HARDWORK PAYS

ENGLISH

BASIC GRAMMAR TO ADVANCED GRAMMAR

ENCOURAGEMENT WORKS BETTER THAN PRESSURE

 CONTENTS

S.NO TOPICS PG. NO

1 BASIC INTRODUCTION
2 PARTS OF SPEECH
3 SENTENCES
4 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
5 QUESTION FORMATION
6 VERBS LIST
7 SENTENCES Vs PHRASES
8 SENTENCE PATTERN
9 SUBJECT Vs VERBS
10 USAGES OF HAS / HAVE / HAD
11 USAGES OFAM / IS/ ARE/ WAS/WERE
12 USAGES OF DO/DOES/DID
13 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE
VERB
14 FINITE AND INFINITE VERB
15 FORMING PLURAL NOUNS
16 PHRASES AND CLAUSES
17 LINKERS
18 ARTICLES
19 PREPOSITION
20 QUESTION TAGS
21 NOMINALISATION
22 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
23 MODALS
 24 TENSES
25 DEGREES OF COMPARISON
26 RELATIVE PRONOUN
27 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
28 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
29 SIMPLE,COMPLEX AND COMPOUND
30 PUNCTUATION

PREPARED BY

S.VASANTHI M.A.,M.Sc(PSY).,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
B.T.ASSISTANT(ENGLISH)
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL,
PERIYAKANNALAPATTI.
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.

MY HEARTY THANKS TO:

MRS. M. NESAPRIYA B.Lit.,

 GRAMMAR
ALPHABET:
 There is only one alphabet.
 It has 26 letters.
ACCORDING TO THE SIZES:
 Capital letters
 Small letters
ACCORDING TO THE SOUND:
44 Sounds in 26 letters
 Vowels
 Consonants
 Semi vowels
VOWELS:
A E I O U
CONSONANTS:
B C D F G H J K L M N P
Q R S T V X Z
SEMI VOWELS:
W Y
LETTER:
A B C D E a b c d e
F G H I J f g h I j
K L M N O k l m n o
P Q R S T p q r s t
U V W X Y Z u v w x y z
WORD:
Group of letters form a word.
SENTENCE:
Group of words form a sentence.
PARAGRAPH:
Group of sentences form a paragraph.
ESSAY:
Group of paragraphs form an essay.

PARTS OF SPEECH
There are Eight parts of speech.
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Articles / Determiners:
One kind of Adjectives….But these are also comes under parts of speech.
NOUN:
 Naming word.
 It denotes the name of the person, place or thing.
 It is also called as “subject”
 Examples:
Cat / Bangalore /Apple / Suresh / Science
 Suresh is a good boy.
 Science is my favourite subject.
 An apple is the healthiest fruit.
KINDS OF NOUN:
 Proper noun ( more specific)
 Common noun ( commonly mentioned)
 Abstract noun ( cannot be touched ) ( peace / love)
 Collective noun (Group )(bunch of grapes / basket of fruits)
 Material noun ( Iron , cotton , wood , plastic….)
 Possessive noun ( me , your ,our, …..)
 Countable noun / uncountable noun
 Compound noun ( Two or more nouns)
 Singular noun / plural noun
 Concrete noun ( seen , touched , smelt , taste)
 Gender ( masculine , feminine , neuter , common)
 Gerunds ( verb + ….ing)
PROPER NOUN :
 Particularly Mentioned.
 Jimmy is my pet animal.
 Starting letter must be in Capital letter.
COMMON NOUN:
 Commonly mentioned.
 Dog is a pet animal.
PRONOUN:
Instead of Noun , we can use pronoun
I - I We - Teachers You - You
He - Sam She - Sneha It - Puppy
They - Students
 SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN

1ST Person I me my mine myself

Singular
1st Person We Us Our Ours Ourselves
Plural
2nd person(Singular/Plural)
You You Your Yours Yourself /
Yourselves
3rd Person He Him His His Himself
Sing/ male
3rd Person She Her Her Hers Herself
Sing/female
3rd person It It Its - Itself
Sin/ neuter
3rd person They Them Their theirs Themselves
plural

VERB:
Action of the Noun
TYPES:
 Action verb ( main verb)
 Auxiliary Verb ( Helping verb)
ACTION VERBS:
Play , dance , go , run , drink, study, sleep , feel…
AUXILIARY VERB:
Be verb:
Am , is, are, was, were, be, been, being
Do verb:
Do , Did , Does
Have verb:
Have , has , had
Modal verb:
Can , could, may , might, shall, should, will, would, must
Semi modals verb:
Need , dare, used to, ought to
ADVERB:
 Add + verb
 Additional information of verb
 Time , place Manners (ly)
Example:
`Sunday , house, quickly, nicely, slowly, etc….
Adverb of Time:
Today , soon, since, now, early, before, already, after, always, never, once,
everyday, sometimes, often, twice…….
Adverb of place:
Inside , away, home, outside, near, there, everywhere, here, school, hotel,
temple….
Adverb of manners:
Easily , loudly, happily, quickly, slowly, sadly, silently, bravely……
ADJECTIVE:
 Description of a noun

color
About a Size
new

How they Adjective Number

feel Quantity

How
How a something
noun looks How
something behaves
sound

Examples:
Small , big , large, tiny, enormous, blue, red, circular, triangular, square,
hard, smooth, soft, loud, seven, many, few, spicy, sweet, sour, salt, rainy,
windy, sunny, foggy, cloudy.
PREPOSITION:
 Position of the noun
 Used before a noun / phrase / pronoun
 Approximately 80-100 prepositions.
Examples:
In , on , under, to, at, after, behind, etc……
TIME:
On Sunday
In December
At night
Go to school
Good at mathematics
CONJUNCTION:
 Connection word
Examples:
and , but, or, because, when , though, but , also
 John and Mary
 Tea or coffee
So, for, if, as, while, until, unless, not only, other than
INTERJECTION:
 Express a sudden utterance
 Exclamation word
Examples:
Well, Ouch, Wow, Oh, Oops, Hi, Bravo….
1. Wow ! it’s a nice shirt

2. Hurrah ! I won the game

3. Ouch ! Bloody hell

4. Hi ! how are you?

5. “Bravo ! Bravo !”
 SENTENCES

SENTENCE:
Group of words is called Sentence.
KINDS OF SENTENCES:
 Declarative ( statement )
 Imperative
 Interrogative
 Exclamatory

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE:
 Makes a statement
 Gives information
 Ends with a full stop [ . ]

Example

 Today is a holiday , due to rain

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE:
 Gives command
 Makes a request / wish
 Mostly ends with a full stop [ . ]
 Sometimes, an exclamation mark. [ ! ]

Examples:
1. Stand up Denotes

2. Don’t go there Second person (You)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:
 Asks a question

 Ends with a question marks [ ? ]

Example:
 Do you have a pen?
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE:
 Expresses happiness , anger , fear and shock.

 Ends with an exclamation marks [ ! ]

Example:
 What a beautiful picture !

 How strong he was !

 Hurry !

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

 A sentence consists of two parts.

Subject

Predicate

SUBJECT:
Speak about some person, place or thing.
PREDICATE:
Say something about that person, place or thing.
 MY MOTHER LOVES ME

Subject Predicate

SUBJECT IN AN IMPERATIVE SENTENCE:

 You sit down

 You be quiet

 You come inside

IDENTIFY THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE:

1. Sita is ill.

2. Sathish is the cleverest boy in the class.

3. I have a house of my own.

4. Birds build their nests.

5. Don’t spit on the road.

6. Always walk on the platform.

 QUESTIONS
“Wh” questions [open question ]
“Verbal” questions [yes / no question ]
“Wh” Questions:
Who -
Where -
When -
What -
Why -
How -
How many - ( plural noun ) ( countable nouns )
How much - ( singular noun ) ( uncountable noun)
How often /How long -
Whose -
With whom -
Examples:
1. Who are you?
2. Where is your home?
3. When is your birthday?
4. What do you want?
5. Which is your pen?
6. Why are you late?
7. How are you?
8. Whose pen is this?
9. With whom do you go?
10.How many students are there in the class?
11.How much sand is on the beach?
Exercises:
1.What time is it?
It’s 10.30 AM.
2.Where are you from ?
I am from Tirupattur.
3.When will you go to home?
I will go to home by 5.00 PM.
4.What is this?
This is a pen.
5.Who are all talking?
They are all talking.
6.Which is your favourite place?
My favourite place is Chennai.
7.Why are you crying?
Because , I lost my pen.
8.Whose book is this?
This is my book.
9.With whom did you speak?
I speak with Uma.
10.How is your life?
It’s fine.
11.How many books do you have?
I have five books.
12.How much milk do you want?
5 litres.
VERBAL QUESTION : [ YES OR NO QUESTION ]
 Am, is , are, was, were
 Have , has, had
 Do , does , did
 Can , could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must

FORMATION OF VERBAL QUESTIONS: (HELPING VERBS )

“YES” OR “NO”
I am a doctor Am I a doctor?

Are you a doctor?

He is from Chennai Is he from Chennai?

She is busy Is she busy?

It is a cat Is it a cat?

You are hungry / Are you hungry?

I am hungry

They are same Are they same?

The movie was good Was the movie good?

They were busy Were they busy?

You / I have arrived Have you arrived?

It has started Has it started?

It had started Had it started?

I can swim can I swim

I must leave Must I leave?

RULES:
SENTENCE : He is from Chennai
QUESTION SENTENCE : Is he from Chennai ?
HOW TO ANSWER THE VERBAL QUESTIONS: ( YOU – I / WE )

QUESTION AFFIMATIVE NEGATIVE

ANSWER ANSWER
Are you? Yes , I am No , I’m not

Is he? Yes , he is No, he’s not

Am I ? yes , you are No, you’re not

Was it ? yes, it was No, I wasn’t

Were you? Yes , I was / No, I wasn’t

Yes , we were No, we weren’t

Have you? Yes, he have No, I haven’t

Has he? Yes , he has No, he hasn’t

Had we? Yes , we had No, we hadn’t

Do you? Yes , I do No, I don’t

Does he? Yes, he does No, he doesn’t

Did they? Yes, they did No, they didn’t

 QUESTION AFFIMATIVE NEGATIVE
ANSWER ANSWER
Can we? Yes, we can No, we can’t

Could you? Yes, I could No, we couldn’t

Shall we? Yes, we shall No, we shan’t

Should he? Yes, he should No, he shouldn’t

May I ? Yes, you may No, you mayn’t

Will you? Yes, I will No, I won’t

Would you? Yes, I would No, I wouldn’t

Must she? Yes, she must No, she mustn’t

Might they? Yes, they might No, they mightn’t

EXERCISES:
FRAME QUESTIONS FOR THE SENTENCES:(HELPING VERB
QUESTION)
1.He is a boy.
2.They are friends.
3.She should work hard.
4.They will come tomorrow.
5.We must attend the morning.
6.It has come recently.
 7.They have five pens.
8. She can dance beautifully
9. I am fine
10.We shall go for an excursion.

MAIN VERB QUESTIONS: ( ACTION VERB)

1.Cows give milk.

2.She works hard.

3.He took my pen.

4.He drinks tea.

5.They help us.

6.They played cricket.

7.We take exercises.

8.She speaks truth.

9.They wrote examples.

10.She sang songs.

FORMATION OF VERBAL QUESTIONS: ACTION VERB

I drink - Do you drink?

You drink - Do I drink?

He drinks - Does he drink?

She drinks - Does she drink?

It drinks - Does it drink?

 We drink - Do we drink?

They drink - Do they drink?

I drank - Did you drink?

You drank - Did I drink?

He drank - Did he drink?

She drank - Did she drink?

It drank - Did it drink?

We drank - Did we/ you drink?

They drank - Did they drink?

Do – Do not – Don’t I

Did – Did not – Didn’t you

Does – Does not – Doesn’t Did We Do

I don’t drink They

It didn’t drink He

He doesn’t drink She Does

They doesn’t drink It

 VERBS LIST
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE

Am / is was been being

Are were been being

Do/does did done doing

Have/ has had had having

Will would - -

Shall should - -

Can could - -

May might - -

Agree agreed agreed agreeing

Celebrate celebrated celebrated celebrated

Change changed changed changing

PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE

Close closed closed closing

Cultivate cultivated cultivated curing

Cure cured cured curing

Damage damaged damaged damaging

Describe described described describing

Die died died dying

Dive dived dived dived

Educate educated educated educating

Include included included including

Increase increased increased increasing

Inspire inspired inspired inspiring

Love loved loved loving

Move moved moved moving

Solve solved solved solving

Use used used using

Waste wasted wasted wasting

PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE

Accept accepted accepted accepting

Adjust adjusted adjusting adjusting
Allow allowed allowed allowing
Arrest arrested arrested arresting
Attack attacked attacked attacking
Call called called calling
Collect collected collected collecting
Convey conveyed conveyed conveying
Cross crossed crossed crossing
Disturb disturbed disturbed disturbing
End ended ended ending
Insult insulted insulted insulting
Jump jumped jumped jumping
Paint painted painted painting
Play played played playing
Start started started starting
Want wanted wanted wanting
Drop dropped dropped dropping
Fit fitted fitted fitting
Omit omitted omitted omitting
Permit permitted permitted permitting
Plan planned planned planning
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE

Lay laid laid laying

Pay paid paid paying

Say said said saying

Carry carried carried carrying

Clarify clarified clarified clarifying

Classify classified classified clarifying

Cry cried cried crying

Dignify dignified dignified dignifying

Dry dried dried drying

Electrify electrified electrified electrifying

Hurry hurried hurried hurrying

Identify identified identified identifying

Intensify intensified intensified intensifying

Marry married married marrying

Multiply multiplied multiplied multiplying

Study studied studied studying

PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE

Bind bound bound binding

Bring brought brought bringing
Buy bought bought buying
Dig dug dug digging
Feed fed fed feeding
Feel felt felt feeling
Fight fought fought fighting
Find found found finding
Get got got getting
Hold held held holding
Keep kept kept keeping
Kneel knelt knelt kneeling
Learn learnt learnt learning
Lend lent lent lending
Make made made making
Meet met met meeting
Sell sold sold selling
Teach taught taught teaching
Win won won winning
Become became became becoming
Come came came coming
Run ran ran running
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE

Arise arose arisen arising

Draw drew drawn drawing

Eat ate eaten eating

Fall fell fallen falling

Fly flew flown flying

Forget forgot forgotten forgetting

Freeze froze frozen freezing

Give gave given giving

Go went gone going

Hide hid hidden hiding

Know knew known knowing

See saw seen seeing

Sing sang sung singing

Speak spoke spoken speaking

Take took taken taking

Write wrote written writing

Wear wore worn wearing

Cost cost cost

Cut cut cut

Hurt hurt hurt

Hit hit hit

Beat beat beat

Put put put

Quit quit quit

Set set set

Shut shut shut

Fit fit fit

Bet bet bet

Burst burst burst

Cast cast cast

Let let let

Read read read

Rid rid rid

Shed shed shed

Split split split

Spread spread spread

Thrust thrust thrust

TEST SERIES:
Accept give
Add get
Bake hold
Bury lay
Clap pay
Destroy say
Enjoy tell
Fry wear
Guess Help
Introduce Jump
Marry Obey
Relax Study
Beat Become
Cost Do
Draw Drive
Eat Fly

TENSE PRONOUN:
I / We - First person
You - Second person
He / she / it / they - Third person
 SENTENCES Vs PHRASES

Comparison between Sentences and Phrases:

SENTENCE PHRASE

Group of words Group of words

Complete meaning Makes sense but not complete

meaning.

Have Capital letters and Don’t have Capital letters

Puncuation

Have Subject and Verb Don’t have Subject and Verb

Begins with Subject and Verb Begins with Preposition

Jimmy, Deepa, Tiger, Puppy, In,on,after,with,at,for,to……

He,She,Delhi…….

Ex: Vasu loves her Job. Ex: On the wall

TEST SERIES:
STATE WHETHER IT IS SENTENCES OR PHRASES:
1. On the roof.
2. He is singing.
3. The next train is at four
4. In my class.
5. Misha wrote a letter.
6. Never on Sundays.
7. With a piece of chalk.
8. You should buy this book.
9. The toys are.
10.In his dream.
11.He is determined.
12.Win a game.
13. A beautiful place
14. For the rain to stop.
15. She was upset.
16. a lovely girl.
17. In the East.
18. You might enjoy.
19. To eat dinner.
20. The dog is very happy.
 SENTENCE PATTERN
There are five main components in a sentence.

1.Subject

2.Verb

3.Complement

4.Object

-Direct object

-Indirect object

5.Adjunct

-Adjective

-Adverb

1.SUBJECT: [S]

- Consists of nouns or pronouns

- Occurs before a verb

Ex:

1.Birds fly

2.The lion roars.

2.VERB:[V]

- Consists of Auxiliary verb and Action word.

Auxiliary verb:

Am, is , are, was, were, have, has, had, do , does, did, can, could, shall,
will, would, may, might, must.
Action verb:

Sing, dance, sleep, eat, walk, ran , talk….

Ex:

1.Birds fly.

2.The lion roars.

3.Raja talks.

4.She will go.

5.We are playing.

(3).OBJECT:[O]

- Consists of noun or noun phrases.

- Transitive verb.

Direct object:[DO]

-Answers the question ‘ what’ after verb

Ex:
S V O
1.Sheela / likes / cats /

S V O
2.They / eat / mangoes /

S V O
3.The lion / killed / the deer/
Indirect object [ IO]:
-Answers the question ‘whom’.
Ex:
 1.I / gave / Vimala / a pen/
2.My uncle / gift / me / a watch/

3.My mother / told / us / a story/

Key words:
Me , us, him, her, his, them,….

(4) ADJUNCT( A):

- Answers the questions

‘ Where’, ‘When’, ‘Why’, ‘How’

‘Where’:-( adverb)
-denotes the place

-here , there, everywhere , at school , at home.

‘When’:-( adverb)

-denotes time

-now , later, in the morning , at 7p.m

‘Why’:-( adverb)

-explains the Reason.

