ANIL.S.

C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐕𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐓𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆

𝐅𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛:

∑ y = a ∑ x + nb, ∑ xy = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x Normal equation.

1) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

x 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9

∑ y = a ∑ x + nb, ∑ xy = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x Normal equation. n = 8

x y x2 xy
1 1 1 1
3 2 9 6
4 4 16 16
6 4 36 24
8 5 64 40
9 7 81 63
11 8 121 88
14 9 196 126
∑ x = 56 ∑ y = 40 ∑ x 2 = 524 ∑ xy = 364

56a + 8b = 40 … … … … (1)

524a + 56b = 364 … … . (2)

 Solving, (1) and (2), a = 0.64, b = 0.55

 y = 0.64x + 0.55
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
2) 𝐁𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬, 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1.0 2.9 4.8 6.7 8.6
∑ y = a ∑ x + nb, ∑ xy = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x Normal equation. n = 5

x y x2 xy
0 1.0 0 0
1 2.9 1 2.9
2 4.8 4 4.8
3 6.7 9 6.7
4 8.6 16 8.6
∑ x = 10 ∑ y = 24 ∑ x 2 = 30 ∑ xy = 67

10a + 5b = 24 … … … … (1)
30a + 10b = 67 … … … (2)

 Solving, (1) and (2), a = 1.9, b = 1

 y = 1.9x + 1

3) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1.0 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3

∑ y = a ∑ x + nb, ∑ xy = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x Normal equation. n = 5

x y x2 xy
0 1.0 0 0
1 1.8 1 1.8
2 3.3 4 6.6
3 4.5 9 13.5
4 6.3 16 25.2
∑ x = 10 ∑ y = 16.9 ∑ x 2 = 30 ∑ xy = 47.1

10a + 5b = 16.9 … … … … (1)

30a + 10b = 47.1 … … … (2)

 Solving, (1) and (2), a = 1.33, b = 0.72

 y = 1.33x + 0.72
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
4) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝟑𝟎 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞.

x 5 10 15 20 25
y 16 19 23 26 30

∑ y = a ∑ x + nb, ∑ xy = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x Normal equation. n = 5

x y x2 xy
5 16 25 80
10 19 100 190
15 23 225 345
20 26 400 520
25 30 625 750
∑ x = 75 ∑ y = 114 ∑ x 2 = 1375 ∑ xy = 1885

75a + 5b = 114, … . . (1), 1375a + 75b = 1885 … … (2)

 Solving (1) and (2), a = 0.7, b = 12.3

 y = 0.7x + 12.3 and y = 33.3 when x = 30

5) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

x 50 70 100 120
y 12 15 21 25

∑ y = a ∑ x + nb, ∑ xy = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x Normal equation. n = 4

x y x2 xy
50 12 2500 600
70 15 4900 1050
100 21 10000 2100
120 25 14400 3000
∑ x = 340 ∑ y = 73 ∑ x 2 = 31800 ∑ xy = 6750

340a + 4b = 73 … … … . (1), 31800a + 340b = 6750 … … … . (2)

a = 0.1879 ≈ 0.19, b = 2.2785 ≈ 2.28

 y = 0.19x + 2.28
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA

𝐅𝐈𝐓𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐁𝐎𝐋𝐀:
2
y = ax + bx + c

∑ y = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x + nc,

∑ xy = a ∑ x 3 + b ∑ x 2 + c ∑ x

∑ x2 y = a ∑ x4 + b ∑ x3 + c ∑ x2 Normal equations

1) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 1.8 1.3 2.5 2.3

∑ y = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x + nc,

∑ xy = a ∑ x 3 + b ∑ x 2 + c ∑ x

∑ x2 y = a ∑ x4 + b ∑ x3 + c ∑ x2 Normal equations

x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2y
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.8 1 1 1 1.8 1.8
2 1.3 4 8 16 2.6 5.2
3 2.5 9 27 81 7.5 22.5
4 2.3 16 64 256 9.2 36.8
∑x ∑y ∑ x2 ∑ x3 ∑ x4 ∑ xy ∑ x2 y
= 10 = 8.9 = 30 = 100 = 354 = 21.1 = 66.3

30a + 10b + 5c = 8.9 … … … (1)

100a + 30b + 10c = 21.1 … … (2)
354a + 100b + 30c = 66. c … . (3)

Solving, a = −0.021, b = 0.414, c = 1.078

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
y = 1.078 + 0.414x − 0.021x 2

2) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐚 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 , 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐱 = 𝟔.

