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ELECTRIC CHARGE Reviewer 3

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29 views28 pages

ELECTRIC CHARGE Reviewer 3

.

Uploaded by

twanepoulette ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electric Charge and Static

Electricity
Electric Charge

 All matter is made up of atoms

 Atoms contain
1. Protons (+)
2. Neutrons (0)
3. Electrons (-)
Charge
 It is a fundamental property of
subatomic particles.
 The smallest amount of charge is the
Elementary Charge.

e =1.60 x 10-19 C
(the unit C stands for coulomb, named
after French physicist Charles Agustin
Coulomb.)
What is the SI unit for charge?
 A coulomb (C) is the standard unit
of electric charge in the
International System of Units (SI). It
is the amount of electricity that a 1-
ampere (A) current carries in one
second (s).
Law of Electric Charges

 The law of electric charges states that


like charges repel, and opposite
charges attract.
Law of Electric Charges

 Protons are positively charged and


electrons are negatively charged,
so they are attracted to each other.

 Without this attraction, electrons


would not be held in atoms.
Law of Electric Charges
Charged Objects
How do ions get charged?

 They either gain or lose


electrons.
Recall

 A positive ion has a net positive charge.


 A negative ion has a net negative
charge.
 If the number of electron and proton
are equal, an object has no net electric
charge.
Charged Objects

 Atoms do not have a charge because


the number of electrons and protons
cancel each other out.
Ex.
3 protons (+) & 3 electrons (-)=0
Charged Objects

 True or false?
Q: Charges can exist in materials and
move through them.
A:
Q: However, the ease with which
charges move through them are equal of
all materials.
A:
How Can You Charge Objects?

There are 3 ways objects can


be charged:
1. Friction

2. Conduction

3. Induction

**In each of these, only the electrons move. The


protons stay in the nucleus**
Friction
 Charging by friction occurs when electrons are
“wiped” from one object onto another.

Ex.
If you use a cloth to rub a plastic ruler, electrons
move from the cloth to the ruler.
The ruler gains electrons and the cloth loses
electrons.
Conduction

 Charging by conduction happens


when electrons move from one
object to another through direct
contact (touching).
 Suppose you touch an uncharged
piece of metal with a positively
charged glass rod. Electrons from
the metal will move to the glass
rod.
 Q: What will happen to the metal?

 A: The metal loses electrons and


becomes positively charged.
Induction
 Charging by induction happens
when charges in an uncharged
object are rearranged without
direct contact with a charged
object.
 If you charge up a balloon
through friction and place the
balloon near pieces of paper,
the charges of the paper will be
rearranged and the paper will be
attracted to the balloon.
Conservation of Charge
 When you charge something by any
method, no charges are created or
destroyed.
 The numbers of electrons and protons
stay the same. Electrons simply move
from one atom to another, which makes
areas that have different charges.
Conductors and
Insulators

 An electrical conductor is a material in which


charges can move easily.

 Most metals are good conductors because


some of their electrons are free to move.

 Conductors are used to make wires. For


example, a lamp cord has metal wire and
metal prongs.

 Copper, aluminum, and mercury are good


conductors.
Conductors and
Insulators

 An electrical insulator is a material in


which charges cannot move easily.

 Insulators do not conduct charges very


well because their electrons cannot flow
freely. The electrons are tightly held in the
atoms of the insulator.

 The insulating material in a lamp cord


stops charges from leaving the wire and
protects you from electric shock.

 Plastic, rubber, glass, paper, wood, and air


are good insulators.
Conductors and
Insulators

 Q: Is there such a thing as


semiconductor?
 A: Yes. They are intermediate between
conductors and insulators. Semiconductors
are not as conductive as metals, but they
are more conductive than insulators. The
conductivity of a semiconductor in its pure
form is very low.
 Examples are: silicon, germanium, and
gallium arsenide
 How do you think they do this?
Conductors and
Insulators

 Q: Is there such a thing as superconductor?

 A: Yes. Superconductors offer no resistance


to the flow of charges below some critical
temperatures. In 1911, Dutch physicist Heike
Kamerlingh Onnes discovered
superconductivity by cooling mercury to a
temperature of about 4 K. The highest
known critical temperature of a
superconducting material is 203 K (-70 0 C),
the material involved is hydrogen sulfide.
 Static electricity
is the electric
charge at rest on
Static Electricity an object.

 When something
is static, it is not
moving.
 The charges of
static electricity do
not move away
from the object
that they are in.
So, the object
keeps its charge.

 Ex. Clothes taken


out of a dryer
Electric Discharge
 The loss of static electricity as charges
move off an object is called electric
discharge.
Sometimes,
electric
Sometimes, discharge
electric happens
discharge quickly.
happens
slowly. Ex. wearing
rubber-soled
Ex: static on shoes on
clothes carpet,
lightning
How Lightning Forms
Lightning
 Lightning usually strikes the highest point in a
charged area because that point provides the
shortest path for the charges to reach the ground.

 Anything that sticks up or out in an area can


provide a path for lightning.

 A lightning rod is a pointed rod connected to the


ground by a wire.

 Objects, such as a lightning rod, that are joined to Earth by a


conductor, such as a wire, are “grounded.” Any object that is
grounded provides a path for electric charges to move to Earth.

 Because Earth is so large, it can give up or absorb charges without


being damaged.

 When lightning strikes a lightning rod, the electric charges are


carried safely to Earth through the rod’s wire. By directing the
charge to Earth, the rods prevent lightning from damaging
buildings.
Electric Force

The force between the


charged objects is an
electric force.

The size of the electric force depends on 2 things:


1. The amount of charge (the greater the charge,
the greater the force)
2. The distance between charges (the further the
distance, the less the force)
Electric Field

 An electric field is the region around


a charged object where electric
forces can be exerted on another
charged object.
(Repelled or attracted)

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