-due to fever , through floods,……

‘How’:-

-adjective form

Adverb of Manners:
Swiftly, Carefully, Rarely……

Examples:
S V A
1.She / sings / well /
 S V A
2.Nithya / will come / tomorrow /

S V A
3.Uma / had gone / to srilanka /

S V A A A
4.Shivangi / sings / sweetly /in vijay super singer / at 9.30 p.m/

(5).COMPLEMENT:[C]
-Completes the meaning in the sentence.
-Tells abount the subject.
-Next to ‘ Be verbs’ ( main verb)
Ex:
C
1.They / are / players/

C
2.He / is / wise /

C
3.I / am / an Indian/

C
4.It / grew / dark /

C
5.He / become / a lawyer /
IDENTIFY THE PATTERN OF THE SENTENCES:

1.Ajith wrote.
(SV / SA / SO)
2.They painted the car Red.
( SVIODO / SVOC / SVO)

3.Velu grew tired after the match.

(SVCA / SVIODO / SVOC)

4. He was going to school.

(SVO / SVA / SVCA)
5.I met my friend at the market.
(SVIODO / SVOC / SVOA)
6.Reading made him a complete man.
(SVOC / SVIODO / SVOA)

7.They named this child Ria.

( SVAC/ SVOC/ SVCA)

8.Ram’s father is a lawyer.

( SVC/ SVA/SVIODO)

9.He sang me a song melodiously.

(SVOC/ SVOA/SVIODO)

10.This shoe is large.

(SVO/SVC/SVA)

11.His father gave him his school bag.

( SVC/ SVOC/SVIODO)

12.The players entered the room.

(SVO/SVA/SVC)

13.Eve-teasers must be punished severely.

(SVA/SVC/SVOA)
14.We wear woolen clothes in winter season.
(SVOC/SVIODO/SVOA)

15. I shall meet you tomorrow.

(SVO/SVIODO/SVOA)

16.He answered the question instantly.

(SVOA/SVCA/SVIODO)

17.They named the boy Avilash.

( SVAC/SVOC/SVCA)

18.We completed the work on time.

(SVOC/SVAC/SVOA)

19.The meeting ended with a vote of thanks.

(SVA/SVC/SVO)

20.I bought a new car yesterday.

(SVAO/SVCA/SVOA)

21.Raju woke up.

(SV/ SVA/SO)

22.He wore his new uniform.

( SVA/ SVO/SVIODO)

23.Shyam gave me the right answer.

(SVOA/ SVOC/ SVIODO)

24.He visits the orphanage frequently.

(SVOA/SVOC/SVIODO)

25.We call Gandhi Mahatma

(SVOA/SVOC/SVC)

26.Alexander conquered many countries.

(SVA/SVO/SVC)
27.All the cows have been milked.
( SVA/ SVO/SV)

28.Suddenly they heard a cry.

(ASVC/ASVO/SVAO)

29. The cat chased the rat.

(SVC/SVA/SVO)
30.Once he was rich.
(SVOC/ASVC/ASVO)

31.The children in the classroom made noise.

(SVO/SVAO/SAVO)
32.We saw a big snake in the garden.
(SVOA/SVOC/SVC)

33.The fruit tasted better.

(SVO/SVC/SVIODO)
34.The manager paid them their salary.
(SVIODO/ASVIODO/SVOC)

35.A big cobra swallowed a big rat.

(SVO/SVC/SVCA)

36.We elected him as our Musician.

(SVOC/SVIODO/SVOA)

37.Everday the post man brings us letters.

(SVOCA/SVOAA/ASVIODO)
38.Yesterday we found the question easy.
(ASVOC/SVOAA/ASVOA)

39.Always he is busy.
(ASVO/ASVC/SVIODO)
40.Everymorning I read the book
(ASVC/ASVO/ASVA)

41.Our Master teaches us English Grammar patiently.

(ASVIODO/SVIODOA/SVIODOC)
42.The milk turned sour soon.
(SVOA/SVOC/SVCA)

43.They made him captain last month.

(SVOCA/SVOAC/SVOAA)

44. She draws pictures easily on the wall.

(SCAOC/SVOAC/SVOAA)

45.I bought this laptop in Bangalore.

(SVOC/SVOA/SVAA)

46.They called Einstein Genius.

(SVOC/ SVOA/SVAA)

47.Raghu is tall.
(SVA / SVC/SVO)

48.All of a sudden the magician showed them a parrot.

( ASVIODO/ ASVOC /ASVOA)

49.In this dress Our class teacher looks smart.

(ASVIODO/ ASVOC/ ASVOA)

50.Surya drives the car swiftly.

(SVOA/SVOC/SVAA)

HINTS:

Subject complements:
Have,has,had,become,look,feel,grow,seem,taste,small,appear,begin,behave,remain
(main verb)

Object complement:
Make , name, call, think, elect, find, prove, choose,
appoint,consider,keep,struck,paint,declare , approve ( main verb).
KEYANSWERS:

1.SV 2.SVOC 3.SVCA 4.SVA 5.SVOA

6.SVOC 7.SVOC 8.SVC 9.SVIODO 10.SVC

11.SVIODO 12.SVA 13.SVA 14.SVOA 15.SVOA

16.SVOA 17.SVOC 18.SVOA 19.SVA 20.SVOA

21.SV 22.SVO 23.SVIODO 24.SVOA 25.SVOC

26.SVO 27.SV 28.ASVO 29.SVO 30.ASVC

31.SVO 32.SVOA 33.SVC 34.SVIODO 35.SVO

36.SVOC 37.ASVIODO 38.ASVOC 39.ASVC 40.ASVO

41.SVIODO 42.SVCA 43.SVOCA 44.SVOAA 45.SVOA

46.SVOC 47.SVC 48.ASVIODO 49.ASVC 50.SVOA

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT( ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT
 SUBJECT Vs VERBS

IDENTIFY THE SUBJECT AND VERB:

1.I drink milk everyday.

2. We play football.

3. He eats eggs.

4 Salman khan acts in movies.

5. The beetle lives in a pipe.

6. You take a bath.

7. She comes down the pipe.

8. It looks good.

9. They study for a while.

10. The students dance well.

I / we - First person

You - Second person

He / she / it / they – Third person

I / you / we / they do not take – s / she in verbs

He / she / it - take - s / es in verbs

 Who Verb
I Sing
You Sing
We Sing
Rajni and Rajiv/ They Sing
Rajni / she Sings
Rajiv / he Sings
The bird Sings
It Sings

Exercises:

1.We______ ( live)in a large city.

2. My mother _____ ( work ) in a bank.

3. She also _____ ( look) after the house.

4. My father ______ ( work) in an office.

5. You ______ ( like) chocolates.

6.I _____ ( play) cricket.

7.Mary and Jim _____ ( clean) the house.

8. They ____ ( wash) our clothes.

9. The monkey _____ (like)sweets.

10.Monkey______ ( like) to jump.

 USAGES OF HAS / HAVE
I /We/You/ They- Have
He/ She / It - Has

EXERCISES:
1.Mani_____a pen.
2.Suganya ______ a doll.
3.I ______ a bad cold.
4. She ____ a headache.
5. Teachers ________ a meeting in the afternoon.
6. He _____ an English class.
7. Mom ______ coffee after dinner
8.You ______ many books
9. We _____ an apartment.
10. They _____ many funny things to say.
11. The monkey ____ an apple.
12. I ______ a warm sweater.
13.They _____ rice for dinner everyday.
14.I _____ an interesting book to read.
15.I ____ a beautiful ball.
16. My sister ____ time for studies.
17.Dhilip _____ his driving lessons everyday.
18. I ____ to go now.
19. Usually , Dad______ biscuits with his tea.
20. My grand parents _______ breakfast at eight.
 USAGES OF AM , IS , ARE, WAS , WERE
 Present from – am , is ,are
 Past from – was , were
I – am / was
He / She / It – Is / Was
We / You / They – are / were
1. Mala ____ in her office. (past)
2. The dog and the cat ___ in the garden (past)
3. The thief ____ behind that house (past)
4. I ____ Vasu( pres)
5. Divya and I ____ friends. (pres)
6.The umbrella _____ blue ( past)
7. Jim and John ____ standing with their aunt ( Pres)
8. These ____ my dolls ( pres)
9. They ___ nice girls.(pres)
10. The children ____ in the shop(.past)
11. He ____ a teacher (past)
12. She ____ a teacher (pres)
13.We _____ hungry ( past)
14. Mrs. Sagi _____ funny and nice (pres)
15. My brother ____ two years old (pres)
16. The camels ____ tired (pres)
17. They ____ in the sun (past)
18. The athlets _____ tired (pres)
19. She _____ sleepy (past)
20. The students _____ very happy (pres)
 USAGES OF DO , DOES , DID
 Present form – Do , Does
 Past form – Did

I , You , We , They - Do
He , She , It - Does
Past Tense - Did

1. I ____ my home work regulary.

Did ( past Tense)
2. My brother _____ not always complete his home work.

3. Suman ______ her homework neatly.

4. He _____ a lot of other work too.

5. We ______ in our spare time for pleasure.

6. My aunt _____ beautiful embroidery.

7. The children can ____ all the activities.

8. Rishi _____ everything this his mom asked him to do.

9. Anu always ______ her work on time.

10. I _____ gardening everyday.

11. _____ you like apples?

12. _____ She know French?

13. _____ they go to the Library?

14. _____ he play cricket?

15. ____ you know these people?

 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB
VERB:
Verb is a word used to express an action or state.
Verb

Transitive Intransitive
(with an object ) (without an object)
TRANSITIVE VERBS:
Verbs that express action with an object. The object of a
transitive verb can be a noun , pronoun , a noun clause or phrase.
Examples:
1. I threw the ball. (Noun as object)
2. We beat them. (Pronoun as object)
3. I think that you are correct. (Noun clause)
INTRANSITIVE VERBS:
Verbs that express action without an object.
Examples:
1. I ran.
2. I ran swiftly.
3. I ran in the race.
Exercises:
Write a “T” or “I” for Transitive and Intransitive verbs:-
1. I sent the parcel yesterday.
2. He stopped the car and go out.
3. Open the door
4. Suddenly the door opened.
5. The wind moved the curtain.
6. The curtain was moving in the wind.
7. She blew out the candle.
8. Someone rang the doorbell.
9. The children flew kites.
10. Birds fly in the sky.
11. The students raised their hands.
12. The children rose from their seats.
KEY ANSWERS:
1. T 7. T

2. T 8. T

3. T 9. T

4. I 10. I

5. T 11.T

6. I 12. I
 FINITE AND NON – FINITE VERBS

FINITE VERBS:
A finite verb functions as a “main verb” in a sentence. It shows
‘tense’ and agreement with the subject . It changes according to
number, person, gender and tense.
Example:
1. We study
2. We studied.
3. We will study.
4. We will be studying.
 A simple sentence has one finite verb.
 A finite verb makes a complete sentence.
NON- FINITE VERBS:
A non- finite verb does not show tense.
Example:
She asked us to study
FINITE NON-FINITE
 A non-finite verb “cannot stand alone” as the verb in a
sentence .
Ex: My brother cleaning his car.
 We add a ‘helping verb’ to a non - finite verb to make it finite.
My brother is cleaning his car.
DIFFERENCES:
FINITE NON – FINITE
1.Act as a verb Do not act as a verb
2.Act as a main verb in a Acts as a noun, adjectives
sentence and adverbs.
3.Indicate number, person Do not explain number,
and tense. Person or tense.
4.Used in present and past ------- -----------------------
tense.

CIRCLE THE FINITE AND UNDERLINE THE INFINITES:

1. I like to play with my puppy.

2. She works hard to pass the test.

3. Smoking is prohibited in this area.

4. He went to the city to find work.

5. The boy saved the cat from the dogs.

6. I have finished my dinner.

7. My mother bakes tasty cookies.

8. He wants to launch a business.

9. The doctor is attending to the patient.

10. Nancy does her homework everyday.

 FORMING PLURAL NOUNS
A noun is said to be Singular, if it refers to one thing.
Ex: Book , Ball
A noun is said to be Plural , if it refers to more than one thing.
Ex: Books , Balls
As a general rule , the plural of a noun is formed by adding –S to the Singular
form.
But this rule does not apply in all cases.
RULE:1
Noun ending in –s ,-x , -z, -sh , or – ch we add - es.
Bench – Benches
Tax – taxes
Class _ classes
RULE:2
( i) Noun ending in -y ( CONSONANT BEFORE IT ) We add –ies
Army – armies
Baby – babies
Duty – duties
( ii) If -y [ VOWEL BEFORE IT ] We add –S
Boy – boys
Key – keys
Ray – rays .
RULE:3
( i) Noun ending in – O , [ CONSONANT BEFORE IT ], We add – es.
Buffalo – buffaloes
Echo – echoes
Negro – negroes
( ii) If --O[ VOWEL BEFORE IT ] We add – S,
Bamboo – bamboos
Radio – radios
Cuckoo – cuckoos
RULE:4
(i) Noun ending in –f , or –fe , We change to –ves.
Calf – calves
Knife – knives
Wolf – wolves
(ii) But some noun ending in –f or –fe , form their plural in the normal way , -S
Dwarf – dwarfs
Safe – safes
Roof – roofs
RULE:5
(i) Some nouns have irregular plurals
Child – children
Ox – oxen
Man – men
(ii) some nouns -oo , changes into –ee.
Foot – feet
Goose – geese
Tooth – teeth
(iii) In some cases,
Louse – lice
Mouse – mice
RULE : 6
(i) Compound noun generally forms the plural by adding – S to the principal
word
Daughter – in –law – daughters – in –law
Passer – by – passers –by
Step –son – step – sons
(ii) In some cases , Compound nouns take a double plural.
Man – servant – men – servants
Woman – teacher – women – teachers
Woman – servant – women – servants
TIPS:

is-es um – a a – ae
us – i oo – ee ix - ices
NOTE:
Some nouns have the same form for the plural and singular.
Deer , Sheep , fish , dozen , score, hundred ,

thousand , news , civics, politics, Physics,

Mathematics, thanks, scissors , trousers, pants, measles, mumps.

 SINGULAR - PLURAL

Child - children memorandum - memoranda

Deer - deer phenomenon - phenomena

Fish - fish stratum - strata

Foot - feet cactus - cacti

Goose - geese focus - foci

Knife - knives fungus - fungi

Leaf - leaves nucleus - nuclei

Man - men radius - radii

Mouse - mice stimulus - stimuli

Octopus - octopi axis - axes

Person - people analysis - analyses

Sheep - sheep basis - bases

Tooth - teeth crisis - crises

Wife - wives diagnosis - diagnoses

Woman - women hypothesis - hypotheses

Means - means ellipsis - ellipses

Beau - beaux oasis - oases

Bureau - bureaux paralysis - paralyses

Tableau - tableaux parentheses - parenthesis

Bacterium - bacteria synthesis - syntheses

Corpus - corpora synopsis - synopses

Criterion - criteria thesis - theses

Datum - data appendix - appendices

index -indices/indexes washerman - washermen

Matrix - matrices / matrixes torch - torches

Face - faces bunch - bunches

Ear - ears switch - switches

Eye - eyes stitch - stitches

Shoulder - shoulders splash - splashes

Hands - hands wash - washes

Arm - arms patch - patches

Leg - legs I - we

Finger - fingers duck - ducks

Toe - toes doll - dolls

Knee - knees pet - pets

Glass - glasses tree - trees

Box - boxes road - roads

Bush - bushes house - houses

Bench - benches bench - benches

Bus - buses brother - brothers

Gas - gases bush - bushes

Dress - dresses flame - flames

Class - classes class - classes

Buzz - buzzes hole - holes

Quiz - quizzes cloth - clothes

Fox - foxes branch - branches

Dish - dishes curve - curves

Arch - arches group - groups

Church - churches color - colors

Day - days scarf - scarves

Hat - hats bunny - bunnies

Lady - ladies fifty - fifties

Cap - caps elf - elves

Leaf - leaves lice - louse

Loaf - loaves gas - gases

Elf - elves ass - asses

Hal - halves Wife - wives

Self - selves Shelf - shelves

Life - lives Louse - lice

This - these That - those

She/he - they Army - armies

Key - keys Leaf - leaves

Branch - branches Monkey - monkeys

Fairy - fairies Fly - flies

Duty - duties Puppy - puppies

Father-in-law - fathers-in –law

Mother – in –law - mothers-in-law

Passer-by - passers-by

Step mother - step mothers

Governor –general – governors – general

 PHRASES & CLAUSES
PHRASE:
 It is a group of words.(Sentence )
 It does not have a subject and verb.
 It has no finite verb.
 So it does not give complete meaning.
Examples:
 On seeing the snake
 In the morning.
KINDS OF PHRASES:
NOUN PHRASE:
It is made up of a noun and its modifiers.
 The white car
 Rama and siva
 My English teacher
VERB PHRASE:
It is made up of a verb and its modifiers
 ran to catch
 will be running
 filled with horror
ADVERB PHRASE:
It functions as an adverb
 In a hurried manner.
 Very quickly
 In the shopping mall
ADJECTIVE PHRASE:
It does the work of an adjective.
 made of wood
  the sharp knife.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE:
It begins with a preposition and help to explain the relationship between
two things.
 On the boat
 Over the tree
 In the school
Examples:
1. The black hat was blown away in the wind
Noun phrase verb phrase prepositional phrase

2. We bought chairs made of wood.

Adjective phrase

3. A boy of class X become the house captain.

Noun phrase

CLAUSES:
 It is a group of words.
 It does have a subject and verb.
 It has finite verb.
 It gives complete meaning.
Examples:
He ran away
TYPES OF CLAUSES:
Main clause – Independent sentence
Subordinate clause – Dependent sentence.

