6) W  I 2 Rt
t
12  0.3  R  32  50  30
1200

2  60 R  40  135  102
 10 A  135  104 J

 A R
7) A  r 8 
R
B 3 2r ? A

   4  r 2
A  R1   1 1 R1

 r2  2 R2  r 2  3  
  3
B  R2    2 8 4
  4r 2 =
R2 3
24
R2   6
4

8) (i) 60
A  IA   0.25 A
240
700
B  IB   2.91A
240
800
C  IC   3.3 A
240

(ii) 7A cUfp

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 317

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9). (i) 12  R
x y x y

1 1 1 24 
 
R 12 24
1 3

R 24
R  8

(ii) 20
20 1 1 1 1 1
    
R 20 20 20 20
x y 20
20 R
4
 5
20
(iii) 1 1 1 1
8    
R 8 12 24
x 12 y 3  2 1

24
24
R  4

(iv) 1 1 1 1 1 1
    
R 4 4 8 4 4
1 1
 1
R 8
8
R 
9
10. (i) ADEFA Rw;wpw;F fpu;f;Nfhtpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpf;fika
E1  E2  I1 R1  I1r1  I 2 r2
(ii) ABCDA Rw;wpw;F fpu;f;Nfhtpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpf;fika
E2  IR  I 2 r2
(iii) FBCEF Rw;wpw;F fpu;f;Nfhtpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpf;fika
E1  I1r1  I1 R1  IR
11. (i) P  VI (ii) V  IR (iii) W  VIt my; yJ I 2 Rt
 8 3 8  24  10
R 
 24W 3  240 J

V2 pl
12. P R
R A
240  240 48  1106
1200  l
R 5 106
R  48 l  9.6m

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 318

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 22 ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs; - gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fs;

1. njhopd;Kiw ,urhadj;jpy; mbg;gil ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; cw;gj;jp> tpNrl tif

,urhadg; gjhu;jj; q;fspd; cw;gj;jp> Efu;NthUf;fhd ,urhadg; gjhu;jj
; q;fspd; cw;gj;jp
Nghd;w ifj;njhopy; tiffs; cs;sd. mbg;gilahd ,urhadg; gjhu;jj ; q;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpahf miktJ>
1. tpw;wkpd; tiffs; 2. rtu;f;fhuk;
3. xl;Lg;nghUs; tiffs; 4. ry;g+upf;fkpyk;
5. epwg;nghUs;fs;

2. cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopypy; 5M vz;zf;fU rhu;e;j mk;rk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. njhopDl;gk; 2. rpe;jid
3. fhyk; 4. Qhgfk;;
5. Kiwapay;fs;

3. vkJ gz;Gfspy; xd;whd xOq;FKiwg;gb rPuhf Ntiy nra;Ak; gof;fj;ij ehk;

iftpl;Ls;Nshk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; mjid 5M vz;zf;fU %yk; fw;fNtz;bAs;sJ.
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 5M vz;zf;fUtpy; mlq;fhjJ>
1. Njitahdit> Njitaw;wit vd tifg;gLj;jy;
2. Njitahdtw;iw rPuhf ,lg;gLj;jy;
3. kPs;Row;rpf;Fl;gLj;jy;;
4. Rj;jpfupj;jy;> guprPypj;jy;
5. epakj;ijg; Ngzptuy;

4. iej;jpupf;fkpy cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;rhiyf;fUfpy; jhgpf;fg; nghUj;jkhdJ njhopw;rhiy>

1. ry;g+upf;fkpyj; njhopw;rhiy 2. vupNrhlhj; njhopw;rhiy
3. mNkhdpahj; njhopw;rhiy 4. IjNuhf;FNshupf;fkpyj; njhopw;rhiy
5. rtu;f;fhuj; njhopw;rhiy

5. thfd gw;wup cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopYld; Neubahfj; njhlu;Ggl;lJ>

1. ry;g+upf;fkpy cw;gj;jp 2. vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp
3. mNkhdpah cw;gj;jp 4. IjNuhf;FNshupf;fkpy cw;gj;jp
5. iej;jpupf;fkpy cw;gj;jp

6. jhf;f miwnahd;iw mikf;Fk;NghJ Fiwe;jsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ngWk; fhuzpahf

miktJ>
1. mfntg;gj; jhf;fkh Gwntg;gj; jhf;fkh vd;gJ
2. jhf;fq;fspd; jhf;f tPjk;
3. ngsjpfj; jd;ik
4. jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ Vw;gLk; epwkhw;wk;
5. xU jlitapy; gad;gLj;Jk; jhf;fpfspd; msT

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 319

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
7. gpd;tUk; jhf;fk;> jhf;f miwapy; epfo;e;jnjdf; fUjTk;. gpujhdkhd tpisnghUs; C
MFk;.

2A (l )+ 3B(l ) 2C (l ) + 3D(g )

,e;j jfty;fSf;fika jhf;f miwapDs; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mk;rk; my;yhjJ>

1. mKf;f mstPl;L cgfuzk; 2. ntg;g mstPl;L cgfuzk;
3. gpRf;Fik mstPl;L cgfuzk; 4. ntg;gg; gpwg;ghf;fy; myF
5. fyf;Fk; myF

8. rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpapd; gf;f tpisnghUs; ahJ?

1. nfhOg;gkpyKk; Nrhbak; cg;Gk; 2. fpsprNuhy;
3. Nrhbak; mrw;Nuw;W 4. Nrhbak; FNshiul;L
5. %fpspriul;L

9. ,yq;ifapy; kpf ,yFthfj; jhgpf;fKbahj ifj;njhopy; ahJ?

1. capu; Bry; cw;gj;jp 2. rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jp
3. J}a fpspruPd; cw;gj;jp 4. vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp
5. ry;g+upf;fkpy cw;gj;jp

10. vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W vJ?

1. gf;f tpisT Nrhbak; FNsiul;L MFk;
2. fNjhl;by; FNshuPd; thA ntspNaWk;
3. mNdhl;by; Ijurd; thA ntspNaWk;
4. ePUk; xU jhf;fpahFk;
5. mOj;j NtWghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; KffpakhdJ

11. cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd xU tskhf %yg;nghUl;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

%yg;nghUl;fspd; jhuskhd fpilj;jyhdJ Neubahfg; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjpy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jk;?
1. %yg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Kiw
2. ifj;njhopiyj; njhlu;eJ; k; elhj;jpr; nry;yy;
3. cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; juk;
4. cw;gj;jpapd; msT
5. ifj;njhopypypUe;J fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fspd; msT

12. %yg;nghUl;fshf ,aw;if tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ J}uNehf;fpy; ftdpf;f

Ntz;ba tplak;
1. njhopw;rhiyapd; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; jhuskhff; fpilj;jy;
2. kypthd %yg;nghUshf ,Uj;jy;
3. kPsg; GJg;gpf;fj; jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
4. ,yFthfr; nrd;wilaf;$ba ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUj;jy;
5. Fiwthd cs;sPLfspypUe;J mjpf KbTg; nghUl;fisg; ngwf;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 320

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

13. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tptrha eltbf;ifspy; Kf;fpakhf mikAk; ,uz;L ,urhadf;

ifj;njhopy;fs; vit?
1. mNkhdpah> ngw;Nwhypak; 2. vupNrhlh> ry;g+upf;fkpyk;
3. vupNrhlh> mNkhdpah 4. vupNrhlh> iej;jpupf;fkpyk;
5. mNkhdpah> ry;g+upf;fkpyk;

14. ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd rfy njhopDl;gj; jfty;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa

tptug;gj;jpuk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
1. MSDS 2. ISO 3. SLS 4. 5M 5. DATA SHET

15. jhf;f Clfj;jpy; jhf;fpfs; midj;ijAk; Vf fhyj;jpy; Nru;gg; jw;Fg; gjpyhf jlitf;Fr;
rpwpjsT tPjk; Nru;j;jy; njhlu;ghfj; jug;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; ftdpf;f
A- jhf;fpfs; xd;Wlndhd;W ed;F fyf;fg;gLk;
B- Vffhyj;jpy; mjpfsT ntg;gk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLk;
C- jPg;gpbj;jYk; ntbj;jYk; FiwtilAk;
D- jhf;fj;jpd; Vtw;rf;jp FiwtilAk;

,tw;Ws; rupahd $w;Wf;fs;

1. A, B Mfpad kl;Lk;. 2. B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;.
3. A, B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;. 4. A, B, D Mfpad kl;Lk;.
5. vJTkd;W.

16. ahNjDk; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw ,yhgfukhdjhf miktjw;F me;j jhf;fj;jpw;Fj;

Njitahd rpwgghd epge;jidfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpwg;ghd epge;jidfisj;
jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ mjpf ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;
1. #oy; epge;jidfSk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; tpiyAk;
2. cw;gj;jpr; nryTk; cw;gj;jpapd; juKk;
3. cw;gj;jpapd; juKk; cw;gj;jpapd; msTk;
4. njhopw;rhiyapd; tp];jPuzKk; #oy; epge;jidfSk;
5. cw;gj;jpahsupd; mwpTk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; ngaUk;

17. rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ ePu;ka jhf;f tyaj;jpy; NaCl Nru;f;fg;gLk;. mjw;fhd

fhuznkd khztu;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fs; rpy tUkhW

A - rtu;f;fhuj;ij ,yFthfg; gk;gf;$ba epiyikf;Fl;gLj;jy;

B - ePu;tyaj;jpy; rtu;f;fhuk; fiuAk; msitf; Fiwj;jy;
C - ePu;tyaj;jpd;kPJ rtu;f;fhuj;ij ,yFthf kpjf;fr; nra;jy;
D - jhf;fpfis ,yFthff; fyf;fr; nra;jy;

,tw;Ws; rupahd $w;Wf;fs;

1. A, B Mfpad kl;Lk; 2. B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;
3. C, D Mfpad kl;Lk; 4. A, B, C Mfpad kl;Lk;
5. B, C, D Mfpad kl;Lk;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 321
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

18. rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ rtu;f;fhuj;Jld; cg;Gf;fs; fye;J fhzg;gLk;. ePu;ka

cg;Gf;fshf ntspNaw;wg;gLtd
1. ngw;Nwhypag; gf;f tpisTfSk; %fpspriul;LfSk;
2. fpsprNuhYk; %fpspriul;Lk;
3. fpsprNuhYk; nfhOg;gkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;Gk;
4. ngw;Nwhypa gf;f tpisTfSk; nkjNdhYk;
5. %fpspriul;LfSk;; nkjNdhYk;;

19. jpuhd;R vRj;juhf;fj; jhf;fnkhd;wpd; %yk; capu; Bry; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;NghJ

%yg;nghUl;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtd
1. ngw;Nwhypa gf;f tpisTfSk; %fpspriul;LfSk;
2. fpsprNuhYk; %fpspriul;Lk;
3. fpsprNuhYk; nkjNdhYk;
4. ngw;Nwhypa gf;f tpisTfSk; nkjNdhYk;
5. %fpspriul;LfSk;; nkjNdhYk;;

20. capu;Bry; khjpupnahd;W B30 vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ

1. 30% jhtu vz;nzAk; 80% nkjNdhYk; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjhFk;.
2. 30% nkjNdhYk; 80% jhtu vz;nzAk; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjhFk;.
3. 70% capu; BrYk;; 30% ngw;Nwhypa BrYk; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjhFk;.
4. 30% capu; BrYk;; 70% ngw;Nwhypa BrYk; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjhFk;.
5. Nkw;gb vJTkd;W

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 322

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;

1' a. jw;rkak; cyfpYs;s gpujhd ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fSs; etPd kdpj ehfupfj;jpd;
epyTiff;F Neubahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tJ vdf; fUjf;$ba ifj;njhopy;fs; ehd;ifg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
b. NkNy ePq;fs; gl;baw;gLj;jpa ifj;njhopy;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; etPd kdpj ehfupfj;Jf;F
vt;thW ,d;wpaikahjjhf mikfpwJ vdf; fhl;Lf.
c. [g;ghdpd; Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUthd 5S cyfk; KOtJk; gpugy;akhfpAs;sJ. 5S
vz;zf;fU vdg;gLtJ 'kuGuPjpahd mwptpD}Nl etPd ehfupfj;Jf;F topfhl;Lk;
Kw;Nghf;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;." vDk; $w;Wld; ePu; ,zq;FfpwPuh ,y;iyah vdf;
fye;JiuahLf.
d. ,urhadf; ifj;njhopw;Wiwapy;; 5S vz;zf;fU Kf;fpakhf mikAk; tpjj;ijg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
2' a. ifj;njhopYf;F Kf;fpakhf mikAk; tsq;fis xg;gpLifapy; kdpjtsk; rpwg;Gkpf;f
tskhFk;. ,t;thW kdpj tsk; rpwg;Gkpf;f tskhf mika VJthd ,ay;Gfs;
Ie;ijg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
b. ,urhadf; ifj;njhopw;Jiwf;F 5S vz;zf;fU ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,J gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLf.
c. epjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhf 5S vz;zf;fU gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
d. ahNjDk; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapay; vt;tsT J}uk;
ntw;wpaspj;Js;snjdf; fhl;l mwpf;ifnahd;W rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j
mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs; ahit?
e. ifj;njhopy;fspy;; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ae;jpNuhgfuzq;fspd; tpidj;jpwd;> gyd;jUjd;ik
Mfpatw;iw mjpfupg;gJ njhlu;ghf 5 S vz;zf;fUtpd; nghUj;jg;ghl;ilr; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.
3' a. ,urhadf; ifj;n jhopy;f spy; gad;g Lj;j g;g Lk; kPs g;GJg;g pf;f j;j f;f tsq;f s;>
kPsg;GJg;gpf;f Kbahj tsq;fs; vitnadg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
b. ve;j tsj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L N`u;gu;l; nfhs;if Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
c. N`u;gl; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilf; fUj;J ahJ?
d. fp.gp 2050Mk; Mz;lhFk;NghJ etPd kdpj ehfupfkhdJ ghupa rthy;fs; gytw;Wf;F
Kfq; n fhLf; f NeupLnkd vjpu; T $wg; g l; L s; s J. ,e; j rthy; f s; ,urhadf;
ifj;njhopy;fspy; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jhf;fq;fisr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
e. gRikf; ifj;njhopy;fs; vd;gjhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ahJ? ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpf;fg;
nghUj;jkhd gRikf; ifj;njhopnyhd;W gw;wpa mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;Fk; nghWg;G
cq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;nfd jfty; Nrfupg;gjw;nfdg; gpujhdkhff;
ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba mk;rq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
4' a. ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; vdg;gLtJ myFr; nraw;ghLfspd; ^Unit Operation& Nru;fi
; fahFk;.
,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; rhu;e;j myFr; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gjhy; ePu; fUJtJ ahJ?
b. ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; rhu;e;j myFr; nraw;ghLfs; ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,e;j ,uz;L tiffSf;Fkhd MW cjhuzq;fs; tPjk; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 323
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5' gpd;t Uk; ,urhadf; ifj;n jhopy;f spd; NghJ epfOk; ,urhad khw;w q;f Sf;f hd
rkd;nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghLfis vOJf. mj;jhf;fq;fis epfo;j;Jk;
(ntg;gepiy$mKf;fk;$Cf;fp& kw;Wk; jhf;fpfs;> tpisTfs; Mfpatw;wpd; ngsjpf
epiyfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
a. ry;g+upf;fkpy cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;
b. mNkhdpah cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;
c. iej;jpupf;fkpy cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;
d. vupNrhlh cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;
6' gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg; glj;jpd; %yk; mNkhdpahj; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpakhd
fl;lq;fs;> mit xd;Wlndhd;W ,iaghf;fQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tpjk; Mfpatw;iwr;
RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
7. cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpidj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ jhf;fpfs;> tpisTfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
ngsjpf> ,urhad ,ay;Gfis mwpe;jpUg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mNkhdpahj; jahupg;gpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.
8. gha;r;rw;Nfhl;Lg; glj;jpd;%yk; iej;jpupf;fkpy cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpakhd
fl;lq;fisAk;; mit ,iaghf;fQ;; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijAk; tptupf;f.
9. gha;r;rw;Nfhl;Lg; glj;jpd; %yk; ry;g+upf;fkpy cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpakhd
fl;lq;fisAk; mit ,iaghf;fQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijAk; tptupf;f.
10. cq;fs; tPl;by; vQ;;Rk; rhk;gypy; rpwpjsitg; ngw;W (mz;zsthf 2 g) ePupy; fiuj;J
mf;fiurYld; rpwpjsT (1 g) mstpy; Njq;fhnaz;nza; Nru;j;Jf; fpswpathW
ntg;gNkw;Wf. gpd;du; FsputpLf. gpd;du; fpilf;Fk; mtjhdpg;Gfis ,aYkhdtiu
tpsf;Ff.
a. khjnkhd;Wf;F cq;fs; tPl;bd; tpwfLg;gpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; kur;rhk;gypd;
msT vt;tsthFk;?
b. i. xU thu fhyj;jpy; tPl;by; NrUk; rhk;gypidg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;j cw;gj;jpiaj;
jpl;lkpLtjhff; nfhs;f. me;jr; nrad;KiwAld; ePq;fs; njhlu;GgLj;Jk; myFr;
nraw;ghLfs; ^Unit Operation& ahit?
ii. cq;fsJ jhf;f miwapd; gUkl;lhd tupg;glj;ij tiuf. mjd; ghfq;fisg;
ngaupLf.
iii. ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwapy; 5S vz;zf;fUitg; gad;gLj;JtJ FwpjJ
; r; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
iv. ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwapy; 5S vz;zf;fUitg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk; #oy; Neakhd
jd;ik> Mgj;Jf;fs; Fiwthd nrad;Kiwahf mjidg; NgZjy; Mfpatw;iw
vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;s KbfpwJ vd tpsf;Ff.
v. Nkw;gb cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; tpidj;jpwd;> juk; Mfpatw;iw mjpfupf;f
Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. tpisTfis mjpfupg;gjw;F ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s
cj;Njrpj;Js;s gupNrhjid ahJ? mg;gupNrhjidiaj; jpl;lkpLk; tpjj;ijr;
RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 324
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

vi. cq;fsJ cw;gj;jpapd; juj;ijg; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jp mwpf;ifnahd;iwg; ngw

ePq;fs; cj;Njrpj;Js;sPu;fs;. ,jd;NghJ Nrhjpf;f Ntz;ba ngsjpf> ,urhad
mk;rq;fs; ahit?
vii. ckJ cw;gj;jpia Efu;NthUf;F vt;thwhd gad;ghl;bw;nfd mwpKfQ; nra;tPu;
vdf; fhuzq;fhl;b RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
11' re;ijapy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpfs; cs;sd. fOtw; nraw;ghl;bw;nfd
rtu;f;fhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L Efu;Nthu; jkJ Njitf;nfd
rtu;f;fhuj;ijj; njupT nra;af;$ba tifapy; rtu;f;fhuq;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
12. tiff;Fupa rtu;f;fhu %yf;$wpd; ,urhadf; fl;likg;ig tiue;J mjd; ePu; ehl;lj;
jiy> ePu; ntWg;G thy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
13. rtu;f;fhukhf;fw; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ epfo;tJ ahJ?
14. miwntg;gepiyapYs;s vupNrhlhf; fiurYld; jhtu vz;nziar; Nru;j;J ePz;l
Neuk; fyf;Ftjd;%yk; rtu;f;fhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ,jd; %ykhf rf;jpia
kPjg;gLj;jp jkJ cw;gj;jpfspd; nrytpdj;ijf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. ntg;gr; rf;jpiag;
gad;gLj;jhJ ,t;thwhf xU jlitapy; 1000 kg cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd
jhf;fmiwia mikf;f cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j cw;gj;jp Kiwik njhlu;ghd
cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisj; jUf.
15. ghlrhiyapy; ePq;fs; fw;w rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; myFr; nraw;ghLfs;
ahit?
16. ghlrhiy Ma;$lj;jpy; rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ> ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;j
myFr; nraw;ghLfs; ahit?
17. rtu;f;fhukhf;fy; jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ epfOk;; ,urhad> ngsjpf khw;wq;fs; ahit?
18. re;ijapYs;s Jg;Guthf;fp; (Detergents& tiffs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nrad;Kiwg; gpuNahfq;fs;
ahit?
19. rtu;f;fhuk;> Jg;Guthf;fpfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; ahit?
20. capu; Bry; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ jhtu vz;nza;fspYs;s RahjPd nfhOg;gkpyq;fspd;;
^FFA& msT cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Kf;fpakhd
fhuzpahf mike;jpUg;gJ Vd; vdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
21. jhtu vz;nzapd; mkpyg;ngWkhdk; ^Acid value& 5 mg g-1 MFk;. ,e;jg; ngWkhdj;jpd;
%yk; vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ,urhadtpay; jfty;fs; ahit?
22. tu;zg;G+r;R cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fs; eilngwhj NghjpYk;> fyj;jy;
nrad;Kiw kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;jf; $w;wpidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
23. tu;zg;G+r;Rf; fiurnyhd;wpYs;s gpujhd $Wfs; ahit?
24. vdhky; kw;Wk; ,ky;~d; G+r;R tiffSs; #oy; Neaj;jd;ik mjpfk; nfhz;l G+r;R
tif vJntd fhuzq;fSld; tptupf;Ff.
25. tu;zg; G+rR; jahupg;gjw;nfd gy;gFjpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. gy;gFjpaq;fshy; tu;zg;
G+rR
; g;gilf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ,ay;GfisAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 325