𝐱 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝐲 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟗

∑ y = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x + nc,

∑ xy = a ∑ x 3 + b ∑ x 2 + c ∑ x

∑ x2 y = a ∑ x4 + b ∑ x3 + c ∑ x2 Normal equations

x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2y
1 10 1 1 1 10 10
2 12 4 8 16 24 48
3 13 9 27 81 39 117
4 16 16 64 256 64 256
5 19 25 125 625 95 475
∑x ∑y ∑ x2 ∑ x3 ∑ x4 ∑ xy ∑ x2 y
= 15 = 70 = 55 = 225 = 979 = 232 = 906

55a + 15b + 5c = 70 … … … . . (1)

225a + 55b + 15c = 232 … … . . (2)
979a + 225b + 55c = 906 … … . (3)

Solving, a = 0.2857 ≈ 0.29, b = 0.4857 ≈ 0.49, c = 9.4

y = 0.29x 2 + 0.49x + 9.4 and y = 22.7 when x = 6

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
3) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐚 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬

𝐱 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟎
𝐲 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟓 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟕 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑𝟖 𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟗

∑ y = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x + nc,

∑ xy = a ∑ x 3 + b ∑ x 2 + c ∑ x

∑ x2 y = a ∑ x4 + b ∑ x3 + c ∑ x2 Normal equations

x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2y
2 3.07 4 8 16 6.14 12.28
4 12.85 16 64 256 51.4 205.6
6 31.47 36 216 1296 188.82 1132.92
8 57.38 64 512 4096 459.04 3672.32
10 91.29 100 1000 10000 912.9 9129
∑x ∑y ∑ x2 ∑ x3 ∑ x4 ∑ xy ∑ x2 y
= 30 = 196.06 = 220 = 1800 = 15664 = 1618.3 = 14152.12

220a + 30b + 5c = 196.06 … … . (1)

1800a + 220b + 30c = 1618.3 … . . (2)
15664a + 1800b + 220c = 14152.12 … … . (3)

Solving, a = 0.992, b == 0.855, c = 0.696

y = 0.992x 2 − 0.855x + 0.696

4) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐚
𝐱 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗
𝐲 𝟐 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟗

∑ y = a ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x + nc,

∑ xy = a ∑ x 3 + b ∑ x 2 + c ∑ x

∑ x2 y = a ∑ x4 + b ∑ x3 + c ∑ x2 Normal equations
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2 y
1 2 1 1 1 2 2
2 6 4 8 16 12 24
3 7 9 27 81 21 63
4 8 16 64 256 32 128
5 10 25 125 625 50 250
6 11 36 216 1296 66 396
7 11 49 343 2401 77 539
8 10 64 512 4096 80 640
9 9 81 729 6561 81 729
∑x ∑y ∑ x2 ∑ x3 ∑ x4 ∑ xy ∑ x2 y
= 45 = 74 = 285 = 2025 = 15333 = 421 = 2771

285a + 45b + 9c = 74 … … … . (1)

2025a + 285b + 45c = 421 … … . . (2)
15333a + 2025b + 285c = 2771 … . . (3)

Solving (1), (2) and (3), c = −0.92857, b = 3.52316, a = −0.26731

y = −0.93 + 3.5x − 0.27x 2

5) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐚 𝐲 = 𝐚 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜𝐱 𝟐

𝐱 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝐲 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖

∑ y = c ∑ x 2 + b ∑ x + na,

∑ xy = c ∑ x 3 + b ∑ x 2 + a ∑ x

∑ x2 y = c ∑ x4 + b ∑ x3 + a ∑ x2 Normal equations

x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2 y
-3 4.63 9 -27 81 -13.89 41.67
-2 2.11 4 -8 16 -4.22 8.44
-1 0.67 1 -1 1 -0.67 0.67
0 0.09 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.63 1 1 1 0.63 0.63
2 2.15 4 8 16 4.3 8.6
3 4.58 9 27 81 13.74 41.22
∑x = 0 ∑y ∑ x2 ∑ x3 ∑ x4 ∑ xy ∑ x2 y
= 14.86 = 28 =0 = 196 = −0.11 = 101.23
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA

7a + 0. b + 28c = 14.86 … … … . (1)

0. a + 28b + 0. c = −0.11 … … . . (2)
28a + 0. b + 196c = 101.23 … . . (3)

Solving (1), (2) and (3), a = 0.1329, , b = −0.00393, c = 0.4975

y = 0.1329 − 0.00393x + 0.4975x 2

6) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚, 𝐛, 𝐜 𝐢𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐲 = 𝐚 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜𝐱 𝟐 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐨

𝐟𝐢𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

𝐱 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝐲 −𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 −𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟖

