DIRE DAWA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ICT DEPARTMENT
Assignment of ADMINISTRATE NETWORK PERIPHERAL

LEVEL 2
Name: Darartu Kemal
ID RHNS/053/16

Date: 7/10/2016 E.C

Answer and define the following questions accordingly

1. What are peripheral devices?

A Peripheral Device is defined as a device that provides input/output functions for a computer
and serves as an auxiliary computer device without computing-intensive functionality.
A peripheral device is also called a peripheral, computer peripheral, input-output device, or I/O
device.

2. What are the types of peripheral devices? Give five (5) examples for each type

Classification of Peripheral devices

It is generally classified into 3 basic categories which are given below:
1. Input Devices:
The input device is defined as it converts incoming data and instructions into a pattern of
electrical signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a digital computer. Example:
Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone etc.
Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device that allows users to enter text and commands into a
computer system.
Mouse: A mouse is an input device that allows users to control the cursor on a computer screen.
Scanner: A scanner is an input device that allows users to convert physical documents and
images into digital files.
Microphone: A microphone is an input device that allows users to record audio.
 2. Output Devices:
An output device is generally the reverse of the input process and generally translates the
digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user. The output device is also performed for
sending data from one computer system to another. For some time punched card and paper tape
readers were extensively used for input, but these have now been supplanted by more efficient
devices.
Example:
Monitors, headphones, printers etc.
Monitor: A monitor is an output device that displays visual information from a computer system.
Printer: A printer is an output device that produces physical copies of documents or images.
Speaker: A speaker is an output device that produces audio.

3. Storage Devices:
Storage devices are used to store data in the system which is required for performing any
operation in the system. The storage device is one of the most required devices and also provides
better compatibility. Example:
Hard disk, magnetic tape, Flash memory etc.
Hard Drive: A hard drive is a storage device that stores data and files on a computer system.
USB Drive: A USB drive is a small, portable storage device that connects to a computer system
to provide additional storage space.
Memory Card: A memory card is a small, portable storage device that is commonly used in
digital cameras and smartphones.
External Hard Drive: An external hard drive is a storage device that connects to a computer
system to provide additional storage space.

4. Communication Devices:
Communication devices are used to connect a computer system to other devices or networks.
Examples of communication devices include:
Modem: A modem is a communication device that allows a computer system to connect to the
internet.
Network Card: A network card is a communication device that allows a computer system to
connect to a network.
Router: A router is a communication device that allows multiple devices to connect to a network.

3. What are included in the organizational standards?

Organizational Standards means a standard, including adequacy requirements, outside the

authority of NERC that has been duly approved by the board of directors of the Corporation.
Organizational Standards do not include Reliability Standards approved by NERC. Such
Organizational Standards may be filed with the appropriate regulatory authorities.

4. What is Networking Hardware? List of them

Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are
electronic devices that are required for communication and interaction between devices on a
computer network.
• Gateway: an interface providing a compatibility between networks by converting
transmission speeds, protocols, codes, or security measures.
• Router: a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically
forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until
it reaches its destination node. It works on OSI layer 3.
• Switch: a multi-port device that connects devices together at the same or different speeds
on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the
destination device. Unlike less advanced network hubs, a network switch forwards data only to
one or multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same data out of each
of its ports. It works on OSI layer 2.
• Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments. It works on OSI layers 1 and
2.
• Repeater: an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or
higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances.
• Repeater hub: for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together at the same speed,
making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a
signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original
incoming. A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. and all devices form a
single collision domain. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam
signal to all ports if they detect a collision. Hubs are now largely obsolete, having been replaced
by network switches except in very old installations or specialized applications.
• Firewall: a piece of hardware or software put on the network to prevent some
communications forbidden by the network policy. A firewall typically establishes a barrier
between a trusted, secure internal network and another outside network, such as the Internet, that
is assumed to not be secure or trusted.
• Network address translator (NAT): network service (provided as hardware or as software)
that converts internal to external network addresses and vice versa.
• Terminal server: connects devices with a serial port to a local area network.
• Modem: device that modulates an analog "carrier" signal (such as sound) to encode
digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
information. Used (for example) when a computer communicates with another computer over a
telephone network.
• Network interface controller (NIC): a device connecting a computer to a computer
network.

5. What is computer network?

What is a computer network?

A computer network is a group of interconnected nodes or computing devices that exchange data
and resources with each other. A network connection between these devices can be established
using cable or wireless media. Once a connection is established, communication protocols --
such as TCP/IP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- are used to
exchange data between the networked devices.

6. Write the Advantage of Networking?

• Resource sharing. Enterprises of all sizes can use a computer network to share resources
and critical assets.
• Flexibility. Enable people to use flexible communication and resource-sharing methods
based on their needs and preferences.
• Higher connectivity. People can stay connected regardless of their location.
• Data security and management. Data is centralized on shared servers.
• Storage capacity. Most organizations scale over time and have an abundance of data that
needs storage.
• Entertainment. Especially the internet, offer various sources of entertainment, ranging
from computer games to streaming music and videos.
• It is easy to back up all the data as it is stored on the file server.
• Communication becomes easy with the help of an email and instant messenger.
• Sharing of the files is easy.

