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Computer Networks Practical Files

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258 views

Computer Networks Practical Files

Uploaded by

aadarshgupta388
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical No:- 01.

1. Familiarization with transmission media and tools: Coaxial cable, UTP cable,
Crimping tool, Connectors etc.

Transmissions Media :-
In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a physical path between the
transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the channel through which data is sent from one place to
another. Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:

1. Guided Media: It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals being
transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:

● High Speed
● Secure
● Used for comparatively shorter distances.

There are 3 major types of Guided Media:

(i) Twisted Pair Cable –


It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other. Generally, several
such pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the most widely used
Transmission Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):


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UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one another. This type of cable has
the ability to block interference and does not depend on a physical shield for this purpose. It is
used for telephonic applications.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):


This type of cable consists of a special jacket (a copper braid covering or a foil shield) to block
external interference. It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of
telephone lines.

(ii) Coaxial Cable –


It has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and 2
parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable
transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband
mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks
widely use Coaxial cables.
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(iii) Optical Fiber Cable –
It uses the concept of refraction of light through a core made up of glass or plastic. The core is
surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding. It is used for the
transmission of large volumes of data.

The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer)
supports two modes, namely unidirectional and bidirectional mode.

(iv) Stripline:-
Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium invented by Robert M.
Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Research Centre in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of
the planar transmission line. It uses a conducting material to transmit high-frequency waves it is
also called a waveguide. This conducting material is sandwiched between two layers of the
ground plane which are usually shorted to provide EMI immunity.

(v) Microstripline :-
In this, the conducting material is separated from the ground plane by a layer of dielectric.

UTP CABLES :-
UTP cables are mostly used for LAN networks. They can be used for voice, low-speed data,
high-speed data, audio and paging systems, and building automation and control systems. UTP
cable can be used in both the horizontal and backbone cabling subsystems.
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Crimping Tools :-
To attach a connector with a network cable or the end of a phone is the main objective of the
crimping tool. The most common connectors, RJ-11 and RJ-45 that can be attached to the end of
a cable. These connectors are more important for cable and can be attached to the cable with the
help of a crimping tool.

Definition of Network connectors :-


A connector is a device that terminates a segment of cabling or provides an entry point for
network devices such as computers, hubs and routers.
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Practical No:- 02

1. Preparing Straight and cross cables.

Key Difference between Straight Through Cables and Crossover Cables :-


● Crossover cable, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is crossed with Pin 6, while in
Straight-through cable Pin connection is one-to-one.
● Straight-through cables are mainly used for connecting non-similar devices, while
crossover cables are mostly used for connecting similar devices.
● Straight-through cable connects a computer with a DSL modem, while Crossover cable
connects Router to Router and Computer to Computer.

What is an Ethernet cable?


An Ethernet cable is a network cable used for high-speed wired network connections between
two devices. This network cable is made of four-pair cable, which is consists of twisted pair
conductors. It is used for data transmission at both ends of the cable, which is called RJ45
connector.

The Ethernet cables are categorized as Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, and UTP cable. Cat 5 cable can
support a 10/100 Mbps Ethernet network while Cat 5e and Cat 6 cable to support Ethernet
network running at 10/100/1000 Mbps.

What is Straight Through Cable?

Straight Through Cable.

What Is Crossover Cable?


A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end isT568A configuration and the other end as
T568BConfiguration. In this type of cable connection, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is
crossed with Pin 6.
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Crossover cable is used to connect two or more computing devices. The internal wiring of
crossover cables reverses the transmission and receive signals. It is widely used to connect two
devices of the same type: e.g., two computers or two switches to each other.

In regard to physical appearance, Crossover Ethernet cables are very much similar to regular
Ethernet cables. Still, they are different with regard to the order with which the wires are arranged.
This type of Ethernet cable is made to connect to network devices of the same kind over Ethernet
directly. Crossover cables are mostly used to connect two hosts directly.

Crossover Cable.

● Difference Between Straight Through Cables and Crossover Cables:-

Here are the difference between Crossover and straight-through cable :-

traight throughS Crossover

Straight-through cable is a type of A Crossover cable is a type of CAT where


CAT5 with RJ-45 connectors at each one end is T568A configuration, and the
end, and each has the same pin out. other end as T568B Configuration.

It is one of the most commonly used It is used only for certain applications.
cable formats for network cables.
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You can also connect it to the router’s You can connect it to a router’s LAN port
LAN port to a switch/hub’s uplink port. to a switch or hub’s regular port

Straight through cable connects a Crossover cable connects with a router’s


computer with a cable or DSL LAN port with switch/hub normal port.
modem’s LAN port.

You should use straight-through cable You should use a crossover cable when
when you want to connect two devices you want to connect two devices of the
of different types. same type.

It helps you connect a router’s WAN You can connect two switches/hubs by
port to a cable or DSL modem’s LAN using the normal port in both
port. switches/hubs.

Straight-through cables are mainly While crossover cables are mostly used
used for connecting, unlike devices. for connecting like devices.

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