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 2 (5) 1
(6) 4 (7) 3 (8) 2 (9) 5 (10) 2
(11) 1 (12) 3 (13) 4 (14) 4 (15) 3
(16) 2 (17) 2 (18) 3 (19) 5 (20) 4
1. (a) mNkhdpah cw;gj;jp> ry;g+upf;fkpy cw;gj;jp> iej;jpupf;fkpy cw;gj;jp>
ngw;Nwhypa ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs;
(b) etPd kdpj fyhrhuj;jpd; gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fshf Nghf;Ftuj;J> rf;jp tYj;Njit>
mjpfupf;Fk; kf;fl; njhiff;fhd czTw;gj;jp Nghd;w Njitfisf; fUj;jpw;;nfhz;L
Nkw;gb xt;nthU ifj;njhopypYk; ,j;Njitfis epiwNttw;Wtjpy; nfhz;Ls;s
njhlu;GfSf;Nfw;g ju;f;fuPjpahf tpilfis rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c) nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itj;J ghuk;gupa mwptpy; 5S vz;zf;fU cs;sjh ,y;iyah
vd KbntLj;jy; Ntz:Lk;. ,e;j KbtpwN; fw;g jdJ epiyg;ghl;il tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
(d) ,urhadj; njhopw;rhiyapy; tpgj;Jf;f s; Vw;glf;$ba ,lq;fisAk; kdpj
capu;fSf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gij cjhuzq;fSld; fhl;Ljy;
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> rpwe;j fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffs;
eilngw Ntz;Lk; vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j vz;zf;fU %yk; ,jw;Fr;
Rafl;Lg;ghL mtrpak; vd tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

2. (a) 1. vz;zq;fs;> czu;Tfs;> czu;r;rpfs;. vd;gdtw;Wf;Nfw;g Jyq;Fjy;.

2. Mf;fj;jpwd;
3. capu;g;hd jd;ikAk; nraY}f;fKk;
4. elj;ijiar; rupahd tifapy; nghUs; tpsf;fpf; $w ,ayhik
5. FOthf xOq;fikAk; jpwd;
(b) ghlg;Gj;jfj;jpy; ,urhadj; njhopw;rhiynahd;wpy; 5S El;gKiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; fhzg;gLk; 10 tplaq;fspy; Fiwe;jJ 5 tplaq;fspd; Clhf
,urhadf; ifj;njhopypy; 5S vz;zf;fUitr; nraw;gLj;jy; Kf;fpak; vd tpsf;fp
vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
(c) gzf;nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd;NghJ mtw;iwg; gjpjy; fzf;Ffs; jahupj;jy; Nghd;w
vOj;J%y mwpf;iffs;> rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T mwpf;ifs; vd;gtw;wpw;F 5S
vz;zf;fUitr; nraw;gLj;jy; Kf;fpankdf; fhl;lNtz;Lk;.
(d) tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd; kw;Wk; #oypy; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghff;
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L ,e;j Kiwapd; nghUj;jg;ghL njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fjy;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 326
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
(e) ,ae; j puq; f s; Nja; t iltJld; fhyQ; n ry; y nry; y mjd; nraw; h Lfs;
khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gLk; nghwpj;njhFjpahFk; vd tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. 5S vz;zf;fU
%yk; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; El;gtpay; njhlu;ghf Kiwahd mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;Jjy;
%yk; mtw;wpd; tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd; vd;gtw;iw mjpfupf;fyhk; vd fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
3. (a) kPsg; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs;
jhtu vz;nza;> rf;jp tY cw;gj;jpf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; capu;jj
; pzpT> iejurd;
thA> xl;rprd;
kPsg; GJg;gpf;fKbahj tsq;fs;
ngw;Nwhypak;> epyf;fup> nghRg;Ngw;Wg; gbT>
(b) kPsg; GJg;gpf;Kbahj tsq;fSf;fhf
(c) kpsg;gGJg;gpf;fj;jfhj tsq;fshff; fUjg;gLk; tzpf cw;gj;jpfs;> cyfshtpa
uPjpapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;NghJ re;ij tprhykiljy;> Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jy; vd;gd
fhuzkhf cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;G Vw;gLk;. ,jdhy; kPs cUthfhj tsq;fspd; cw;gj;jp
tUlhtUlk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
,jdhy; ,t; t sq; f s; Fiwe; J tiuaiwf; F l; g Lk; . vdNt> ,t; t sq; f is
cw;gj;jpf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jy; tUlhtUlk; mjpfupj;J cr;r epiyia mile;J
gpd;du; tUlhtUlk; gbg;gbahf mstpy; Fiwe;J nry;Yk;.
(d) ePu; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;lJ. ngw;Nwhypa vupnghUSk; mt;thwhdNj. njhw;Wjyilahj
Neha;fs; mjpfupj;jy;> kf;fs; njhif mjpfupj;jy;> KjpNahupd; njhif mjpfupj;jy;>
g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljy;> Nghdw rthy;fis Kd;itj;J ,r;rthy;fs; xt;nthd;Wk;
,urhadf; ifj;njhopypy; nrYj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fjy;.
(E) Kw;WKOtJkhf kPsg;GJg;gpf;fg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk;
ifj;njhopy;fs; gRikf; ifj;njhopy;fshFk;. vk;kplKs;s tsq;fshd fly;ePu;>
fhw;W Nghd;w tsq;fis fUj;jpw;nfhz;L xt;nthU tsj;jpypUe;Jk; Muk;gpf;ff;$ba
gRikf; ifj;njhopy;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:
fly;ePu;  cg;G  NaOH + H2 +Cl2
jhtu vz;nza; 
rtu;f;fhuk; + fpsprNuhy;
ePu;  O2+ H2
ePu;  O2+ N2
O2/H2
N2 + H2  O 2+ H2 NH3 HNO3
H2 +Cl2+HCl
fpsprupd;  kUe;J + ntbnghUl;fs;
NH3 + HNO3  grisfs; + ntbnghUl;fs;
capu;j;jpzpT nehjpj;jy; capu;vjNdhy;
capu; vjNdhy; + jhtu vz;nza;  capu;Bry;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 327

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4. (a) cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ nghUl;fspy; ahNjDnkhU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;

mbg;gilr; nray; vdf; fUjyhk;.

(b) ,urhar; nray;fs;> ngsjpfr; nray;fs;

,urhad mbg;gilr; nray;fs; - eLeiyahf;fy; > rtu;f;fhukhf;fy;> kpd;gFg;G
ngsjpf mbg;gilr; nray;fs; - miuj;jy;> Mtpahf;fy;> cyu;j;Jjy;

5' a. H 2 SO4 cw;gj;jp

jput fe;jfj;ij jfdpf;fr; nra;jy;

2S (l )  2O2 ( g )  2SO2 ( g )
V2O5
2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )   2SO2 ( g )
SO3( g )  H2 SO4 (l )  H2 S2O7 (l )
H2 S2O7 (l )  H 2O(l )  2H 2 SO4 (l )

b. mNkhdpah cw;gj;jp

N2 ( g )  3H2 ( g )  2NH3 ( g )

mKf;fk; 250atm

ntg;gepiy 450 o C
Cf;fp Fe

Cf;fpj; J}z;b K 2 O, Al2 O3

c. iej;jpupf;fkpyk;
Pt
4 NH 3 ( g )  5O2 ( g )   4 NO( g )  6 H 2O( g )
2 NO ( g )  O2  2 NO2 ( g )
2 NO2 ( g )  H 2O(l )  HNO3 ( aq )  HNO2 (aq )

d. 3HNO2 ( g )  HNO3 (aq )  2 NO( g )  H 2O(l )

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 328

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

N2 (g) H2 (g)

jhf;f
miw

N2 (g)  H2 (g) jhf;fKwhj N 2  H 2

jput NH 3 jput mNkhdpah

rpwg;ghd msT NH3 Njhd;Wk;NghJ thaf;fyitiaf; Fspur; nra;jd;%yk;

NH3 ,idj; jputkhf;Fjy;.
jput mNkhdpah Ntwhjy;
jhf;fKwhj N2, H2 Mfpatw;Wld; NghJkhd msTf;F N2, H2 Mfpad Nru;e;J
jhf;f miwapDs; NH3 Njhd;w ,lkspj;jy;.

7. N2, H2 Mfpad nghJ ntg;gepiyapy; jhf;fkiltjpy;iy.

,af;f ,urhad> ntg;g ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa ifj;njhopy;uPjpahf
N2, H2 Mfpadtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp NH3 ia jahupf;fg; nghUj;jkhd ntg;gepiy
4500C Ak; mKf;fk; 250 atm ck; vdj; jPu;khdpf;f Kbe;jJ. MfNt> jhf;fq;fspd;
,urhad ,ay;Gfs; njhlu;ghd mwpthdJ jhf;fpfSf;fpilapy; jhf;fj;ij epfo;j;jj;
Njitahd epge;jidfisj; jPuk; hdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jnjdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
mtrpakhFk;.

jputkhf;Fjy; %yk; thA tyaj;jpy; N2, H2 , NH3 Mfpad nfhz;l fyitapypUe;J

NH3 Ntwhf;fg;gLk;. cUFepiy gw;wpa jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; NH3 ia ,yFthfj;
jputkhf;f KbAkhjyhy; ,e;jf; fyitiaf; Fspur;nra;J NH3 ia Ntwhf;f KbAk;.
kPjpahfTs;s N2, H2 ,id kPzL ; k; kPs;Row;rpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. vdNt> jhf;fpfsJk;
tpisTfspdJk; ,urhad ,ay;Gfs; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
jhf;fmiwiaj; jahupf;fyhk;. NkYk; tpisTfisAk; jhffj;jpw;Fl;glhj $WfisAk;
Ntwhf;Ftjw;Fk; cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;ilj; njhlu;eJ ; Nkw;nfhs;tjidj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;
jhf;fpfsJk; tpisTfspdJk; ,urhad> ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gJ
tpilapy; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 329

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

NH3(g) O2(g)
Pt Cf;fpkhw;wp NO + O2(g) NO3

NkYk; xl;rpNaw;wy;
ePu;

HNO3

8. NH3 kw;Wk; O2 thAf;fSf;fpilapyhd jhf;fj;jpd; %yk; HNO3 Njhd;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd

msT O2 thA nfhz;l tspkz;ly tspia jhf;f miwf;Fg; gk;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Cf;fpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; xl;rpNaw;wg;gl;L mjd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpa NO(g) thA
njhlu;e;Jk; NO2 Mtjw;fhd fhyk; ,uz;lhtJ miwapy; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cUthfpa
NO2 thA KOikahf HNO3 Mtjw;F ePUld; jhf;fkiltjw;fhd fhyj;ij toq;Fjy;
Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; Kiwahf ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
tpilapy; tpsf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

9. jpz;k fe;jfk; jput fe;jfk;

jput fe;jfk; SO2

SO2(g) SO3(g)

Nkw;gb SO3(g) Njhd;Wk; jhf;fk; xU Gwntg;gj;jjhf;fk; Mjyhy; xU jlitf;Fr;

rpwpjsT tPjk; gy gbKiwfspy; SO2(g)thA SO3(g) Mf khw;Wjy;.

SO2(g) + SO3(g) H2S2O7

H2S2O7 + H2O H2SO4

,e;jg; gbKiwfs; mlq;fpa gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg;glk;

SO2 cld; O2 FiwjYk; O2 mjpfupj;jYk; cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;.

nkhj;j SO2 msTk; xNu jlittapy; SO3ahf khw;wg;gl;ljd; fhuzj;jhy; mjpfsT
ntg;gk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;. vdNt> KO SO2 msTk; gbKiwahf SO3 j Mf khw;wg;gLk;.
,e;jg; gbKiwfs; rupahd Kiwapy; ,irthf;fkilahJtpbd; jhf;fkilahj SO2
tspkz;lyj;jpy; NrUk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpapd; tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd; vd;gd
FiwAk; vd;gJ tpsq;fg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

10. (i) (a) rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kur;rhk;gy; %y ,ay;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

vd;gJ tpilapy; tpsq;fg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fika kur;rhk;gy;
%ykhd rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw tpsq;fg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 330

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(b) rhk;giyr; Nrfupj;jy; mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ghj;jpuk; vd;gd njhlu;ghf RUf;fkhf

tpsf;Fjy;.
,yFthf rhk;gy; ngwf;$bajhftpUj;jy;> tspkz;lyj;jpy; rhk;gy; Jzpf;iffs;
NrujthW ePupy; fiuj;jy;> rhk;gypd; jpzpit msj;jy;> Nghd;wd Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

(ii) Njq;fhnaz;nzapd; epiwia msj;jy; jhf;f miwapd; gUkDf;Nfw;g fyf;Fk;

cj;jp mlq;fpapUj;jy; ntg;gepiyia mstply; rtu;f;fhuj;ijg; gpupj;njLj;jy;.

11. re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW rtu;ff

; hu tiffs; mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L(Foe;ijfSf;fhdJ> ryitf;fhdJ vd;wthW) tifg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
O
||

12. Cn3   Cn2 16 

C O  Na
  

   '
ePun ' Gthy;
; tWg; ePut
; pUg;Gjiy

13. ,urhad ,ay;igr; Rl;bf;ffhl;b %fpspriul;L %yk; ePu;g;gFg;gpw;Fs;shfp fpsprNuhy;

kw;Wk; fhnghl;rpf;fkpyj;jpd; Nrhba cg;GfSk; cUthFnkd;gJ tpsq;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

14. xU jlitapy; 100 fpNyhfpuhk; vd;gJ kpfg; ngupa jpzpthFk;. miwntg;gepiyapy;

Njhd;Wk; ,e;j rtu;ff
; huk; jpz;kepiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;jsT jpzpTila rtu;fhuj;ijg;
gpupj;njLj;jYk; J}a;ikahf;fYk; fbdkhdjhFk;. vdNt> ,e;j Kiw nghUj;jkw;wJ
vd tpilapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

15. fyitahf;Fjy;> rtu;fhukhf;fy;> fiuj;jy;> kpjf;fr;nra;jy;> tbj;jy;> ikaePf;fy;>

gupfupj;jy;> kpifahff; fhzg;gLk; Nrhbak; Ijnuhl;irl;il eLepiyahf;fy;> gk;Gjy;

16. fyitahf;fy;> rtu;fhukhf;fy;> tbj;jy;> cyu;j;Jjy;

17. ,urhad khw;wk; - vRj;ju; gpizg;Gfs; %y ePug;gFg;gilAk;

ngsjpf khw;wq;fs; - ,uz;L gilfshff; fhzg;gl;l Njq;fhnaz;nza;> ePu; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;

gjpyhf ePu; tyaKk; jpz;k tyaj;jpdhyhd rtu;fhuKk; cUthFk;.

18. fOTjYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ijhd fiury;fshff; fhzg;gLk; Nru;itfs; Jg;Guthf;fpfs;

vdg;g Lk;. td;dP upYk; $l ,it EiunaOg; g pathW fOTjw; nrad;K iwia
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ryitj; J}s; rikay; ghj;jpuq;fisf; fOtg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Jg;Guthf;fpfs; thfdk; fOTk; Jg;Guthf;fpfs;> jiuNahL fOTk; Jg;Guthf;fpfs;
Nghd;wd ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;.

Jg;Guthf;fpfspy; mlq;fpAs;s Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; %yk; Nkw;gug;gpOtpir Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

rptpwpj; jputq;fshfTk; Nkw;gug;Gf;fis <ukhf;Ftjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 331

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

19. rtu;f;fhuk; vdg;gLtJ ePz;l rq;fpyp fhnghl;rpypf;fkpyq;fspd; Nrhbak; my;yJ

nghl;lhrpak; cg;GfshFk;. Jg;Guthf;fp %yf;$whdJ rtu;fhu %yf;$wpd; mikg;ig
xj;jjhFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L tiffspYk; ePu; tpUk;Gk; jiyAk; ePu; ntWg;G thYk;
cs;sd. ePu; tpUk;Gk; jiyiar; rhu;e;J SO3- %ypfk; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt> td;dPupYk;
Jg;Guthf;fpfs; fiue;J Eiuf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. rtu;f;fhuk; td;dPupy;
tPo;gbtilAk;.

20. capu;Bry; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ Cf;fpahf NaOH Nghd;w %yr;Nru;itfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

vdNt> jhtu vz;nza;fspy; FFA mlf;fk; mjpfnkdpd; me;j RahjPd fhnghl;rpy;
mkpyq;fSf;Fk; NaOH ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd jhf;fj;jpdhy; rtu;ff; huk; cUthFk;. ,jd;NghJ
fyf;Fjy; fbdkhFk;. Eiuf;Fk; Cf;fpj;jhopw;ghL FiwtilAk;. gupfupg;Gf; fbdkhFk;.
tPzt
; puak; mjpfupf;Fk;. ,t;thwhd tplaq;fs; cs;slq;fpathW tpil vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

21. 1g jhtu vz;nzapy; mlq;fpAs;s RahjPd nfhOg;gkpyq;fis eLepiyahf;Ftjw;Fj;

Njitahd NaOH ,d; msT 5 mg MFk;.