Ans: a = 0.621, b = 2.1326, c = 0.1233

7) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

𝐱 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
𝐲 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐 𝟒. 𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓

y = ax b

logy = loga + blogx

Y = A + bX Y = logy, A = loga, X = logx

∑ Y = nA + b ∑ X

∑ XY = A ∑ X + b ∑ X 2

x y X = logx Y = logy XY X2
1 0.5 0 −0.6931 0 0
2 2 0.6931 0.6931 0.4804 0.4804
3 4.5 1.0986 1.5041 1.6524 1.2069
4 8 1.3863 2.0794 2.8827 1.9218
5 12.5 1.6094 2.5257 4.0649 2.5902
∑X ∑Y ∑ XY ∑ X2
= 4.7874 = 6.1092 = 9.0804 = 6.1993

5A + 4.7874b = 6.1092 … … . . (1)

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
4.7874A + 6.1993b = 9.0804 … . . (2)

Solving (1) and (2), A = −0.69315, b = 2

loga = −0.69315

a = 0.5
y = 0.5x 2

8) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

𝐱 3 4 5 6 7
𝐲 6 9 10 11 12

y = ax b

logy = loga + blogx

Y = A + bX Y = logy, A = loga, X = logx

∑ Y = nA + b ∑ X

∑ XY = A ∑ X + b ∑ X 2

x y X = logx Y = logy XY X2
3 6 1.0986 1.7918 1.96847 1.20692
4 9 1.3863 2.1972 3.046 1.92183
5 10 1.6094 2.3026 3.7058 2.59017
6 11 1.7918 2.3979 4.2966 3.21055
7 12 1.9456 2.4849 4.8346 3.78536
∑X ∑Y ∑ XY ∑ X2
= 7.8317 = 11.1744 = 17.851 = 12.7148
5A + 7.8317b = 11.1744 … … . . (1)
7.8317A + 12.7148b = 17.851 … . . (2)

Solving (1) and (2), A = 1.017, b = 0.778

loga = 1.017, hence a = e1.017 = 2.7649

y = 2.7649x 0.778
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
9) 𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

𝐱 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
𝐲 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖 𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 𝟔. 𝟏 𝟔. 𝟖 𝟕. 𝟓

Ans: y = 2.98x 0.51

10) 𝐀𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐥 𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐯 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧
𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰
𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝(𝐯) 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞(𝐭) 𝟔𝟏 𝟐𝟔 𝟕 𝟐. 𝟔
𝐛
𝐅𝐢𝐭 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐯 = 𝐚𝐭

v = at b
logv = loga + blogt
V = A + bT where V = logv, A = logA, T = logt
∑ V = An + b ∑ T
∑ VT = A ∑ T + b ∑ T 2 (n = 4)

v t V = logv T = logt VT T2
350 61 5.8579 4.1109 24.0812 16.8995
400 26 5.9915 3.2581 19.5209 10.6152
500 7 6.2146 1.9459 12.093 3.7865
600 2.6 6.3969 0.9555 6.1122 0.913
∑V ∑T ∑ VT ∑ T2
= 24.4609 = 10.2704 = 61.8073 = 32.2142

4A + 10.2704b = 24.4609
10.2704A + 32.2142b = 61.8073

solve, A = 6.5539, b = −0.1709

 a = 701.9766
 v = (701.9766)t −0.1709
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐂𝐎𝐄𝐅𝐅𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐓
Co variation of two independent magnitudes is known as correlation.

If two variables x and y are related in such a way that increase or decrese in one of them

corresponds to increase or decrease in the other, we say that the variables are positively

correlated.

Also if increase or decrease in one of them corresponds to decrease or increase in the other,

we say that the variables are negetively correlated.

The numerical measure of correlation between two variables x and y is known as Pearson′ s

Coefficient of correlation denoted by r

(𝛔𝐱 𝟐 + 𝛔𝐲 𝟐 − 𝛔𝐱−𝐲 𝟐 )
𝐫=
𝟐𝛔𝐱 𝛔𝐲

∑ x2 ∑x
where σx 2 = − (x̅)2 , x̅ =
n n

2
∑ y2 ∑y
σy = − (y̅)2 , y̅ =
n n

put z = x − y

∑ z2 ∑z
σz 2 = − (z̅)2 , z̅ =
n n

 −1 ≤ r ≤ 1

𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧: Regression is an estimation of one independent variable interms of the other.