Subordinate clause always depends upon main clause

NOUN CLAUSE:
 It functions as a noun.
 This is what I want.
 Whoever wins the contest will get a prize.
ADVERB CLAUSE:
 It modifies the verb and this clause gives details about the action.
 I went to the place where I was born.
 She was happy because her father gave her a watch.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:
 It describes more information about a noun – tells us which one, what kind ,
or how many.
 The book that I left on the bus belongs to Mr.Baskar.
 The students were sitting quietly in the classroom until the teacher
arrived.
EXERCISES:
CHOOSE THE CORRECT TYPE OF PHRASE OR CLAUSE ANSWER FOR
THE UNDERLINED WORDS:
1.Kohil hopes to win the trophy.
( noun clause / adjective phrase / noun phrase/ adverb phrase )
2. The train halts at every junction.
( adjective clause / noun clause / adverb clause )
3. Rama bought a pen that doesn’t write well
( noun clause / adjective clause / noun phrase)
4. Come back as soon as possible
( adverb phrase / adjective phrase / noun clause)
5. She knows where I go .
( subordinate clause / adverb clause / noun clause )
 Identify the dependent clauses or phrases and underline
I
.
them.
1. I will stop playing the drums when you go to sleep.
2. Whether he attends the party or not, I have decided to go.
3. We climbed up the hill to enjoy the view.
4. I enjoy painting during my holidays.
5. Texting oh his phone, the man swerved in to ditch.

ANSWERS:

1.Noun phrase

2.adverb phrase

3.adjective clause

4.adverb clause

5.noun clause.

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT(ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.
 LINKERS/ CONNECTORS/ CONJUNCTIONS

DEFINITION:
Conjunctions are also known as Connectors or linkers or link
words.
We use Conjunctions to join words , a group of words or
Sentences.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS:
There are three types of Conjunctions.
 Coordinating Conjunctions.
 Subordinating Conjunctions.
 Correlative Conjunctions.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:
DEFINITION:
It links two group of words that independently make sense.
KEYWORDS:
And, or, for, otherwise, so, but, yet, still, as well as……….
EXAMPLES:
1. I rang up but he didn’t speak to me.
2. Slow and steady wins the race.
3. Finish your work or you will not be sent home.
4. The child was ill so he was admitted in the hospital.
5. He is rich for he is hard-working.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:
DEFINITION:
These conjunctions help us to introduce Subordinate
Clauses. They are also used to join Subordinate to Main Clauses.
KEYWORDS:
When, though, although, since, until, till, after, as before, if, unless,
whereas, while, in case, as long as, as soon as, as much as,
therefore, So that, because, as if, however, etc.,
EXAMPLES:
1. Unless you work hard, you cannot secure good marks.
2. Wait till I return.
3. He is honest, though he is poor.
4. As John in very weak, he is not able to walk.
5. I will return home after sunset.
6. My uncle entered my house, While I was doing my homework.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS:
DEFINITION:
These conjunctions are always used in pairs. The two connectors in
each sentence that are related to each other. It is known as
“Correlative Conjunctions”.
KEYWORDS:
Neither ……nor, either……. Or, not only….. but also
scarcely…….when, both…and , no sooner…… than,
such…… that, etc.
EXAMPLES:
1.Sheeba is both a singer and a dancer
2. Neither Jane nor Ram has attended the function.
3.Scarcely had they gone out when it Started raining.
4.The car is not only economical but also feels good to drive.
5.No sooner did the teacher enter the class the boys stood up.

PURPOSE LINKERS
Addition And, as well as with, but also,
not only . furthermore, besides,
in addition to, also, even,
again, moreover, Similiarly.
Cause/Reason Since, as, for, because, Since
then, accordingly, thus,
Consequently, hence,
therefore.

Contrast But, yet, still, nevertheless,

though, although, eventhough,
however, on the contrary, on
the other hand, even if, instead,
whereas, otherwise, after all,
unlike, in contrast,
alternatively, instead of
Result or Purpose Therefore, consequently, then,
so, so that, hence, thus,
such….that, As a result
Time When, while, after, before, till,
until, as soon as, as long as, at
once, immediately, meanwhile
, at length, at the same time, in
the mean time, in the end,
before that, after that.
Condition If, unless, whether, in case,
provided that, If not, in that
case, otherwise
Choice Or, orelse, otherwise,
either…… or, neither…..nor
Comparison Likewise, similarly, where as
but, on the other hand, equally,
when compared to, except by
comparison, in the same way,
as…..as, than, so…..as
Place Where, wherever
Sequence First, then, next, after that,
formerly, Previously, earlier
on, so far, already, later, since,
now soon, finally, Previously,
at this point
Relative Pronoun Who, Which, Whom, Whose
that
Relative Adverbs Where, When, Why, How
Example For example, for instance, in
this case, in another case, on
this occasion, in this situation,
in this manner, to illustrate,
such as
Summary In brief, on the whole, thus, in
sum, to sum up
EXERCISES:
1. ……….. he is ninety years old, he is in the pink of
health.[when/ since/ Even though/ yet]
2. She did well in the test,………… Tom didn’t [despite / when /
inspite of / whereas]
3. She came to work …………. her cold. [where as / inspite of /
however / although]
4. We arrived safely, …………. the train was two hours late.
[despite / while / because / although]
5. She went to school …………… her mother told her to.
[because / though / even if / while]
6. I am going to the palace………….. I have been there before.
[despite / nevertheless / though / however]
7. Deepa hid her diary…………….. nobody could read it. [so
that / whereas / because / while]
8. ……………. Johnny eats fish, his brother won’t touch it.
[ when / Inspite of / Although / However]
9. I can’t stand pop music …………. my sister loves it. [because
/however / whereas / nevertheless]
10. ……………I have lost a few pounds I am still over
weight. [Despite / Although /Whereas / When]
11. _________Arun is poor, he cannot the fees.
( so / as/ though / but )
12. There is no building _______ the classes are going on.
[and / and at once /so / but ]
13. _________ I returned my house , Isaw my mother.
[ since / as soon as / on seeing / no sooner]
14. Call me ______ you need money.
[so that / inorder that / in case / whether ]
15. They faced many hardships _______they are always
cheerful. [ although / nevertheless / though / otherwise ]
16. Jeya teaches not only English _______ science. [ but also /
and at once / but / or also ]
17. No sooner did I enter the house ______ it started drizzling.
[ there for / thus /than / because ]
18. _____they checked the packet twice, they sealed it. [when
/ after / before / while ]
19. ______you study well. You won’t pass. [ though / while
/hence /unless ]
20. My uncle entered my house ______ I was doing my
homework.[ while / where / that /since ]

KEY ANSWERS:
1. Eventhough
2. Whereas
3. Inspite of
4. Although
5. Because
6. Though
7. So that
8. Although
9. However
10. Although
11. As
12. But
13. As soon as
14. In case
15. Nevertheless
16. But also
17. Than
18. After
19. Unless
20. while
 ARTICLES
 Articles is none other than a part of DETERMINERS.
 Determiners are the words that introduce a noun and provide some information
about it.
 Determiners are followed by a noun.
o The ball
o His son
o Five cats
o Some students
Types of Determiners:
POSSESSIVE
ARTICLES DEMONSTRATIVES ADJECTIVES
a, an ,the This, that, these, those my, our, your,
his,her,its,their

QUANTIFIERS CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS

Some, any, each, One,two,three,twenty,forty First,second,third,forth,
few, little, hundred,etc…. Twentieth,etc….
much,more,many
All, every….

EXAMPLES:
An apple is a healthy fruit

Two cats have drunk a bowl of milk.

My father has many cars.

1
ARTICLES:
An articles is a word that describes the noun (a, an, the)
ARTICLES
Definite Indefinite
The a an
Before Before
consonant sound vowel sound
Vowel:
a, e, i, o, u
Consonant:

b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,v,w,x,y,z.
INDEFINITE ARTICLES:
“A” is used:
(i) Before singular noun:
A girl, a house, a tree, a top
(ii) Before consonant sound:
A purse, a chair, a book
(iii) Before a word beginning with a vowel letter, but having a
consonant sound and “w” sound:
A university , a European , a one – eyed man.
(iv) Before the word “Few” and “little”:
A few , a little
Ex:
He has little money. („Almost no money‟ or „not many‟)
He has a little money to spend. (something to spend)

2
 (v) Before the counts :
a couple of days, a pair of shoes…
“An” is used:
(i) Before a singular noun with a vowel sound.
An ant , an axe , an elephant , an orange , an MLP ,an MP
(ii) Before a word beginning with a silent “H”
An hour , an honest , an heir
(iii) Before a word beginning with a sounded “H”
An historical place
DEFINITE ARTICLE:
“The” is used:
(i) Before the names of Rivers and Musical instrument:
the Ganges , the Jamuna , the violin , the guitar , the piano
(ii) Before the names of Seas:
the Indian ocean , the Arabian sea.
(iii) Before the names of Magazine,Newspapers and Holy books:
the Times of India , the stardust , the Gita , the Bible , the Quran.
(iv) Before the names of Mountain ranges:
the Himalayas , the Vindhyas , the Alps
(v) Before the names of Natural objects:
the sun , the moon , the earth.
(vi) Before the names of Races and People:
the Hindus , the Muslims , the English
(vii) Before the Superlative words [….est]
the best , the oldest , the youngest

3
 (viii) Before the Nicknames:
the Mahatma , the land of rising sun( Japan)
(ix) Before the Cardinal Numbers, Ordinal Numbers, Weight and
Measures:
the two, the three, the four, the first, the second, the third, the fourth,
the dozen , the kilogram
(x) Before important Historical events and Historical buildings:
the first Indo – Pak war
the Quit India movement
the Tajmahal , the Redfort, the Great wall of China
(xi) Before the names of Adjective:
the rich, the poor , the deaf , the dumb
(xii) Before the Common noun:
the lion , the rose , the peacock
(xiii) Before the Directions:
the north, the south, the east , the west
(xiv) Before the Union and United countries:
the United kingdom, the united states of America ,
the United Arab of Emirates, the Irish Republic
OMISSION OF THE ARTICLE:
(i) Don‟t use before the Meals:
Breakfast, lunch and dinner
(ii) Don‟t use before the Materials:
Gold, platinum , silver, tables
(iii) Don‟t use before the Plural nouns:
Apples , books , aeroplanes

4
 (iv) Don‟t use before the names of Games:
Football , hockey, tennis, chess
(v) Don‟t use after All:
All day , all night , all morning
(vi) Don‟t use before Proper nouns:
Sathish , Bangalore , India , April
(vii) Don‟t use before Relatives:
Mother , father , uncle , sister , brother
(viii) Don‟t use before Language:
Tamil , Sanskrit, French, English
(ix) Don‟t use before Festivals:
Deepavali , Holi , Christmas , Ramzan
(x) Don‟t use before Cities, Countries and Continents:
Delhi, Chennai, Calcutta, India, Srilanka, Asia, Australia, Africa
(xi) Don‟t use before Months and Days:
Monday, Tuesday, May, June
(xii) Don‟t use before Possessive pronoun and Abstract noun:
Honesty , poverty , wisdom , truth , strength, knowledge , love ,
absence, his honesty , her beauty , their cleverness

EXERCISES:
1. The child wanted to eat ________ apple
2. We went to _______ temple.
3. I borrowed _______ pencil from my friend.
4. The boy sat on _______ small sofa.
5. There was _______ dog in the street
6. ______ letter was posted yesterday.
5
7. I met him _______ hour ago
8. There were _______ mangoes in the basket.
9. An article is the word that describes _______ noun
10. You need _______ umbrella when there is rain
11. She was given _______ ice cream she wanted.
12. He is ______ MLA
13. He is not _______ European.
14. _____ lion pounced on the deer and killed it.
15. We lived in ________ first street.
16. I want _______ axe to cut the wood.
17. ______ church which we go is newly constructed.
18. Miss Anne speaks _______ Chinese.
19. My daughter wants to be ________ doctor.
20. _______ principal is coming up
21. Yusuf likes to play ______ volleyball
22. _______ inspector came to our school to visit.
23. My daughter is learning to play _______ violin.
24. Please give me ________ cake that is on display.
25. I am ________ best teacher
26. ______ moon shines at night.
27. _______ elephant is a wild animal
28. Rohit is _______ cleverest boy
29. Brutus was ______ honorable man
30. Have you seen _______ Taj?
31. English is ________ easy language

6
32. _______ buses are full in Delhi.
33. She saw ______ one eyed beggar.
34. He was ______ best judge of horses.
35. Newton was ______ great scientist
36. she is ________ American
37. I wanted for ______ hour
38. I wrote _______ essay
39. Jack and Jill went up ______ hill
40. Nisha is ______ tallest girl in the class
41. I want to become ______ strongest lady
42. Raju is ______ honest boy
43. He is _______ honorable man
44. The game came to _______ end
45. Speak _______ truth
46. _______ gold is a precious metal
47. _______ honesty is the best policy
48. Bananas are sold by _________ dozen
49. Grapes are sold by ________ kilogram
50. He lives in _____ USA

7
ANSWERS:

1.An 2.The 3.A 4.The 5.A 6.The 7.An 8.No 9.A 10.An

11.An 12.An 13.A 14.The 15.The 16.An 17.The 18.No 19.A 20.The

21.No 22.An 23.The 24.The 25.The 26.The 27.An 28.The 29.An 30.The

31.An 32.The 33.A 34.The 35.The 36.An 37.An 38.An 39.The 40.The

41.The 42.An 43.An 44.An 45.The 46.No 47.No 48.The 49.The 50.The

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI M.A., M.SC(PSY).,M.PHIL.,B.ED.,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL
PERIYAKANNALAPATTI
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT

8
 PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to indicate time,

place, direction, source, etc…
Pre + position
Position of the noun
KINDS OF PREPOSITION:
* Simple preposition
* Compound preposition
* Phrase preposition
* Participle preposition
Simple preposition:
On, in, at, by, up, upto, into, to, of, off, from, for, with, out, till, through,
onto, etc…
Compound preposition:
Above, about, across, along, among, around, amidst, after, against, beyond,
between, below, behind, beside, besides, before, beneath, down, during, except,
inside, near, outside, opposite, over, since, towards, under, underneath, until, upon,
within, without, etc….
Phrase preposition:
Along with , fond of, ruled over , live in, ran across, afraid of, down with,
tired of, proud of, jumped into, careful about, prefer to, injurious to, acquainted
with, complained to, laugh at, grateful to, acted against, agreed with/to, confident
of, deals in / with , invited to, arrived at, replied to, depend upon, fill with, apply
to, mix with, guilty of, beware of, lives at, fight for, sure of, sorry for, according to,
by means of , by way of, because of, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, for the
sake of, in case of, in addition to, inspite of, infront of, in the event of.
Participle preposition:
alongside, barring, concerning, considering, excepting, excluding, failing,
following, not withstanding, regarding, pending, via , etc.....

Prepositions of time:
'On' is used for dates and days.
'In' is used with month and years.
'At' is used for a point of time.
Examples:
1. I shall go to Delhi on Sunday.

2. Our examination begins on 20th April.

3. My parents will give me gift on my birthday.

4. Rain started in July.

5. We got freedom in 1947.

6. We met him at 10'o clock.

7. The stars shine at night.

II. ' Since' refers “particular point of time” (Hint: Have been , Has been)

'For' refers “Duration of time”

Examples:
1. I have been working since 2014.

2. He has been studying since 4 a.m

3. I am waiting here for an hour.

4. Arun stayed here for six months.

 5. She is working here for 23 years.

III. „During‟ refers „period‟ of time „In‟:

1. I will come there during summer holidays.

2. Kalam read books during the flight.

IV. “From – to”:

1. The meeting was held from 5 to 9.

2. Farmers work in their field from dawn to dusk.

V. „Until / Till‟:
 Before certain time

1. I waited till the officer came.

2. You must wait here until the boss came.

VI. „By‟:
 Refer „future time' [ Hint : will]

Examples:
1. The work will be over by next year.

2. I will complete my homework by Tomorrow.

3. This work will be finished by the end of this month.

VII. „Between‟ – „And‟:
 Refers the „time period‟ from one to another.

1. He completed his college study between 2004 and 2013.

2. She will need this book between Wednesday and Sunday.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE:
„Up‟ - Used in the vertical direction. It is in movement .Doesn't stay

at the fixed point. [HINT : Oscillation]

„On‟ - Stay at the fixed position.

„Upon‟ - Denotes Motion equals to Up

„Over‟ - It conveys a sense of movement as well as a sense of covering

large area.

„Above‟ - Something is higher than another object . It also hints of a

certain position

Examples:
1. I want to hike up the mountain.

2. Coffee prices went up again.

3. He went up on the dice.

4. The elevator moves up and down.

5. The book shop is on the mount road.

6. The hair on his head is grey.

7. The car is going upon the hills.

8. The shawl is over your head.

 9. The cat jumped upon the table.

10. The plane flies over the sea.

11. The temple is above the hill.

12. The king sits above the rest of his ministers.

13. We cannot accept children above 6.

COMPARISON BETWEEN '' UP, ON, UPON, ABOVE, OVER''

Up touch move

On touch not move

Upon touch move

Above touch not move

Over not touch move

II. „Near - close to the objects

Examples:
1. Jeni lives near her workplace.

2. I live near the airport.

III. „In‟ - Rest something. But when we talk about location, time

or other situations ( not physically surrounded) , We

should use it / In the names of big cities and states

„Inside‟ - Rest something / Physically surrounded

„Into‟ - Denotes towards something

 „Within‟ - „Inside the limits‟.

Examples:
1. The pen is in / inside the box.

2. Babu lives in Mumbai.

3. India is in Asia.

4. The tree trunk was hollow inside.

5. We are inside / in the house

6.The fox fell into the well

7. We went into the house

8. I threw the paper into / in the trash.

9. The results will be announced within 14 days.

10. Most car accidents occur within five miles of home.

IV. „Beside Vs Besides‟ / Near:

 „Beside‟ - Refers „close to‟ / near to
 „Besides‟ - Apart from / Moreover

Examples:
1. There is a bank beside my house.

2. He sat beside his father.

3. Besides being an artist, she is a doctor.

4. I dislike fishing, besides I don't own a boat.

V. „Between, Among, Amidst‟ :

  „Between‟ - Only two objects.
 „Among‟ - more than two objects.
 „Amidst‟ - formal word for Among.

1. The river flows between the banks.

2. Prabhu is sitting between Arul and Anbu.

3. The three brothers quarrelled among them.

4. He mingled among the mass.

5. John looked for his friend amidst the crowd.

6. A Chief guest came on stage amidst clapping and cheering.

VI. „Under, Underneath, Beneath, Below:

Under - used when something is directly under another /

for a lower position.

