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Electrical Engineering Notes

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Electrical Engineering Notes

Uploaded by

sub725427
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Electrical Engineering Notes

Magnetic Material

- Magnetic Materials: Substances that exhibit magnetism. They can be magnetized or attracted to a

magnet.

- Types:

- Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted by a magnet (e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel).

- Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted by a magnet (e.g., aluminum, platinum).

- Diamagnetic: Repelled by a magnet (e.g., copper, bismuth).

- Properties:

- Permeability (mu): Ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself.

- Retentivity: Ability to retain a certain amount of residual magnetism when the magnetizing field is

removed.

- Coercivity: The intensity of the applied magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of a

material to zero.

B-H Characteristic

- B-H Curve: A graph that shows the relationship between magnetic flux density (B) and magnetic

field strength (H).

- Hysteresis Loop: The loop formed on the B-H curve due to the lag between changes in

magnetization and the external magnetic field.

- Key Points:

- Saturation: Point where increase in H does not significantly increase B.

- Remanence (Br): Residual magnetism when H is reduced to zero.

- Coercivity (Hc): The negative H required to reduce B to zero after saturation.


Ideal and Practical Transformer

- Ideal Transformer:

- No losses (100% efficient).

- Perfect magnetic coupling.

- Voltage ratio = Turn ratio.

- No leakage flux.

- Practical Transformer:

- Has losses (e.g., copper losses, core losses).

- Imperfect magnetic coupling.

- Voltage ratio not equal to Turn ratio due to losses.

- Leakage flux is present.

EMF Equation of Transformer

- EMF Equation:

E = 4.44 f N Phi_m

where:

- E = Induced EMF

- f = Frequency (Hz)

- N = Number of turns

- Phi_m = Maximum flux (Wb)

- Primary EMF:

E1 = 4.44 f N1 Phi_m

- Secondary EMF:

E2 = 4.44 f N2 Phi_m

Losses in Transformer
- Copper Losses: Due to resistance in the winding. Proportional to I^2R.

- Core Losses:

- Hysteresis Loss: Due to the lag between magnetization and the magnetic field.

- Eddy Current Loss: Due to induced currents in the core.

- Stray Losses: Due to leakage flux inducing currents in other conducting parts.

Regulation and Efficiency

- Voltage Regulation: Measure of the change in secondary voltage from no load to full load.

Voltage Regulation = (V_no-load - V_full-load) / V_full-load * 100%

- Efficiency: Ratio of the output power to the input power.

eta = P_out / P_in * 100%

P_in = P_out + Losses

Auto Transformer

- Auto Transformer: A transformer with a single winding that acts as both primary and secondary. It

is more efficient and smaller than a two-winding transformer for the same output.

- Advantages:

- Smaller size and weight.

- Lower cost.

- Better efficiency.

- Disadvantages:

- No isolation between high and low voltage sides.

- Limited voltage conversion range.

Three Phase Transformer Connection

- Connections:
- Star (Y): Each winding is connected between a line and a common neutral point.

- Delta (Delta): Each winding is connected between two lines.

- Applications:

- Star-Delta (Y-Delta): Used for stepping down voltage.

- Delta-Star (Delta-Y): Used for stepping up voltage.

- Delta-Delta (Delta-Delta): Used in industrial applications with balanced loads.

- Star-Star (Y-Y): Used where neutral grounding is required.

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