22. cjhuzkhf vky;rd; g+r;irf; fUJNthkhapd; gy;gFjpag; gjhu;j;jq;fSld; ePupy;

fiuahj mNrjdr; Nru;itfs;(Jzpf;iffshf) epug;gpfshfTk; epw%l;bfshfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,it vspjhf xd;Wlndhd;W fye;J cWjpahd fiuriyj;
Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy;iy. ,jidj; jtpu;gg; jw;F gy;NtW Nru;khdg; nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
NkYk;> ,e;j Nru;khdg; nghUl;fs; epwg;nghUl; Jzpf;ifSld; ed;F fyg;gjhy;
mj;Jzpf;iffs; ePu; Clfk; KOtJk; xNu rPuhfg; gutp cWjpahdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
gy;gFjpag; gjhu;j;jq;fs;(gpizg;Gf; fhuzpfs;) ePu;> epwg;nghUl; Jzpf;ifs; Mfpad
rPuhfg; guk;gp cWjpahff; fhzg;gLtjw;F ,t;thwhf fyf;Fjy; Kf;fpakhdnjd tpsf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

23. gy;gFjpag; gjhu;jj

; q;fs;> fiug;ghd;> epw%l;b
; fs;> epug;gpg; nghUl;fs;> Nru;khdg; nghUl;fs;

24. vdhky; g+r;rpd; fiug;ghd; Nrjdf; fiug;ghd; MFk;. vky;rd; g+r;rpd; fiug;ghd;
ePuhFk;. vdhky; g+r;R cyUk;NghJ tspkz;lyj;jpy; ngUksT gjhu;j;jq;fs; NrUk;.
,jdhy; tspkz;lyk; khriltJld; gy;NtW Neha;fSk; Vw;gLk; vd tpsf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

25. epug;G nghUl;fspd; Jzpf;iffisAk; epw%l;fspd; Jzpf;iffisAk; Nkw;gug;gpy;

,izj;J itj;jpUj;jy; Nkw;gug;gpy; kpspUk; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jy;> ePuhtp kw;Wk;
xl;rprd; thA Mfpad Nkw;gug;ig miltjidj; jtpu;jj; y; %yk; ghJfhg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gly;.
<ukhd Nkw;gug;G cyUk;NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; Clhf Nkw;gb ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 332
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 23 ,af;f tpay;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;
1. gwg;Gr; rpy;nyhd;W epkplj;Jf;F 1200 Rw;Wf;fs; (rpm) vDk; tPjj;jpy; Roy;fpd;wJ. mjd;
Nfhz Ntfj;ij rad s-1 ,y; jUtJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ? ^   3.14 &
1' 20 rad S-1 2' 125.6 rad S-1 3' 12.56 rad S-1
4' 120 rad S-1 5' 1200 rad S-1

2' jdJ mr;R gw;wpa rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I (kgm2) nfhz;l gwg;Gr; rpy;nyhd;W 10 rad S-1
vDk; khwhf; Nfhz Ntfj;jpy; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. mJ nfhz;Ls;s Row;rp ,af;fr; rf;jpapd;
msT gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1' 100 J 2' 200 J 3' 300 J
4' 400 J 5' 500 J

3' 21cm MiuAs;s thl;gy;nyhd;W 600 rpm vDk; khwh tPjj;jpy; Roy;fpd;wJ. thl;gy;nyhd;wpd;
Vfgupkhzf; fjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
 22 
  
 7 
1' 1.28 ms-1 2' 12.8 ms-1 3' 13.2 ms-1
4' 25.6 ms-1 5' 256 ms-1

4' 600 rpm Row;rp Ntfj;jpy; RoYk; nghwpKiwnahd;iw

,af;Ftjw;fhf 1200 rpm tPjj;ijf; nfhz;l xU R1 R2
Nkhl;lu; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhf rpy;Y
; fspuz;bidAk;
Rw;wpr; nry;Yk; ehlhnthd;W ,lg;gl;Ls;sjhapd; Nkhl;lu;
rpy;Y fspdJ MiufSf;F ,ilapyhd tpfpjk; nghwp
1200rpm 600rpm
R1
R2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1 1
1' 2' 3' 2
4 2
4' 4 5' fzpg;gjw;Fj; juTfs; NghjhJ.

5' epkplj;Jf;F 1200 Rw;Wf;fs; RoYk; nghwpahdJ kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lNghJ 40 nrf;fdpy;

Xa;it mile;jJ. mjd; Nfhz mku;KLfy; vt;tsT ^rad S-1&
 3
1' 2'  3'
2 2
4' 2 5' 30

6' mr;Rg; gw;wpa rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; 2 kg m2 nfhz;l gwg;Gr; rpy;nyhd;Wf;F 20 Nm khwh

tpirnahd;wpidg; gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ 10 s Neuj;jpy; Xa;it mile;jJ. gwg;Gr; rpy;ypd;
Muk;gf; Nfhz Ntfk; ahJ?
1' 40 rad s 1 2' 50 rad s 1 3' 100 rad s 1
4' 120 rad s 1 5' 200 rad s 1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 333

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

23 ,af;ftpay;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

(1) tpl;;lk; 14 cm MfTs;s xU rhizf; fy; 300 r pm Row;rp tPjj;Jld; Roy;fpwJ…

1. mjd; Nfhz Ntfj;ijf; fzpf;f.
2. mjd; Row;rp Mtu;j;jdf; fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f.
3. mjd; gupjpapYs;s Jzpf;ifapd; Ntfj;ijf; fhz;f.
4. ika ehl;l Mu;KLfiyf; fhz;f.

(2) 70 cm ePskhd Ehnyhd;wpd; xU Edpapd; 200 g fy;nyhd;W fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kWKidiag; gpbj;J fpil tl;l ,af; f j; j py; 22 rads-1 Nfhz Ntfj; J ld;
Row;wg;gLfpwJ.
1. fy;ypd; Row;rp kPbwidf; fzpf;f
2. ,ioapd; ,Oitiaf; fhz;f
3. ,ioapd;; ,Oit 14 N MFk; NghJ ,io mWe;J NghFk; vdpd;
Row;wj;jf;f cr;r Ntfk; ahJ?

(3) Miu r I cila tl;ltbtg; ghij fpilAld; Nfhzj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjpzpTs;s Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; ,g;ghijapy; V Ntfj;Jld; gazpf;fpd;wJ. ghij
cuha;tw;wJ vdpd; thfdk; tl;lg;ghijia tpyfhky; gazpf;ff;$ba Ntfk; V apd;
cau; ngWkhdj;jpw;fhd Nfhit xd;iwg; ngWf.
ghij fpilahf mike;Js;sNghJ cuha;tilahnjdpd; epiiyapay; cuha;Tf;
Fzfk; ¼ vdpd; thfdk; ghijapypUe;J tpyfhky; gazpf;ff; $ba V Ntfj;jpd
cr;rg; ngWkhdj;Jf;fhd Nfhit xd;iwg; ngWf.

(4) tpl;lk; 0.5m MfTs;s irf;fps; rpy;ypd; jpzpT 4kg ck;> mjd; mr;irg;gw;wpa
r l j ;J t j ; j pU g;g k ; 8X10-2kgm2 ck; MFk;. ,J tOf;fypd;wp fpil mr;R topNa
nrf;fDf;F 7 Rw;W tPjk; RoYfpd;wJ.
1. rpy;ypd; Nfhz Ntfj;ijf; fzpf;Ff.
2. mr;rpd; Neu;Nfhl;L Ntfj;ijf; fzpf;Ff
3. gupjpapy; mike;Js;s Gs;spapd; Neu;Nfhl;Lf; fjpiaf; fzpf;Ff
4. rpy;ypd; nkhj;j ,af;fr; rf;jpiaf; fzpf;Ff.

(5) rhfrf; fhl;rpapy; xU tpkhdk; 200 m MiuAs;s epiyf;Fj;J tl;lg;ghijapy;

gazpf;fpd;wJ. kPcaug; Gs;spapy; tpkhdp fPNo tpohky; ,Uf;f tpkhdj;jpd; ,opT
Ntfk; vt;tsthjy; Ntz;Lk;.?

(6) ,ionahd;wpy; fl;lg;gl;l Jzpf;ifnahd;W ,ioapd; kWKid epiyj;jjhf mikAkhW

nrf; fDf;F 21 Rw; W f; f s; vDk; tPj j;j py; fpilahd tl; l j;j py; RoYnkdpd;
mj;Jzpf;ifapd; Nfhz Ntfj;ijf; fhz;f.

(7) Nkhl;lu; tz;bnahd;wpd; jpzpT m MFk;. mJ r MiuAs;s tl;ltbt ghijapy;

rha;tw;w tistpy; gazpf;fpwJ. ghij> thfdk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd cuha;Tf;
Fzfk;  Mapd; Nkhl;lu; thfdk; milaj;jf;f fjp vt;tsthFk;?
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 334
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(8) cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW r Miu nfhz;l tpisahl;Lg; A

nghUshd tl;l tbt jlKk; rha;thd ghijAk; cs;s
tz;bg; ghijnahd;W cs;sJ. h vDk; cauj;jpYk; C
tpLtpf;fg;gl;l Jzpf;ifnahd;W ,e;jg; ghijapy; mjpcr;r
Gs;spia vl;lr; nra;tNj tpisahl;lhFk;. ,jw;F cauk; h
h vt;tsthf mika Ntz;Lk;. r

B
(9) epkplj;Jf;F. 120 rpm Rw;Wf;fs; vDk; tPjj;jpy; Royr; nra;ag;gLk; tl;ltbt ths;
mynfhd;wpd;; kPbwd; vt;tsthFk;? mjd; gw;rpy;ypd; NfhzNtfk; vt;tsthFk;.?

(10) M jpzpTk; R MiuAk; nfhz;l jbj;j tl;lj; jl;nlhd;W mjd;

ikaj;jpD}lhfr; nry;Yk; fpil mr;rpidg; gw;wp cuha;tpd;wp M
R
Royf;$bathW Roiyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tl;lj;jl;bidg; gw;wpr;
nry;Yk; ,Nyrhd ,ionahd;wpdhy; T khwhj; njhLiftpir
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. T

1. jl;bd; kPJ Vw;gLk; T KWf;fj;Jf;fhd Nfhitnahd;iw vOJf.

1
2. jl;bd; mr;rpd; topNa rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I = MRvdpd; 2 jl;bd;
Nfhz Mu;KLYf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf. 2
3. NkNy jl;bd; Miu 0.1 m ck; m = 1kg ck; ,ioapd; topNa 8 N njhLif tpirAk;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gbd; jl;bd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; KWf;fk;> Nfhz Mu;KLfy; Mfpatw;iwf;
fzpf;f.

(11) Gtpapd; Miu 6.4 x 103 km ck; mjd; jpzpT 6 x 1024 kg ck; vdpd; Gtpia rPuhd
Nfhsnkdf; fUjp mJ jd; mr;Rg;gw;wp RoYk;NghJ nfhz;Ls;s Row;rp ,af;fr;
rf;jpapd; msitf; fzpf;f.
(jpz;kf; Nfhsj;jpd; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; = 2/5MR2 MFk;.)

(12). fl;ll epUkhzpg;G Ntiyj;jsnkhd;wpy; rhe;Jf; fyitia NkNy cau;j;jg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhk;gpapd; Miu R MFk;. mjd; mr;Rg;gw;wpa rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I
MFk;. ,Nyrhd ePshf; fapW ghuk;rhg;gpapy; Rw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; kW me;jj;jpy;
r he ;J f; fy i t , lj ; j f; f M j p zp T s ; s xU t hs p
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) fapw;wpd; ,Oit T ck; rhk;gpapd; Nfhz Ntfk; W ck;

Mapd>; fapW ,aq;Fk; Mu;KLfYf;Fk; a rhk;gpapd; Nfhz
Mu;KLfYf;Fk; () ,ilapyhd njhlu;;G ahJ?
(ii) NkNy gFjp (i) ,y; ngw;w ngWNgWfspd; JizAld;
Ia
fapw;wpd; ,Oit T  vdf; fhl;Lf.
R2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 335

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;N ju;T (tpilfs;)

1' tpil 2 W  1200rpm

1200  2 rad
W
60
W  20  2  3.14 rad s -1
W  125.6 rad s-1

1 2
2' tpil 2 KE Iw
2
Row;rp ,af;f N%
rf; jp = 1  4  102 J
'p'Y
2
= 200J

3' tpil 2

 = 600rpm V  r -
600 22 22
=  2 rad V= 0.21m   20s 1
60S 7 7
22
 = 20  rad s -1 = 21 
22
 0.2
7 7
= 66  0.2 = 13.2 ms-1

4' tpil 2 Nkhl;lupd; gupjp « 2 } nghwpapd; gupjp

2 « 2R1 = 1 x 2R2

R2

R1 1
R2 } 2

1200  2
5' tpil 2 0  rad s 1  40rad s 1  =0 rad s 1
60
 ? t  40 s
  0   t

=
 - 0

 0  40Tr rad s 
1

t 40 s
 = - rad s 2

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 336

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6' tpil 3

  0   t ,
I =2kgm 2
  20 Nm
  I
 20 Nm
=  2
 10 rad s 2
I 2kgm
  0   t
O  0  (10  10)
0  100 rad s 1

fl;300
Liu - (tpilfs;)
7 cm f  5
1&' I. 60
  2 f
 2  5
 10
1 1
II. T    0.2 S
f 5

III. V  rw
 7  102  10
22
 7  102  10 
7
 2.2ms 1

IV. ika ehl;l Mu;KLfy;  r 2

2
 7  10 2  10 
22 22
 7  10 2  100  
7 7
 69.1 ms 2

0.7 
  2 f
2&' I 0.2 lg
 22  7
f  
. 2 2  22
f  3.5Hz

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 337

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

2
II. ikaehl;l tpir.  mv  mrw 2
r
 mrw 2
 0.2  0.7  22 2
 0.14  484
 67.76

III.   mr

 × 0.7

rds-1

3&' mg  R cos   (1)

mV 2
 R sin   (2)
r
V2
tan  
rg

V2 = rg tan 
V vLf;fj;jf;f cr;r ngWkhdk; rg tan  MFk;.

ghijf;Ff; fpilahf cuha;Ttpir njhopw;gLk;NghJ mv 2

F
r
mv 2
R 
r

mv 2
R  mg Mjyhy;  mg 
r
2
V   rg
V   rg

4& I.   2 f
 2  7
22
  14 radS 1  14   44 rad s 1
7
II. mr;R xU Rw;Wf;Fr; nry;Yk; J}uk;  2r
mr;R 1 nrf;fdpy; nry;Yk; J}uk;.  7  2 r
22
 7  2  0.25 
7
 11 ms 1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 338

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

III. v  r
22
 0.25  14 
7
v  11 ms 1
1 2 1 2
IV.rpy;;ypd; nkhj;j ,af;f rf;jp  mv  fw
2 2

1 1 2
  4  112   8  102   44 
2 2
 2 11  4 102 442
2

 2 112 1  2  102  16 
 2 112  1.32
 2.64 121
 319.44J

5&' mv 2
 mg
r
v 2  rg
v 2  200  10
 400  5
v  20 5
v  20 5 ms 1

mv 2
7& F  μR = μmg =
r
V   rg

8& EA  EB

1 2
mgh  mv
2
v 2  2 gh
EB  EC
1
mv 2  mg  2r
2
2gh  4gr
h  2r

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 339

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9& f = 120 epkplj;Jf;F

f = 120 60
= nrf;fDf;F 2 Row;rpfs;
22
gw;rpy;ypd; Nfhz Ntfk; ω  2πf  2π  2 = 4  = 12.57 rads -1
7

10& (i)   T  R
(ii)   Iα

1 
TR   MR 2   
2 
2T
α 
MR

28
(iii)  16 rads 2
1 0.1
2
11& I= MR2
5
2
I   6 1024  (6.4 103 ) 2
5
 98.3 1030
1 2
E  l 2 ,  
2 T
28 2
1  2  π 1 
E   98.3  10 30   
2  24  36 00 
98.3  442
 2
10 24
 24  36  7 

12& (i) a  R
  Iα  (1)
  TR  (2)
(1)  (2)
  TR
(ii) a  R

Ia
TR   T  Ia R 2
R

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 340

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 24 eNdh njhopDl;g k;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xU eNdhkPw;wiuf; Fwpg;gJ vJ?
1' 1  10 3 m 2' 1  10 6 m 3' 1  10 9 m 4'1 1012 m 5' 1 1015 m

2. eNdh njhopDl;gj;jpy; eNdh mstpilj; jputpaq;fs; gw;wpNa fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; eNdh mstpilapy; mlq;FtJ vJ?
1' 0-1 nm 2' 1-10 nm 3' 1-100 nm
4' 1-1000 nm 5' 1-10000 nm

3. eNdh jputpaq;fs; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;ldthf mikaf; fhuzk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ?
1. msT rpwpjhFk;NghJ gug;gsT ghupastpy; mjpfupj;jy;.
2. mZf; fl;likg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;G.
3. mit nfhz;Ls;s jdpj;Jtkhd ,ay;Gfs;.
4. %yf;$WfspYs;s xl;lw;gz;G tpirAk; gpizT tpirAk;.
5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W.

4. eNdhmstpil kl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ vJ? / rupahdit vit?

A. rlg;nghUl;fspd; ,urhadr; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; NtWgLk;.
B. rlg;nghUl;fspd; kpd;dpay;Gfs; NtWgLk;.
C. ,Uk;G xl;irl;L fhe;jtpay;igf; nfhz;buhJ

1' A khj;jpuk; 2' B khj;jpuk; 3' C khj;jpuk;

4' A,B vd;gd khj;jpuk; 5' A,B,C ahTk; rupahdit.

5. eNdh mstpilapy; nghd; kw;Wk; nts;spj; Jzpf;iffs; me;j %yfq;fSf;NfAupj;jhd

nghd;kQ;rs; kw;Wk; nts;sp epwq;fis md;wp NtW epwq;fisf; fhl;Lk;. ,jw;Ff;
fhuzkhfmikaf;$baJ vJ?
1. eNdh mstpilj; Jzpf;iffs; Fwpg;gpl;l epwq;fisf; nfhz;buhik
2. eNdh mstpilapy; jputpaq;fspd; xspapay; ,ay;Gfs; NtWgLjy;.
3. eNdh mstpilapy; jputpaq;;fspd; jilj;jpwd; NtWgLjy;.
4. eNdh mstpilapy; jputpaq;fspd; gug;gsT NtWgLjy;.
5. Nkw;$wg;gl;l vJTkd;W.

6. eNdh vz;zf;fU fhyhfhykhf ,aw;ifAld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. jhkiu

,iyfs; nfhz;Ls;s RaRj;jpfupg;G ,ay;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhf miktJ.
1. jhkiu ,iy eNdh msTila rpwpa Jzpf;iffshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
2. jhkiu ,iyapd; Gwj;Njhypy; cs;s fyq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;G.
3. jhkiu ,iyfspd; kPJs;s kpfr; rpwpa kapu;fs;.
4. jhkiu ,iyapd; Gwj;NjhypYs;s kpf nky;ypa nkOFg;gil.
5. jhkiu ,iyapd; Nkw;;NwhypYs;s tpNrl ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jnkhd;wpd; nraw;ghL.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 341

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

7. gpd;tUk; vz;zf;fUf;fSs; eNdh mstpilapd; %yk; tptupf;f KbahjJ.

1. rpye;jp tiyapd; mrhjhuz cWjpj; jd;ik
2. tz;zhj;jpg; G+r;rpapd; ,wf;iffspYs;s epwr; Nru;khdk;.
3. kapypd; NjhifapYs;s rpwg;ghd epwr; Nru;khdk;.
4. ePuj
; J
; spnahd;wpd;kJ
P tpOk; #upa xspapdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; thdtpy; epwq;fs;.
5. ghT (ceiling) kPJ nry;tjw;F gy;yp nfhz;Ls;s Mw;wy;;.

8. fhgd; eNdhf; Foha; njhlu;ghd kpfr; rupahd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. fhgd; xd;wd;kPnjhd;whfg; Gj;jfnkhd;wpd; gf;fq;fs;Nghy; mike;jpUj;jyhFk;.
2. xU fhgd; jsj;jpid Ntwhf;Ftjhy; cUthtjyhFk;.
3. xU fhgd; jsj;jpis FohAUthfj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ cUthtjyhFk;.
4. 60 fhgd; mZf;fs; FohAUthf mLf;fg;gl;bUj;jyhFk;.
5. 60 fhgd; mZf;fs; Xu; cijge;JNghy mLf;fg;gl;bUj;jyhFk;.