Ifx and y are correlated , the best fitting straight lline in the least square sense is a good

relation between x and y

σx
 x − x̅ = r σy
(y − y̅) regression line of x on y
σy
y − y̅ = r (x − x̅) regressin line of y on x
σx
∑ XY ∑ XY
 Regression lines are also given by Y = ∑ X2
X and X = ∑ Y2
Y
where X = x − x̅, Y = y − y̅
σx σy
 r σy
,r σx
are called regression coefficients.

 r = ±√(coeff x × coeff y) . The sign of r will be + ve or − ve according as the

regression coefficients are positive or negetive.
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
 Alternate formula for the correlation coefficient is
∑ XY
r= where X = x − x̅, Y = y − y̅
√∑ X 2 × √∑ Y 2
1) 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 9 8 10 12 11 13 14

x y z=x-y x2 y2 z2
1 9 -8 1 81 64
2 8 -6 4 64 36
3 10 -7 9 100 49
4 12 -8 16 144 64
5 11 -6 25 121 36
6 13 -7 36 169 49
7 14 -7 49 196 49
∑x ∑y ∑z ∑ x2 ∑ y2 ∑ z2
= 28 = 77 = −49 = 140 = 875 = 347

∑x 28 ∑y 77 ∑z 49
x̅ = n
= 7
= 4, y̅ = n
= 7
= 11, z̅ = n
=− 7
= −7

∑ x2 140
σx 2 = − (x̅)2 = − 16 = 4
n 7

∑ y2 875
σy 2 = − (y̅)2 = − 121 = 4
n 7

∑ z2
σz 2 = − (z̅)2 = 0.57
n

(σx 2 + σy 2 − σx−y 2 ) 4 + 4 − 0.57

r= = = 0.93
2σx σy 2√4√4

Lines of regression:
σy
y − y̅ = r (x − x̅)
σx
(0.93)2
 y − 11 = 2
(x − 4)
 y = 0.93x + 7.28
σx
x − x̅ = r (y − y̅)
σy

(0.93)2
 x−4= 2
(y − 11)
 x = 0.93y − 6.23
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
2) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐩𝐬
A 92 89 87 86 83 77 71 63 53 50
B 86 83 91 77 68 85 52 82 37 57

x y z=x-y x2 y2 z2
92 86 6 8464 7396 36
89 83 6 7921 6889 36
87 91 -4 7569 8281 16
86 77 9 7396 5929 81
83 68 15 6889 4624 225
77 85 -8 5929 7225 64
71 52 19 5041 2704 361
63 82 -19 3969 6724 361
53 37 16 2809 1369 256
50 57 -7 2500 3249 49
∑x ∑ y =716 ∑ z = 33 ∑ x2 ∑ y2 ∑ z2
= 751 = 58487 = 54390 = 1485

∑x ∑y ∑z
x̅ = n
= 75.1, y̅ = n
= 71.8, z̅ = n
= 3.3

∑ x2
σx 2 = − (x̅)2 = 208.69
n

∑ y2
σy 2 = − (y̅)2 = 283.76
n

∑ z2
σz 2 = − (z̅)2 = 137.61
n

(σx 2 + σy 2 − σx−y 2 )
r= = 0.7291 ≅ 0.73
2σx σy
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
3) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧.
x 3 5 6 9 10 12 15 20 22 28
y 10 12 15 18 20 22 27 30 32 34

x y z=x-y x2 y2 z2
3 10 -7 9 100 49
5 12 -7 25 144 49
6 15 -9 36 225 81
9 18 -9 81 324 81
10 20 -10 100 400 100
12 22 -10 144 484 100
15 27 -12 225 729 144
20 30 -10 400 900 100
22 32 -10 484 1024 100
28 34 -6 784 1156 36
∑x ∑y ∑z ∑ x2 ∑ y2 ∑ z2
= 130 = 220 = −90 = 2288 = 5486 = 840

∑x ∑y ∑z
x̅ = n
= 13, y̅ = n
= 22, z̅ = n
= −9

∑ x2
σx 2 = − (x̅)2 = 59.8
n

∑ y2
σy 2 = − (y̅)2 = 64.6
n

∑ z2
σz 2 = − (z̅)2 = 3
n

(σx 2 + σy 2 − σx−y 2 )
r= = 0.9766
2σx σy

Lines of regression:
σy
y − y̅ = r (x − x̅)
σx
(0.9766)8.0374
 y − 22 = 7.7330
(x − 13)
 y = 1.015x + 8.805
σx
x − x̅ = r (y − y̅)
σy

 x = 0.9396y − 7.6712
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
4) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 5 3 8 7

x y z=x-y x2 y2 z2
1 2 -1 1 4 1
2 5 -3 4 25 9
3 3 0 9 9 0
4 8 -4 16 64 16
5 7 -2 25 49 4
∑x ∑y ∑z ∑ x2 ∑ y2 ∑ z2
= 15 = 25 = −10 = 55 = 151 = 30