Underneath - something is covered by another thing (hide)

Beneath - same meaning as underneath / under , but it's a

formal word.

Below - something is in a lower position but in the same

hill building , part of another thing.

Examples:
1. The cat is sleeping under the table.

2. Santhiya is working under the collector.

3. The coin rolled underneath the piano.

 4. I know he's soft hearted underneath.

5. The boat sank beneath the waves.

6. The body was hidden beneath a thin layer of soil.

7.He dived below the surface of water.

8. Don't write below this line.

9. Answer the questions given below.

10. Children below 12 years must take half ticket.

VII. „AT‟:-

 Used for a position at a point.

 Used with the names of small villages and towns.

Examples:
1. We live at Chennai.

2. Meet me at CEO office.

VIII. Behind vs Beyond:-

 Behind - position in rank / something in backside
 Beyond - used of space to mean.

Examples:
1. The school is behind the park

2. Gopal is trailing behind Sekar in election

3. The school is beyond the market.

4. The distance is beyond our reckoning.

IX. „After Vs before‟:-
 After - later in time / next to
 Before - earlier in time / previous to

Examples:
1. After leaving school, Arul went to the army.

2. Before he went to bed, he had finished his homework.

X. With:-
 In the company of somebody / something

Examples :
1. Army killed general kabadi with gun.

2. Ravi stayed with his uncle.

XI. „From‟:-
 Used for a point of departure / starting point.

Examples:
1. He has come from the Himalayas.

2. We could not get help from anyone.

XII. „For‟:-

 Used to indicate purpose

Examples:
 1. They go for a walk.

2. He was arrested for murder.

XIII. „Around‟:-

 Used for closer proximity

Examples:
1. She was seen around the temple.

2. He travelled around the world.

XIV. „To‟:-

 Used for movement , direction and destination.

Examples:
1. He went to school.

2. I want to go to the book store.

XV. Towards:-

 Same as To / Denotes Motion.

Examples:
1. He is running towards the opposite direction.

2. The Pakistan army is moving towards the war field.

XVI. „Through‟:-
  Moving from one side to other side of opening channel or location.
 Continuing action towards completion.

Examples:

1.The train passed through the tunnel.

2. We can see the objects through the glass.

XVII. „Across‟:-
 Used for…… from one side to another.

Examples :
1. We swam across the river.

2. Our house is just across the road.

XVIII. „Against‟:-

 Used for opposition, collision, indicating support and preparation.

Examples:
1. She was married against her Will.

2. The car knocked against the lorry.

Exercises:
1. The assignments must be submitted ________ 10 am.

2. Let us meet _______ 7.o clock today.

3. My parents have been lived in Chennai _____ 1990.

4. The discussion lasted ___ five hours.

5. There was a traffic jam ____ the morning.

6. My wedding anniversary is _____ 10th July.

7. The conference begins ____ 11 o clock.

8. Teacher‟s day is celebrated ____ September.

9. We have to return the library books _____ three days.

10. I will visit my sister____ the Christmas.

11. I met my friend _____ 1st January 2019.

12. My brother will visit us ____ his vacation.

13. We need you to join us ____ the end of the month.

14. Prema left for the states ____ 5th March.

15. Mohan has worked here ____ five years.

16. Jaya has been with us ____ her childhood.

17. We have four- day holiday ____ Diwali.

18. Mother will be back ___ a week.

19. It snows here ___ December.

20. The house must be ready ____ the end of January.

21. The cat hid __________ the door.

22. My uncle will visit me ____ May.

23. Wait there ____ I come.

24. Hang the charts ____the wall.

25. I have been practising _____ morning.

26. The baby has been sleeping____ a long time.

27. The work will be over ____ this evening.

28. We could not get help ______ anyone.

29. The ladder is placed __________ the wall.

30. The dog runs _____ the road.

31. We live ____ Chennai.

32. Would you like to go ____ the library?

33. I was____ the library yesterday.

34. There is a bridge ___ the river.

35. The Kanyakumari Express is from Chennai ____ Nagercoil.

36. Who is the person sits ___ Ajay and Anbu?

37. Come ____ the hall, We shall watch TV.

38. The bone was ____ the dog

39. Compare your answers ____ your friends.

40. This key holder is special _______ me.

41. Apples and Oranges are______ the same box.

42. An exam will be conducted _______ 10am _____ 1 pm.

43. I have two pens. What____ you?

44. Guess what I have ___ my hand.

45. I come ___ a big family.

46. Match the pictures _____ the names.

47. We are going ___ vacation ___ August.

48. School begins ____ Monday.

49. She is good _______ solving problems.

50.You are blessed ________ my talents.

ANSWERS:
1. within 2. at 3.since 4.for 5.in

6.on 7. at 8.in 9.within 10.during

11. on 12.during 13.by 14.on 15.for

16.since 17.for 18.within 19.in 20.by

21.behind 22.in 23.until 24.on 25.since

26.for 27.by 28.from 29.against 30.along

31.in 32.to 33.at 34.across 35.to

36.between 37.into 38.for 39.with 40.for

41.in 42.from-to/between-and 43.about

44.in 45.from 46.with 47.to/in

48.on 49.at 50.with

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT( ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.
 QUESTION TAGS
A Question tag is the shortest form of on question using the „verb‟ and „pronoun‟.

(i) A positive statement uses a „Negative Tag‟

(ii) A negative statement uses a „Positive Tag‟

1. Statement with Auxiliaries:

Am am not are n‟t / ain‟t

Is is not is n‟t

Are are not are n‟t

Was was not wasn‟t

Were were not weren‟t

Will will not won‟t

Would would not would n‟t

Shall shall not shan‟t

Should should not shouldn‟t

Can cannot couldn‟t

Could could not couldn‟t

May may not mayn‟t

Might might not might n‟t

Must must not must n‟t

Ought ought not oughtn‟t

Need need not need n‟t

2. STATEMENTS WITHOUT AUXILIARIES:

Do - do not – don‟t

Does – does not – doesn‟t

Did – did not - did n‟t

Present tense (Singular ) – use „ do‟

Present tense (Plural ) – use „does‟

Past tense ( singu & plur ) – use „did‟

Example:

1. Rats dig burrows , don‟t they?

2. The cuckoo sings beautifully , doesn‟t it?
3. Tenzing conquered the Everest, didn‟t he?
4. Sachin broke the window , didn‟t he?

3.STATEMENT USING „HAVE / HAS/ HAD‟ AS AUXILIARIES:

Have – have not – haven‟t

Has – has not – hasn‟t

Had – had not – hadn‟t

Examples:

1.The flowers have drooped , haven‟t they?

2.The bell has rung , has n‟t it?

3.The school bus had started on time , hadn‟t it?

4.STATEMENT USING „HAVE / HAS/ HAD‟ AS Main verb:

Have – do – don‟t

Has – does – doesn‟t

Had – did – did n‟t

Examples:

1.Indians have great respect, don‟t they?

2. A tiger has sharp claws, doesn‟t it?
3.Little Rosy had fever, didn‟t she?
5. ‘LET” USE “SHALL WE”:
Let-Shall we
Examples:
1.Let‟s go for walk , shall we?
2.Let‟s get together for a party, shall we?

6. “SIMPLE REQUESTS USE WILL YOU?”:

1.Pass me the book, will you?

2.Come with me, will you?

3.Get me a ticket, will you?

7. “URGENT REQUESTS USE WONT YOU?”:-

1.Send the e-mail immediately, won‟t you?

2.Catch this quick , won‟t you?

3.Pass on the message soon, won‟t you?

8. “COMMANDS USE CANT‟ YOU?”:

Order – can‟t you

Examples:
 1.Keep quiet , can‟t you?

2.Listen to me , can‟t you?

3.Be attentive, can‟t you?

9.Statements – “Negative words” use “Positive tag”

No,not,none,never,neither-nor,little,few,scarcely,hardly,rarely,seldom,barely

Examples:
1.Sheela is not going to come today , is she?

2.The cuckoo has no care for eggs , does it?

3.None of the boys failed, did they?

4.Nobody is late , are they?

5.He never fails in his duty, does he?

6.Babu speaks neither Tamil nor Urdu, does he?

7.Muni shows little care in his studies, does he?

8.Few planets can be seen , can they?

9.Santhosh scarcely listens in class , does he?

10.They rarely lose their points , do they?

10.Statemets – “Positive words” use “Negative tag”:

A little

A few “Something have”

Examples:
1.A little sugar is added to taste , isn‟t it?
 2.I have a few chocolates to share, haven‟t I?

3.They had bought a few kerchief, hadn‟t they?

11. “Only” – For Both “ Positive and Negative tags”

Examples:

1. Only children are allowed to play , are / aren‟t they?

2.He did only one mistake , did / didn‟t he?

12.Statements – For Plural Noun – “ They”:

Each , Every, Someone , Somebody, Anyone, Anybody, None, Nobody
Examples:

1.Everybody cheered, didn‟t they?

2.Nobody was injured , were they?
3.Someone can do it , can‟t they?
4.Everybody is happy , aren‟t they?
5.None of them is willing to come , are they?

Exercises:

1.There is a pub in the corner,____?

( isn‟t it / isn‟t there / hasn‟t it)

2.He‟s really good looking , _____?

( isn‟t he / isn‟t it / doesn‟t he)

3.It‟s the last one ,____?

(aren‟t it / isn‟t one / isn‟t it)
4.We should do it now, _____?
(should we / should n‟t we / were we)

5.He must have seen it,_______?

( must he / must n‟t he / have n‟t he)

6.He can do it, ______?

( did he / can‟t he / can he)

7.It‟s easy , ____?

( is it / is n‟t it / was it)

8.He was angry , _____?

( was he / wasn‟t he / didn‟t he)

9.They were late, ____?

(weren‟t they / were they / are they)

10.Let‟s pray to God , ___?

(will you / shall we / do we)

11.She works in sales, _____?

( does she / doesn‟t she / did she)

12.It looks perfect, ____?

(does he / does it / does n‟t it)

13. I am elder to you ,____?

(am I / aren‟t I / amn‟t I )

14.It can‟t be them , ____?

( can be / can it / can‟t it)

15.You haven‟t come , ____?

( have you / haven‟t you / did you)
16. She is n‟t very old,____?
(is n‟t it / is n‟t she / is she)

17.It isn‟t very difficult , ___?

( is n‟t it / is it / does it)

18.Delhi is not far off , ______?

( is n‟t it / is it / does it)

19.He doesn‟t write well, ____?

( doesn‟t / did he / does he )

20.I need n‟t read it , ____?

( need I / need n‟t I / do I )

21.It does n‟t work , _____?

( does it / doesn‟t it / did it )

22.I don‟t know , ____?

( don‟t I / do I / did I )

23.He did n‟t say that , _____?

(did he / did n‟t he / doesn‟t he)

24.Vinoth is not rich , ____?

(is n‟t he / is n‟t it / is he )

25.Mala should n‟t do that , ____?

(Should n‟t it / should she / should her)

26.She won‟t come, _____?

(will she / won‟t / she / did she )

27.They don‟t like it , _____?

(do they / don‟t they / do it )
28.There is not enough, _____?
( is n‟t he / is n‟t there / is there)

29.The bell has not rung , ____?

( is it / has n‟t it / has it )

30.Let us start working , ______?

( will we / must we / shall we)

31.Students of std. x have no time to waste,______?

( haven‟t they/ have they / are they)

32.The sun sets in the west, _______?

( does it / is n‟t it / doesn‟t it)

33.There is no water in the tank,_____?

( is n‟t it / is they / is there)

34.People ought to keep the streets clean,____?

( are they / ought n‟t they / ought they)

35.I shall carry the bags for you ,______?

( shan‟t I / shall I / don‟t I )

36.Our team will won the match , ____?

( won‟t it / will it / is n‟t it)

37.Plants give out oxygen during the day,_____?

(do they / don‟t they / won‟t he )

38.He never fails in his duty,_______?

( doesn‟t he / does he / won‟t he )

39.Let‟s go for a movie,______?

(shall we / can we / will we)
40.I‟m not late , _____?
(are n‟t I / am I / are I )

41.Shreya draws well, ______?

(didn‟t she / does n‟t she / don‟t she)

42.It‟s very sultry , ______?

( is it / is n‟t it / is n‟t he )

43.None of the boys , failed , _____?

(are they / did n‟t they / did they)

44.There is no place like home , ____?

( isn‟t it / is there / is it )

45.Nobody is late , _____?

(are they/ aren‟t they / is n‟t they)

46.Everyone likes it , _____?

(is n‟t he / don‟t they / do they)

47.We get interrupted power supply , _____?

( do they / don‟t they /don‟t we)

48. I‟m not late , _____?

( are I / am I / am n‟t I )

49.There are enough mangoes for us , ____?

( are there / aren‟t there / are it )

50. You know this story,____?

( don‟t you / do you / did n‟t you)
KEY ANSWERS:
1. isn‟t there? 2.isn‟t he? 3.isn‟t it? 4.should n‟t we? 5.must n‟t he?

6.can he? 7.is n‟t it? 8.wasn‟t he? 9.weren‟t they? 10.shall we?

11.doesn‟t she? 12.doesn‟t it? 13.are n‟t I ? 14.can it? 15.have you?

16.is she? 17.is it? 18.is it? 19.does he? 20.need I?

21.does it ? 22.do I ? 23.did he? 24.is he? 25.should she?

26.will she? 27.do they? 28.is there? 29.has it ? 30.shall we?

31.have they? 32.doesn‟t it? 33.is there? 34.oughtn‟t they? 35.shan‟t I ?

36.won‟t it? 37.don‟t they? 38.does he? 39.shall we? 40.am I ?

41.doesn‟t she? 42.isn‟t it? 43.did they? 44.is there? 45.are they?

46.don‟t
TEST they ?
YOURSELF: 47.don‟t they? 48.am I? 49.aren‟t there? 50.don‟t you?

PREPARED BY

S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT(ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT
 NOMINALISATION
 The term “Nominalisation” refers to the process of producing a noun from

another part of speech by adding a derivational affix.

 Nominalisation can be done in three different ways.

i. Some words do not undergo any change when they are used as Nouns.

Examples:

Attempt - attempt

Change - change

Control – control

Desire – desire

Escape – escape

ii. Some words are turned into nouns without any adding suffix.

Bleed – blood

Lose – loss

Prove – proof

Sell – sale

Speak – speech

iii. Some can add suffixes like -ment – tion – sion – ness – ation -ity -al to verb
and adjectives.
OTHER FORM NOUN FROM
Admire admiration

Arrive arrival

Careless carelessness

Fail failure

Include inclusion

Intense intensity

Punish punish

Vary variation

Duplicate duplication

Divide division

Mutate mutation

Combine combination

Adapt adaptation

Contract contraction

Expand expansion

React reaction

Rotate rotation

Active activism

Complex complexity

Desirable desirability
Complex complexity

Desirable desirability

Sceptical scepticism

Willing willingness

Beautiful beauty

Breathe breath

Enter entry

Know knowledge

Deafen deaf

Zealous zeal

Familiar familiarity

Accept acceptance

Dangerous danger

Explain explanation

Predict predication

Choose choice

Significate significance

Distract distraction
 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
 It shows something belongs to the person.
 It shows possession.
 Possessiveness form.
 Apostrophe ( „ ) is used to show possession
Examples:
1. Boy‟s Cap
2.Father‟s shoes
3.Mrs.Bell‟s house
RULES:
1. In the case of Singular Nouns, We use ‘S
(i) The book of the boy the boy‟s book.
(ii) The watch of the girl the girl‟s watch
2. With Plural nouns that end in S, We use S’
(i) The hats of the girls the girls‟ hats
( ii) The nests of the birds the birds‟ nests
(iii) The toys of the boys the boys‟ toys
3. With Plural nouns that do not end in S we use ‘S
( i) The clothes of the men the men‟s clothes
(ii) The hats of the women the women‟s hats
(iii) The toys of the children the children‟s toys
4. If something belong to a non – living things,
We do not use an apostrophe
We do not say : the table’s legs
We can say : the legs of the table
 MODALS
A Modal verb is used to indicate modality that expresses a speaker‟s general
intention.
i.e., likelihood , ability , permission , request , capacity , suggestions , order,
obligation , advice.
Modals do not change with the person or number of the subject.
Modals do not have “past form”, “ing – form” “s - form.”

Verbs
Main verbs Auxiliary verbs
[Types of action ] [Time of action ]
Primary auxiliary Modal auxiliary semi – modal auxiliary
11 No 9 No 4 No
Am, is, are shall, should ought to
Was, were will, would used to
Have, has, had can, could need
Do, does, did may, might, dare
must.
All these 24 auxiliaries are called „Anomalous finites‟ as their function are
anomalous in nature.
PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS:
1. „Be‟ verb (am, is, are, was, were) are used either in progressive form or passive
from. „Be‟ is used in commands.
(e.g):
1. Be careful
2. Be clean and regular.

2. „Have‟ verb (have, has , had,) are used in perfect tenses.

(i) They have finished their work.
(ii) He has completed his work.
(iii) She had visited Delhi.
3. „Do‟ verbs (do ,does, did) are used to show emphasis.
(i). I do know the fact.
(ii). He does know the answer.
(iii). They did play well.

4. All these are used as principal verb also.

(i) He is a pop singer.
(ii) Ravi has the influence.
(iii) He did the preparations.

MODAL VERBS:

1.MAY:
Permission
1. May I go home in the afternoon?
2. May I come in miss?
Possibility
1. It may rain.
2. Tomorrow may be a holiday.
Wish or player
1. May God bless you.
Express purpose
1. Learn that you may teach other.
2. He goes to the gym so that he may become lean.

2.MIGHT:
Permission / request:
1. Might I borrow your calculator?
2. He told me that I might use his car
Possibility:
1. He said that it might rain in the evening.
2. It might rain tonight.
3. He might go to a movie.
Suggestion:
1. You might visit the big temple which is on your way.
2. You might have told me earlier about it.
Indirect speech:
1. He said that it might rain.
Purpose:
1. He left the office early so that he might go for a function.