9. eNdh njhopDl; g j; j pw; f hfg; gad; g Lj; j j; j f; f dTk; ,yq; i fapy; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLtJkhd %yg;nghUl; Nrhb
1. fhuPak;> mYkpdpak;
2. fhuPak;> nghd;
3. nts;sp> nrk;G
4. fhuPak;> ,y;kidw;W
5. fhuPak;> iej;jpNuw;W

10' T1O2 eNdh Jzpf;iffspd; rpwg;gpay;ghf miktJ / miktd

A. #upaxspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; J}z;bahfr; nraw;gly;.

B. gw;wPupa ehrpdpahfr; nraw;gly;.
C. eNdh mstpilapd;NghJ epwj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gly;.

1' A khj;jpuk; 2' B khj;jpuk; 3' C khj;jpuk;

4' A, B Mfpad khj;jpuk; 5' B, C Mfpad khj;jpuk;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;

1 - 3 2 - 3

3 - 1 4 - 1

5 - 4 6 - 3

7 - 4 8 - 3

9 - 4 10 - 4

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 342

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF - 25 Gs;sptpgutpay;
gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1' khztu;fs; 12 Ngu; nfhz;l FOtpdu;> fzpj ghlj;jpy; ngw;w Gs;spfs; tUkhW
70" 65" 65" 62" 75" 68" 72" 71" 69" 58" 68" 60
,g;Gs;spfspd; Mfhuk; ahJ?
^1& 62 ^2& 65 ^3& 68 ^4& 70 ^5& 75

2' juk; 12 y; fw;Fk; 7 khztu;fspd; khjhe;j tuT gpd;tUkhW>

18> 19> 12> 17> 20> 15> 16
,g;Gs;spfspd; ,ilak; ahJ?
^1& 8 ^2& 12 ^3& 17 ^4& 20 ^5& 117

3' ,sePuf; ; Fiyfs; 10 vLf;fg;gl;lNghJ> xt;nthU FiyapYk; ,Ue;j fha;fspd; vz;zpfi

; f
tUkhW.
10" 12" 11" 9" 8" 14" 10" 13" 11" 9
,tw;wpd; ,ilak; ahJ?
^1& 6 ^2& 10'5 ^3& 10'7 ^4& 11 ^5& 107

4' 45 Mrpupau; cs;s xU ghlrhiyapy;> 10 ehl;fspy; fhzg;gl;l mtu;fsJ tuT tpguk;

tUkhW.
39" 40" 38" 41" 37" 42" 35" 42" 40" 43
Nkw;gb juTfspd; tPr;R ahJ?
^1& 8 ^2& 35 ^3& 39'7 ^4& 40 ^5& 43

5' njhopw;rhiynahd;wpd; cupikahsnuhUtu; Ngidfis cw;gj;jpnra;tjw;F vz;zpdhu;.

mtu; Ngidnahd;wpd; ePsk; vj;jid nrd;wpkPw;wuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd 5 Nguplk;
fUj;Jf; Nfl;lhu;. mtu;fs; njuptpj;j fUj;Jfs; KiwNa tUkhW.
15cm" 14cm" 17cm" 20cm" 14cm
,tw;wpd; Mfhuj;Jf;Fupa ngWkhdk; ahJ?
^1& 14cm ^2& 15cm ^3& 16cm ^4& 20cm ^5& 31cm

6' gpd;tUk; juTfis mtjhdpf;fTk;.

15" 8" 2" 20" 18" 5" 3
,tw;wpd;; tPr;R
^1& 16 ^2& 17 ^3& 18 ^4& 19 ^5& 20

7' xU njhFjp juTfSs;; KiwNa ikag;Nghf;F mstPl;ilAk;> guk;gy; mstPl;ilAk;

KiwNa gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtd ahit?
^1& Mfhuk;> ,ilak; ^2& Kjyhk; fhyiz> ,ilak;
^3& ,il> tPr;R ^4& ,uz;lhk;; fhyiz
^5& fhyiz ,iltPr;R> Mfhuk;

8' Gs;spj; njhFjpnahd;wpy;> rkkhd ngWkhdq;fs; fpilf;Fk; ,uz;L mstPLfs; vit?

^1& tPr;R> fhyiz ,il tPr;R ^2& Mfhuk;> ,ilak;
^3& ,uz;lhk; fhyiz> ,il ^4& ,ilak;> ,uz;lhk; fhyiz
^5& ,ilak;> ,il
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 343
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9' ghlrhiynahd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;G khztu;fs; 7 Ngupd; epiw fpl;ba fpNyhfpuhkpy;

tUkhW:
34" 35" 38" 40" 39" 37" 37
Nkw;gb juTj; njhFjpapd; Q1 ,dJ ngWkhdk; ahJ?
^1& 34 ^2& 35 ^3& 37 ^4& 38 ^5& 39

10' khztndhUtd; khjhe;j xd;gJ ghlg; guPl;irfspy; ngw;w Gs;spfs; tUkhW.

80" 85" 70" 75" 60" 90" 82" 74" 78
Nkw;gb Gs;spfspd; tPr;R kw;Wk; fhyiz ,il tPr;R vd;gd KiwNa
^1& 30" 11'5 ^2& 30" 2'5 ^3& 76'5" 30 ^4& 2'5" 9 ^5& 7'5" 9

11' ghlrhiynahd;wpy; juk; 11y; fhzg;gLk; 11 rkhe;ju tFg;Gf;fspy; f.ngh.j. (rhjuz)

guPl;irapy; fzpj ghlj;jpy; tpNrl rpj;jp ngw;w khztu;fs; njhif tUkhW:
20" 28" 22" 30" 25" 24" 27" 26" 23" 21" 29
Nkw;gb Gs;spj;njhFjpapd; fhyiz ,il tPr;R ahJ?
^1& 2 ^2& 3 ^3& 4 ^4& 5 ^5& 6

12' xt;nthd;Wk; 1kg nfhz;l 7 vYkpr;rk;gog; nghjpfspy; fhzg;gl;l vYkpr;rk; goq;fspd;

vz;zpf;if tUtkhW.
15" 13" 16" 14" 12" 15" 16
,g;Gs;spj;njhFjpapd; fhyiz ,iltPr;R ahJ?
^1& 2 ^2& 3 ^3& 4 ^4& 5 ^5& 6

13' gpd;tUk; juTfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; rpyu; njuptpj;j tptuq;fs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6" 4" x" 3" 6" 5
A- ,il 6 vdpd;> x d; ngWkhdk; 6 MFk;.
B- x d; ngWkhdk; 4 vdpd;> ,il 4 MFk;.
C- x d; ngWkhdk; 3 vdpd;> ,il 4.5 MFk;.
,tw;Ws; rupahdit vit?
^1& A, B khj;jpuk; ^2& B " C khj;jpuk;
^3& C" A khj;jpuk; ^4& A, B, C Mfpa vy;yhk;

14'

kPbwd;

tFg;G vy;iy

Nkw;gb kPbwd; tiuglj;jpw;fika fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;l juTfspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?

^1& 4 ^2& 8 ^3& 9 ^4& 18 ^5& 21

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 344

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

15' gpd;tUk; tisapfSs; jpus;kb

P wd; tisapiaf; fhl;LtJ vJ?

^1& ^2& ^3& ^4& ^5&

16' jpus;kPbwd; tisapapypUe;J Neubahfg; ngwKbahj ngWNgW
A. ,il
B. ,ilak;
C. Mfhuk;
,tw;Ws; cz;ikahdJ vJ? cz;ikahdit vit?
^1& A khj;jpuk; ^2& B khj;jpuk;; ^3& C khj;jpuk;;
^4& A, B khj;jpuk; ^5& A, B, C Mfpa midj;Jk;

17' juTj;njhFjpnahd;W tFf;fg;gLk; rkkhd ehd;F gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ?
^1& ,ilak; ^2& ,il ^3& Mfhuk;
^4& tPr;R ^5& fhyiz
3

18' x1  8, x2  0, x2  12 vdpd; x
i 1
i MdJ gpd;tUk; vjw;Fr; rkkhFk;.

^1& 0 ^2& 4 ^3& 8 ^4& 12 ^5& 20

19' n vz;zpfi
; fahd juTfis VWtupirg;gLj;jpa gpd; KjyhtJ fhyizahf miktJ vJ?
n n 1 n
^1& k; ngWkhdkhFk; ^2& k; ngWkhdkhFk; ^3& k; ngWkhdkhFk;
4 4 2
n 1 3(n  1)
^4& k; ngWkhdkhFk; ^5& k; ngWkhdkhFk;
2 4

20' gpd;tUk; vz;njhFjpapd; fhyiz ,iltPr;irf; fhl;LtJ vJ?

13" 0" 5" 9" 16" 11" 6" 8" 11" 2" 14
^1& 2 ^2& 8 ^3& 11 ^4& 13 ^5& 16

21' 1-5" 6-10 vDk; ,U tFg;ghapilfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. 6 - 10 tFg;ghapilapd; fPo; tFg;G

vy;iy ahJ?
^1& 10 ^2& 6 ^3& 5'5 ^4& 6'5 ^5& 5

22' 1-5 tFg;ghapilapy; fPo; tFg;G vy;iy ahJ?

^1& 1 ^2& 4 ^3& 5 ^4& 0'5 ^5& 5'5

23' 6-10 tFg;ghapilapd; gUkd; ahJ?

^1& 6 ^2& 4 ^3& 5 ^4& 8 ^5& 10

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 345

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

24' 1-5 tFg;gpd; Gs;sp ahJ?

^1& 1 ^2& 3 ^3& 4 ^4& 5 ^5& 6

25' ^38-40& tFg;ghapilapd; gUkd; ahJ?

^1& 38 ^2& 40 ^3& 39 ^4& 2 ^5& 3

26' jghy; mYtyfnkhd;wpw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; fpilj;j 5 nghjpfspd; epiwfs;

tUkhW:
200 g> 325 g> 505 g> 600 g> 620 g

Nkw;gb nghjpfspd; epiwapd; ,il ahJ?

^1& 200 g ^2& 450 g ^3& 505 g ^4& 620 g ^5& 2250 g

27' K.g. 4.30 kzpf;F Gwg;gLk; g]; tz;bapy; xU g];jupg;G epiyaj;jpypUe;J VWk;
gazpfspd; khjpupnahd;W tUkhW:
04" 03" 02" 05" 36
,jd; tiff;Fwpg;Gg; ngWkhdj;jpw;fhf kpfTk; Vw;wJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
^1& 2 ^2& 3 ^3& 4 ^4& 10 ^5& ,tw;Ws; vJTky;y

29' ghlrhiy eilngw;w 5 ehl;fspy; tUif je;j khztu;fsJ tpguk; tUkhW:

tFg;gpw;F te;j khztu; njhif tUif je;j jlitfs;

37 2
38 0
39 1
40 2

Nkw;gb Ie;J ehl;fSs; khztu; tUifapd; ,il ahJ?

^1& 37'8 ^2& 38'0 ^3& 38'6 ^4& 39'0 ^5& 39'6

30' eilghij tpw;gid epiyankhd;wpy; xU thuj;jpy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;l njhg;gpfspd;

njhif tUkhW:

njhg; g pfs; njhif 0-4 5-9 10-14

kP b wd; 1 2 4

Nkw;gb ,ilf;Ff;; fpl;ba KOj;jhdk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

^1& 2 ^2& 6 ^3& 7 ^4& 9 ^5& 12

31' x
i 1
i  72 k; x  8 k; vdpd; n ,d; ngWkhdk; ahJ?

^1& 9 ^2& 8 ^3& 576 ^4& 64 ^5& 80

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 346

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

32' juk; 12y; fhzg;gLk; 3 tFg;Gf;fspd; khztu; njhif KiwNa 30> 28> 29 MFk;.
xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; fhzg;gLk; khztu;fspy; njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; vDk;
ghlj;jpw;Fg; ngw;w Gs;spfspd; ,il KiwNa 48> 52> 50 MFk;. njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd
tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;jpy; juk; 12 d; midj;J khztu;fsJk; Gs;spfspd; ,il ahJ?
^1& 49 ^2& 50 ^3& 52 ^4& 87 ^5& 150

33' tFg;G vy;i y kP b wd; jpus; k P b wd;

47.5-52.5 12 12

52.5-57.5 5 17

57.5-62.5 11 y

62.5-67.5 5 33

67.5-72.5 x 38

72.5-77.5 2 40

Nkw;gb ml;ltizapy; cs;s juTfspd; gb x kw;Wk; y vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkhdk; KiwNa

^1& 6" 16 ^2& 3" 16 ^3& 5" 28 ^4& 6" 11 ^5& 5" 25

34' 30 khztu;fsJ xU khjfhy ghlrhiy tUifiaf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l jpus;kb

P wd;
ml;ltiz fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghlrhiy eilngw; w kP b wd; jpus; k P b wd; rjtPj jpus;kPbwd;

ehl; f s;
0-4 2 2 6'67

4-8 3 5 16'67

8-12 5 10 33'33

12-16 20 30 100'00

Nkw;gb tpilfspy; rupahdJ>

^1& tFg;Gg; gps;isfspy; 4 ehl;fs; my;yJ mijtplf; Fiwe;jsT tUif
je;Njhu; 6% MFk;.
^2& tFg;gpy; vy;yh khztu;fSk; 10 ehl;fSf;F Nky; tUif je;Js;sdu;.
^3& tFg;gpy; vy;yh khztu;fSk; 12 ehl;fSf;F Nky; tUif je;Js;sdu;.
^4& ,g;guk;gypy; ,ilak;> 12 f;Fk; 16k; ,ilg;gl;ljhf mikAk;
^5& ,g;guk;gypy; ,ilak; 4 f;Fk; 12 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ljhf mikAk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 347

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f s;

1 xU ghlrhiyapypUe;J> 20 khztu;fs; nfhz;l xU khjpup njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mk;khztu;fsJ tPl;Lf;Fk; ghlrhiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uk; fpl;ba fpNyhkPw;wu;fspy;
ngwg;gl;lJ. me;j mtjhdpg;G tUkhW
2" 3" 2" 2" 2" 1" 1" 3" 0" 1" 1" 1" 2" 2" 2" 2" 3" 2" 3" 1

i' ,e;j juTfis kPbwd; ml;ltizapy; fhl;Lf.

ii' ,g;ngWkhdq;fspd; ,iliaf; fhz;f.

2 xU njhopw;rhiyapy; gz;l cw;gj;jpfSf;F> ehd;F nghwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

mg;nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;jpa Neu msT kw;Wk; nghwpapd; mikg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fika
mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jp gpd;tUkhW NtWgl;ljhFk;. mj;juTfs; tUkhW
nghwp epkplnkhd;W cw;g j;j pnra;a g; g Lk; myFfs;
A 1
B 4
C 5
D 6
(a) ,e;j vy;yhg; nghwpfSk; njhopw;gl;ldntdpd; xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk;
nkhj;jg; gz;l myFfs; vj;jid vdf;fhz;f.
(b) ehd;F kzp Neu tiuaiwapW Kjy; %d;W kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; A,B,C Mfpa
nghwpfs; khj;jpuk; njhopw;gl;lNjhL kPjp xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; B,C,D Mfpa
nghwpfs; khj;jpuk; njhopw;gl;ldntdpd;> ,e;j ehd;F kzp Neuj;Js; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l gz;l myFfspd; ,iliaf; fzpf;Ff.

3' x, 9, 11, 9, 12, 11, 10, 11 vDk; vz;fs; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;
Mfhuk; vJntdf; fhz;f.
i. x  9 MFk; NghJ
ii. x  9 MFk; NghJ

4' i' gpd;tUk; vz;njhFjpapd; ,ilaj;ijf; fhz;f.

31" 37" 42" 52" 55" 70

ii' Nkw;gb vz;njhFjpAld; Y vDk; vz; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;tUk; xt;nthU

re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ,ilak; ahnjdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
a. y  42
b. 42  y  52
c. y  52

5 gpd;tUk; kPbwd; guk;gypd; ,iliaf; fhz;f

tFg;ghapil 10 - 12 13 - 15 16 - 18 19 - 21 22 - 24
kPbwd; guk;gy; 3 8 15 9 5

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 348

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

i' Nkw;gb kPbwd; guk;gypd; ,iliaf; fhz;gjw;nfd ml;ltizAld; NkYk;

,uz;L tupirfisr; Nru;f;f.
ii' ,iliaf; fhz;f.
iii' ePqf
; s; NkNy fzpj;j ,ilg;ngWkhdj;jpd; nrk;ikia vt;thW cWjpg;gLj;JtPuP ;
vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

6' jug;gl;Ls;s kPbwd; guk;gypy;

i' tFg;Gg; Gs;spfSf;Fupa epuiyg; g+u;j;jpnra;f.
ii' kPbwd; guk;gy; tisapia tiughf;fpf; fhl;Lf.
tFg;G vy;iy kPbwd; tFg;G g; Gs;s p
28'5 - 33'5 5 ------
33'5 - 38'5 6 ------
38'5 - 43'5 16 ------
43'5 - 48'5 4 ------
48'5 - 53'5 7 ------
53'5 - 58'5 2 ------

7' 1kg jpuhl;irg;gog; nghjpfs; 27 mlq;fpAs;s xU khjpupia vLj;J mtw;wpd; epiw

%d;W jrhkjhdq;fSf;Fj; jpUj;jkhf msstplg;gl;lNghJ fpilj;j ngWkhdq;fs;
tUkhW.
1'009" 1'017" 0'985" 1'024" 1'010" 0'981" 1'031" 1'025" 1'003" 1'013" 0'988" 0'973" 1'018"
0'997" 1'002" 0'990" 1'000" 1'009" 0'996" 1'007" 1'043" 1'028" 1'002" 1'013" 0'994" 1'012"
1'020
,e;j juTfspd;>
i' cr;rg; ngWkhdj;ijAk; ,opTg; ngWkhdj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
ii' ,opTg;ngWkhdj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J> 0.007 I tFg;Gg; gUdhff;nfhz;L
rjtPj jpus;kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziaj; jahupf;Ff.
iii' rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; tisapiag; gUkl;lhf tiuf.

8' i' Nkw;gb (06) Mk; epiyapy; jpus;kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; ngWtjw;fhf
jpus;kPbwidf; fhl;Lk; xU epuiy ml;ltizAld; Nru;f;Ff.
ii' ePqf
; s; ngw;w jpus;kb
P wd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp> jpus;kb
P wd; guk;gy;
tisapia tiuG %yk; fhl;Lf.

9' gJisg; gpuNjrj; j py; Njapiyg; ngUe; N jhl; l nkhd; w py; mike; J s; s fpuhkpa
itj;jparhiynahd;wpy; thuj;jpy; Ie;J ehs;fspy; tUif je;j Nehahspfs; njhlu;ghd
tptuq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 349

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

Nehahspfspd; taJ 2-8 8 - 14 14 - 20 20 - 26 26 - 32 32 - 38

Nehahspfs; njhif 2 3 8 5 4 3

i' 14 - 20 tFg;gpd; Gs;spia cj;Njr ,ilahff; nfhz;L Fwpj;j Ie;J ehs;fspYk;

tUif je;j Nehahspfspd; ,il taijf; fzpf;f.
ii' Nkw;gb guk;gYf;fhf> rjtPj jpus;kPbwd; tisapnahd;iw tiuf.

tFg;ghapil 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50

10'
kP b wd ; 3 6 8 12 7 4
i' Nkw; g b ml;l tiziag; gad; g Lj; j p> mj; j uTfSf; f hd tFg; G vy; i y
ml;ltiznahd;W jahupf;Ff.
ii' mt;tFg;G vy;iyfisg; gad;gLj;jp> tiyAUtiuankhd;wpid mikf;Ff.

11' 7" 13" 5" 16" 13" 11" 20" 3" 17" 6" 23

i' NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s juTg; guk;giy VWtupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;Jf.

ii' juTj;njhFjpapd; tPr;irf; fhz;f.
iii' juTj;njhFjpapd; ,ilaj;ijf; fhz;f.
iv' juTj;njhFjpapd; fhyiz ,iltPr;irf; fhz;f.
v' juTj;njhFjpapd; ,iliaf; fhz;f.