7. What is the difference between Peer-to-Peer and Clint PC Networking ?

The following are the two most common computer network architectures:
1. Client-server. This model consists of many clients -- or nodes -- where at least one
network node acts as the central server. The clients in this model don't share resources, but
request the central server, as all the resources are installed on it.
2. Peer-to-peer (P2P). Each connected device on this network behaves as the client, as well
as the server, and enjoys similar privileges. The resources of each peer are shared among the
entire network, including memory, processing power and printing. Many companies use the P2P
architecture to host memory-intensive applications, such as three-dimensional rendering, across
multiple network devices.
Difference between Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer Network:
S.NO Client-Server Network Peer-to-Peer Network
1. In Client-Server Network, Clients and server are differentiated, Specific server and
clients are present. In Peer-to-Peer Network, Clients and server are not differentiated.
2. Client-Server Network focuses on information sharing. While Peer-to-Peer Network
focuses on connectivity.
3. In Client-Server Network, Centralized server is used to store the data. While in Peer-
to-Peer Network, Each peer has its own data.
4. In Client-Server Network, Server respond the services which is request by Client. While
in Peer-to-Peer Network, Each and every node can do both request and respond for the services.
5. Client-Server Network are costlier than Peer-to-Peer Network. While Peer-to-Peer
Network are less costlier than Client-Server Network.
6. Client-Server Network are more stable than Peer-to-Peer Network. While Peer-to-Peer
Network are less stable if number of peer is increase.
7. Client-Server Network is used for both small and large networks. While Peer-to-Peer
Network is generally suited for small networks with fewer than 10 computers.

8. Write down the Types of Server?

Types of Server:

- File and Printer server

- Mail server

- Communication server

- Directory service server

- Application server

- Fax server

- Backup Server

9. List down the Categorizing network by Network Topology?

Network topologies include the following types:
• Star network. A star network topology connects all nodes to a common central computer.
• Ring network. Network devices are connected to two other devices on either side through
a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 cable.
• Full mesh network. All nodes in a full mesh network are connected directly to other
nodes.
• Partial mesh network. Only some nodes connect directly to one another, while others are
only connected to one or two other nodes in the network.
• Point-to-point network. This network provides a dedicated connection between two
endpoints.
• Bus network. A bus network follows the LAN topology, where devices in a single LAN
are attached directly to a transmission line known as a bus. All signals pass through all devices,
and the recipient device recognizes the signals intended for it.
• Tree network. This is a hybrid network topology where two or more star networks are
connected.

10. Write the basic categories of Transmission Media?

In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a physical path between the
transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the channel through which data is sent from one place to
another. Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:

1. Guided Media: It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals being
transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:
• High Speed
• Secure
• Used for comparatively shorter distances
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:
(i) Twisted Pair Cable –
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other. Generally, several
such pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the most widely used
Transmission Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one another. This type of cable has
the ability to block interference and does not depend on a physical shield for this purpose. It is
used for telephonic applications.

Applications:
Used in telephone connections and LAN networks
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):
This type of cable consists of a special jacket (a copper braid covering or a foil shield) to block
external interference. It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of
telephone lines.

Applications:
The shielded twisted pair type of cable is most frequently used in extremely cold climates, where
the additional layer of outer covering makes it perfect for withstanding such temperatures or for
shielding the interior components.
(ii) Coaxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and 2
parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable transmits
information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband
mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks
widely use Coaxial cables.

Applications:
Radio frequency signals are sent over coaxial wire. It can be used for cable television signal
distribution, digital audio (S/PDIF), computer network connections (like Ethernet), and feedlines
that connect radio transmitters and receivers to their antennas.
(iii) Optical Fiber Cable –
It uses the concept of refraction of light through a core made up of glass or plastic. The core is
surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding. It is used for the
transmission of large volumes of data.
The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer)
supports two modes, namely unidirectional and bidirectional mode.

Applications:
• Medical Purpose: Used in several types of medical instruments.
• Defence Purpose: Used in transmission of data in aerospace.
• For Communication: This is largely used in formation of internet cables.
• Industrial Purpose: Used for lighting purposes and safety measures in designing the
interior and exterior of automobiles.
(iv) Stripline
Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium invented by Robert M.
Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Research Centre in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of
the planar transmission line. It uses a conducting material to transmit high-frequency waves it is
also called a waveguide. This conducting material is sandwiched between two layers of the
ground plane which are usually shorted to provide EMI immunity.
(v) Microstripline
In this, the conducting material is separated from the ground plane by a layer of dielectric.
2. Unguided Media:
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media. No physical medium is
required for the transmission of electromagnetic signals.
Features:
• The signal is broadcasted through air
• Less Secure
• Used for larger distances
There are 3 types of Signals transmitted through unguided media:
(i) Radio waves –
These are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and receiving
antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless
phones use Radio waves for transmission.

Further Categorized as (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite.

(ii) Microwaves –
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly
aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height
of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile phone
communication and television distribution.

(iii) Infrared –
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate through
obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It
is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.