3.CAN:
Ability / capacity:
1. I can speak English fluently
2. I can drive a car.
3. Can you lift this weight?
4. Can you play the piano?
Permission:
1. Can I go out?
2. You can go now.
3. Can I have your pen?
Possibility:
1. Malaria can be dangerous.
2. He can come tomorrow.
Request:
1. Can you take me to central station?
2. Can you help me in the work?
Offer:
1. I can lend you my book.
2. I can give my pen.

4. COULD:
Polite Request:
1. Could I see your manager for a minute?
2. Could you lend me your book?
3. Could you show me the way?
Ability / past ability:
1. He could complete the work.
2. She could work long, when she was young.
3. If I were you, I could do it easily.
4. I could easily run fast those days.
Likelihood:
1. Could it be my mother?
5. WILL:
Request/ Demand/ Order:
1. Will you please keep quiet?
2.Will you lend me a hand?
3.Will you type this letter?
Ability/ Futurity/ Intention/ Surety/Willingness:
1. I will study well.
2. They will come tomorrow.
3. I will score more marks
4. I will take this suitcase for you.
5. Will you marry me?
6. I will win the match?
Prediction:
1. I think Harini will be a great dancer.
2. I think he will study harder this time.
3. This will be the book, you want to read, I think
Genuine decision:
1. Oh !It‟s very hot today , I will open the window.

6. WOULD:
Polite request:
1. Would you please help him?
2. Would you mind moving a bit?
Habits in the past:
1. When I lived in Bargur, I would often go to shopping.
2. When I was a college student, I would smoke heavily.
Wish:
1. I would like to hear you play the flute.
2. I would like to thank her for her help.
Permission / preference:
1. Would you mind if I opened the window?
2. Would you prefer the window seat?
Improbable condition :
1. If I were a bird, I would fly.
2. If I were a fish, I would swim.
Possibility / probability:
1. I would meet my friend.
 2. They would like to go home.
Regular habitual:
1. Punith would return home and read letters daily.
Indirect speech:
1. Vasu said that she would go to Delhi the week after.
Strong desire:
1. I wish you would become an engineer.

7. SHALL:
Futurity [I, We]:
1. When shall we meet again?
2. We shall meet our principal tomorrow.
Suggestion:
1. Shall we go for a walk?
2. Shall I apply for a bank loan?
Command / promise [II and III person]:
1. You shall not come here anymore.
2. He shall get the punishment for sure.
3. If you win the match, you shall have a holiday.
4. Take the medicine regularly , you shall be well.
Permission:
1. Shall I close the window?
Certainty / intension:
1. If you sing well, you shall be the winner.
2. I shall be punished for my misbehavior.

8. SHOULD:
Duty /obligation (moral):
1. You should obey your parents.
2. You should attend the class regularly
3. We should take care of our parents during old age.
High degree probability:
1. The team should win the trophy.
Insistence / Advice / Responsibility / Instruction:
1. You should come in your uniform.
2. They should have sold the house.
 3. You should lock the door , when you leave home.
4. He should be in the office now.
5. You should not go there.
Expectation:
1. Should it rain, the exam will be cancelled.

9. MUST:
Necessity /strong obligation:-
1. We must respect our elders.
2. We must obey our parents.
3. You must recite this poem.
4. I must help him.
Compulsion / conclusion:-
1. I must teach her a lesson.
2. I must it must be a good film.
3. You must finish your assignment.
Fixed determination / certainty:-
1. He must be sixty by now.
2. It must be cold outside.
3. He is very tall. He must be a soldier.

10. OUGHT TO:-

Moral obligation:-
1. We ought to help the poor.
2. You ought to listen to the teacher.
3. You ought to send money to your parents.
4. You ought to convey this message.
Necessity / Desirability/ Possibility:-
1. We ought to hire some furniture for the function.
2. My work ought to be appreciated by all.
3. He ought to get the job.

11. NEED:-
Necessity:
1. I need hardly an hour.
2. You needn’t meet him.
‘To’ infinitive:
1. You need to study a lot
 2. We need to take a bath everyday.
3. I don‟t need to come after you.
4. Do we need to attend the programme.
12. USED TO:-
Discontinued habit:
1. They used to meet at the park every evening.
2. I used to play football every Sunday.
3. I used to play in the garden, as a small boy.

13. DARE:-
Challenge :-
1. How dare you cheat me?
2. How dare you ask me for more money?
3. She didn‟t dare to face him.
4. How dare he criticize us?
5. I dare go to the haunted house.
6. Dare he say so in front of me?
7. I dare not see his pitiable condition.

14. MUST NOT:-

Prohibition:
1. You must not smoke in the hospital.

15. NEED NOT:

Lack of necessity
Absence of obligation
1. I need not buy tomatoes.
2. I need not want to take this gifts.

PRACTISE QUESTIONS:
1.When I was a child , I ________ climb trees easily but now I can‟t.
(Ability in the past).
2. I ______ win the singing contest. (Determination)

3. You _____ buy this book. It is worth. (Suggestion)

4. Lavanya ______ speak several languages. (Ability)
5. I swear I ______ tell lies again (Futurity)
6. My father ____ play badminton , when he was at college .( past habit)
7. You _______ do as I say! (command)
8.____ I have another glass of water? (Request)
9. Sibi has not practiced hard but he ____ win the race (possibility)
10. We ____ preserve our natural resources. (Duty)
11. We ____ pay attention to our studies. (ought to / should)
12. You _____ not litter the classroom. (should /could)
13. I ____ talk to you immediately (need to /ought to)
14. They ____ not enter the exam hall without hall ticket. (may, will, must)
15. He ______ take those medicines when he had an operation.
(used to/ought to)
16. You _____ consult a physician (should /ought to)
17. You _____ exercise daily (dare to / need to)
18. They _____ not send the letter now (need/would)
19. Sahil ran fast so that he _____ catch the train .(should / might)
20. You _____ not use the office phone for private calls. (must /could)
21. _____ I go to out (may /can )
22. _____ you work hard, you will pass (shall / should)
23. Make haste lest , you ____ get late.( may / should)
24. You ____ obey your parents (ought to should)
25. I am sure the principal ______ be in his room (must /should)
26. ____ you please help my song (could/can)
27. He ____ catch the first train (must / will)
28. I _____ not go outside now (dare / need)
29. He ____ to work hard (needs / may)
30. She ____ be able to help me (will / can)
31. We _____ pay attention to our studies. (should / ought to)
32. You ____ not disobey traffic rules (must / ought to)
33. We _____ overcome it (shall/ will)
34. I_____ be surprised, if he is not elected (would / should)
35. _____ you give me a life (would / could)
36. All citizens _____ obey the rules of the land (should, may, can, must)
37. A good teacher___ make ever boring lessons interesting.
( would, can, will might)
38. Law makers ___ not be law-breakers ( could, will, can, should)
39. I ____swim in this river against the current (dare, would, ought to, need)
40. I ______ wake up at 5‟o clock in the morning when I was a young boy
(ought to, used to, can)
41. You ____ not worry about your future. (can , will, need, may)
42. I ____ like to know who she is. (should,would, must, can)
43.______ I ask you a favour ? (should, would, may, will)
44. Mala ____ speak English fluently. (can, might, need, would)
45. My father ____ take long walks. (dare , used to, ought to, must)
46. My grandfather _____ still read without specs. (can, could, should, must)
47._____ I come with you?( may, can, could, should)
48. ______ you help me with the homework? (can, could, will, should)
49. You ______ not lose any more weight. (can, need, should, would)
50. We _____ not make this mistake. (must, should, can, will)
51. It‟s raining. I _____ stay inside (can, will, shall, could)
52.______ you mind if I borrowed your book? (would, could, can, will)
53. _____ you take care of my grandmother? (could, would, can, will)
54. Our country ______ become a superpower by 2015.(may, will, shall, could)
55. She _____ sell her house boos she needs money. ( may, might, will, could)
56. She expects that her son ___ return. (may, can, will, shall)
57. All felt that he ___ be a cheat. (may, can, might, shall)
58. _____ our king live long? (may, can, will, shall)
59. I told him that I _____ leave next day ( should, would, can, will )
60. We eat so that we ____live.( may, can, shall, will)
61. How ____ you leave the classroom in such a mess?
(must, would, should, may)
62. Manoj _____ be lazy but he is certainly not weak.
(must , would, should, may)
63. I ____ Speak French , Hindi and English( can, may, should, must)
64. The man _____ have give us the wrong directions.
(should , might, would, will)
65. You ____ not be serious about swimming outdoors in the sea.
(would , can, must, might)
66. Plats _____ have sunlight in order to make food. (can, may, must, will)
67. Since our bags identical you _____ have taken mine by mistake.
68. _____ you excuse me for a moment? ( would, should, must, may)
69. She ______ stay up late if she takes a nap now. ( must, should,can,will)
70. We ____ not make the first move. (can, must, shall, could)
71. He ____ to study for the test. (ought, need, used, dare)
72. The train _____ leave now. (ought to , dare to, need to, used to)
73. I ______ drink coffee, when I was young. (dare, need, used to, need)
74. How ______ you speak to me. (dare, ought to , used to, need)
75. You are already slim. You ____ lose any more weight (ought, need, dare)
76.______I get a visa for Nepal? (ought to ,used to, dare ,can)
77. How _____ you talk to him like that? (dare, need, used to, ought to)
78. She really _____ mend her ways? (ought to, need to, used to, dare)
79. He _____ listen to his teacher. ( ought to, need, used to, dare)
80. We _____to talk to the higher authorities. (ought, used ,need, dare)
81. We____ obey our teachers. ( can, may, must, should)
82. She ____ pass this exam. (ought to, used to, dare, need)
83. He ____ not buy a car. (need, dare, ought, used)
84. He works hard lest he _____ fall . ( can, shall, should, may)
85. _____ you cook your own meal? (shall, may, can, could)
86. The villagers ____ buy kerosene lamps a few years ago.

(can, will, could, would)

87. The old lady _____ take a bath everyday before taking meal during fasting
days .( used to, dare to, need to, need)

88. Ramesh ____ finish this week before I go (can, will, must, shall)

89. She said that they _____ report for duty on Monday.( may, should, might)

90.We ____ prepare our lessons well before examination.

( can, ought to, dare to)

91. I _____ appreciate your assistance. (should, would, can, will)

92. _____ you join me for lunch? (should, would, can, will)

93. You ____ receive a new credit card in the mail.( should, would, can, will)

94. We ______ over come. ( may , can, shall)

95. _____ you give me a ride? ( shall, may, can, could)

96.______ you leave early tomorrow ? (may , can, shall, could)

97. I _____ be surprised if he is not elected.( should, would, can, will)

98. ____ I open it for you ? ( can, shall, may, could)

99. If necessary , you ______ ask for an extension.( should, could, can, will)

100. If she receive a scholarship, she ______ continue with her studies.

(will, may shall, can)

ANSWERS:
1.could 2.can 3.should 4.can 5.shall not, won‟t

6.used to 7.should 8.may 9.can 10.ought to

11. should 12.should 13.need to 14.must 15.ought to

16.should 17.need to 18. Would 19.should 20.must

21.may 22.should 23.should 24.ought to 25.must

26.could 27.must 28.dare 29.needs 30.will

31.should 32.must 33.shall 34.would 35.could

36.must 37.can 38.should 39.dare 40.used to

41.need 42.would 43.may 44.can 45.used to

46 can 47.can 48.could 49.need 50.should

51.will 52.would 53.will 54.may 55.might

56.may 57.might 58.may 59.should 60.may

61.could 62.may 63.can 64.might 65.can

66.must 67.shall 68.would 69.can 70.must

71.need 72.ought to 73.used to 74.dare 75.need

76.can 77.dare. 78.ought to 79.ought to 80.need

81.must 82.ought to 83.need 84.should 85.can

86.could 87.used to 88.must 89.should 90.ought to

91.would 92.will 93.should 94.shall 95.could

96.can 97.would 98.shall 99.could 100.will

HINTS :
MODALS VERBS AND THEIR USAGE:
PERMISSION:
Will , shall, can, may
POSSIBILITY:
May
ABILITY:
Can
OBLIGATION/DUTY:
Should
STRONG OBLIGATION:
Must
MORAL OBLIGATION:
Ought to
PAST HABIT:
Used to ,would
NECCESSITY:
Need
CHALLENGE:
Dare
PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT( ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.
 TENSES
TENSE

Present tense past tense future tense

 “Tense” denotes the time of action.
 It shows, when the work is done.
Each tense has 4 sub divisions.
 Simple tenses
 Continuous tenses
 Perfect tenses
 Perfect continuous tenses
PRESENT TENSE:
 Simple present tense
 Present continuous tense
 Present perfect tense
 Present perfect continuous tense
PAST TENSE:
 Simple past tense
 Past continuous tense
 Past perfect tense
 Past perfect continuous tense
FUTURE TENSE:
 Simple future tense
 Future continuous tense
 Future perfect tense
 Future perfect continuous tense
Examples:
SIMPLE PRESENT:
 I play cricket.
 We play cricket.
 He plays cricket.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS :
 I am playing cricket.
 We are playing cricket.
 He is playing cricket.
PRESENT PERFECT:
 I have played cricket.
 We have played cricket.
 He has played cricket.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
 I have been playing cricket
 We have been playing cricket
 He has been playing cricket
SIMPLE PAST:
 I played cricket.
 We played cricket.
 He played cricket.
PAST CONTINUOUS:
 I was playing cricket.
 We were playing cricket.
 He was playing cricket.
PAST PERFECT:
I had played cricket.
We had played cricket.
He had played cricket.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
 I had been playing cricket.
 We had been playing cricket.
 He had been playing cricket.
SIMPLE FUTURE:
 I will play cricket.
 We will play cricket.
 He will play cricket.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS:
 I will be playing cricket.
 We will be playing cricket.
 He will be playing cricket.
FUTURE PERFECT:
 I will have played cricket.
 We will have played cricket.
 He will have played cricket.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
 I will have been playing cricket.
 He will have been paying cricket.
 We will have been playing cricket.
EXERCISES:
i) Frame sentences using any one of the Action word.
ii) UNDERLINE AND IDENTIFY THE TENSE FORM:
1. She is cooking food.
2. The Earth moves round the sun.
3. Ramu has been playing for an hour.
4. My father had left for Delhi.
5. I will go to a film tomorrow.
6. They will be leaving for Singapore next week.
7. People are suffering for want of water.
8. Monsoon is expected to set in soon.
9. India has won the match.
10. She had been living here for the last 10 years.
11. There is an ancient temple in are village.
12. Classes will start tomorrow.
13. They reached the station in time.
14. Ramu is born in a poor family.
15. He received a gift yesterday.
16. The child is weeping loudly.
17. Schools were closed yesterday due to rain.
18. We will have completed the work by tomorrow .
19. It has been raining for the last two days.
20. By next year, We will have lived in chennai for 10 years.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:

DEFINITION:
It is one of the most common tenses in English . It express usual and repeated
action, event, situation or habit.
USAGE:
1. To express Universal / General truth:
 The sun rises in the East.
 b. Honey is sweet.
2. To express a habitual actions:
 I brush my teeth everyday.
  b. I play cricket daily.
3. To express certain proverbs:
 Charity begins at home.
 b. Honesty is the best policy.
4. To express future planned actions:
 The tournament begins next week.
 b. The P.M visits America Next Sunday.
5. To introduce quotations:
 Keats says, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”
6.To indicate possessions:
 He has a quartz watch.
7. In Running commentaries:
 Now the batsman hits Century.
8. In Imperative sentence:
 Bring me some water.
9. In Exclamatory sentence:
 What a wonderful monument the Taj is!
10. Beginning with 'If’ and ‘When’
 If you study well, you will pass
KEY WORDS:
Always , often , rarely , seldom , usually , frequently, generally, once a week,
never, sometimes, daily, occasionally, everyday, as usual, in general, now – a-
days, periodically, normally, everytime.
EXERCISES 1:
1. The sun _____ ( rise ) in the east.
2. He _____ ( live ) in this house.
3. They _____ ( build) houses.
4. I _____ ( play ) cricket usually in this ground.
5. All that ______ (glitter) is not gold.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

DEFINITION:
In this tense, the action is “ still going on” and hence continuous.
USAGE:
1.Used for an action that is in progress at the time of speaking:
 a.Meena is watching the TV now.
 b. The boy is drawing a picture at present.
2. With ‘always’ to express anger or irritation:
 He is always disturbing me.
 b. They are always arguing about something.
3. To express future meaning:
 I am leaving for Mumbai tomorrow morning
 b. They are visiting the planetarium next week.
KEYWORDS:
Now , at present , at this moment , any longer, still , still now , even now , any
more , while.
EXERCISES 2:
1. I ____ ( play ) cricket now.
2. He ____ ( read) a novel now.
3. We ____ (cook ) food now.
4. She ____ (sing) a song now.
5. The movie _____ ( run) successfully.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:
DEFINITION:
In this, the action is completed or has ended and hence termed Perfect. The
exact time when the action happened is not important and hence , it is not
mentioned in this tense.
USAGES:
1. To refer to an action just completed.
 My brother has just returned from Mumbai.
 b. He has bought a telescope.
2. To refer to past action whose results are seen in the present:
 She has cut her finger.
 b. It has rained here.
3. To refer to a past action recollected at the present time:
 I have visited all the tourist spots in Tamil Nadu.
 b. I have read this book already:
[ Adverbs : already / recently ]
KEYWORDS:
Just , just now, already , yet , so far, recently , lately, never, ever, since, for,
upto now , this morning/ evening / afternoon , this weekend, before , earlier , till
now.
EXERCISES 3:
1. I _____ ( finished ) my home work just now.
2. You ____ ( mark ) the same request earlier.
3. I ____ ( read) this book already.
4. _____ you ever ____ (see) a cinema shooting?
5. He ____ never ____ a tiger. (see)
PRESENT PERECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
DEFINITION:
We use the present perfect continuous tense to express about an unspecific
continuing action which happened in the past and still have the result for the
present.
USAGES:
1 Action that started in the past and continued in the present.
 I have been writing this essay for two hours
 b. He has been living here since 1980.
KEYWORDS:
Since , for
EXERCISES 4:
1. He _____ ( live) in this house for five years.
2. They ____ ( play) cricket for two hours.
3. I _____ ( read) a poem since morning.
4. Mother ___ ( cook) food from 8 am
5. He _____ ( sleep) for five hours.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE:

DEFINITION:
We use the simple past tense to express a completed action in the past, it means
the action happened and completely finish in the past.
USAGES:
1. An action that was completed in the past.
 Martin cooper invented cell phone.
 b. I visited the zoo last Sunday.
2. In condition clauses:
 If I were a bird, I would fly.
 b. If he planned well, he would win.
3. In reported speech:
 The boy said that he was busy.
 b. Nasa asked her to join duty.
4. To express two actions, Where the first action leads to the second action.
 When we reached the station, the train had left.
KEYWORDS:
Last week, last month, yesterday , once , then, ago, in olden days , in ancient
time , in early days , in my childhood, in 1980…..
EXERCISES 5:
1. You ______ ( play ) the match last month.
2. She _____ (cook) fried rice yesterday.
3. He ____ (say) that he was tired.
4. We _____ (go) to Madurai last week.
5. Once there _____ ( live) a king.