12' kpd; myFfspd; vz;zpf;if 30 31 32 33 34 35

kP b wd; 1 3 8 5 4 2

,Ugj;J%d;W tPLfspy; xU thuj;jpy; Efug;gl;l kpd; myFfspd; vz;zpf;iffs;

NkNy ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
i' Nkw;gb guk;gypd; Mfhuj;ijf; fhz;f.
ii' Nkw;gb guk;gypd; ,ilaj;ijf; fhz;f.
iii' Nkw;gb guk;gypd; fhyizfisf; fzpj;J fhyiz ,iltPr;irf; fhz;f.
iv' Nkw;gb guk;gypd; ,iliaf; fhz;f.
13'
tFg; g hapil 30-34 34-38 38-42 42-46 46-50 50-54
kP b wd; 2 4 13 16 11 7

i' Nkw;gb guk;gYf;fhd tFg;Gg;Gs;sp mlq;fpa ml;ltiz xd;iw jahupf;Ff.

ii' kPbwd; guk;gy; tisapia tiughf tifFwpf;f.
iii' Nkw;gb guk;gypd; tFg;G vy;iy> tFg;G tiuaiw vd;gd gw;wp ahJ $wyhk;?
iv' Nkw;gb guk;gyhdJ> njhlu; $l;lkhf;fpa guk;gyh.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 350

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1' tpil ^3&

Mfhuk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spj;njhFjpapy;; mjpf jlitfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s juthFk;.
Nkw;gb Gs;spfspy; 68 MdJ %d;W jlitfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,tw;wpd;
Mfhuk; 68 MFk;.

2' tpil ^3&

Fwpg;gpl;l juTfspd; vz;zpf;if xw;iwahf cs;sNghJ n juTfisf;nfhz;l xU
n 1
njhFjpapd; ,ilakhdJ> juTfis VWtupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;Jtjpy; ,lj;jpy;
2
cs;s ngWkhdkhFk;.
,j;juTfis VWtupirg;gLj;jpdhy; 12" 15" 16" 17" 18" 19" 20 vd mikAk;.
juTfspd; vz;zpf;if n = 7
n 1 7 1
,ilak; mikAk; ,lk; = = 4 Mk; cWg;ghFk;.
2 2
 ,ilak; = 17 MFk;.

3' tpil ^2&

juTfspd; vz; z pf; i ffs; ,ul; i lahf tupd; mj; j uTfis VWtupirg; g b
n 1
xOq;FgLj;jpagpd;> juTfspd; vz;zpf;if n Mapd; ,ilakhf miktJ
2
,lj;jpw;F xg;ghd ngWkhdkhFk;.
juTfis VWtupirg;gLj;jpdhy; 8" 9" 9" 10" 10" 11" 11" 12" 13" 14 vd;W fpilf;Fk;.
^juTfspd; vz;zpf;if 10&

n 1 10  1 11
 ,ilak; mikAk; ,lk; = = = 5.5
2 2 2

5.5 tJ ,lj;jpd; ngWkhdk; vd;gJ 5k;> 6k; ,lq;fspd; ,il MFk;.

10  11 21
,ilak; = = = 10.5
2 2

4' tpil ^1&

juTfspy; mjp$ba ngWkhdk; = 43
juTfspy; mjpFiwe;j ngWkhdk; = 35
tPr;R = 43 - 35
= 8
5' tpil ^1&
Mfhuk; vd;gJ juTfspy; mjpf jlitfs; tUk; vz; MFk;. ,tw;wpy; mjpf jlitfshf
,U jlitfs; te;Js;s vz; 14 MFk;.

6' tpil ^3&

tPr;R = cr;rg;ngWkhdk; - ,opTg;ngWkhdk; = 20 - 2 = 18

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 351

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

7' tpil ^3&

8' tpil ^4&

9' tpil ^2&

juTfis VWtupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jpdhy;
34" 35" 37" 38" 39" 40
1
Q1 = (n  1) ,lj;Jg; ngWkhdk;
4
1
 (7  1)
4
= 2 k; ,lj;Jg;ngWkhdk;
 Q1 = 35 MFk;.

10' tpil ^1&

juTfis VWtupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jpdhy;

60" 70" 74" 75" 78" 80" 82" 85" 90
tPr;R = 90 - 60
= 30
1 3
Q1 = (9  1) Q3 = (9  1)
4 4
3 5
= 2'5 tJ ngWkhdk;   10  7.5
42

70  74 144 82  85 167
  72   83.5
2 2 2 2
Q3 - Q1 = 83'5-72'0
= 11'5

11' rupahd tpil ^5&

juTfis VWtupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jpdhy;

20" 21" 22" 23" 24" 25" 27" 28" 29" 30
1
,q;F Q1 = ( n  1)
4
1
 (11  1)
4

= 3 Mk; <l;L
Q1 = 22

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 352

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

3
Q3 = (n  1)
4
3
 12
4
= 9 ngWkhdk;
Q3 = 29
Q3 - Q1 = 29 - 22
= 7

12' tpil ^4&

juTfis VWtupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jpdhy;>

12" 13" 14" 15" 15" 16" 16
1 3
,q;F Q1 = ( n  1) Q3 = ( n  1)
4 4
1 3
 (7  1)  (7  1)
4 4
Q3 = 6 tJ ngWkhdk;
= 16

Q1 = 2 tJ ngWkhdk;
= 13

Q3- Q1 = 16 -13 = 3

13' tpil ^2&

A, B, C fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
6 4 x 3 65
 6  24  x  36  x  36  24  12  A ngha;ahdJ
6
x ,dJ ngWkhdk; 4 MFk;NghJ ,J gy; Mfhug;guk;gyhFk;. vdpDk; 4 ck; Xu;
MfhukhFk;. x ,d; khwhg;ngWkhdk; 3 MFk;NghJ Nkw;gb njhFjpia VW tupirg;gb
xOq;FgLj;Jtjd; %yk; fpilg;gJ.
3" 3" 4" 5" 6" 6
45
,ilak;  4.5  C cz;ikahFk;.
2
,jd;gb rupahd tpil (2)

14' tpil ^5&

juTfspd; vz;zpf;if = 4 + 9 + 8 = 21

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 353

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

15' tpil ^1&

16' tpil ^2&

jpus;kPbwd; tisapapdhy; Q2 ,id (,ilaj;ij) Neubahfg; ngwyhk;.

17' tpil ^5&

18' tpil ^5&

3

x
i 1
i = x1 + x2 + x3 = 8 + 0 + 12 = 20

19' tpil ^5&

20' tpil ^2&

0" 2" 5" 6" 8" 9" 11" 11" 13" 14" 16

1
Q1 = (11  1) = 3 ,g;ngWkhdk; = 5
4
3
Q13 = (11  1) = 9 ,g;ngWkhdk; = 13
4

fhyiz ,iltPr;R Q3 - Q1 = 13 - 5 = 8

21' tpil ^2&

22' tpil ^4&

23' tpil ^3&

24' tpil (2)

25' tpil ^5&

tFg;Gg;gUkd; = ^Nky; vy;iy - fPo; vy;iy& + 1

= ^40 - 38& + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3

26' tpil ^2&

xU njhFjp juTfspd; ,il vd;gJ juTfs; vy;yhtw;wpdJk; $l;Lj;njhifia
juTfspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; ngWkhdk;.
(200  450  505  620  2250) g
Nkw;gb nghjpfspd; epiwapd; ,il =
5
2250
= g
5
= 450g
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 354
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

27' tpil ^3&

Nkw;gb kw;w ngWkhdq;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ 36 nghUj;jkhdjy;y. ,jd;gb ,iliag;
ngWk; N ghJ ,J mehtrpakhd jhf; f j; i j Vw; g Lj; J k; . ,ilaj; i jg; n gWtJ
nghUj;jkhdJ. vdNt ,ilakhfg; ngWtjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd ngWkhdk; 4
MFk;.

29' tpil ^3&

37  2  39 1  40  2
,ilak; = = 38.6
5

30' tpil ^4&

2  1  7  2  12  4 64 1
,ilak; =   9  9
7 7 7

31' tpil ^1&

32' tpil ^2&

,q;F n1 = 30 n2 = 28 n3 = 29
x1 = 48 x2 = 52 x3 = 50

x 
n x i i

n i

30  48  28  52  29  50
=
87
= 49'95
= 50 (fpl;ba KOntz;zhf)

33' tpil ^3&

jpus;kPbwd; kw;Wk; kPbwd;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlu;gpd; gb

33 + x = 38  x = 5
17 + 11 = y  y = 28

34' tpil ^4&

rjtPjj; jpus;kPbwd; 33'33] I tpl mjpfkhtJld; 12-16 tFg;gpy; 100] I milAk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 355

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fl;L iutif tpdhf;f spw;f hd tpilfs;

1' i'
mtjhdpg;G tuTf;Fwp kPbwd;

ksjitPyd
L> ghlrhiy
mdi, w;r ÿr 0 1 2 3
Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd
^wdikak lsf,daógrhg&
J}uk; mz;zsthf km,y;
khztuJ 1 6 9 4
isiqka .Kk
vz;zpf;if

ii' ,il
fx 1 z

0 1  1 6  2  9  3  4
n 20
36

20
 1.8

2' (a) vy;yhg; nghwpfSk; xU epkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if  1 4  5  6
 16
 vy;yhg; nghjpfSk xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if  16  60
 960

(b) Kjy; %d;W kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; xU eplj;jpy cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;

gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if  1  4  5  10
Kjy; %d;W kzpj;jpahyq;fSs; xU kzpjj
; pahyjJf;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if  10  60  600
Kjy; %d;W kzpjj
; pahyq;fspd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 600  3  1800
,Wjpahd kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; xU epkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f.  4  5  6  15
,Wjpahd kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 15  60  900
ehd;F kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nkhj;j gz;lq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if  1800  900
 2700
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 356
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l gz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

2700
,il 
4
 675
3' i' x  9 MdNghJ>
11 MdJ %d;W jlitfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sikahy;> mjpf jlitfs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s vz;zpf;if 11 MFk;. vdNt Mfhuk; 11 MFk;.

ii' x  9 MFk;NghJ
11> 9 Mfpa ,uz;L vz;zpf;iffSk; mjpf jlitfshf %d;W
jlitfs;> ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. vdNt ,J xU gy; Mfhug; guk;gyhFk;.
Mfhuk; 9 ck;> 11 ck; MFk;.

4' i' n  6 Mjyhy; n Xu; ,ul;il vz;zhFk;.

n n
vdNt ,ilak; jhdj;jpd; vz;zpf;ifapdJk;  1 jhdj;jpd;
2 2
vz;zpf;ifapdJk; ruhrupahy; jug;gLk;.
%d;whtJ vz;  42 " ehd;fhk; vz;  52
42  52
vdNt ,ilak;  47 MFk;.
2
i (a) y  42 MFk;NghJ
n  7 Mjyhy; n Xu; xw;iw vz;zhFk;.
n 1
vdNt ,ilak; Mk; jhd vz;zhFk;.
2
n 1 7 1
vdNt> ,ilak;   4 Mk; jhd vz;zhk;.
2 2
y  42 Mjyhy; vz;njhlUld; ,ilf;F ntspapy; y mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt ,ilak; 42 MFk;.
(b) 42  y  52 MFk; NghJ
n  7 Mjyhy; n vz; xw;iwnaz; MtNjhL> ,ilakhdJ
 7 1
4  Mk; jhdj;jpy; cs;s vz;zhFk;.
 2 
42  y  52 Mjyhy; ehd;fhtJ jhdj;jpy; miktJ y MFk;.
vdNt ,ilak;  y MFk;.
(c) y  52 MFk;NghJ
n  7 Mjyhy; n xw;iwnaz; MtNjhL> ,ilakhdJ 4 Mk; jhdj;jpy;
mikAk;.
y  52 Mjyhy;> vz; njhlu; ,ilaj;Jf;F tyJGwkhf mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt> ,ilak;  52 MFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 357

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

5' i' me;je;j tFg;Gf;fspd; Gs;spfisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf xU epiwiaAk; me;je;j

tFg;Gg;Gs;spis mNjhL xg;ghd Gs;spg; guk;gypdhy; ngUf;fpg; ngWk;
ngWNgw;iwf; Fwpg;gjw;F xU epiwiaAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
tFg;ghapil 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24
guk;gy; 3 8 15 9 5
tFg;Gg; Gs;sp 11 14 17 20 23
Gs;spg;guk;gy; X tFg;Gg; Gs;spfs; 33 112 255 180 115

ii' fx i i  33  112  255  180  115

 695

f i  3  8  15  9  5
 40

x
fx i i

695
f i 40
 17.37

iii' 16 - 18 Mk; tFg;gpNyNa kpff; $Ljyhd vz;zpf;if juTfs; mlq;fpAs;sd.

,lJGwk; tyJGwkhfTk; juTfs; Fiwe;J nrd;Ws;sd. 17.37 MtJ ,il>
,t;tFg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;sikahy; ,f;fzpj;jy; rupahdJ vd;gJ ngUksTf;F
cWjpahfpd;wJ.

6' i'
mkaG;
tFg; tiug;ghL
s udhsï ixLHd;h
kPbwd; mka ;Gs ,l=
tFg; Gs;sK
p
28.5 - 33.5 5 31
33.5 - 38.5 6 36
38.5 - 43.5 16 41
43.5 - 48.5 4 46
48.5 - 53.5 7 51
53.5 - 58.5 2 56

ii' x - mr;rpy; tFg;Gg;Gs;spiaAk; y - mr;rpy; kPbwidAk; nfhz;L tiugpd; kPbwd;

guk;gy; tisapiaf; fhl;l Mtd nra;tJ nghUj;jkhdJ.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 358

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

ixLHdkh
kPbwd;

18 -
16-
14 -
12 -
10 -
8-
6-
4-
2-
0- mka;
G s Gs;
tFg; ,l=
sK p
26 -
31 -
36 -
41 -
46 -
51 -
56 -
61 -
7' i' cr;rg; ngWkhdk;  1.043 " ,opTg; ngWkhdk;  0.973
ii'

jpus;kb
P wd; rjtPj
tFg;G vy;iy tuTf;Fwp kPbwd;
jpus;kb
P wd;

iii'
tFg;
mkaG;svy; iy
udhsï m%;sY; iuqÉrjtP
Ñ;j ixLHd;h
jpus;kb
P wd;
0.9725 - 0.9805 04
0.9805 - 0.9885 15
0.9885 - 0.9965 26
0.9965 - 1.0045 44
1.0045 - 1.0125 63
1.0125 - 1.0205 81
1.0205 - 1.0285 93
1.0285 - 1.0365 96
1.0365 - 1.0445 100

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 359

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0-
0.9725 -
0.9805 -
0.9885 -
0.9965 -
1.0045 -
1.0125 -
1.0205 -
1.0285 -
1.0365 -
1.0445 -
8' i' mka;s iuqkÉbP Ñ;
tFg;G vy;iy
udhsï ixLHdkh
kPbwd; jpus;
ixLHd;h
wd;

28.5 - 33.5 5 5
33.5 - 38.5 6 11
38.5 - 43.5 16 27
43.5 - 48.5 4 31
48.5 - 53.5 7 38
53.5 - 58.5 2 40

ii' iuqÉÑ;
ixLHdkh
jpus;kb
P wd;

40 -
35 -
30 -
25 -
20 -
15 -
10 -
5-
mka ;s udhs
tFg; G vy;ïiy
28’5 -
33.5 -
38.5 -
43.5 -
48.5 -
53.5 -
58.5 -

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 360

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

9' i tFg;ghapil tFg;Gg; Gs;sp xi x  A

1 fi di
2-8 5 -12 2 -24
8 -14 11 -6 3 -18
14 - 20 17 0 8 0
20 - 26 23 6 5 30
26 - 32 29 12 4 48
32 - 38 35 18 3 54
132 - 42
d i  90

25

d
i 1
i
Nehahsp xUtupd; ,il taJ x  A 
n
90
x  17 
25
 17  3.6
 20.6

ii' tFg;ghapil kPbwd; jpus; kPbwd; rjtPj jpus; kPbwd;

2
2-8 2 2 100% } 8
25
5
8 - 14 3 5 100% } 20
25
13
14 - 20 8 13 100% } 52
25
18
20 - 26 5 18 100% } 72
25
22
26 - 32 4 22  100% } 88
25
25
32 - 38 3 25 100% } 100
25

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 361

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

rjtPj jpus; kPbwd;

tFg;G vy;iy

10' i'

tFg;ghapil tFg;G vy;iy kPbwd;

21 - 25 20'5 - 25'5 3
26 - 30 25'5 - 30'5 6
31 - 35 30'5 - 35'5 8
36 - 40 35'5 - 40'5 12
41 - 45 40'5 - 45'5 7
46 - 50 45'5 - 50'5 4

kPbwd;
ii'

tFg;G vy;iy

11' i' 3" 5" 6" 7" 11" 13" 13" 16" 17" 20" 23
ii' 2 3  3  2 0

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 362

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

iii' ,ilahf mikAk; <l;Lf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1

  n  1
2
1 1
 11  1  12
2 2
 6 tJ <l;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if
,il  13
iv' Q1 tJ <l;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if
Q1 6

3
Q3 tJ <l;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if   n  1
4
3 3
  12
4
 9 jekshd

Q3  17
,ilf;fhyiz tPr;R  Q1  Q 2
 17  6
 11

x i
v' x i 1

n
n

x
i 1
i  3  5  6  7  11  13  13  16  17  20  23

 134
134
x
11
x  12.18

12' i' 32
n
ii' f
i 1
i  1 3  8  5  4  2

 23

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 363

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

1
,ilapd; mikT  n  1 
2
1
 2 3  1 
2
1
  24  12
2

,il  32 ^12 tJ vz; 32 Mifahy;&

1
iii' Q1 tJ <l;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if   n  1
4
1 1
  23  1   24  6 jekshd
4 4
Q1  32

3
Q3 tJ <l;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if   n  1
4
3 3
  23  1   24  18 jekshd
4 4
Q3  34

,ilf;fhyiz tPr;R  Q3  Q1
 34  32
2

iv'

kpd;myFfspd; vz;zpf;if ^xi& kPbwd; ^fi& xifi

30 1 30
31 3 93
32 8 256
33 5 165
34 4 136
35 2 70

fi xi  750

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 364

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

fx i i
,il x i 1
n

f
i 1
i

750

23
 32.61

13' i' tFg;ghapil 30-34 34-38 38-42 42-46 46-50 50-54

mka;tFg;
s ,l=GK
g; Gs;sp 32 36 40 44 48 52
kPbwd;
ixLHd;h 2 4 13 16 11 7

ii' 16 -
14 -
12 -
10 -
8-
6-
4-
2-
0-
28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56

iii' Nkw;gb guk;gypy; tFg;G vy;iy tFg;G tiuaiw Mfpad rkkhFk;.

iv' tFg;G vy;iy tFg;G tiuaiw Mfpad rkkhditahifahy;
Nkw;gb guk;gy; njhlu; jpus; guk;gyhFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 365

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

myF 26 - njhopDl;g mgptpUj;jpAk; #oYk;

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f s;

1) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fhgd; tl;lk; njhlu;ghd cz;ikahd $w;W
1 jhtu> tpyq;Fg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; tpiutpy; rpijtiltjdhy; capu;r;Rtl;L
vupnghUs; cUthFk;.
2 gr;irj;jhtuq;fs; xspj;njhFg;gpd; %yk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;il tspkz;lyj;jpw;F
ntsptpLfpd;wd.
3 ePupYs;s fiuaj;jf;f fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; msT mjpfupj;jpUg;gjdhy; g+Nfhs
ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;.
4 tspapy; fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; msT mjpfupg;gjdhy; mkpykio Vw;gLk;.
5 tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;L gr;irtPl;L tpistpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nrYj;Jk;;.