∑x ∑y ∑z
x̅ = = 3, y̅ = = 5, z̅ = = −2
n n n

∑ x2
σx 2 = − (x̅)2 = 2
n

∑ y2
σy 2 = − (y̅)2 = 5.2
n

2
∑ z2
σz = − (z̅)2 = 2
n

(σx 2 + σy 2 − σx−y 2 )
r= = 0.81
2σx σy

Lines of regression:

y = 1.306x + 1.082, x = 0.502y + 0.49

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
5) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y 10 12 16 28 25 36 41 49 40 50

x y z=x-y x2 y2 z2
1 10 -9 1 100 81
2 12 -10 4 144 100
3 16 -13 9 256 169
4 28 -24 16 784 576
5 25 -20 25 625 400
6 36 -30 36 1296 900
7 41 -34 49 1681 1156
8 49 -41 64 2401 1681
9 40 -31 81 1600 961
10 50 -40 100 2500 1600
∑x ∑ y =307 ∑z ∑ x2 ∑ y2 ∑ z2
= 55 = −252 = 385 = 11387 = 7624

∑x ∑y ∑z
x̅ = = 5.5, y̅ = = 30.7, z̅ = = −25.2
n n n
2 2 2
σx = 8.25, σy = 196.21 σz = 127.36

(σx 2 + σy 2 − σx−y 2 )
r= = 0.96
2σx σy

Lines of regression:

y = 4.686x + 4.927, x = 0.197y − 0.548

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
6) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝(𝐱) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐢𝐟𝐞 (𝐲)𝐢𝐧 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬.
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨
𝟏𝟔 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐢𝐟𝐞
x 36 23 27 28 28 29 30 31 33 35
y 29 18 20 22 27 21 29 27 29 28

x y z=x-y x2 y2 z2
36 29 7 1296 841 47
23 18 5 529 324 25
27 20 7 729 400 49
28 22 6 784 484 36
28 27 1 784 729 1
29 21 8 841 441 64
30 29 1 900 841 1
31 27 4 961 729 16
33 29 4 1089 841 16
35 28 7 1225 784 49
∑x = ∑ y =250 ∑ z = 50 ∑ x2 ∑ y2 ∑ z2
300
= 9138 = 6414 = 306

∑x 300 ∑y 250 ∑z 50
x̅ = n
= 10
= 30, y̅ = n
= 10
= 25, z̅ = n
= 10 = 5

∑ x2 9138
σx 2 = − (x̅)2 = − (30)2 = 13.8
n 10

∑ y2 6414
σy 2 = − (y̅)2 = − (25)2 = 16.4
n 10

∑ z2 306
σz 2 = − (z̅)2 = − (5)2 = 5.6
n 10

(σx 2 + σy 2 − σx−y 2 )
r= = 0.82
2σx σy

Lines of regression:
σy
y − y̅ = r (x − x̅)
σx

 y = 0.894x − 1.82
σx
x − x̅ = r (y − y̅)
σy

 x = 0.752y + 11.2

When y = 16, x = 23.232 ≈ 23

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
7) 𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
x 1 3 4 2 5 8 9 10 13 15
y 8 6 10 8 12 16 16 10 32 32

∑x 70 ∑y 150
x̅ = n
= 10 = 7, y̅ = n
= 10
= 15
x y X = x − x̅ Y = y − y̅ X2 Y2 XY
1 8 -6 -7 36 49 42
3 6 -4 -9 16 81 36
4 10 -3 -5 9 25 15
2 8 -5 -7 25 49 35
5 12 -2 -3 4 9 6
8 16 1 1 1 1 1
9 16 2 1 4 1 2
10 10 3 -5 9 25 -15
13 32 6 17 36 289 102
15 32 8 17 64 289 136
∑ x = 70 ∑y ∑ X2 ∑ Y2 ∑ XY
= 150 = 204 = 818 = 360

Regression lines:
∑ XY ∑ XY
Y= 2
X and X = Y
∑X ∑ Y2
360 360
y − 15 = (x − 7), x−7 = (y − 15)
204 818

y − 15 = 1.7647(x − 7), x − 7 = 0.4401(y − 15)

y = 1.7647x + 2.6470, x = 0.4401y + 0.3985

r = √1.7647 × 0.4401 = 0.8812

8) 𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
x 80 45 55 56 58 60 65 68 70 75 85
y 82 56 50 48 60 62 64 65 70 74 90