PAST CONTINIUOUS TENSE:

DEFINITION:
Action was on-going till a certain time in the past .This tense is used to talk
about an action at a particular time in the past.
USAGES:
1. For action in progress in the past:
 We were decorating the house for the birthday party in the morning.
2. To express an action in progress at some point of time in the past When
another event took place.
 She was cooking, when the guests arrived.
 b. The light went out, While we were taking our meal.
3. To describe two or more actions continuing at the same time.
 While I was watching T.V, he was sleeping.
 b. When Rome was burning , the king was playing Fiddle.
KEYWORDS:
all last night / week / month , all yesterday, for a long time , throughout the
day / night , by this time , then, when , while , from morning to evening.
EXERCISES 6:
1. I ____ (sleep) , when she ____ ( come ).
2. The phone ____ ( ring ) while I ____ ( have ) a shower.
3. They ____ ( wait) for me when I _____( arrive )
4. I ____ yesterday this time.( play)
5. We ____ (study) 9th std last year this time.

PAST PERFECT TENSE:

DEFINITION:
It is used to express something that happens before another action in the past.
USAGES:
1. To refer to the earlier of the two past actions:
 When he switched on the computer , the power had failed.
 b. When we went to the cinema , the film had already started.
HINT:
When we talk about two past actions , we use past perfect tense for the action
that happened first and the simple past tense for the action that happened later.
2. Unfulfilled wish in the past:
 I wish I had accepted the job.
KEYWORDS:
till , after , before , already, when , by, that time , by the end of
EXERCISES 7:
1. The train ____ ( leave ) when we ____ ( reach ) the station.
2. When we ____ ( go) to the hall, the music ___ ( start ) already
3. As he ____ (run) fast , he ___ ( catch) the train
4.Before the teacher ___ ( come) , the students ___ ( complete) the homework.
5. By the time I ____ ( go) there , they ____ ( eat) their lunch.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

DEFINITION:
It is used to express something that started in the past and continued until
another time in the past (An Unspecific continued past action)
USAGES:
1. To express an action that began before a definite moment in the past , had
continued up and was still in progress or had very recently finished.
 When I went to Mumbai in 2010, my brother had been staying there for 5
years.
 b. The students had been practicing for the last couple of weeks.
KEY WORDS:
When…… for , When …… since
EXERCISES 8:
1. Akshaya retired at sixty , but she ____ ( work) hard all her life.
2. Vasu was very irritable, he _____ ( look) for his contact lens for an hour.
3. I _____ was furious with Avil when he arrived , I ____ ( wait) for him for hours.
4. When I returned home, my brother ____ ( read) the novel for three hours.
5. Mahai and Raghav _____ ( argue) with each other for last two hours.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE:

DEFINITION:
It is used , when we plan or make a decision to do something.
USAGES:
1. To express an action that begins at a certain future moment.
 a.I shall do this work at 7.am tomorrow.
 b. She will come here on Saturday.

KEY WORDS:
Tomorrow , next week / month/ year , soon , later , in future, early, here after ,
shortly , in the coming days, in a few minutes , in a little time, on next …. , with in
a week/ month.
EXERCISES 9:
1. The president ____ ( leave ) for Japan next Friday.
2. Radha _____ ( meet ) me day after tomorrow.
3. I ____ ( do) my homework in future.
4. He _____ (come) to my house soon.
5. They ____ ( beat) you shortly.
6. She _____ (go) to school early.
7. You ____ ( bring) that book within a week.
8. I ____ (complete) the course next year.
9. They ____ (come) next week.
10. She ____ (get ) a scholarship.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:

DEFINITION:
It is used to express action of a particular moment in the future . It will have
finished at the moment.
USAGES:
1. For a future action that will be continuous .
 He will be finishing the project by this time tomorrow.
 b. On Friday next week , we shall be travelling to Mumbai.
KEY WORDS:
By this time , during , tomorrow this time, next month this time, all the morning
tomorrow .
EXERCISES 10:
1. We ____ ( study) 10th std next year by this time.
2. He ____ ( play) tomorrow this time.
3. She ____ ( cook) in her house tomorrow by this time.
4. They ____ (read) novel next Sunday this time.
5. The lift ____ ( run) by this time next may.
6. Don’t ring him during the afternoon , he _______ ( sleep)
7. She ____ ( write ) a letter tomorrow by this time.
8. I ____ ( sing) by this time tomorrow .
9. Fresh stock ____ ( arrive ) this afternoon.
10. I _____ ( leave) for Chennai tomorrow evening.
FUTURE PERECT TENSE:
DEFINITION:
It expresses an action that will occur in the future before another action or time
in the future.
USAGES:
1. An action that is expected to be completed by a certain time in the future.
 We will have completed our work by the time our sisters arrive.
KEY WORDS:
By next day/ week / month /year , in 2 years time , in another five months ,
by the end of.
EXERCISES 11:
1. We ____ ( reach) Goa by Monday evening next week.
2. The school ____ ( declare ) the results by next month.
3. By the end of March , we ___ ( learn) all the lessons in our books.
4. They ____ ( invite) him to the party.
5. By next month , she ____ ( learn) Hindi
6. It’s already late. By the time we reach the stadium, the match ____ (start)
7. In two years time , I ____ ( earn) my degree.
8. Swamy _____ (complete ) his doctorate thesis by next year.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINIUOUS TENSE:

DEFINITON:
It is used to talk about an on - going action before some point in the future.
USAGES:
1. An action that will be completed and will continue in the future.
 By the time he reaches the office, he will have been finishing his work.
KEY WORDS:
the same key words for future perfect.
EXERCISES 12:
1. Next month , by now , I ____ ( travel ) to NorthIndia.
2. By the time , he reaches the office , he ____ ( finish) his work.
3. By 8 am I ____ ( read) the newspaper for two hours.
4. I _____ ( study ) in this school for ten years by the end of this year.
5. By next year, people ____ ( survive ) with corona for one year.

KEY ANSWERS:
1. rises 7. Had left , reached
Lives went , had started
Build had ran , caught
Play came, had completed
Glitters went , had eaten
2. am playing 8. Had been working
Is reading had been looking
Are cooking had been waiting
Is singing had been reading
Is running had been arguing
3. have finished 9. Will leave will go
Have made will meet will bring
Have read will do will complete
Have seen will come will come
Has seen will beat will get
4. has been living 10. Will be studying
Have been playing will be playing
Have been reading will be cooking
Has been cooking will be reading
Has been sleeping will be running
5. played will be sleeping
Cooked will be writing
Said will be singing
Went will be arriving
Lived will be leaving
6. was sleeping , came 11. Will have reached
rang, was having will have declared
were waiting ,arrived will have learnt
was playing will have invited
were studying. Will have learnt
12. will have been travelling
Will have been finishing
Will have been reading
Will have been studying
Will have been surviving
EXERCISES:
1. After he ____ his lunch, he went across to the window (will finish / finish/ was
finishing / had finished)
2. The governor was ____ at the wit of the youth. ( pleases / pleasing / pleased /
please)
3. The medal ____ in the attic for twenty – nine years. ( hide / hidden / had hidden
/ had been hidden)
4.I wish most of all to _____ home to my family.( returned / returning / return / has
returned)
5. He ____ to the American academy of arts and letters ( elected / was elected /
electing / has elected)
6. We ____ in the kitchen , when the door bell rang ( cooking, were cooking / had
cooked / cooked)
7. The poem ____ about the multifaceted nature of women ( is talking / talked /
talks / has talked)
8. _____ paid our bill and ascertained the location , we got into the car ( had / have
been / having / has )
9. The florist ______ flowers to my office everyday. ( delivered / deliver / delivers)
10. We _____ Delhi last summer.
( visit / visited /will visit)
KEY ANSWERS:
1. had finished 6. Were cooking
2. pleasing 7. talks
3. had been hidden 8.having
4. return 9. delivers
5. was elected 10. visited
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLE VERB FORMS:
1. Tomorrow, owing to the Bandh, all shops___________(open) onlyat 6.00
p.m in the evening.
2. Slow and steady ________(win) the race.
3. I __________(think) I could ask you a favour.
4. She _________(have) a new bike now.
5. __________(add) a spoon of sugar to the mixture.
6. Rekha _________(sing) well at the competition yesterday.
7. If I ____________(is) a kite, I would reach the moon.
8. The President _________(leave) for Japan next Friday.
9. The teacher _________(ask) me why I was late.
10.He________________(visit) his father everyday.
11.Here ____________(come) Hamlet.
12.Radha ____________(meet) me day after tomorrow.
13.Tendulkar ____________(bat)since the match started this morning,
14.Shoba always_________________(play) loud music.
15.I _______(watch) all this movies.
KEYANSWERS:
1. Will be opened. 9. asked
2. Wins 10.visits
3. Thought 11. comes
4. Has 12. will meet
5. Add 13. has been batting
6. Sang 14. Is playing
7. Were 15.have watched
8. Will leave
PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT(ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.
 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

It tells us whether an adjective or an adverb is offering a comparison.

 Positive Degree
 Comparative Degree
 Superlative Degree

Type Positive Comparative Superlative

I No other … than any other the ……( est )
So….. as
As…. As
II Very few many other / one of the
As… as most other
III not…. So…as than --------

TYPE 1:
Examples:
1. No other metal is so light as Aluminum. [ p ]
Aluminum is lighter than any other metal.[ c ]
Aluminum is the lightest metal.[ s ]

2. No other animal is as ferocious as the tiger.[ p ]

Tiger is more ferocious than any other animal.[ c ]
Tiger is the most ferocious animal.[ s ]

3. No other boy is as clever as Ramu in the class [ p ]

Ramu is cleverer than all other boys in the class [ c ]
Ramu is the cleverest boy in the class. [ s ]
TYPE 2 :
Examples:
1. Very few birds are as beautiful as the Parrot. [ p ]
The Parrot is more beautiful than many other birds. [ c ]
The Parrot is one of the most beautiful birds. [ s ]

2. Very few cities are as large as Chennai. [ p ]

Chennai is larger than most other cities.[c]
Chennai is one of the largest cities.[s]

3. Very few fruits are as tasty as the apple.[p]

The apple is tastier than many other fruits.[c]
The apple is one of the tastiest fruits.[s]

TYPE 3 :
1. Krishna is not so rich as Rama.[p]
Rama is richer than Krishna.[c]

2. The Lotus is not as beautiful as the Rose.[p]

The Rose is more beautiful than the Lotus.[c]

3. India is not as large as China.[p]

China is larger than India.[c]

4. Cookies are not so soft as cakes.[p]

Cakes are softer than Cookies.[c]

5. The assistant is as capable as his master.[p]

The master is not more capable than the assistant.[c]
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES:

1. To compare a monosyllabic word , add “ er / est”

Bright - brighter– brightest

Kind – kinder– kindest
Rich – richer – richest
Sweet – sweeter– sweetest
Tall – taller– tallest
2. To compare a monosyllabic word that ends with „ e‟ , add “ r / st”

Fine – finer – finest

Large – larger –largest
Noble- nobler – noblest
Nice – nicer- nicest
Wise – wiser – wisest
3. If an adjective ends with „ y‟ and it is preceded by a consonant y , add ier /
iest”
Dry – drier– driest
Happy– happier– happiest
Healthy – healthier– healthiest
Lucky – luckier– luckiest
4. If an adjective ends with „ y‟ and it is preceded by a vowel , add “ er / est”

Gay – gayer– gayest

Gray – grayer– grayest
5. If an adjective ends with a “ consonants” and it is preceded by a „vowel‟ ,
double the consonants and add , „ er / est‟
 Big-bigger – biggest
Fat – fatter – fattest
Hot – hotter – hottest
Red – redder – reddest
Thin – thinner – thinnest
6. If an adjective ends with a „ consonant‟ and the preceding letters are „
double vowels‟ add „ er / est‟

Cool – cooler – coolest

Deep – deeper – deepest
7. For adjective having „two or more syllables‟ put „more‟ and „ most‟

Intelligent – more intelligent – most intelligent

Beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful
Comfortable – more comfortable – most comfortable
Difficult – more difficult – most difficult
Useful – more useful – most useful
8. Irregular comparison:

Good / well – better – best

Bad - worse - worst
Many / much – more – most
Little – less – least
Far – farther – farthest
9. Adjectives with two comparatives :

Old – older / elder – oldest / eldest

Late – later / latter – latest / lattest
NOTE:

‘elder’ is never followed by ‘ than’

It is followed by ‘to’

Jack is elder to Jill

EXERCISES: [1 MARK]

1.Sona is _____ than Seema

[smarter , as smart as, the smartest]
2. The elephant is the ____ animal.
[ larger than , as large as , largest]
3. No other boy is ___ as Arya.
[clever than, cleverest, as clever]
4.The Himalayas are ____ mountains.
[the tallest , taller, tall ]
5. America is ____ country in the world.
[the richer, the richest, rich]
6. Hare runs ____ than a tortoise.
[as fast as, faster, fastest]
7.Iron is ____ than aluminium.
[the heaviest , heavier, heavy than]
8. Gold is the ____ of all the metals.
[ costliest, costlier , costly ]
9. Ooty is ____ kodaikanal.
[ as cool as, cool than , coolest as]
10. The moon is the ____ planet to the earth.
[ near , nearer , nearest ]
11. Very few boys in the class are ____ Shyam.
[ intelligent than , as intelligent as , more intelligent than ]
12. The Nile is _____ river in the world.
[ the longest , one of the longest , longer than ]
13. Ravi is more capable ____ boys.
[ than any other, as the other , than most other ]
14. No other metal is ____ Platinum.
[ heavy as , so heavy as , more heavier as ]
15. Ramani is _____ girls in this group.
[ one of the tallest , the tallest , as tall as any other ]
16. No other boy is ____ Babu.
[most smart as, more smarter, so smart as]
17. The cream cake is ___ the plain cake.
[ as expensive as, not expensive than , most expensive ]
18. No other boy in the class is ____ Krishna
[ most naughty , more naughty than, as naughty as ]
19 The man is ___ than the boy.
[ as tall as, tallest, taller ]
20. This mango is ____ that mango
[ as sweet as , sweeter , sweetest ]
21. Very few cities in India are ___ Mumbai
[ more populous as, as populous as, the most populous ]
22. This is _____ in this book.
[ longer lesson than, as long lesson as, the longest lesson ]
23. Very few birds in the world are ____ as peacock.
[ more beautiful , as beautiful , most beautiful ]
24. Ants work ____ any other insect.
[ hardest than , harder than , hard]
25. No other street in this area is _____ this one.
[ as busy as, the busiest , as busy than ]

EXERCISES: [2 MARKS]

1. Smitha is 5 feet tall.

Kumar is 4.5 feet tall.
Prema is 5.5 feet tall.
Nina is 3.5 feet tall.
Mohan is 6 feet tall.

2. Hari is 14 years old.

Suresh is 16 years old.
Prabhu is14 years old.
John is 12 years old.
Anwar is 10 years old.

3. Cynthya`s ribbon is 15 cm long.

Nema`s ribbon is 8 cm long
Fia`s ribbon is 12 cm long.
Ramya`s ribbon is 20cm long.
Reen `s ribbon is 16 cm long.

4. Tower A is 90 feet high.

Tower B is 120 feet high.
 Tower C is 160 feet high.
Tower D is 220 feet high.

5. Village roads 12 feet wide.

City corporation 35 feet wide.
Municipality 30 feet wide.
State highways 40 feet wide.
National highways 60 feet wide.

6. Mani`s shirt costs Rs 75.

Gokul`s shirt costs Rs 65.
Venu`s shirt costs Rs 90.
Vivek`s shirt costs Rs 150.

7. Raghu bought 11apples.

Mamta bought 9 apples.
Deepa bought 7 apples.
Gopal bought 5 apples.

8. Deepak scored 99 runs.

Mithu scored 100 runs.
Sekar scored 75 runs.
Vasu scored 35 runs.

9. Teresa’s weight is 60 kilograms.

Jessy`s weight is 48 kilograms.
Charles`s weight is 62 kilograms.
 Joy’s weight is 39 kilograms.
Joe’s weight is 52 kilograms.

10. Place hot

Chennai 101’f
Vellore 103’f
Madurai 102’f
Trichy 104’f
Coimbatore 99’f
EXERCISES : [ 2 MARKS]

1. Platinum is one of the heaviest metals [ into positive]

2 .Very few writers are as famous as Tagore [into comparative]

3. No other book is so useful as a dictionary .[ into superlative ]

4. Birds flu is more dangerous than any other diseases .[ into superlative ]

5. Ruby is more precious than Pearl .[ into positive]

6. you are better than me [ into positive ]

7. Sindu is as handsome as Julie.[ into comparative]

8. The peacock is the loveliest of all birds [ into positive ]

9. Milk is the healthiest diet .[ into comparative ]

10. Very few streets are as ugly as Ours [into comparative]

11. The dog is one of the most faithful animals [into Positive]

12. Shyam is duller than most other boys in the class [into superlative ]
KEY ANSWERS:

I. 1. Smarter 2. Largest 3. As clever

4. The tallest 5. The richest 6 Faster

7. Heavier 8. Costliest 9.as cool as

10. Nearest 11. As intelligent as 12. The longest

13. Than most other 14. So heavy as 15. One of the tallest

16. So smart as 17. As expensive as 18. As naughty as

19. taller 20. As sweet as 21. As populous as

22. the longest 23. As beautiful as 24. Harder than

25. as busy as

II.