2) iejurd; tl;lk; njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W.

1 tspkz;ly iejurd; thA mjpf jhf;Fjpwd; nfhz;ljhFk;.
2 capu;Kiwg; gjpj;jy; vdg;gLtJ kz;zpYs;s iej;jpNuw;W tspkz;ly iejurd;
thAthf khw;wkiljyhFk;.
3 kpd;dypd;NghJ tspkz;ly iejurd; thA gjpf;fg;gLk;.
4 iejurdpwf;Fk; gw;wPupahf;fspdhy; tspkz;ly iejurd; gjpf;fg;gLk;.
5 jhtug; Gujq;fSf;Fk; iejurd; tl;lj;Jf;FkpilNa njhlu;G fpilahJ.

3) ,aw;if tl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd gpioahd $w;W vJ?

1 mNkhdpahtpd; njhopd;Kiwj; jahupg;gpd; %ykhf iejurd; tl;lj;jpd; rkepiyf;Fg;
ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
2 mjpfstpy; capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUl; jfdj;jpd; fhuzkhf fhgd; tl;lj;jpy; ghjpg;G
Vw;gLk;.
3 Nky; tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s XNrhd; FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgDld; jhf;fkilAk;.
4 fhlopj;jy; fhuzkhf fhgd; tl;lj;jpw;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;.
5 iejurd; tl;lj;jpd; epiyg;gpy; Ez;zq;fpfs; mjpf nry;thf;if Vw;gLj;Jk;.

4) gpd;tUk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfSs;> ,aw;if tl;lj;jpd; kPJ fzprkhd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jhj

nraw;ghL vJ?
1 iejuridAk; IjuridAk; jhf;fkilar; nra;J> mNkhdpah cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
2 CFC, HCFC Nghd;w Fspu;j;Jk; thAf;fis mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jy; epyf;fup tY
cw;gj;jpepiyak; %yk; kpd;id cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
3 ,urhadg; grisfis kpifahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
4 mZ kpd;epiyaq;fspypUe;J kpd;Dw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.
5 capu;r ;R tl;L vupnghUspd; jfdj;j pdhy; tspkz;l yj;J f;F fhgdP n uhl;i rl;L
ntsptplg;gly;.

5) ,yq;ifapy; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Jupj mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffSs; #oYf;F

kpff; Fiwe;j msT jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa eltbf;if vJ?
1 Eiur;Nrhiy epyf;fup kpd;tY epiyak; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.
2 ,yq;iff;F mjpfstpy; thfdq;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lik.
3 ehnlq;fpYk; Gjpa mjpNtf tPjpfSk;> ngUe;njUf;fSk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.
4 Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; Jupj tpUj;jp.
5 tptrhaj;Jiwapd; Jupj tpUj;jp.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 366
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

6) Gtp ntg;gk; mjpfupg;gjpy; fzprkhd msT gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ahj kdpjr; nraw;ghL

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1 <uepyq;fs; rhu;e;j tptrha eltbf;iffs;
2 Kiwikahd jpl;lNkJkpd;wp efu;g;Gwf; fopTg;nghUl;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gLjy;.
3 ghupa mstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; khLtsu;g;G.
4 gapu;r;nra;iff;F mjpfsT ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;jy;.
5 FspNuw;wpfSk; tspgjdhf;fpfSk; mjpfstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L;
gad;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gly;.

7) #oypy; NrUk; ghjfkhd thAf;fs; njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ?
1 nkNjd; thA> XNrhd;gilia Neubahfg; ghjpf;Fk;.
2 FNshuPd;Nru; IjNuhf;fhgd; Nri;itfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ Gtp ntg;gepiy
mjpfupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
3 tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpapYs;s XNrhd; kdpjdpd; ,Ug;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhtNjhL
tspkz;lyj;jpd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; cs;s XNrhd; kdpj Rfhjhuj;Jf;Fg;
ghjfkhdjhFk;.
4 t s pk z ;l y j ;J f ;F SO2 thA tpLtpf;fg;gly; g+Nfhs ntg;gkilYf;Ff;
fhuzkhfhJ.
5 tspapy; cs;s NO2> mkpykio> Vw;gLtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.

8) #oypy; NrUk; ghjfkhd ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1 gapu;r;nra;iff;F epjKk; ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;tjhy; kz;zpy; ctu;j;jd;ik
Fiwtiljy;.
2 cNyhfg; gpupj;njLg;G kw;Wk; Rj;jpfupg;G Mfpad fhuzkhf> tspkz;lyj;jpy;
ghu cNyhfq;fs; Nru;jy;.
3 rPnke;J Nghd;w njhq;fy;epiyj; Jzpf;iffs;> rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fs;
fhuzkhf tspAld; njhq;fy;epiyj; Jzpf;iffs; Nru;jy;.
4 ,urhadg; grisfis msTf;fjpfkhfg; gad;gLjj;Jtjdhy; ePupy; fiue;j
epiyapy; cs;s xl;rprdpd; msT mjpfupj;jy;.
5 Nkw;gb vy;yhf; $w;Wf;fSk; jtwhdit.

9) tspkz;lyk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; ve;jf; $w;W kpfr; rupahdJ?

1 tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s thAf;fisg; gpujhd thAf;fs;> Rtl;lsT thAf;fs;
vd tifg;gLj;j KbahJ.
2 kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf> tspapd; gpujhd $Wfshff; fhzg;gLk;
thAf;fspd; fl;likg;G fzprkhd msTf;F NtWgl ,lKz;L.
3 tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s Rtl;lsT %yfq;fspd; fl;likg;G NtWgLjyhdJ
g+Nfhsr; #oy; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;Wtjpy; fzprkhdsT gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;tjpy;iy.
4 thfdq;fspypUe;Jk; nghwpfspypUe;Jk; ntsptplg;gLk; ntg;gk; fhuzkhf
tspkz;ly ntg;gkiljyhdJ g+Nfhs ntg;gkiltjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
gpujhd fhuzpahFk;.
5 Nkw;gb ve;jf; $w;Wk; rupahdit my;y.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 367
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

10) G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiltjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; thAf;fs; njhlu;ghf jtwhd $w;W

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1 tspapy; mlq;fpAs;s CO2 kw;Wk; CH4 thAf;fspd; msT> fle;j rpy
jrhg;jq;fspy; Jupjkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
2 nkNjd; thA> gpujhdkhf> rJg;G epyq;fspypUe;Jk; rJg;Gepyq;fs; rhu;e;j>
tptrha eltbf;iffs; %yKk; tspkz;lyj;Jld; NrUk;.
3 g+Nfhs ntg;gk; mjpfupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; rpy thAf;fs; gr;irtPl;L
thAf;fs; my;y.
4 SO2 kw;Wk; NO2 thAf;fs;> Gtpntg;gkiltjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjpy;iy.
5 g+Nfhs ntg;gk; cau;tjhy; fly;ePu; tpuptilAk;.

11) FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

a. CFC kpf cWjp Fiwe;j Mtpg;gwg;Gs;s Nru;itahf miktJld; mJ XNrhd;
thATld; tpiuthfj; jhf;fkilAk;.
b. CFC nfhz;Ls;s mjpf Mtpg;gwg;Gj; jd;ik fhuzkhf mJ Fspu;j;jy; thAthfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
c. CFC vdg;gLtJ Kf;fpakhd gr;irtPl;L thAthFk;.

Nkw;gb $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdit.

1 a, b Mfpad kl;Lk;
2 b, c Mfpad kl;Lk;
3 a, c Mfpad kl;Lk;
4 a, b, c Mfpad kl;Lk;
5 Nkw;gb ve;jf; $w;Wk; cz;ikad;W.

12) XNrhd; gil kw;Wk; mjd; ,Ug;G Mfpad njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.
a. gpujhdkhf XNrhd; thAitf; nfhz;Ls;s Nky; tspkz;lyg; gil XNrhd;gil
vdg;gLk;.
b. XNrhd;gil #upadpypUe;J tUk; nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;fis mfj;JwpQ;Rk;.
c. Nky; tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s XNrhd; kw;Wk; xl;rprd; thAf;fs; #upaxspapd;
fhuzkhf gpupif> Nru;f;if Mfpatw;Wf;Fl;gl;L XNrhd;gil cUthFk;.

NkNy jug;gl;l $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ / cz;ikahdit.

1 a kl;Lk; 2 b kl;Lk; 3 c kl;Lk;
4 a, b, c Mfpa midj;Jk; 5 Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; rupahdit

13) gr;irtPl;L tpisT> gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; Mfpad njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk;

$w;Wf;fSs; kpfr; rupahdJ vJ?
1 Gtpapy; eilngWk; gr;irtPl;L tpisT capupd; epyTiff;Fg; ghjfkhf
mikAk;.
2 #upa fjpu;fis mfj;JwpQ;rp gpupiff;Fs;shf;Fk; thAf;fNs gr;ir tPlL
; thAf;fshFk;.
3 CO2 , O2 Mfpa thAf;fs; Gwt+jhf; fjpu;fis mfj;JwpQ;rhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
mt;thAf;fs; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fshfj; njhopw;gLk;.
4 fhgdPnuhl;irl;il tpl kPNjd; mjpf gr;irtPl;L tpisitf; nfhz;l thAthFk;.
5 FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; typikahd gr;irtPl;L thAthfj; njhopw;gl khl;lhJ.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 368

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

14) mkpykio njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ.

1 fhgdPnuhl;irl;L kioePupy; fiuAk;NghJ cUthFk; td;dkpykhd
fhNghdpf;fkpyk; mkpykiof;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.
2 kioePupd; pH ngWkhdk; 7 ,Yk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLkplj;J mJ mkpykiof;fhd
rhd;whFk;.
3 mjpfsthd epyf;fupj; jfdk; fhuzkhf mkpykio mjpfupf;Fk;.
4 tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; kl;lk; cau;tiljy; mkpykio mjpfupf;ff;
fhuzkhf mikAk;.
5 tspapYs;s ePuhtpapd; msT mjpfupj;jy; kio Vw;glf; fhuzkhf mikAk;.

15) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mkpykioapd; nry;thf;F njhlu;ghd gpioahd $w;whf

miktJ.
1 kio fhuzkhf ePuhtpapd; pH ngWkhdk; Fiwtiljy; ePut ; ho; mq;fpfSf;Fg; ghjpg;ghf
mikAk;.
2 kz;zpYs;s Nghriz %yfq;fs; mkpykio fhuzkhf kz;zpypUe;J
tpiuthf ,of;fg;gLk;.
3 njhopd;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; cUthFk; SO 2 thAit ePupD}lhf mfw;Wtjd;
%ykhf mkpykio Vw;gLtijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
4 fy;rpak; fhgNdw;wpdhyhd epUkhzpg;Gfs; mkpy kio fhuzkhfg; ghjpg;gilAk;.
5 nghJthf ePupy; fiuAk; fdpg;nghUl;fs; mkpy ePupy; fiutjd; fhuzkhf
ePupd; fbdj;jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;.

16) xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; kpfr; rupahdJ vJ?
1 xspapay; ,urhad Jkq;fs; cUthf #upantg;gk; mj;jpahtrpakhd fhuzpad;W.
2 xspapay; ,urhad J}kj; Jzpf;iffs; cUthf epyf;fupapd; jfdNk gpujhd
fhuzpahFk;.
3 kPNjd; thA xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kj; Jzpf;iffs; cUthf gpujhd
fhuzkhFk;.
4 fPohd tspkz;lyj;jpy; XNrhd; fhzg;gly; xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kq;fs;
cUthfpAs;sd vd;gjw;fhd rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.
5 K.g.7.00-9.00 tiu nghJthf> fhiyapy; mjpf thfdq;fs; rQ;rupf;Fk;NghNj
cr;rstpy; xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kq;fs; cUthFk;.

17) xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kq;fs; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs;

jtwhdJ vJ?
1. xspapy; ,urhadj; J}kj;jpd; xU tpisthfpa ngnuhl;rp mnrw;iww; iej;jpNuw;W
Gw;W Nehahf;fpahFk;.
2. xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kj;jpd; xU gpujhd tpisthfpa XNrhd;> ,wg;gu;r;
rq;fpypfisg; gpupj;J ,wg;gu; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfisf;
Fiwf;Fk;.
3. xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kk; tspapd; CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikiaf; Fiwf;Fk;.
4. xspapay; ,urhaj; J}kk; fhuzkhf gapu;fspd; tpisr;ry; FiwtilAk;.
5. xspapy; ,urhadj; J}kk; %yk; XNrhd; gilapd; Nja;T Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 369
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

18) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjw;fhd rhd;whff;

fUjKbahjJ .
1 g+NfhsuPjpahff; fUJk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrnkhd;wpd; Fiwthd gfw;fhy>
,uhf;fhy vz;zpf;if gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;Js;sik.
2 mz;kpj;j jrhg;jq;fspy; Gtpapd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy 0.85OC ,dhy;
mjpfupj;Js;sik.
3 kj;jpaNfhl;bw;F mz;kpj;j gpuNjrq;fs; rpytw;wpy; fpilf;Fk; kiotPo;r;rp
gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;Js;sik.
4 madkz;lyj;ijr; rhu;e;j gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfstpy; Gay; Vw;gly;.
5 vy;dpNdh epiyik Vw;gly;.

19) fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G my;yhjJ.

1 nlq;Ff;fha;r;ry;> nfhyuh Nghd;w njhw;WNeha;fs; tpiuthfg; guTjy;.
2 rpy gpuNjrq;fs; ghiytdkhjYf;Fl;gLtjhy; mg;gpuNjr kf;fSf;fhd thoplk;
mw;Wg;Nghjy;.
3 fly;kl;l mjpfupg;G Vw;gLtjdhy; jho;thd gpuNrq;fspy; trpf;Fk; kf;fspd;
thoplk; mw;Wg;Nghjy;.
4 tptrhak; ghjpg;giltjdhy; nghUshjhu ,og;G Vw;gly;.
5 tspkhriljy; fhuzkhf Rthrf; NfhshWfs; Vw;gly;.

20) ePiug; gupfupg;gJ njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; gpioahdJ>

1 Kjdpiy ePu;g;gupfupg;gpy; ePupy; fhzg;gLk; fiuahj epiyapYs;s jpz;kg;
gjhu;j;jq;fs; mfw;wg;gLjy;.
2 capupay; jhf;Fjpwdpd; ,yf;F Jizahd ePu;g;gupfupg;ghFk;.
3 ePiuf; fpUkpaopf;f FNshupNdw;wk; nra;tJ XNrhNdw;wk; nra;tij tpl
ghJfhg;ghdjhFk;.
4 ePupy; fiue;j epiyapYs;s ghu cNyhf mad;fis mfw;WtJ kpff; fbdkhf
miktJld; ,J mjpf tpiy cau;thd njhopDl;g KiwikahFk;.
5 Gwt+jhf; fjpu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ePiur; Rj;jpfupf;fyhk;.

21) efu;g;Gwj; jpz;kf; fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikapd; xU rpwg;gk;rkhfpa $l;nlU

jahupj;jy; njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. jpz;kf; fopTg; nghUl;;fis ntspNaw;Wk;NghJ mtw;iw NtW gpupj;J
ntspNaw;Wjy; $l;nlU cw;gj;jp %yk; $Ljyhd ed;ik ngwyhk;.
2. Jizahd ePu;g;gupfupg;gpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; kz;b $l;nlU jahupg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f rpwe;j ClfkhFk;.
3. Nrjdg; grisfspYs;s gpujhd jhtu Nghrizf; $Wfshd N, P, K Mfpatw;wpd;
msT> ,urhdg; gridfistplf; $Ljyhifahy; Nrjdg; grisfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ
kpfr; rpwe;jjhFk;.
4. $l;nlU jahupg;gjw;nfd rpwg;ghd epge;jidfspd; fPo; Ez;zq;fpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
5. efu;g;Gwf; fopTfisf; nfhz;L $l;nlU jahupgpg;gjd; xU gpujp$yk;>
mf;$l;nlUtpy; ghu cNyhfq;fs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; rhj;jpak; ,Uj;jyhFk;.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 370

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

18) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjw;fhd rhd;whff; fUjKbahjJ.

1 g+NfhsuPjpahff; fUJk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrnkhd;wpd; Fiwthd gfw;fhy>
,uhf;fhy vz;zpf;if gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;Js;sik.
2 mz;kpj;j jrhg;jq;fspy; Gtpapd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy 0.85OC ,dhy;
mjpfupj;Js;sik.
3 kj;jpaNfhl;bw;F mz;kpj;j gpuNjrq;fs; rpytw;wpy; fpilf;Fk; kiotPo;r;rp
gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;Js;sik.
4 madkz;lyj;ijr; rhu;e;j gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfstpy; Gay; Vw;gly;.
5 vy;dpNdh epiyik Vw;gly;.

19) fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G my;yhjJ.

1 nlq;Ff;fha;r;ry;> nfhyuh Nghd;w njhw;WNeha;fs; tpiuthfg; guTjy;.
2 rpy gpuNjrq;fs; ghiytdkhjYf;Fl;gLtjhy; mg;gpuNjr kf;fSf;fhd thoplk;
mw;Wg;Nghjy;.
3 fly;kl;l mjpfupg;G Vw;gLtjdhy; jho;thd gpuNrq;fspy; trpf;Fk; kf;fspd;
thoplk; mw;Wg;Nghjy;.
4 tptrhak; ghjpg;giltjdhy; nghUshjhu ,og;G Vw;gly;.
5 tspkhriljy; fhuzkhf Rthrf; NfhshWfs; Vw;gly;.

20) ePiug; gupfupg;gJ njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; gpioahdJ>

1 Kjdpiy ePu;g;gupfupg;gpy; ePupy; fhzg;gLk; fiuahj epiyapYs;s jpz;kg;
gjhu;j;jq;fs; mfw;wg;gLjy;.
2 capupay; jhf;Fjpwdpd; ,yf;F Jizahd ePu;g;gupfupg;ghFk;.
3 ePiuf; fpUkpaopf;f FNshupNdw;wk; nra;tJ XNrhNdw;wk; nra;tij tpl
ghJfhg;ghdjhFk;.
4 ePupy; fiue;j epiyapYs;s ghu cNyhf mad;fis mfw;WtJ kpff; fbdkhf
miktJld; ,J mjpf tpiy cau;thd njhopDl;g KiwikahFk;.
5 Gwt+jhf; fjpu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ePiur; Rj;jpfupf;fyhk;.

