Chapter 9

Transport in animals
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 Objectives

In this lecture we will discuss:

• 9.1 Transport in animals

• 9.2 Heart
• 9.3 Blood and lymphatic vessels
• 9.4 Blood
 The Circulatory System
The main transport system of human is the
circulatory system, a system of tubes (blood
vessels) with a pump (the heart) and valves to
ensure one-way flow of blood.
Functions:
 To transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells.
 To remove waste and carbon dioxide from the
cells.
 To provide for efficient gas exchange.
 Circulation in Different
Animals

Single circulation of Fish

 Fish have a two-chambered heart and a single
circulation
• Because the blood goes through the heart
once for each complete circulation of the
body.
• This system is inefficient because blood
pressure is lost when the blood passes
through capillaries in the gills
Fig: Single circulation of a fish
 Double circulation of
mammals

• Mammals have a four-chambered heart and

a double circulation
• This means that for every one circuit of the body,
the blood passes through the heart twice
• The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated
blood from the body and pumps it to the
lungs (the pulmonary circulation)
• The left side of the heart receives oxygenated
blood from the lungs and pumps it to the
body (the systemic circulation)
Fig: Double circulation of a mammal
 In the circulatory system of a In a single circulation of a
mammal, there are two circuits fish blood travels from the
from the heart: heart to the gills, where it
1. blood passes from the heart absorbs oxygen and releases
to the lungs - where it carbon dioxide. It then flows
absorbs oxygen and releases from the gills to the organs
carbon dioxide – and tissues in the rest of the
2. then back to the heart body, and back to the heart.
blood passes from the heart to
the organs and tissues in the
body, and back to the heart
 What is meant by a ‘double
circulation’?
This means we have two transport systems.
• One carries blood from your heart to your
lungs and back again. What is the function of
this part?
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the
air. Low pressure
• The other carries oxygen around the body
and back again. What is the function of this
part?
Carry oxygen to tissues and cells that need it
and remove carbon dioxide. High pressure
 The importance of a double
circulation

• Oxygenated blood is kept

separate from deoxygenated
blood. The septum in the heart
ensures this complete
separation.
• The blood pressure in the
systemic circulation is kept
higher than that in the
pulmonary circulation.
 Advantages of Double over Single
• Double circulatory system – blood travels
through the heart twice for each complete
circuit of the body
• Efficient so deliver nutrients quickly
• Can increase pressure of blood flow
• Quicker supply oxygen
 Heart
• The heart pumps blood through the
circulatory system to all the major organs of
the body.
• The right side pumps blood to the lungs and
the left side pumps blood to the rest of the
body.
 Valves of the heart
Function : Valves prevent blood flowing
backwards during or after heart contractions.

• The heart contains valves to prevent the blood

flowing backwards:
• the right side has a tricuspid valve (a valve
with three flaps)
• the left side has a bicuspid valve (a valve with
two flaps)
• Both sides have semi-lunar valves (at the
entrances to the pulmonary artery and aorta).
• In pumping the blood, the muscle in the walls
of the atria and ventricles contracts and
relaxes. The atria walls contract first and
force blood into the ventricles. Then the
ventricles contract and send blood into the
arteries.
The activity of the heart may be
monitored by:
• ECG (electrocardiogram)
• Pulse rate
• Heart sound using a stethoscope, ‘lub-dub’
sound caused by the closure of the valves
 The effect of physical activity on
the pulse rate
• At rest, the heart beats about 70 times a minute, but varies
according to age, gender and fitness.
• An increase in physical activity increases the pulse rate, up to
200 beats per minute.
• After exercise has stopped, the pulse rate gradually drops to its
resting state, the rate depends on the fitness of the person.
• During exercise, the muscle cells need more energy than usual.
They therefore need to respire more and, as a consequence,
need more oxygen and glucose, and they produce more waste,
carbon dioxide.
• If the muscle does not get enough oxygen, it will start to respire
anaerobically, producing lactic acid, which cause muscle fatigue,
leading to cramp.
Video – play as student enter
Heartbeat animation
Heartbeat animation
Heartbeat animation
Heartbeat animation
Stage 1:
A heartbeat begins
with the heart muscle relaxed
and valves
closed. Diastole
Blood flows into the two atria
and both sides fill up with
blood.
Stage 2:
The atria contract and the
blood is squeezed which
causes the valves leading to
the ventricles to open.
Systole.
Blood then flows from the atria
into the ventricles.
Stage 2 (continued):
The valves between the atria
and the ventricles close.
This prevents any backflow.
Stage 3:
Almost immediately, the
ventricles contract and the
blood is squeezed again.
The pressure of the blood
forces open the valves
leading out of the heart.
Blood is pumped out
of the heart.
Stage 3 (continued):
When the ventricles are
empty, the valves leading out
of the
heart close and the heart
muscle relaxes.