Ans: y = −0.66x + 59.25, x = 0.23y + 40.89, r = −0.39

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
9) 𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
x 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 21 23
y 12 16 14 11 15 19 22 15 16 20

∑x 200 ∑y 160
x̅ = n
= 10
= 20, y̅ = n
= 10
= 16
x y X = x − x̅ Y = y − y̅ X2 Y2 XY
17 12 -3 -4 9 16 12
18 16 -2 0 4 0 0
19 14 -1 -2 1 4 2
19 11 -1 -5 1 25 5
20 15 0 -1 0 1 0
20 19 0 3 0 9 0
21 22 1 6 1 36 6
22 15 2 -1 4 1 -2
21 16 1 0 1 0 0
23 20 3 4 9 16 12
∑x ∑y ∑ X2 ∑ Y2 ∑ XY
= 200 = 160 = 30 = 108 = 35

Regression lines:
∑ XY ∑ XY
Y= 2
X and X = Y
∑X ∑ Y2
35 35
y − 16 = (x − 20), x − 20 = (y − 15)
30 108

y − 16 = 1.16(x − 20), x − 20 = 0.32(y − 16)

y = 1.16x − 7.2, x = 0.32y + 14.88

r = √1.16 × 0.32 = 0.609

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
10) 𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 9 8 10 12 11 13 14

∑x ∑y
x̅ = n
= 4, y̅ = n
= 11
x y X = x − x̅ Y = y − y̅ X2 Y2 XY
1 9 -3 -2 9 4 6
2 8 -2 -3 4 9 6
3 10 -1 -1 1 1 1
4 12 0 1 0 1 0
5 11 1 0 1 0 0
6 13 2 2 4 4 4
7 14 3 3 9 9 9
∑ X 2 = 28 ∑ Y 2 = 28 ∑ XY = 26

Regression lines:
∑ XY ∑ XY
Y= 2
X and X = Y
∑X ∑ Y2
26 26
y − 11 = (x − 4), x−4= (y − 11)
28 28

y = 0.93x + 7.28, x = 0.93y − 6.23

r = √0.93 × 0.93 = 0.93

11) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚

x 10 14 18 22 26 30
y 18 12 24 6 30 36

∑x ∑y
x̅ = n
= 20, y̅ = n
= 21
x y X = x − x̅ Y = y − y̅ X2 Y2 XY
10 18 -10 -3 100 9 30
14 12 -6 -9 36 81 54
18 24 -2 3 4 9 -6
22 6 2 -15 4 225 -30
26 30 6 9 36 81 54
30 36 10 15 100 225 150
∑ X 2 = 280 ∑ Y 2 = 630 ∑ XY = 252

∑ XY 252
r= = = 0.6
√∑ X 2 √∑ Y 2 √280√630
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
12) 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐥 𝐏𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐬

Roll No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Marks in Mathematics 78 36 98 25 75 82 90 62 65 39
Marks in Electroincs 84 51 91 60 68 62 86 58 53 47

∑x ∑y
x̅ = n
= 65, y̅ = n
= 66
x y X = x − x̅ Y = y − y̅ X2 Y2 XY
78 84 13 18 169 324 234
36 51 -29 -15 841 225 435
98 91 33 25 1089 625 825
25 60 -40 -6 1600 36 240
75 68 10 2 100 4 20
82 62 17 -4 289 16 68
90 86 25 20 625 400 500
62 58 -3 -8 9 64 24
65 53 0 -13 0 169 0
39 47 -26 -19 676 361 494
∑ X 2 = 5398 ∑ Y 2 = 2224 ∑ XY = 2840

Regression lines:
∑ XY 2840
r= = = 0.819 ≈ 0.82
√∑ X 2 √∑ Y 2 √5398√2224
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
13) 𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐲 𝐨𝐧 𝐱 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
x 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9
𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐲 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐱 = 𝟏𝟎

∑x 56 ∑y 40
x̅ = n
= 8
= 7, y̅ = n
= 8
=5
x y X = x − x̅ Y = y − y̅ X2 Y2 XY
1 1 -6 -4 36 16 24
3 2 -4 -3 16 9 12
4 4 -3 -1 9 1 3
6 4 -1 -1 1 1 1
8 5 1 0 1 0 0
9 7 2 2 4 4 4
11 8 4 3 16 9 12
14 9 7 4 49 16 28
∑ X 2 =132 ∑ Y 2 =56 ∑ XY = 84