21) efu;g;Gwj; jpz;kf; fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikapd; xU rpwg;gk;rkhfpa $l;nlU

jahupj;jy; njhlu;ghd jtwhd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. jpz;kf; fopTg; nghUl;;fis ntspNaw;Wk;NghJ mtw;iw NtW gpupj;J
ntspNaw;Wjy; $l;nlU cw;gj;jp %yk; $Ljyhd ed;ik ngwyhk;.
2. Jizahd ePu;g;gupfupg;gpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; kz;b $l;nlU jahupg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f rpwe;j ClfkhFk;.
3. Nrjdg; grisfspYs;s gpujhd jhtu Nghrizf; $Wfshd N, P, K Mfpatw;wpd;
msT> ,urhdg; gridfistplf; $Ljyhifahy; Nrjdg; grisfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ
kpfr; rpwe;jjhFk;.
4. $l;nlU jahupg;gjw;nfd rpwg;ghd epge;jidfspd; fPo; Ez;zq;fpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
5. efu;g;Gwf; fopTfisf; nfhz;L $l;nlU jahupgpg;gjd; xU gpujp$yk;>
mf;$l;nlUtpy; ghu cNyhfq;fs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; rhj;jpak; ,Uj;jyhFk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 371
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

22) gpd;tUk; njhopd;Kiwj; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; 3R vz;zf;fUtpw;Fg;

nghUj;jg;ghlhf mikahjJ vJ?
1 Fz;LKidg; Ngdhtpw;Fg; gjpyhf Cw;Wikg; Ngdhtpidg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2 fzpdp mr;rplw; nghwpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ikg;nghjpfis kPsTk; epug;gpg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
3 ,wg;gu;g; ghiyj; jflhf;fpa gpd;du; vQ;Rk; fopTePiu mfw;Wjy;.
4 nghJthd ,Uk;gpw;Fg; gjpyhf kpfg; ghuq;Fiwe;njdpDk; kpf cWjpahd
fyg;GNyhfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

23) gpshj;jpf;if kPs;Row;rp nra;tJ njhlu;ghf nghUj;jkw;wJ

1 tu;zq;fisg; nghjpnra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gpshj;jpf;Fg; ghj;jpuq;fisr;
Rj;jk;nra;J ePiur; Nrkpf;f gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2 Fspu;ghd tiffisg; nghjpaplg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpshj;jpf;Fg; Nghj;jy;fis
cUf;fp Nkhl;lhu; thfd cuha;TePf;fy; vz;nza;f; nfhs;fyd;fs; jahupj;jy;.
3 Rj;jQ; nra;ag;gl;l FbePiu milg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; PET Nghj;jy;fis
,urhaduPjpahf kPsTk; jdpg;gjhu;j;jkhf (Monomer)khw;wPL nra;jy;.
4 jpz;kf; fopTg;nghUl;fspYs;s gpshj;jpf;fpid vupj;J vupnghUs; jahupj;jy;.
5 efu;g;Gw jpz;k fopTg;nghUl;fspy; cs;s gpshj;jpf;fpid Ntwhf;fp epyj;ij
epug; G tjw; n fdg; ; ( Landfill) gad; g Lj; J jy; .

24) CFC, HCPC, HFC Mfpad njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; vf;$w;W cz;ikahdJ?

1 CFC XNrhDld; jhf;fKWtjhy; XNrhd;gil Nja;tilAk;.
2 HFC, HCFC Mfpatw;wpdhy; XNrhd;gilf;F vt;tpj ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glhJ.
3 CFC, HCFC, HFC Mfpa midj;Jk; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fshFk;.
4 HFC %ykhf FNshupd; RahjPd %yq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
5 fpNahl;lh rkthaj;jpd; %ykhf CFC cUthtjidj; jLg;gjw;fhd
fUj;njhUkpg;G Vw;gl;lJ.

25) efu;g;Gw jpz;k fopTfis mfw;WtJ njhlu;ghd gpioahd $w;W.

1 efu;g;Gwj; jpz;kf; fopTfis capu;thA cw;gj;jpf;nfdg; gadg;gLj;j KbahJ.
2 efu;g;Gwj; jpz;kf; fopTfis Ntwhf;fp mfw;Wtjd; %yk; nghUshjhu
mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
3 efu;g;Gwf; fopTfis $l;nlU jahupg;gjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
4 efu;g;Gwf; fopTfspy; kpf mjpfstpy; gpshj;jpf;F mlq;fpAs;sJ.
5 efu;g;Gwf; fopTfis xOq;fhd Kiwapy; mfw;Wtjd; %ykhf kz;> ePu;>
Mfpad khrilayhk;.

26) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gpioahd $w;W vJ?

1 J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;fika fopT vdg;gLtJ tpiy
kjpg;Gila xU tskhFk;.
2 J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fUtpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; cUthFk;
fopTg;nghUl;fisg; gupfupj;j gpd;du; mw;WtjhFk;.
3 kPs;Row;rp vd;gJ J}acw;gj;jpfs; jahupg;gpd; xU gbKiwahFk;.
4 cgfuzq;fspd; vupnghUs; tpidj;jpwid mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;; J}a cw;gj;jpr;
nrad;KiwAld; njhlu;GilaJ.
5 fopTg;nghUl;fs; Kiwahf ntspNaw;wf; $bajhf cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia
xOq;Fnra;jy; J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwAld; njhlu;GilaJ.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 372
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

27) J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwAld; Vw;Gilajy;yhj nrad;KiwahdJ>

1 ifj;jwpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf kpd;tpirj; jwpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
2 fl;kpak; nfhz;l kPs;kpd;Ndw;wf;$ba Nrkpg;Gf;fyj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf kpf
tpidj;jpwdhd> er;Rj;jd;ikaw;w ypjpak;> ,Uk;G gw;wupiag; gad;gLj;jy;.
3. Nrjdf;fiug;ghd; rhu;e;j vdhky; tu;zj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf (solvent based) ePiuf;
fiug;ghdhff; nfhz;l (water based) tu;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
4 Jk;Gf; ifj;njhopypy; fopf;fg;gLk; Jk;Gr;Nrhw;wpid tpwFf;fhd gpujpaPl;L
vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
5 ,wg;gu;ghiy ciwar; nra;tjw;nfd mnrw;wpf;fkpyj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf
Nghypf;fkpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

28) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j nrad;Kiwg; gad;ghL J}a cw;gj;jp rhu;e;jjhFk;?

1 epyf;fupapdhy; ,af;fg;gLk; mdy; kpd;dpiyaq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk;
fopT thAtpypUe;J SO2 thAit tbj;J ePf;fpa gpddu;; tpLtpj;jy;.
2 czT rikg;gjw;fhfg; nghJthd Kiwiaj; jtpu;j;J mKf;ftLg;igg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
3 xU jlit gadgLj;jpa gpd;du; fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk; gpshj;jpf;Fg;
Nghj;jy;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f fz;zhbg;
ghj;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
4 xU jlit gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du; fopj;njhJf;Fk; fhgd; kpd;fyj;Jf;Fg;
gjpyhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wf;$ba Nrkpg;Gf; fyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
5 jfLfis ntl;Ltjw;nfd Nyru; njhopy;Dl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

29) #oYld; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; ve;jf; $w;W cz;ikahdJ?

1. #oypYs;s ePu;f;Nfhsk;> tspf;Nfhsk;> fw;Nfhsk; Mfpad capu;fN ; fhsj;Jld;
vjpu;kiwahd ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
2 #oypd; gy;NtW $WfSf;fpilapy;; %yfq;fspd; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; mit
fhzg;gLk; epiy Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk; gha;r;rw;Nfhl;Lg; glq;fNs ,aw;if
tl;lq;fshFk;.
3 ,aw;if tl;lq;fspy; %yfq;fspd; gupkhw;wk; rkepiyahfTk; ,ilawhJk;
eilngWk;.
4 njhopDl;g Nkk;ghL #oy; tl;lq;fspd; rkepiy kPJ ghjfkhfj; jhf;fk;
tpistpf;Fk;.
5 mq;fpfs; kw;Wk; #oy; Mfpadtw;Wf;fpilapy; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; gupkhw;wk;
kl;Lk; eilngWk;.

30) J}a cw;gj;jpfs; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUTf;F mikthd njhopd;Kiwr; nraw;ghL

my; y hjJ .
1 CFC nfhz;l Fsp&l;bf;Fg; gjpyhf HFC nfhz;l Fsp&l;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2 ifahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gjpyhf jd;dpaf;f Kiwapyhd
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
3 nghJthd Nkhl;lhu; fhUf;Fg; gjpyhf kpd;dhy; ,aq;Fk; thfdj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
4 cw;gj;jp njhopd;Kiwapd;NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTg;nghUl;fis gupfupg;Gr;
nra;J ntspaply;.
5 ntl;bafw;wg;gLk; cNyhfj;Jz;LfspypUe;J NtW nghUl;fisj; jahupj;jy;.

31) g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljypy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; thA my;yhjJ.

1. CO 2 2.CH4 3.NO2 4. N2O 5. CFL
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 373
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
32) iejurd; tl;lk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wfisf; ftdpf;f.
a. kpff; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa ,aw;ifahd iejurd; gjpj;jy; eilngWk;.
b. iejurd; thA jhf;Fjpwd; Fiwthd thAthFk;.
c. N`gu; Kiw %ykhf iejurd; tl;lj;Jf;F mjpf ghjpg;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

,tw;Ws;
1. a kl;Lk; rupahdjhFk;
2. b kl;Lk; rupahdjhFk;
3. c kl;Lk; rupahdjhFk;
4. a,c Mfpad rupahditahFk;.
5. b,c Mfpad kl;Lk; rupahditahFk;.

33) xNrhd; gil njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ vJ?

1. XNrhd;gil %ykhf #upadpypUe;J tUk; nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;fs; cwpQ;rg;gLk;.
2. XNrhd;gil %ykhf #upadpypUe;J tUk; fopa+jhf; fjpu;fs; njwpg;gilar;
nra;ag;gLk;.
3. FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; Neubahf XNrhd; gilf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
4. XNrhd; gil ,aq;F rkdpiy nfhz;l njhFjpahFk;.
5. xspapay; ,urhadj; J}kq;fs; %ykhf XNrhd;gilf;F XNrhd; fpilf;fpwJ.

34) gpd;tUk; nrad;Kiwfisf; fUJf.

a. JUtg; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s gdpf;fl;bfs; cUFjy;.
b. mkpy kio Vw;gly;.
c. ghupa #whtspfs; Vw;gly;
,tw;Ws; fhyepiy khw;wk; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;sJ/Vw;gl;Ls;sit vJ/vit?
1. a kl;Lk;
2. b kl;Lk;
3. c kl;Lk;
4. a, b Mfpad
5. a, c Mfpad

35) fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidahf

miktJ.
1. nfhs;is Neha;fs; Vw;gly;
2. Rthrf; NfhshWfs; Vw;gly;
3. Njhypy; Gw;WNeha; Vw;gly;
4. fz;zpy; Giu Neha; Vw;gly;
5. KO clypYk; tpfhuq;fs; Vw;gly;.

36) ePiug; gupfupg;gjd; Nehf;fk; my;yhjJ

1. ePupYs;s njhq;fy; epiyj; Jzpf;iffis mfw;Wjy;
2. ePupd; capupurhadf; Nfs;tpiaf; Fiwj;jy;.
3. ePupd; fiue;Js;s er;Rj;jd;ikahd Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fis mfw;Wjy;.
4. ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ikia ePf;Fjy;.
5. ePiuf; fpUkpaopj;jy;.

37) fhgd; tl;lk; njhlu;ghf gpioahf miktJ.

1 tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;L cWjpaw;w thAthFk;.
2 fhgdPnuhl;irl;L ePupy; fiutjdhy; ePu; rw;W mkpyj;jd;ikailAk;.
3. jhtuq;fspy; cs;s Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; fhw;wpd;wpa epge;jidfspd; fPo; mjpf
mKf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUl;fs; cUthFk;.
4. capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUl;fspd; jfdk; tspkz;ly CO2 kl;lk; cau;tjw;fhd
xNunahU kdpj nraw;ghlhFk;.
5. fhgNdw;Wg; ghiwfs; gbtiltjdhy; tspkz;ly CO2 Mf khw;wkilAk;.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 374
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

38) ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpf;F Kd;gpUe;j tspkz;lyj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; jw;Nghija

tspkz;lyk; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ vJ?
1. tspkz;ly nkNjd; kl;lk; jw;NghJ xU kpy;ypaDf;F 1800 gFjpfs; tiu
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
2. tspkz;ly CO2 kl;lk; jw;NghJ xU kpy;ypaDf;F 395 gFjpfs; tiu
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
3. tspkz;ly fe;jftPnuhl;irl;L jw;NghJ fdprkhd msT cau;e;Js;sJ.
4. Nky; tspkz;ly xNrhd; kl;lk; gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;J nry;fpwJ.
5. tspkz;ly ePuhtp kl;lk; fzprkhd msT cau;e;Js;sJ.

fl;L iu tpdhf;f s;

1 a. tspkz;lyk; vd;why; vd;dntdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

b. tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s gpujhd thAf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; gUkl;lhd
fl;likg;igj; jUf.
c. tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s CO2 #oypd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F ,ilapy;
gupkhw;wkilAk;. #oypd; gpd;tUk; $Wfspy; fhgd; fhzg;gLk; tpjj;ijr;
RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
1. fw;Nfhsk;
2. capu;fN
; fhsk;
d. tspkz;l fhgdpd; (fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd;) msitj; jPuk ; hdpf;Fk; gpujhd ,aw;ifr;
nrad;Kiwfs; ,uz;ilr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
e. tspkz;ly fhgdpd; msT mjpfupf;ff; fhuzkhaikAk; njhopDl;gk;
; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; %ykhf tspkz;lyj;Jf;F
rhu;ej
fhgdPnuhl;irl;L vt;thW NrUfpd;wJ vdr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

2 iejurd; thA jhf;Fjpwd; Fiwe;j thAthFk;. ,J tspkz;lyj;jpy; 3/4 gq;fpw;Fk;

mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
a. iejurd; thA jhf;Fjpwd; Fiwe;jjhf ,Ug;gNjd; vd tpsf;Ff.
b. gpd;tUk; #oy; $Wfspy; iejurd; fhzg;gLk; tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.
1. jhtuq;fspy;
2. tpyq;Ffspy;
3. kz;zpYk; ePupYk;
c. iejurd; gjpj;jy; vd;why; vd;dntd RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
d. ,aw;ifahf iejurd; gjpf;fg;gLk; nrad;Kiwfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpl;L
RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 375

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

e. kz;zpYk; ePupYk; mlq;fpAs;s iejurd; Nru;itfspd; (NO2-, NO-3, NH+4)

epyTifapy; Ez;zq;fpfs; Kf;fpakhd njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wfpd;wd. gpd;tUk;
iejurd; gupkhw;w nrad;Kiwfspd;NghJ Ez;zq;fpfs; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak;
tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
1. tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s iejurd;  kz;zpYs;s iejurd; Nru;itfs;.
2. tpyq;F> jhtug;Gujq;fs;  kz;zpy; mNkhdpah/ mNkhdpahr; Nru;itfs;
3. kz;zpYs;s iejurd; Nru;itfs;  iejurd; thA
f. njhopd;Kiw uPjpahf iejurd; thAitg; gjpf;Fk; tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhff;
Fwpg;gpLf.
g. iejurd; tl;lj;Jf;F> njhopDl;gtpay; eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;
jhf;fq;fis tptupf;f.

3 a. gr;irtPl;L tpisT vd;why; vd;dntdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

b. vt;tifg;gl;l thAf;fs; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd vdr; RUf;fkhf
tpgupf;f.
c. Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s gpujhd gr;irtPl;L thA vJ?
d. iejurd;> xl;rprd;> Mfd; Mfpad tspkz;lyj;jpy; 99.8% Ig;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vdpDk;> ,e;j thAf;fs; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fshf
mikahikf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
e. NkNy (c) apy; Fwpg;gpl;l thATf;F Nkyjpfkhf Gtpapy; mjpfstpy;
fhzg;gLk; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; vitnadf; Fwpg;gpLf.
f. Gtpntg;gkiljy; vd;why; vd;dntd tpsf;Ff.
g. Gtpntg;gkiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhaikAk; gpujhd njhopDl;gr; nraw;ghLfs;
vitnadf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;iwr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

4 a. XNrhd;gil vd;why; vd;dntdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

b. XNrhd;gilapy; eilngWk; xspapurhadr; nraw;ghLfis tptupf;f.
c. NkNy ePu; Fwpg;gpl;l xspapay; ,urhadr; nrad;KiwahdJ capupd;
epyTiff;F mD$ykhf mikAk; tpjj;ij tptupf;f.
d. XNrhd; gilf;Fg; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba FNshupd; mlq;fpa gpujhd
njhopd;Kiw thAf; $l;lq;fs; ,uz;L ahit? mt;thAf;$l;lk; mlq;fpAs;s
xt;nthU Nru;itapd; mikg;Gr; #j;jpuj;ij vOJf.
e. NkNy ePu; Fwpg;gpl;l njhopd;Kiw thAf;fspd; njhopDl;g uPjpahd
,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit njhopDl;guPjpahf ve;nje;jj; Jiwfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tptupf;f.
f. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l njhopd;KiwuPjpahd thAf;fs; XNrhd; giliag; ghjpg;gilar;
nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
g. IjNuhFNshNuh GNshNuh fhgdhdJ (HCFC) XNrhd; gilf;F mD$ykhd
njhopd;Kiw thAthFk;.
1. HCFC ,d; mikg;Gr; #j;jpuj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
2. HCFC XNrhd; gilf;F vt;thW mD$ykhf mikfpwnjd tptupf;f.
h. XNrhd;gilf;F Vw;gLk;; ghjpg;igf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf cyfpd; ehLfSf;
fpilapy; gu];gu cld;ghnlhd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij tptupf;Ff.
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 376
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
5 a. kioePu; ,ay;ghfNt XusT mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gJ Vd; vd
tpsf;Ff.
b. kioePupd; mkpyj;jd;ikia mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak; gpujhd mkpy thAf;fs;
,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
c. NkNy ePu; Fwpg;gpl;l thAf;fs; ,uz;Lk; tspAld; NrUk; njhopd;Kiwr;
nraw;ghLfis tptupf;f.
d. NkNy ePu; Fwpg;gpl;l thAf;fs; ,uz;bdhYk; ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ikia
mjpfupf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
e. kioePu; nry;Yk; MWfs;> Xilfs; Nghd;wd mkpyj;jd;ik miltjdhy;
kdpjDf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfs; Ie;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
f. NkNy b apy; ck;khy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l thAf;fs; ,uz;Lk; tspapy;
Nru;tijf; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f njhopd;Kiw uPjpahd
mZFKiwfs; vd;ndd;dntdr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

6 a. fhyepiynad;why; vd;dntd tiuaWf;f.

b. fhyepiy khw;wk; vt;thW Vw;gLfpwJ vdr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLf.
c. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;glf; fhuzkhf mikAk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs;
vitnadr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
d. fhyepiy khw;wq;fnsdj; jw;NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;s Njhw;wg;ghLfs;
Mwpidr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
e. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; epfOtjdhy;;
1. fhyepiy
2. capu;Kiwikfs;
3. kdpj Rfhjhuk;
4. tptrhak;.
5. kdpj tho;f;if
Mfpatw;Wf;F Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gf;fisr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

7 ePiug; gupfupg;gjd; gpujhd gbKiwfshtd> Kjyhk;epiy> ,uz;lhk;

epiy> %d;whk;epiyg; gupfupg;GfshFk;.
(i) a. KjyhtJ ePu;g; gupfupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; mfw;wg;gLk; gpujhd
fopTg;gjhu;j;jq;fs; ahit?
b. NkNy a apy; Fwpg;gpl;l fopTg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; mfw;wg;gLk; njhopDl;g
mZFKiwfisr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
(ii) a. capupurhad xl;rprd; Nfs;tp vd;why; vd;dntd tptupf;f.
b. ,uz;lhk; epiy ePu;g;gupfupg;gpd;NghJ fopTePupd; capupurhad xl;rprd;
Nfs;tpia ePf;Fk; Kiwiar; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

8 thfdg; GifapYs;s thAf;fs; (Exhaust gasses) gpujhd #oy; khrhf;fp MFk;.

a. thfdg; GifAld; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; gpujhd #oy; khrhf;fpfisg; ngaupLf.
b. NkNy ePu; Fwpg;gpl;l #oy; khrhf;fp thAf;fspy; gr;irtPl;L tpisTf;Fg;
gpujhd fhuzkhf mikAk; thAf;fs; vitnadf; Fwpg;gpl;L ckJ tpilia
tpsf;Ff.
c. NkNy ePu; Fwpg;gpl;l #oy; khrhf;fpfspy; mkpykio Vw;gLtjpy; gq;fpspg;Gr;
nra;Ak; $Wfs; ahit? cq;fsJ tpiliar; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
d. 1. Nkw;gb khrhf;fpfspy; xspapay; ,urhad J}kq;fSf;F fhuzkhf mikAk;
khrhf;fpfs; ahit?
2. Nkw;gb khrhf;fpfs; fhuzkhf xspapy; ,urhad J}kq;fs; Vw;gLk;
tpjj;ij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
3. xspapay; ,urhad J}kq;fspd; mghafukhd tpisTfis gpd;tUk;
mk;rq;fspd; fPo; tpsf;Ff.
(i) kdpj clYf;F Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfs;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 377
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

(ii) tptrhaj;Jf;F Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

(iii) ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfs;
e. thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWk; khRf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;F xspay;
,urhadj; J}kq;fs; cUthjiyf; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
eltbf;iffs; ,uz;il tpsf;Ff.
f. ePupd; capupay; ,urhad xl;rprd; Nfs;tpia mfw;wg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
njhopDl;gr; nrad;Kiwfis tptupf;f.
g. ,uz;lhk; epiy ePu;g;gupfupg;gpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; gf;f tpisTfspd;
gad;fis tptupf;f.