This completes the sequence

of contraction and relaxation in
one heartbeat.
Stage 1 (again):
The atria fill up with blood as
the heartbeat sequence
begins again.
 The human circulatory system

34 of 53 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

The heart is full of blood but also needs its own
blood supply so that the muscle can keep pumping.

coronary
muscle arteries supply
tissue blood to muscle
tissue of the
heart

The blood vessels on the outside of the heart carry

oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle cells.
Oxygen-poor blood is then carried away from these
cells by outer blood vessels and back into the heart.
 Coronary heart disease

• The coronary arteries supply blood to the

heart muscle.
• These may become blocked by a buildup of
fatty plaques containing cholesterol, resulting
in coronary heart disease.
• If a coronary artery is blocked, the blood
supply to part of the heart muscle is cut off.
That part of the heart cannot continue to
contract, causing a heart attack
Causes:
• Lack of exercise
• Diet high in fat and cholesterol
• Diabetes
• High Blood Pressure
• Genetics
• Stress
• Smoking
Prevention:
• Eating a healthy, and well balanced diet
• Doing Exercise
• Improving life style
Treatment:
• Regular dose of aspirin (salicylic acid).
• Angioplasty and stent
• By-pass surgery.
 Blood

Components of Blood
• Blood consists of red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets and plasma
Blood vessels
 Different types of blood vessels
The different blood vessels have different jobs to
do in carrying blood around the body.
blood from blood to the
the heart heart

artery vein
carries blood carries blood
away from back into
the heart the heart

carries blood to and

from the body’s
cells

Do all blood vessels carry the same type of blood?

 Arterioles & Venules

• As arteries divide more as they get further

away from the heart, they get narrower
• The narrow vessels that connect arteries to
capillaries are called arterioles
• Veins also get narrower the further away
they are from the heart
• The narrow vessels that connect capillaries
to veins are called venules
Cross-section of an artery
The arteries carry blood at high
pressure away from the heart.

Looking at the cross-section of

an artery, why is it suitable for
carrying blood at high pressure?

thick outer wall

thick inner layer

of muscle and
elastic fibres
narrow
central tube
Cross-section of a vein
The veins carry blood at low
pressure back into the heart.
Looking at the cross-section
of a vein, why is it suitable
for carrying blood at low
pressure?
thin outer wall

thin inner layer

of muscle and
elastic fibres

wide
central tube
Blood flow in veins – valves
Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

backflow
prevented
vein valve
open
vein valve
closed
blood to
the heart

When blood flows along veins If blood in a vein does flow

it pushes past backwards,
the valves, which can it is trapped by
only open in one direction. closed valves.
Cross-section of a capillary
The capillaries carry blood to
and from the body’s cells.
Looking at the cross-section of
a capillary, why is it suitable for
the exchange of substances
between the blood and body
cells?
Type of blood Function Features
vessel
Thick elastic walls to
Carry blood away from heart
withstand high blood
Arteries to the body organs
pressure.

Carry blood through tissues Thin and large surface

Capillaries and organs to allow the area for quick easy
exchange of material diffusion of substances

Thin muscular walls

Carry blood back to the heart Contains valves which
Veins
from the body organs prevent the backflow of
blood
 What is blood made of?
Blood is made up of a liquid
called plasma and blood cells
that float in this plasma.
plasma
(55% of
volume)
If a test tube of blood is left
to stand for a while the blood
cells sink to the bottom of the
test tube and separate from the
plasma which is a clear yellow
liquid.
Liquid plasma transports many
substances around the body. It
transports digested food, and
blood cells
(45% of
waste substances like carbon volume)
dioxide and urea around the
body.
 Different types of blood cells
Blood plasma carries three types of blood cells.
They have different shapes and carry out different
functions.
red
blood cell

white
blood cell

platelet
A red blood cell has several features that help it do
its job:

It contains Disc-shaped, with

haemoglobin, a dent on each side,
a special pigment creates a large
that combines surface area for gas
with oxygen. exchange.

It has no nucleus, so A large surface area

there is more space compared to volume,
for haemoglobin and so oxygen is always
so more oxygen. close to the surface.
Haemoglobin is the special pigment in red blood cells.

At the lungs, oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and

combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.

oxygen
+ oxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin

This is how red blood cells are able to bind to oxygen and
carry it in the blood.

Oxyhaemoglobin makes red blood cells appear bright red.

 Name of blood Drawing of component Function of cell
component structure component

Defends the body

White blood cells
against disease

Contains red pigment

haemoglobin which
Red blood cells
transports oxygen
around the body

Yellow fluid that

Plasma N/A contains the blood cells,
glucose and CO2

Clotting blood, forming

scabs, stopping
Platelets bleeding
Blood clotting
Figure 9.24 Red blood cells trapped in
a fibrin network (×6 500)
 Blood clotting
• When the skin is broken (i.e. there is a wound)
platelets arrive to stop the bleeding
• A series of reactions occur within the blood
plasma
• Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble
fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble
fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the
wound, trapping red blood cells and
therefore forming a clot
• The clot eventually dries and develops into
a scab to protect the wound from bacteria
entering
 Blood clotting
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AKyQ
The stages of the cardiac cycle
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0-
1OknbO3M (lymphatic system)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGqSa2t7F5
w (Heart)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuoMTGgKjI
U (Blood)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51rPV3xvY
M4&t=66s (blood vessels)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr-bzzYaViU
(heart dissection)