Regression lines:
∑ XY
Y= X
∑ X2

84
y−5 = (x − 7),
132

y = 0.636x + 0.548,

When x = 10, y = 6.908

14) 𝟖𝐱 − 𝟏𝟎𝐲 + 𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒𝟎𝐱 − 𝟏𝟖𝐲 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬.
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 ′ 𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 ′ 𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 . 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝛔𝐲 𝐢𝐟 𝛔𝐱 = 𝟑

Regression lines pass through x̅ and y̅

 8x̅ − 10y̅ = −66
40x̅ − 18y̅ = 214

 on solving , x̅ = 13, y̅ = 17

Rewrite the regression lines , y = 0.8x + 6.6 and x = 0.45y + 5.35

σy σx
 r σx
= 0.8, r σy
= 0.45

r = √0.8 × 0.45 = 0.6 (both the coeff are positive)

σy
Also if σx = 3, r = 0.8
σx
 σy = 4
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
15) 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐱 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝐲 , 𝐲 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝐱.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 ′ 𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 ′ 𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Regression lines pass through x̅ and y̅

 x̅ + 0.87y̅ = 19.13
0.5x̅ + y̅ = 11.64

 on solving , x̅ = 15.94, y̅ = 3.67

r = √(−0.5)(−0.87) = −0.66 (both the coeff are negetive)

16) 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐱̅ , 𝐲̅ , 𝐫 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐪𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬, 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟏 = 𝟎,

𝐱 + 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟒 = 𝟎

Regression lines pass through x̅ and y̅

 2x̅ + 3y̅ = −1
x̅ + 6y̅ = 4
 on solving , x̅ = −2, y̅ = 1

2 1
regression lines y = − x − and x = −6y + 4
3 3
2
r = √(− ) (−6 ) = ±4, which cannt be accepted as − 1 ≤ r ≤ 1
3
we must change the equations into other possible form
3 1 1 2
x =− y− , y=− x+
2 2 6 3
3 1 1
r = √(− ) (− ) = − = −0.5 ( both the coeff are negetive)
2 6 2

17) 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧
x-series y-series
mean 18 100
SD 14 20

𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟖, 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐲 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐱 = 𝟕𝟎

Given x̅ = 18, y̅ = 100, σx = 14, σy = 20

σy σx
y − y̅ = r (x − x̅) , x − x̅ = r (y − y̅)
σx σy

(0.8)(20) (0.8)(14)
y − 100 = (x − 18), x − 18 = (y − 100)
14 20

 y = 1.14x + 79.48 and x = 0.56y − 38

when x = 70, y = 1.14(70) + 79.48 = 159.28

 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
18) 𝐈𝐧 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐲𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐛 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝, 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐲 𝐨𝐧 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝐨𝐧 𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐬 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟓𝐲 + 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝟎𝐱 − 𝟗𝐲 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲. 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐱̅ , 𝐲̅ 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 .

We know that regression lines passes through x̅and y̅

4x̅ − 5y̅ + 33 = 0, 20x̅ − 9y̅ = 107
 x̅ = 13 , y̅ = 17

Rewrite the equations of regression,

 5y = 4x + 33, 20x = 9y + 107

 y = 0.8x + 6.6, x = 0.45y + 5.35
σx σy
 r σy
= 0.45, r σx
= 0.8 and r = √0.45 × 0.8 = 0.6
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐊 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍: A group of n individuals may be arranged in order of merit with
respect to some charecterstic. Considering to two charecterstics A and B, the correlation
between these n pairs of ranks is called the rank correlation.
∑ 𝐝𝟐
𝛒=𝟏−𝟔 𝟑
(𝐧 − 𝐧)

1) Ten students got the following percentage of marks in two subjects x and y. Compute
rank correlation coefficient ρ
Marks in x 78 36 98 25 75 82 90 62 65 39
Marks in y 84 51 91 60 68 62 86 58 53 47

x y RX Ry d= RX- Ry d2
78 84 4 3 1 1
36 51 9 9 0 0
98 91 1 1 0 0
25 60 10 6 4 16
75 68 5 4 1 1
82 62 3 5 -2 4
90 86 2 2 0 0
62 58 7 7 0 0
65 53 6 8 -2 4
39 47 8 10 -2 4
∑ d2 = 30

∑ d2 6×30
ρ = 1 − 6 (n3 −n) = 1 − 103 −10 = 0.818 ≈ 0.82

2) The scores for 9 students in Physics and Mathematics are as follows

Phy 35 23 47 17 10 43 9 6 28
Mat 30 33 45 23 8 49 12 4 31
Compute ranks of the students and rank correlation.

x y RX Ry d= RX- Ry d2
35 30 3 5 -2 4
23 33 5 3 2 4
47 45 1 2 -1 1
17 23 6 6 0 0
10 8 7 8 -1 1
43 49 2 1 1 1
9 12 8 7 1 1
6 4 9 9 0 0
28 31 4 4 0 0
∑ d2 = 12