1. Mohan is the tallest of all.

2. Suresh is the oldest of all

3. Ramya’s ribbon is the longest of all.

4. Tower D is the highest of all.

5. National highways is the widest of all.

6. Vivek’s shirt is the costliest of all.

7.Raghu bought the most of all the apples.

8. Mithu scored the highest of all.

9. Terea’s weight is the heaviest of all.

10. Trichy is the hottest of all.

HINT:

Subject + Verb + the best / the highest + of all

III.

1. Very few metals are as heavy as platinum.

2. Tagore is more famous than many other writers.

3. Dictionary is the most useful book.

4. Bird flu is one of the most dangerous diseases.

5. Pearl is not so precious as Ruby

6. I am not so good as you.

7. Julian is not more handsome than Sindu.

8. No other birds is as lovely as the Peacock.

9. Milk is healthier than many other diet.

10. Ours is uglier than many other streets.

11. Very few animals is as faithful as the dog.

12. Shyam is one of the dullest boys in the class.

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT (ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.
 RELATIVE PRONOUN
Instead of Noun , We can use ‘Pronoun’
TYPES OF PRONOUN:
 Personal pronoun
 Possessive pronoun
 Reflexive pronoun
 Emphatic pronoun
 Demonstrative pronoun
 Indefinite pronoun
 Interrogative pronoun
 Relative pronoun

PERSONAL PRONOUN:
I Person : I,We,Me,Us,Mine,Ours
II Person : You,Your,Thou,Thee
III Person : He,She,It,Him,Her,Hers,They,Them,Theirs

NOTE:
“If you speak of more than one person and you are one of them means ,you
should mention yourself last”.
SPOT THE ERROR
I, Tom andJohn are going to school.(Wrong)
Tom,John and I are going to school.(Right)
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN:
 To show possession
Ex:
Where is mine?
Where is hers?
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:
 Refer to the same person , as the subject.
Ex:
The cat washed itself.
They laughed themselves.
We often talk to ourselves.

EMPHATIC PRONOUN:
 Strong indicator
 Used with nouns for the sake of emphasis.
Ex:
The Queen herself visited the school.
The town itself is not very large.
We ourselves served the poor.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN:
 Used to point out the “object’’
Ex:
This is a present from my uncle.
That is my house.
These are her books.
Those are your books.

INDEFINITE PRONOUN:
 Refer to persons or things in a general way (some, few, many, all,
one,none,)
Ex:
Some of the books.
 All are not rich.
Few escaped unhurt.
None of the above.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:
 Introduce a question
 Who , what, which, / that Who

Ex:
Who broke the slate? Whom whose
Which will you take? Objective case Possessive case
What do you want?

RELATIVE PRONOUN:
 Join two sentences
 Refer to nouns
Ex:
This is a boy who broke the window.
This is a boy whose leg was broken.
This is a boy whom the leader gave a prize.
This is a horse which won the race.
This is a horse that Jack built.
 Who
 What
 Whom
 Why
 Whose
 Where
 Which
 That
 When
 How
EXAMPLES:
1. The thief who stole the jewels was caught.
2. This is the boy whom all praise.
3. This is the man whose son won the first prize.
4. The horse which was sick died yesterday.
5. I had visited this place when I was young.
6. I am not satisfied with what you say.
7. I don’t know why she is crying.
8. This is the place where I left my shoes.
9. This is the house that Mr.Ruthyavarshan built.
10.He explained how he stood first in the exam.
HINTS:-

He , she, they - who

It - which / that

His , her, their, it’s - whose

Him , her, them, it, (object) - whom

EXERCISES:-
1. We saw the children. They sang well.
We saw the children who sang well.

2. Amsa bought a pen. It is costly.

Amsa bought a pen which is costly.

3. I met a girl. Her father is a doctor.

I met a girl whose father is a doctor.

4. Vivek is a librarian. His son is in London.

Vivek , whose son is in London , is a librarian.

5. He is the man . I want to meet him.

He is the man whom I want to meet.
6. There lived a giant. He was cruel.
There lived a giant who was cruel.

7. We met a girl. She had lost her way.

We met a girl who had lost her way.

8. I know a man. He is blind.

I know a man who is blind.
9. Bring me the file. It is on the table.
Bring me the file which is on the table.

10.This is the house. We built it.

This is the house which we built.

11.I like the boy. His temper is good.

I like the boy whose temper is good.
12.This is the boy. I saved him last month.
This is the boy whom I saved last month.
13.I bought some apples. They were costly.
I bought some apples which were costly.
14.This is the hotel. We meet here often.
This is the hotel where we meet often.
15.This is the book. I wanted to read it.
This is the book which I wanted to read.
16.The oldman lost his purse. He is crying.
The oldman who lost his purse is crying.
17.This is the place. We lived here.
This is the place where we lived.
18. I like Rathi. Her novels are very interesting.
 I like Rathi whose novels are very interesting.
19. I saw a teacher. The students respect her.
I saw a teacher whom the students respect.
20.I saw a man. He had a wooden leg.
I saw a man who had a wooden leg.
21.My key was missing. I found it.
I found my key which was missing.
22.You are the man. I wanted to see you.
You are the man whom I wanted to see.
23.I have a book. It is written by Tagore.
I have a book which is written by Tagore.
24.This is viki. His father is an architect.
This is viki whose father is an architect.
25. I got the book. I lost yesterday.
I got the book which I lost yesterday.
26.Ajith is an actor. He is very popular.
Ajith, who is an actor is very popular.
27. The elephant was sick. It died.
The elephant which was sick died.
28.I have heard about BillGates. I want to meet him.
I have heard about BillGates whom I want to meet.
29. Mr. Sathish is our Engilsh teacher. His classes are very interesting.
Mr. Sathish is our English teacher whose classes are very interesting.
30. I am going to the village. I was born there.
I am going to the village where I was born.
31.Meenakshi is my teacher. She teacher us English.
Meenakshi is my teacher who teaches us English.
32.I have sold the house. It was located on the bank of a river.
I have sold the house which / that was located on the bank of a river.
33. This is Sivapriyan. His father is a farmer.
This is Sivapriyan whose father is a farmer.
34.Nithya invited most of her friends. They attended the party.
Most of her friends ,whom she invited, attended the party.
35. Give me the pen. It was gifted.
Give me the pen which was gifted.
36. Bhuvanesh is 58. He has just retired.
Bhuvanesh, who is 58, has just retired.
37.Do you see the cat? It is on the roof.
Do you see the cat which is on the roof.
38. This is the house. Shalu built it
This is the house which Shalu built.
39.A man is honest. He succeeeds in life.
A man, who is honest , succeeds in life.
40.Priyadharshan suggested many ideas. They were not practical.
Priyadharsan suggested many ideas which were not practical.
41.This is Iniyavan. He is the leader of our class.
This is Iniyavan who is the leader of our class.
42.Yesterday I bought a book. It is an Autobiography.
A book which I bought yesterday was an Autobiography.
43.Did you buy the book? You saw it in the shop.
Did you buy the book which you saw in the shop.
44.This is the girl. I want to marry her.
This is the girl whom I want to marry.
 45.The tiger ran fast. It was shot dead.
The tiger which ran fast was shot dead.
46.My sister is in Delhi. She is coming tomorrow.
My sister who is in Delhi is coming tomorrow.
47.I went to Agra . I saw Tajmahal there.
I went to Agra where I saw Tajmahal.
48. The bridge was damaged. They were willing to set it right.
They were willing to set the bridge right, which was damaged.
49.You met the actor. He is the hero of this movie.
The actor whom you met is the hero of this movie.
50.The performance of these students has been outstanding. They will be give
special prizes.
The students , whose performance has been outstanding will be given
special prizes.

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT(ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT
 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
VOICE

Subject is Active Subject is InActive

Active voice Passive voice

Doer of the action Receiver of the action

Bought
I A pen

By me
A pen
Was bought

STEPS TO CHANGE INTO PASSIVE:

1. Interchange the subject and object.

2. Change the subject – pronoun.

3. Add preposition ‘by’.

4. Add ‘be’ from [ is , was, are, were, am….]

5. Change the verb into past participle.

Note:

In all passive sentences,

 You can seen the word ‘by’

 ‘be’ .’been’. ‘being’ words are found.
 Past participle.

Step:1
Interchange the subject and object.

Columbus discovered America

Subject Object

America ----------------------- Columbus

Subject Object

Step:2
Change the subject into pronoun
S.No Active voice Passive voice

1 I By me

2 We By us

3 You By you

4 He By him

5 She By her

6 It By it

7 They By them

8 Name By name

9 Kalam By Kalam
 He eats a mango.

A mango ........................... him.

Step 3:

Add preposition ‘by’ with Pronoun

A mango ...................... by him.

Step 4:

Add ‘be’ verb , with subject

A mango is ........................ by him.

Step 5:

Verb into past participle

A mango is eaten by him.

Tenses

Past present Future

Simple Tense - Am ,is, are, was, were, will+[be]

Continuous Tense - [ing] , Being

Perfect Tense - Have ,has ,had, +been

Perfect continuous Tense

Simple present:
He makes coffee.

Coffee is made by him.

Simple past:
He made coffee.

Coffee was made by him.

Simple future:
He will make Coffee.

Coffee will be made by him.

Present continuous :
He is making coffee.

Coffee is being made by him.

Past continuous:
He was making Coffee.

Coffee was being made by him.

Present perfect:
He has made Coffee.

Coffee has been made by him.

Past perfect:
He had made Coffee.

Coffee had been made by him.

Future perfect:
He will have made Coffee.

Coffee will have been made by him.

Type:1 ( Been) ( Have Verbs)
Have has had - Been

(i). I / We / You/ They - Have

He / She/ It - Has Present Tense

(ii). I/We/You/They/He/She/It - Had - Past Tense

(iii). Plural form - Have

EXAMPLES:

1. She has won the first prize.

The first prize has been won by her.

2. He had sent the parcel.

The parcel had been sent by him.

3. They have written the homework.

The homework has been written by them.

4. Mala has written a novel.

A novel has been written by Mala.

5. Raju has mended the TV set.

The TV set has been mended by Raju.

6. Shanthi has completed her work.

Shanthi's work has been completed by her.

7. We had made a mistake.

A mistake had been made by us.

8. Rani has eaten a mango.

A mango has been eaten by Rani.
9. I have helped a beggar.
A beggar has been helped by me.

10. I have helped beggars

Beggars have been helped by me.

11.I have bought a watch.

A watch has been bought by me.

12.She has written two letters.

Two letters have been written by her.

13.You have answered the question correctly.

The question has been answered correctly by you.

14.You have broken the chairs.

The chairs have been broken by you.

15.NesaPriya had completed the work.

The work had been completed by NesaPriya.

16.The court has found the prisoner guilty.

The prisoner has been found guilty by the court.

17.Someone has stolen my watch.

My watch has been stolen.

18.They have pulled down the old house.

The old house has been pulled down by them.

19.I had posted a letter.

A letter had been posted by me.

20.She has learned her lessons

Her lessons have been learned by her.
21.He will have finished his work.
His work will have been finished by him.

22.He will have eaten a mango.

A mango will have been eaten by him.

23.Boys will have constructed the bridge.

The bridge will have been constructed by the boys.

24.They will have built this building by next May.

This building will have been built by them by next May.

25.Madhu will have refined the process.

The process will have been refined by Madhu.

26.The CBI will have solved the problem.

The problem will have been solved by the CBI.

27.Ravi will have played Cricket.

Cricket will have been played by Ravi.

28.I shall have helped a beggar.

A beggar shall have been helped by me.

29.I shall have helped beggars.

Beggars shall have been helped by me.

30.They will have written the letter.

The letter will have written by them.
TYPE 2 :- [Be] [MODAL VERBS]

Must, Will , May, Shall – Be

1. He will buy a car.

A car will be bought by him.

2. They must arrest the culprits.

The culprits must be arrested by them.

3. Ram will drink coffee.

Coffee will be drunk by Ram.

4. They may win the match.

The match may be won by them.

5. My uncle will visit me on my birthday.

I will be visited by my uncle on my birthday.

6. They will finish the work soon.

The work will be finished by them soon.

7. I will never forget this experience.

This experience will never be forgotten by me.

8. Stanley will inform you later.

You will be informed by Stanley later.

9. I will finish the work.

The work will be finished by me.

10.We must keep the rule.

The rule must be kept by us.
 11.Someone will finish the work by 5pm.
The work will be finished by 5pm.

12.We shall win the match.

The match shall be won by us.

13. I shall help a beggar.

A beggar shall be helped by me.

14.Babu will write the exam.

The exam will be written by Babu.

15.Our CEO Ayyannan will give the prize to Meenakshi.

The prize will be given by our CEO Ayyannan to Meenakshi.

16.They must do it at once.

It must be done at once.

17.Madhu will refine the process.

The process will be refined by Madhu.

18.Ravi will play cricket.

Cricket will be played by Ravi.

TYPE 3: [Being] Singular - is/was

........ing - Being Plural - are/were

1. Balu is painting a picture.

A picture is being painted by Balu.

2. The boys were decorating the school.

The school was being decorated by the boys.

3. The workers are building a bridge.

A bridge is being built by the workers.
4. Mother was baking the cake.
The cake was being baked by mother.

5. I am helping a beggar.
A beggar is being helped by me.

6. I am helping beggars.
Beggars are being helped by me.

7. I was helping a beggar.

A beggar was being helped by me.

8. I was helping beggars.

Beggars were being helped by me.

9. He is making coffee.
Coffee is being made by him.

10.He was making coffee.

Coffee was being made by him.

11.The tiger was chasing the deer.

The deer was being chased by the tiger.

12.They are decorating the wall.

The wall is being decorated by them.

13.Rani is eating a mango.

A mango is being eaten by Rani.

14.Ravi was playing cricket.

Cricket was being played by Ravi.

15.She is preparing food.

 Food is being prepared by her.

16.He is writing a letter.

A letter is being written by him.

17.She was writing letters.

Letters were being written by her.

18.They are digging a well.

A well is being dug by them.

19.We are painting a wall now.

A wall is being painted by us now.

20.She was preparing briyani last night.

Briyani was being prepared by her last night.

TYPE 4 :-

1. He makes coffee.
Coffee is made by him.

2. He made coffee.
Coffee was made by him.

3. Somebody cleaned the room yesterday.

The room was cleaned yesterday.

4. I write a letter.
A letter is written by me.
5. You bought a book.
A book was bought by you.

6. She does not eat a mango.

A mango is not eaten by her.

7. I read the novel.

The novel is read by me.

8. I eat chocolates.
Chocolates are eaten by me.

9. The children painted these pictures.

These pictures were painted by the children.

10.Raju gives a letter.

A letter is given by Raju.

11.Kala sang a song.

A song was sung by kala.

12.The cow eats grass.

Grass is eaten by the cow.

13.Aadhavan painted the gate.

The gate was painted by Aadhavan.

14.The king gave the commander a reward.

A reward was given to the commander by the king.
OR
The Commander was given a reward by the king.

15.She watches a movie.

A movie watched by her.
16.They beat him last night.
He was beaten by them last night.

17.Rani eats a mango.

A mango is eaten by Rani.

18.Ravi played cricket.

Cricket was played by Ravi.

19.I gave him a pen.

A pen was given by me to him.

20.My uncle gave me a book.

A book was given by my uncle to me.

21.The florist delivers flowers to my office everyday.

Flowers are delivered by the florist to my office everyday.

22.They displayed the furniture neatly.

The furniture was displayed by them neatly.

23.I play cricket.

Cricket is played by me.

24. Ram bought a car yesterday.

A car was bought by Ram yesterday.

27. Mother made a cake yesterday.

A cake was made by mother yesterday.

28. She gave me a ring.

A ring was given to me by her.

29. Raja bought a car yesterday.

 A car was bought by Raja yesterday.

30.Everyone eats breakfast.

Breakfast is eaten by Everyone.

31. Everyone ate breakfast.

Breakfast was eaten by Everyone.

32. I help a beggar.

A beggar is helped by me.

33. I help beggars.

Beggars are helped by me.

34. I helped a beggar.

A beggar was helped by me.

35. I helped beggars.

Beggars were helped by me.

CHANGE PASSIVE INTO ACTIVE:

STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED:

1. Interchange the subject and object.

2. Change the pronoun as subject

3. Remove preposition ‘by’

4. Remove the ‘be’ form verb.

5. Mani verb changed into original from.

EXAMPLES:

1. A movie is watched by him.

He watches a movie.
2. Papers were distributed by the teacher.
The teacher distributed the papers.

3. This letter will be posted by me.

I will post this letter.

4. A watch has been bought by me.

I have bought a watch.

5. A letter has been written by her.

She has written a letter.

6. A pen was bought by me.

I bought a pen.

7. The certificates were issued to the students.

They issued certificates to the students.

8. His work was completed by the old man.

The old man completed his work.

9. A gift was given to me by him.

He gave me a gift.

10.He was awarded a prize by the government.

The Government awarded him a prize.

11.I am encouraged by Chinnu.

Chinnu encourages me.

12.America was discovered by Columbus.

Columbus discovered America.

13.Arun's car will be cleaned by him.

 Arun will clean his car.

14. The gift is accepted by me.

I accept the gift.

15. The students were disturbed by the noise.

The noise disturbed the students.

16. The game was ended by them.

They ended the game.

17. The pipe is fitted by the plumber.

The plumber fits the pipe.

18.We were permitted by our principal to go on an excursion.

Our principal permitted us to go on an excursion.

19.The songs are being sung by her.

She is singing the songs.

20.The school was being cleaned by them

They were cleaning the school.

21.The crops are being cultivated by the farmers.

The farmers are cultivating the crops.

22.The ground was being dug by the workers.

The workers were digging the ground.

23.Anglo - Saxon was being spoken by then

They were speaking Anglo – Saxon.

24.The news was being conveyed by them.

