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jawahar navodaya

vidyalaya
mbnr(T.S)

1
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
CLASS 12

NCERT CLASS Mrs T. Manjula


12TH PART 2 PGT Mathematics
2
LEARNING OUTCOMES OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
• Students observe the differential equations and identifies the order
and degree of the differential equations.
• Checking the given function is a solution of differential euation or
not.
• Forming the differential equation in different cases
• General and Particular solutions of a differential equation
• Different methods of solving first order and first degree differential
equations.
--- By Variable –seperable Method
--- Solving Homogeneous Differential Equations
--- Solving Linear Differential Equations

3
REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS
• As you know that derivatives are nothing but rate of change of one
quantity compared to other quantity.
• So we see many circumstances in the real life where one quantity
changes with respect to other quantity.
• We use this type of derivatives in different fields like in Population
growth, Culture of Bacteria(calculation of Corona virus growth),
Weather and Climate prediction, Traffic flow, financial markets, water
pollution, chemical reactions, suspension bridges , brain function,
rockets, tumor growth, radioactive decay, airflow across aeroplane
wings, planetary motion, electrical circuits, vibrations in strings and
many more

4
• Differential equations enter into the
different fields Physics, Chemistry, Biology,
Astronomy, Music, Economics, Medicine,
Aeronautics etc.,
• So, in order to study them we have to
learn the fundamental study of derivatives.

5
• Observe some of the Equations

Some are only functions of


x and y alone.

Some of those equations


contains derivatives

Next

6
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation containing derivatives of the dependant
variable with respect to the independent variable is
called Differential equation.

• DEFINITION: A differential equation involving derivatives of


the dependent variable with respect to only one independent
variable is called an Ordinary differential equation.

7
Go

8
NOTATIONS FOR DERIVATIVES
• The following notations are used for derivatives

For the derivatives of the higher order it is


inconvenient to use so many dashes as supersuffix ,
so we use

9
ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
• It is defined as the order of the highest
derivative of dependant variable with
respect to the independant variable
involved in the given differential equation.
Find the order

10
DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
• The highest power(positive integral index)
of the highest order derivative involved in
the given differential equation.

Find the degree

Find the Order and Degree

11
NOTE: ORDER AND DEGREE OF
A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BE
NEVER NEGATIVE

12
SOLUTION OF D.E
• Generally the solutions of the type

are real or complex numbers that satisfies the equations.

Where as the solution of Differential equation is A


FUNCTION which satisfies the given D.E like

also

13
GENERAL AND PARTICULAR
SOLUTIONS OF D.E
also

The solution which contains the arbitrary constants is


called the general solution

where as the solution free from arbitrary constants is


the particular solution

14
Formation of D.E whose general
solution is given

• Form the D.E representing the family of curves y=mx where m is


arbitrary constant.
• Differentiating both sides of the equation
y=mx

w.r.t x we get

Substituting the value of m in the given


equation, we get

15
• Q. Form the differential equations
representing the family of circles touching
the x-axis at the origin.
• Q. Form the differential equations
representing the family of ellipses having
foci on x-axis and centre at the origin

16
• NOTE: The order of differential equation
representing the family of curves is same
as the number of arbitrary constants
present in the equation corresponding to
the family of curves.

17
METHODS OF SOLVING FIRST
ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. Variable-Seperable method
2. Homogeneous Method
3. Equations of the form Linear Differential
Equation

18
VARIABLE-SEPERABLE METHOD
• Equations of the form
In this method , we write
Then integrate both sides to get the solution.

• Equations of the form


This type also can be solved by integrating
both sides i.e

19
VARIABLE-SEPERABLE METHOD
Find the general and particular solution of the differential equation
given that y=1 when x=0

Solu:

Integrating both sides of equation 1 , we get

20
21
HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION
• A function F(x,y) is a homogeneous function of
degree n if

Example:

22
(or)
• A function F(x,y) is said to be
homogeneous function of degree n if

Consider the examples

then

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HOMOGENEOUS D E
• A differential equation of the form

Example:

24
SOLVING H D E
• If the homogeneous differential equation is
in the form

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Q. Show that the family of
curves for which the slope of
the tangent at any point (x,y)
on it is is given by

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To solve consider the substitutuion,

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THE END

29
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
• A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE
FORM
where P and Q are
constants or functions of x only is known
as a first order linear differential equation.
Example:

30
ALGORITHM FOR SOLING L.D.E
• 1. Write the differential equatin in the form
of
and obtain P, Q.
2. Find the integrating factor I.F =
3. Find the solution of the differential
equation using

31
FINDING WHETHER THE GIVEN
DE IS LINEAR OR NOT
• A differential equation is linear, if the
dependent variable and the derivative
appear in the equation is of first degree.
• Example:

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