∑ d2 6×12
ρ = 1 − 6 (n3 −n) = 1 − 93 −9 = 0.9
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
3) The scores for 9 students in English and Mathematics are as follows
English 56 75 45 71 62 64 58 80 76 61
Mathematics 66 70 40 60 65 56 59 77 67 63
Compute ranks of the students and rank correlation.

x y RX Ry d= RX- Ry d2
56 66 9 4 5 25
75 70 3 2 1 1
45 40 10 10 0 0
71 60 4 7 -3 9
62 65 6 5 1 1
64 56 5 9 -4 16
58 59 8 8 0 0
80 77 1 1 0 0
76 67 2 3 1 1
61 63 7 6 1 1
2
∑ d = 54

∑ d2 6×54
ρ = 1 − 6 (n3 =1− = 0.67
−n) 103 −10

4) A random sample of recent repair jobs was selected and estimated cost and actual cost
were recorded. Compute the ranks and the rank correlation
Estimated cost x 300 450 800 250 500 975 475 400
Actual cost y 273 486 734 297 631 872 396 457

x y RX Ry d= RX- Ry d2
300 273 7 8 -1 1
450 486 5 4 1 1
800 734 2 2 0 0
250 297 8 7 1 1
500 631 3 3 0 0
975 872 1 1 0 0
475 396 4 6 -2 4
400 457 6 5 1 1
∑ d2 = 8

∑ d2 6×8
ρ = 1 − 6 (n3 −n) = 1 − 83 −8 = 0.9047
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
5) The rank of 10 students of same batch in two subjects A and B are given below.
Rank of A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rank of B 6 7 5 10 3 9 4 1 8 2
Compute the rank correlation coefficient.

RA RB d= RA- RB d2
1 6 -5 25
2 7 -5 25
3 5 -2 4
4 10 -6 36
5 3 2 4
6 9 -3 9
7 4 3 9
8 1 7 49
9 8 1 1
10 2 8 64
∑ d2 = 226
∑ d2 6×226
ρ = 1 − 6 (n3 =1− = −0.37
−n) 103 −10

6) The participants in a contest are ranked by 2 judges as follows

X 1 6 5 10 3 2 4 9 7 8
Y 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7
Compute rank correlation coefficient.

RX Ry d= RX- Ry d2
1 6 -5 25
6 4 2 4
5 9 -4 16
10 8 2 4
3 1 2 4
2 2 0 0
4 3 1 1
9 10 -1 1
7 5 2 4
8 7 1 1
∑ d2 = 60
∑ d2 6×60
ρ = 1 − 6 (n3 =1− = 0.6363
−n) 103 −10

7) The participants in a contest are ranked by two judges as follows

x 6 4 3 1 2 7 9 8 10 5
y 4 1 6 7 5 8 10 9 3 2
Ans: ρ = 0.2242

8) Ten competitors in a beauty contest are ranked by two judges in the following order.
Compute the coefficient of rank correlation.
I 1 6 5 3 10 2 4 9 7 8
II 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7
Ans: ρ = 0.042
 ANIL.S.C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA
9) Ten competitors in music contest are ranked by 3 judges, A, B, C in following order. Use
the rank correlation coefficient to decide which pair of judges have the nearest
approach to common taste of music.
A 1 6 5 10 3 2 4 9 7 8
B 3 5 8 4 7 10 2 1 6 9
C 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7

RA RB Rc dAB dBC dCA d2AB d2BC d2CA

1 3 6 -2 -3 5 4 9 25
6 5 4 1 1 -2 1 1 4
5 8 9 -3 -1 4 9 1 16
10 4 8 6 -4 -2 36 16 4
3 7 1 -4 6 -2 16 36 4
2 10 2 -8 8 0 64 64 0
4 2 3 2 -1 -1 4 1 1
9 1 10 8 -9 -1 64 81 1
7 6 5 1 1 -2 1 1 4
8 9 7 -1 2 1 1 4 1
∑ d2 AB =200 ∑ d2 BC =214 ∑ d2 CA =60

∑ d2
ρ = 1 − 6 (n3
−n)

200
ρAB = 1 − 6 (103 −10) = −0.21

214
ρBC = 1 − 6 (103 −10) = −0.297

60
ρCA = 1 − 6 (103 = +0.636
−10)
ρAB , ρBC are negetive. ρCA is positive and nearer to 1.

 Judges C and A have nearest approach to common taste of music.