9 a. (i) ePiuf; fpUkpaopj;jy; vd;why; vd;dntd RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(ii) FNshupNdw;wk; %ykhf ePiuf; fpUkpaopf;Fk; Kiwiar; RUf;fkhf
tptupf;f.
(iii) FNshupNdw;wk; %ykhf ePiuf; fpUkpaopg;;gjpy; cs;s gpujhdkhd
xU gpujp$yj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(iv) ,jw;fhd jPu;thf gad;gLj;jf;$ba khw;W ePu;f; fpUkpaopj;jy;; Kiwiar;
RUf;fkhf tptupf;f
b. (i) jpz;k fopTg; gjhu;j;jq;fis mfw;Wk;NghJ mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jp
Ntwhf;fp mfw;Wtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs; vitnadf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(ii) rpijtilaf;$ba fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd xu; mk;rkhf
mg;nghUs;fisf; $l;nlUthf khw;Wtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fisr;
RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(iii) $l;nlUj; jahupg;Gf;F Nkyjpfkhfr; rpijtilaf;$ba fopTg;nghUl;fis
Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;af;$ba kw;nwhU topahf capu;thA cw;gj;jpia
Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

10. 'J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp" vd;gJ xU Gjpa cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fUthFk;.

a J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp vd;gij tiuaWf;f.
b J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;F mika fopTg;nghUs;;
vd miof;fg;gLtJ ahJ vdr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
c gpd;tUk; Efu;Tg;nghUl;fis J}a;ikahd cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;fika
etPdkag;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
1. epf;fy; fl;kpak; Nrkpg;Gf;fyk;
2. ,Uk;gpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l mYkhup
3. Nkhl;lu; thfdk;
d tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; gz;lq;fspy; J}a;ikahd
cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUtpw;F mika Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba khw;wq;fisr;
RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
1. Nkhl;lu; thfdk;
2. kpd;tprpwp
3. tsp gjdhf;fp
4. nghJthd kpd;Fkpo; (,iokpd; tpsf;F)
5. njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b
e #oYf;F Vw;glf; $ba ghjpg;Gfs; ,opthfj;jf;f tpjkhf gpd;tUk; nghUl;fis
etPdkag;gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;ij tptupf;f.
1. CFC nfhz;l FspNuw;wp
2. nghJthd Nkhl;lhu; fhu;
3 gyruf;Fg; ig (Grocery bag)
4. gpshj;jpf;fpdhyhd Fspu;ghdg; Nghj;jy;fs;
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 378
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

11 a J}a cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;F Vw;wthW gpd;tUk; nrad;Kiwfis

vt;thW etPdkag;gLj;jyhk; vd tpsf;Ff.
1. Nrjdf; fiug;ghd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tu;zk; g+Rjy;.
2. tpwfpidg; gad;gLj;jp ntJg;gf cw;gj;jpfisj; jahupj;jy;.
3. ifj;jwp nerTf; ifj;njhopy;.
4. jfL tisj;jy;> ntl;Ljy;; nrad;Kiw
5. Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nahfl; jahupg;G.

b J}a cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fUTf;fika gpd;tUk; cw;gjpr; nrad;Kiw %yk;

fpilf;Fk; fopTg;nghUl;fis> gad;kpf;f nraw;ghLfspy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
tpjj;ij tptupf;f.
1. Mil jahupg;Gj; njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk; Gilitj;
Jz;Lfs; kw;Wk; gpshj;jpf;Fg; nghjpapL gjhu;j;jq;fs;.
2. Jk;Gf; ifj;njhopy; %yk; mfw;wg;gLk; Jk;Gj;J}s; (Jk;Gr;Nrhw;wp)
3. nfhg;gwhf; ifj;njhopypy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Njq;fha;euP ;> rpul;il
4. rPdp cw;gj;jpapd; gf;f tpisTfshd fUk;G nty;yg;ghFk; fUk;Gr;
ru;f;fiuAk;.
5. ePu;g; gupfupg;gpd;NghJ gf;ftpisthff; fpilf;Fk; kz;b.
6. cNyhf Ntiyj; njhopw;rhiyapypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; cNyhfj; Jz;Lfs;.
7. Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J mfw;wg;ggLk; fopTj; Njapiy.
8. thfdg; guhkupg;G epiyaq;fspypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; fopT vz;nza;.
9. epyf;fup mdy; kpd;dpiyaj;jpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; rhk;gy;.

12 a) jug;gl;Ls;s ,urhadr; Nru;itfisf; fUJf.

FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd;> i`l;Nuh IjNuhGNshNuh fhgd;> iejrdPnuhl;irl;L>
NkNjd;> iej;jpuf; xl;irl;L> fe;jftPnuhl;irl;L> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> XNrhd; nghyp
mNuhkw;wpf;F IjNuhf; fhgd;> Ngnuhl;rp mnrw;iwy; iej;jpNuw;W> my;bifl;>
fhgNdhnuhl;irl;L> IjNuhf;fhgd;.

1. Gtp ntg;gkiltjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; thAf;fs; ehd;F

2. XNrhd;gilf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; thAf;fs; ,uz;L.
3. mkpykio Vw;gLtjpy; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; thAf;fs;
,uz; L .
4. thfdg; Gifapy; fhzg;glj;jf;f khrhf;fpfs; ehd;F.
5. xspapay; ,urhad J}kq;fs; Vw;gl fhuzkhFk; thAf;fs; ,uz;L.
6. xspapay; ,urhad J}kq;fs; khrhf;fpfs; %d;W.
7. XNrhd; gilf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; Fspu;j;jp thAf;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f thA Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 379

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

b) ,aw;if tl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; nrad;KiwapYs;s ,ilntspfisg;

g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

njhopd;Kiwg;
1. tspkz;ly iejurd;
gjpj;jy;


kz;zpy; NO3

2. NH 4  kz; NO3  tspkz;ly N 2

3. tspkz;ly N 2  jhtug;Gujk;  tpyq;Fg;Gujk;

mNkhdpak; mad;fs;

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 380

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

4 capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs;  tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;L

jhtuq;fspYs;s Nrjdr; Nru;itfs;

 Rthrk;

fhgNdw;Wg; ghiwfs;

6. CFC   O2

IjNuhfhgd;fs; NO 
7. #upaf;fjpu;fs; 1'
2'
3'

13 a. gpd;tUk; njhopd;Kiw nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ePu; khrhf;fpfis

,dq;fhz;f.
1. czT gjdply; ifj;njhopy; ..............................................
2. ,Uk;G gpupj;njLg;G ..............................................
3. Vgu; Kiw ..............................................
4. ,wg;gu; ghy; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy; ..............................................
5. Ngustpyhd tptrhak; ..............................................
6. Njhy; gjdply; ..............................................
7. ePiu FNshupNdw;wk; nra;jy; ..............................................

b. gpd;tUk; njhopd;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ ntspNaWk; thAf;fis

,dq;fhz;f.
1. epyf;fupj; jfdk; ..............................................
2. FspNuw;wp kw;Wk; tspgjdhf;fpg; guhkupg;G ..............................................
3. thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J ..............................................
4. tpyq;F tsu;g;G ..............................................

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 381

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

c. gpd;tUk; #ow; gpur;rpidfSf;Ff; fhuzkhd ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fis

,dq;fhz;f.
1. mkpykio Vw;gly;. a ........................... b ............................ C ............................
2. g+Nfhs ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jy;. a ........................... b ............................ C ............................
3. xspapay; ,urhad J}kq;fs; a ........................... b ............................ C ............................
4. XNrhd; gil Nja;tiljy; a ........................... b ............................ C ............................
5. kz; khriljy; a ........................... b ............................ C ............................

14 gy;NtW njhopd;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ePu; khriltjdhy;

gad;gLj;jj;jf;f ePupd; msT Fiwtile;J nry;fpd;wJ.
1. capupay; xl;rprd; Nfs;tp vd;why; vd;dntdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
2. capupay; xl;rprd; Nfs;tpf;F Nkyjpfkhd ePu;khrhf;fpfs; Ie;ijg; ngaupLf.
3. mjpfsT ,urhadg; grisg; gad;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf ePu; khrilAk;
tpjj;ij RUf;fkhf ngaupLf.
4. ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfupg;gjdhy; ePu; khrilAk; tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.
5. ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfupf;fj;jf;f tifapy; fopTg; nghUl;fis ntspafw;WtdTk;
,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtdTkhd njhopd;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; %d;iwg;
ngaupLf.
6. NkNy ePq;fs; ngaupl;l njhopd;Kiw nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf ePupd;
pH ngWkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

15 mjpfstpYk; epakkpy; KiwapYk; tptrha eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd;%yk;

kz;> ePu; Mfpad khrilAk;.
1. tptrhaj;Jf;nfd fhLfis mopg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; cyfshtpa gpujhd
gpur;rpid ahJ?
2. NkNy ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidf;F tptrhak; fhuzkhf mikAk;
tpjj;ij tptupf;f.
3. tptrhaj;Jf;F mjpfstpy; ePu;g;ghrdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; ePu;> kz;
Mfpad khrilAk; tpjj;ij tptupf;f.
4. tptrhak; rhu;e;j NtW #ow;gpur;rpidfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
5. Nrw;Wepy new;nra;ifapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; cyfshtpa gpujhd
gpur;rpidiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L mJ eilngWk; tpjj;ij tptupf;f.

16. njhopd;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthf tspkz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

fhuzkhf Gtpapd; fhyepiyf; Nfhyj;jpy; khw;wNkw;gLfpd;wikf;Fj; njspthd
Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.
a. (i) gr;irtPl;L tpisT vd;why; vd;dntd RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(ii) gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; %d;iwg; ngaupl;L mit vt;thW gr;irtPl;L
thAf;fshf njhopw;gLfpd;wd vd tptupf;f.
(iii) gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; g+Nfhs ntg;gepiyia mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(vi) tspkz;lyj;jpy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;l NghJk; g+Nfhs
ntg;gkiljypy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ahj gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; ahit?
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 382
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

17 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l tspkz;lyj;Jf;Fk;

jw;NghJs;s tspkz;lyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fzprkhd khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sdntd;;gij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
a tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s gpujhd thAf;fs; %d;iwg; ngaupLf.
b tspkz;lyj;jpy; kpfr; nrhw;g mstpy; fhzg;gLk; thAf;fs; Ie;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
c tspkz;lyj;jpy; mjpfstpYk; nrhw;g mstpYk; cs;s thAf;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLk; NtW $Wfs; %d;iwg; ngaupLf.
d. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;F Kd;gjhff; fhzg;glhjJk; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLtdTkhd
nrhw;g mstpy; cs;s thAf;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
e gr;irtPl;L tpistpy; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; nrhw;g mstpy; fhzg;gLk; thAf;fs
,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf.
f g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljypy; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd
vd tpsf;Ff.
g (i) gr;irtPl;L tpistpy; mjpfstpy; gq;Nfw;gdTk; g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljypy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ahjitAkhd tspapy; fhzg;gLk; thAepiyf; $iwg; ngaupLf.
(ii) NkNy ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l thAepiyf; $W> g+Nfhs ntg;gkhjypy; vt;thW
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpwJ vd RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.

18 g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljy; ,d;iwa cyfpd; gpujhd #oypaw; gpur;rpidahFk;.

(i) g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljy; vd;why; vd;dntdr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
(ii) g+Nfhs ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; thAepiyf; $Wfs;
Ie;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(iii) ,e;j thAepiyf; $Wfs; g+Nfhs ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gjpy; vt;thW
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; vd RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(iv) ePu; NkNy (ii) ,y; ngaupl;l thAepiy %yk; tspkz;lyj;jpy; NrUtjpy;
gq;fspf;Fk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; xt;nthd;W tPjk; jUf.
(v) NkNy ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tspkz;lyj;Jld; NrUk; thAepiyf; $Wfs; Ie;ijf;
Fiwf;fj;jf;f tPjj;;ij my;yJ Fiwg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba khw;Wr;
nrad;Kiw xt;nthd;W tPjk; tptupf;f.
(vi) g+Nfhs ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cyf r%fj;Jld;
,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkthak; ahJ?

19 XNrhd;gil Nja;tiljy;> cyf r%fk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; kw;WNkhu; #oypaw;

gpur;rpidahFk;.
(i) XNrhd; glyk; fhzg;gLk; tspkz;lyg; gil ahJ?
(ii) xl;rprd; XNrhd; tl;lk; vd;why; vd;dntd RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
(iii) fPo; tspkz;lyj;jpy;> Nky; tspkz;lyj;ijtpl mjpfstpy; xl;rprd;
fhzg;gl;lhYk; xl;rprd; XNrhd; tl;lk; Nky; tspkz;lyj;jpy; kl;Lk;
njhopw;gLtJ Vnddr; RUf;fkhf tptupf;f.
(iv) XNrhd; glyj; Nja;T fhuzkhf fPohd tspkz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
gpujhd khw;wk; ahJ?
(v) FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; (CFC) kpf cWjpahd Nru;itahf ,Ug;gJld;
#oypy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd tUlq;fs; epiyj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.
a) FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; XNrhDld; vt;tpj jhf;fq;fspYk;
<LgLtjpy;iynadpDk; XNrhd;glyj; Nja;T twpjhf;fj;Jf;F ,urhad uPjpahf
vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpwJ vdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
b) CFC MdJ XNrhd; glyj; Nja;tpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;F Nkyjpfkhf
Vw;gLj;Jk; kw;nwhU #oy; khrhf;fk; ahJ?
khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 383
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)
(vi) IjNuh FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; (HCFC) kw;Wk; IjNuh GNshNuh fhgd; (HFC)
Mfpad CFC %yk; XNrhd;gil ghjpf;fg;gLtjdhy; , t w ; W f ; F g ; gjpyhf
mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;l khw;W thA tiffs; cs;sd.
a HCFC, MdJ CFC ,idtpl xg;gPl;lstpy; gFjpahf XNrhd;gly
twpjhf;fj;jpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tJ vt;thW vdr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
b HFC, CFC cld; xg;gpLifapy; XNrhd; gilf;F vt;tpj ghjpg;igAk;
Vw;gLj;jhikiar; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

(vii) XNrhd; glyj; Nja;itf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;nfd cyf r%fj;jpdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkthak; ahJ?

20 gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; mz;ikapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopw; Ngl;ilfspy;

cs;s njhopw;rhiyfs; rpyTk; mtw;wpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTfs;
tptuKk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

ifj; n jhopy; fopT

Nfhbay; jahupg;G goq;fs; fOtg;gl;l fopTePu;>

goj;NjhYk; tpj;Jf;fSk;> gog;
nghjpfisf; fOTk; fhuj;jd;ikahd ePu;

,wg;gu;f;ifAiwf;; ifj;njhopy; fhuj;jd;ikahd fopTePu;> ,wg;gu;

ifAiwf; fiury;
cNyhfq;fis Rj;jkhf;fy; ghucNyhfq;fs; nfhz;l fhuj;jd;ikahd
fopTePu;
gpshj;jpf;F kPs;Row;rp cNyhfj; Jz;Lfs;> #lhd ePu;
epwg;g+r;R cw;gj;jp mkpyk; fye;j Jfs;fSld; $ba fopTePu;
nfhg;gwhf; ifj;njhopy; Njq;fha; ,sePu;> rpul;il
tpyq;F czT cw;gj;jp tpyq;F czTfs; fOtg;gl;l fopTePu;>
Fspuhd ePu;
rPl; ,wg;gu; cw;gj;jp ,wg;gu; ciwe;j gpd;du; vQ;Rk;
mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;l nts;isepw
fopTePu;
xl;Lg;gyiff; ifj;njhopy; jhtuj;jz;Lk;; gl;ilAk;.

i capupurhad xl;rprd; Nfs;tp cau;thd fopTePiu ntspNaw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfs;

%d;iwg; ngaupLf.
i pH ngWkhdk; 7 ,Yk; Fiwthd fopTePiu ntspNaw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfs; ,uz; L
jUf.
iii pH ngWkhdk; 7 ,Yk; cau;thd fopTePiu ntspNaw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfs; ,uz; L
jUf.
iv epwg;g+r;Rj; jahupg;Gj; njhopw;rhiyapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ePupy; mlq;fpAs;s
njhq;fy; epiy Jzpf;iffs;> epwg;nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw mfw;wf;$ba
Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwfs; ,uz;il RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
v capu;thAg; gpwg;ghf;fpahfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fopTg;nghUis ntspNaw;Wk;
njhopw;r hiyfs; ehd;i ff; Fwpg;g pl;L mj; njhopw;rhiyapypUe;J mfw;w g; g Lk;
fopTg;nghUl;fs; ehd;iff; Fwpg;gpLf.

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 384

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; - f.ngh.j. (cau; juk;)

vi $l;nlU jahupg;Gf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fopTg;nghUl;fis ntspNaw;Wk;

njhopw; r hiyfs; %d; i wg ; ngaupl; L mt; n tht; n thU njhopw; r hiyapypUe; J k; .
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fopTfs; ehd;F tPjk; Fwpg;gpLf.
vii. ifj;njhopw;Ngl;ilapd; eLtpy; ,uz;lhk; epiy ePu; Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwiknahd;iwj;
jhgpf;f cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
a ,uz;lhk;epiy ePu;r; Rj;jpfupg;G vd;why; vd;d?
b Nkw;gb ,uz;lhtJepiy Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwikapw;F Kd; Rj;jpfupg;G
nra;ag;glhJ Neubahf fopTePiu mDg;gf;$ba ifj;njhopy;fs; ,uz;L
vit?
c fopTePiu ntspNaw;Wk; ifAiw jahupg;Gf; ifj;njhopy; fopT ePu;> rPl; ,wg;gu;
cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopw; fopTePu;> cNyhf Rj;jpfupg;G ifj;njhopy; fopTePu;
Mfpatw;iw Kd; Rj;jpfupg;gpd; gpd;dNu ika Rj;jpfupg;G epiyaj;Jf;F mDg;g
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;is tpsf;Ff.
d Nkw;gb ,uz;lhk;epiy Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwikf;nfd eP;u; gpNuupf;Fk; gupfupg;G
Kiwikfs; %d;iwg; ngaupLf.

gy;N ju;T tpdhf;f Sf;f hd tpilfs;

1- 5 11 - 2 21 - 3 31 - 3
2- 3 12 - 3 22 - 4 32 - 4
3- 3 13 - 4 23 - 2 33 - 4
4- 4 14 - 3 24 - 5 34 - 5
5- 4 15 - 3 25 - 1 35 - 1
6- 4 16 - 4 26 - 2
7- 1 17 - 5 27 - 5
8- 3 18 - 5 28 - 1
9- 5 19 - 5 29 - 5
10 - 3 20 - 3 30 - 1

khjpup tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G 385