They were conveying the news.
25.Milk is being drunk by the cat.
The cat is drinking milk.

26.The game has been played by us.

We have played the game.

27.The book had read by me.

I had read the book.

28.The house will have been sold by us.

We will have sold the house.

29.The medal had been won by the shark team.

The shark team had won the medal.

30.The letter has been delivered by the postman.

The postman has delivered the letter.

31.The song had been sung by us.

We had sung the song.

32.The martial art will have been learnt by me.

I shall have learnt the martial art.

33.The question has been answered by her.

She has answered the question.

34.I was beaten black and blue.

My enemy beat me black and blue.

35.The student's are called.

The principal calls the students.

36.The weather will have been forecasted.

The weather man will have forecasted the weather.
37.The parcel was returned.
The postman returned the parcel.

38.I am threatened.
Someone threatens me.

39. The problem was solved by me.

I solved the problem.

40.The results will be published tomorrow by them.

They will publish the results tomorrow.

41. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

42. The electric bulb was invented by Edison.

Edison invented the electric bulb.

43. The project had been done by him

He has done the project.

44. A song was being sung by Rahim.

Rahim was signing a song.

45. Cricket is being played by us.

We are playing Cricket.

46.The ball was being kicked by us.

We were kicking the ball.

47.The homework has been finished by us.

We have finished the homework.

48.A tree shall have been planted by me.

 I will have planted a tree.

49. The answer was given by Srikanth.

Srikanth gave the answer.

50. A house is being built by my uncle.

My uncle is building a house.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
TYPE-1:
(i) Please - you are requested to....

(ii) Negative form request - you are requested not to......

EXAMPLES:

1. Please assemble in the ground.

You are requested to assemble in the ground.

2. Please do not use mobile phones here.

You are requested not to use mobile phones here.

3. Work hard.
You are advised to work hard.

4. Do not eat junk food

You are advised not to eat junk food.

5. Help me.
You are requested to help me.

6. Don't eat this fruit.

You are warned not to eat this fruit.
 7. Please assemble in the ground.
You are requested to assemble in the ground.

8. Please lend your bike.

You are requested to lend your bike.

9. Please close the door.

You are requested to close the door.

10.Shut up.
You are warned to keep quiet.

11.May God bless you.

May you be blessed by God.

12.Switch on the light.

You are ordered to switch on the light.

(i) You are requested to....

(ii) You are ordered to...
(iii) You are advised to....
(iv) You are warned to .....

CHANGING OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES USING '' LET''

TYPE 2:
1. Interchange the subject and object
2. Add Let or Let .... not
3. Add be form
4. Change the verb into past participle

EXAMPLES:

1. Close the door

Let the door be closed.

2. Do not close the door.

 Let the door not be closed.

3. Do it at once.
Let it be done at once.

4. Don't pluck the flower.

Let the flower not be plucked.

5. Give the pen.

Let the pen be given.

6. Open the door.

Let the door be opened.

7. Shut the door.

Let the door be shut.
8. Say the prayers.
Let the prayers be said.

9. Speak the truth.

Let the truth be spoken.

10. Select the flowers.

Let the flowers be selected.

11. Give me water.

Let water be given to me.

12. Don't do this.

Let this not be done.

13. Don't insult the poor.

Let not the poor be insulted.

14. I request you.

 You are requested.

15. Never tell a lie.

Let a lie never be told.

16. Clean this room.

Let this room be cleaned.

17. Don't disturb him while sleeping.

Let him not be disturbed while sleeping.
18. Carry it home.
Let it be carried to home.
19. Don't beat the dog.
Let not the dog be beaten.
20. Don't touch it.
Let it not be touched.
21. Put on the light.
Let the light be put on.
22.Let him buy the book.
Let the book be bought by him.
23. Let me do this sum.
Let this sum be done by me.
24. Let him eat the apple.
Let the apple be eaten by him.
25. Sing a song .
Let a song be sung.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES:
QUESTIONS BEGINNING WITH ''AUXILIARY VERBS''
1. Did he write a letter?
Was a letter written by him?

2. Is he watching us?
Are we being watched by him?

3. Are you writing a letter?

Is a letter being written by you?

4. Is she beating the child?

Is the child being beaten by her?

5. Will you accept the position?

Will the position be accepted by you?

6. Did she do her duty?

Was her duty done by her?

7. Have you finished the report?

Has the report been finished by you?

8. Did you write the test?

Was the test written by you?

9. Have you invited Raman to the party?

Has Raman been invited by you to the party?

10. Do you complete the work?

Is the work completed by you?

11.Are you drawing the picture?

 Is the picture being drawn by you?

12.Do you visit my house?

Is my house visited by you?

VERB +SUBJECT+VERB+BY+OBJECT

QUESTIONS BEGINNING WITH “WH” WORDS:-

1. Who will accept this?
By whom will this be accepted?

2. Who has arranged the meeting?

By whom has the meeting been arranged?

3. When will you finish the building?

When will the building be finished by you?

4. How did they do this?

How was this done by them?

5. Who close the door ?

By whom was the door closed?

6. Which pen do you like?

Which pen is liked by you?

7. What did you do?

What was done by you?

8. What will you do?

What will be done by you?
 9. Who broke the windowpanes?
By whom were the windowpanes broken?

10.Which mobile do you want?

Which mobile is wanted by you?

11.Why did you buy a new pen?

Why was a new pen bought by you?

12.Where can you hide this book?

Where can this book be hidden by you?

WH+VERB+SUBJECT+VERB+BY+OBJECT
Who - by whom

You - by you

BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:

1. Please call him at once.
You are requested to call him at once.

2. How did you cross the river?

How was the river crossed by you?

3. No one is borrowing the novels from the library.

The novels are not being borrowed from the library.

4. Will you help me?

Will I be helped by you?

5. Go for a jog early in the Morning.

You are advised to go for a jog.
 6. Why have you left your brother at home?
Why has your brother been left at home by you?

7. Nobody should violate the rules.

The rules should not be violated.

8. Someone has to initiate it immediately.

It has to be initiated immediately.

9. Have you invited Raman to the party?

Has Raman been invited by you to the party?

10.Please do not walk on the grass.

You are requested not to walk on the grass.

11.Cross the busy roads carefully.

You are advised to cross the busy roads carefully.

12.When will you book the tickets to Bangalore?

When will the tickets be booked by you to Bangalore?

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T. ASSISTANT(ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.
 REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES:
1. STATEMENT
2. INTERROGATIVE „ WH ‟ QUESTION
„ VERBAL „ QUESTION
3. IMPERATIVE
4. EXCLAMATORY

STEPS TO BE FOLLOW: (CCC )

CONVERSION
CONNECTION
CHANGES

PRONOUN TENSE ADVERB

1. Reporting verb change Conversion

2 Add conjunction Connection

3. Remove quotation marks

4. Pronoun change

5. Tense change Changes

6. Adverb change

7. Structure change
STEP 1: [ CONVERTION ]

SENTENCES REPORTING CONVERTION

VERB
STATEMENT Say Say
Says Says
Say to Say to
Says to Tells
Said Said
Said to Told

INTERROGATIVE Said Asked

Said to
Asked

IMPERATIVE Said Ordered

Said to Requested
Advised
Warned

EXCLAMAORY Said Exclaimed

Said to Exclaimed sadly
Exclaimed
Joyfully

STEP 2 : [ CONNECTION ]

SENTENCES CONJUNCTION

STATEMENT THAT

INTERROGATIVE WH Ques – same

WH Ques word

YES or NO Ques – IF
or WHETHER

IMPERATIVE TO – Positive sentence

NOT TO – Negative
sentence

EXCLAMATORY THAT
EXAMPLES:

1. Vani said to Rani “I shall take this pen “

Vani told Rani that ………..

2. The teacher said to the boy “Why are you late today?”

The teacher asked the boy why ………….

3. The doctor asked the patient “Do you smoke? “

The doctor asked the patient if ………..

4. Kavin said to Harshith “Go away.”

Kavin ordered Harshith to ………

5. Veni said to Vennila , Drop me at my office.”

Veni requested Vennila to…….

6. The teacher said to the students, “Don’t be worried”

The teacher advised the students not to ……..

7. Salim said, “How tall this building is ! “

Salim exclaimed that ………..

STEP 3 :

REMOVE “QUOTATION MARKS”

STEP 4:

PRONOUN CHANGE PERSON

I / MY / ME I / WE - I

WE / OUR / US - SPEAKER YOU - II

YOU / YOUR / YOU - LISTENER HE / SHE / IT / THEY – III

I – III (Speaker ) II – III ( Listener)

DIRECT INIRECT
DIRECT INIRECT
I He / she
You (sub) He /she/they
MY His / her
You(obj) Him / her/them
ME Him / her
Your
WE They His / her / their

OUR Their

US Them

STEP 5 :

TENSE CHANGE
Present - Past

Past - Past perfect

DIRECT INIRECT

Am , is are Was were

Have , has Had

Will Would

Shall Should

Can Could

May Might

Must Had to / would have to

Need not Did not have to / would

not have to
HINTS:

 No need of Tense change, when the Sentence is in IMPERATIVE.

 No need of Tense change ,when the Reporting verb is in PRESENT

TENSE(says)

 No need of Tense change , when the Sentence is in UNIVERSAL

TRUTH

STEP 6:
ADVERB CHANGE

DIRECT INIRECT

This That

These Those

Here There

Thus So

Now Then

Ago Before

Now Then

Ago Before

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The previous / last day

Tomorrow The next day

Last week The previous week

Last month the The month before / the

previous month

Next week The week after

Next month The month after

EXAMPLES:

STATEMENT:

1. I said to Mohan, “I do my homework ‟‟

I told Mohan that I did my homework‟‟

2. Hari said to Mani, “I am going to school now‟‟

Hari told Mani that he was going to school then.

3. Punitha said to me, “I am fine”.
Punitha told me that she was fine.

4. The teacher says, “The earth revolves around the sun”.

The teacher says that the earth revolves around the sun.

5. Vani said to Rani, “I shall take this pen”.

Vani told Rani that she should take that pen.
6. I said to Naresh, “You can get this book tomorrow”.
I told Naresh that he could get that book the nextday.

7. The captain said, “We must work hard “.

The captain said that they had to work hard.

8. The boy said, “I have come to ask you for a scholarship”.

The boy said that he had come to ask him for a scholarship.

9. The teacher said to the students, “We are going on an excursion to

Kerala nextweek.”
The teacher told the students that they were going on an excursion

to Kerala the following week.”

10. The boy said to me, “ I can submit it without fail tomorrow”.
The boy told me that he could submit it without fail the next day.
INTERROGATIVE:
1. Siva said to me , “ When will you meet me?”

Siva asked me when I would meet him.

2. “What can I do for you ?” the headmaster asked the boy.

The Headmaster asked the boy what he could do for him.

3. The teacher said to the students , “Where do you want to go?”

The teacher asked the students where they wanted to go.

4. The mother said to the father , “ How did you do this?”

The mother asked the father how he had done that.

5. The teacher said to the boy, “Why are you late today?”

The teacher asked the boy why he was late that day.
6. Sachin said to his mother , “ Will you buy me a bat tomorrow?”

Sachin asked his mother if she would buy him a bat the nextday.
7.Dharman said to his father, “ Would you allow me to go on an excursion to

kerala?”
Dharman asked his father if he would allow him to go on an excursion to
kerala.

8.The doctor said to the patient, “ Do you smoke?”

The doctor asked the patient if he smoked.

9. The beggar said to us , “ Can you give me one rupee?”

The beggar asked us if we could give him / her one rupee.

10. The boy said to her, “ Have you done the homework?”

The boy asked her whether she had done the homework.

11. Guru said , “ Is there anyone to fight with me?”

Guru asked if there was anyone to fight with him.
12. The teacher said to the boys, “Why are you late today?”

The teacher asked the boys why they were late that day.

IMPERATIVE:
1. I said to my assistant, “ Get me your certificates.”

I ordered my assistant to get me his certificates.

2. Mr.Chari said to his driver, “Drop me at my office and pick me up at 3

P.M”

Mr.Chari ordered his driver to drop him at his office and pick him up at 3

P.M.
3. Father said to his son , “ Don‟t be worried.”

Father advised his son not to be worried.

4. The old man said to the student , “ Please help me cross the street.”

The old man requested the student to help him cross the street.
5. The teacher said to the students , “ Don‟t write on both sides of the

paper.”
The teacher instructed the students not to write on both sides of the
paper.

6. The residents said to the collector , “ Thank you for helping us during the
floods last week.”

The residents thanked the collector for helping them during the foods the

previous week.

7. Rajini said to Kamal , “ Go away.”

Rajini ordered Kamal to go away.

8, Mother said to her son , “ Don‟t bite the nails.”

Mother advised her son not to bite the nails.
9. Vadivel said to Vivek , “ Give me a cup of Juice.”

Vadivel requested vivek to give him a cup of Juice.

10. The captain said to the soldiers , “ March past .”

The captain ordered the soldiers to March past.

EXCLAMATORY:
1. Salim said, “How tall this building is!”

Salim exclaimed that that building was very tall.

2. My friend said, “What a beautiful flower it is!”

My friend exclaimed that it was a very beautiful flower.

3. The players said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”

The players exclaimed joyfully that they had won the match.
4. The people said, “Alas! We have missed our leader.”

The people exclaimed sorrowfully that they had missed their leader.
5. Kishore said, “Hurrah! I‟ve scored 498 marks.”

Kishore exclaimed joyfully that he had scored 498 marks.

6. “What a beautiful view it is!” said my friend.
My friend exclaimed that it was a very beautiful view.

7. Veena said to her friend, “How beautiful your handwriting is!”

Veena exclaimed her friend that her handwriting was very beautiful.

8. The traveller said, “ shit! I‟ve forgotten bring my passport.”

The traveller exclaimed that he had forgotten to bring his passport.

9. The old man said, “What a nice park it is!”

The old man exclaimed that it was a very nice park.

10. The boy said , “Alas! Gandhi is no more.”

The boy exclaimed sorrowfully that Gandhi was no more.
CHANGE INDIRECT TO DIRECT SPEECH:

STATEMENT:
1. The teacher told the students that they had done very well in the test.

The teacher said to the students, “You have done very well in the test.”

2. The PrimeMinister said that he was determined to abolish poverty.

The PrimeMinister said, “ I am determined to abolish poverty.”

3. Teacher told Raghu that she would not excuse him and also said that he

had not brought the leave letter.

Teacher said to Raghu, “I won‟t excuse you. You Haven‟t brought the leave
letter.”

4. Librarian told Sunitha that she ought to return the book on time.
Librarian said to Sunitha, “ You ought to return the book on time.”

5. The boy told me that he had come to ask me for a scholarship.

The boy said to me, “I have come to ask you for a scholarship.”

INTERROGATIVE:
1.The teacher asked me whether I was going to join the Medical course or
Engineering Course.

The teacher said to me. “Are you going to join the Medical course or
Engineering Course.”

2. The tourist asked the policeman which the way to museum was.

The tourist said to the policeman, “Which is the way to museum?”

3. Naveen asked his brother if he would accompany him to the provision

store.

Naveen said to his brother, “Will you accompany me to the provision

store?”
4. Daya wanted to know if tickets were available for the concert.

Daya said to herself , “ Are tickets available for the concert?”

5. Selvan wondered if he could climb the hill.

Selvan said, “Can I climb the hill?”

6. Kishore asked Louis whether he had completed his homework.

Kishore said to Louis, “ Have you completed your homework?”

IMPERATIVE:
1. Dinesh requested me to give him my book.

Dinesh said to me, “Please, give me your book.”

2. Gopi requested Suresh to lend him a pen.

Gopi said to Suresh, “ Please lend me a pen.”

3. The teacher reminded the students to stand up when the National

Anthem was being sung.

The teacher said to the students, “ stand up when the Nation Anthem is

being sung.”
4. The Headmaster advised us to switch off the fans when we left the
class.

The Headmaster said to us, “ Switch off the fans when you leave the
class.”

5. Shyam‟s grandmother advised him not to waste his time on unnecessary

activies.

Shyam‟s grandmother said to him, “Don‟t waste your time on

unnecessary activities.”

6. My friend advised / warned me not to blame others.

My friend said to me, “Don‟t blame others.”
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES:
1. Balaji exclaimed his friend that he had rendered him a good deed.

Balaji said to his friend, “What a good deed you have rendered me!”

2. Suresh exclaimed sadly that his father did not allow him to go on an

excursion.
Suresh said, “Oh! My father doesn‟t allow me to go on an excursion.”

3. Latha wondered happily that the show was very strange.

Latha said, “ How strange the show is!”

4. Megha lamented lonely that it was all her fate.

Megha said, “Alas! It is all my fate.

5. Santha exclaimed joyfully that her daughter won the first prize.
Santha said, “Hurrah! My daughter won the first prize.”

MIXED COMPOUND SENTENCES:

1. The stranger said to me, “ I am a teacher ,What are you?”

The stranger told me that he was a teacher and also asked what I was.
2. Ragu said to Jasmine, “ How smart you are! I am very proud of you.”
Ragu exclaimed Jasmine that she was very smart and added that he was

proud of her.
3. I said to my mother, “Have you prepared breakfast? I have to go to

school immediately.”
I asked my mother if she had prepared breakfast and I added that I had
to go to school immediately.
4. The manager ordered the Peon to bring him his car key and added where
he had been a few minutes before.
The manager said to the Peon, “ Bring me my car key. Where have you
been a few minutes ago?”
5. Siva told Robert that he had an urgent work then and he also asked him
whether he wanted to go with him.
Siva said to Robert, “I have an urgent work now. Do you want to go
with me?”
EXERCISE FOR REPORT THE DIALOGUE:
1. Antony : Where are you going?
Peter : To the market….
Antony : May I join with you?
Peter : It will be a pleasure.
Antony asked Peter where he was going , Peter replied
that he was going to the market. Antony asked if he might join with him.
Peter said that it would be a pleasure.
2. Teacher : Can you read French?
Student : No madam, I find French very difficult.
The teacher asked the student if he could read French.
The student replied in the negative stating that he found French very difficult.
3. Mohan : I lost my wallet on the way.
Sathya : Did you have any money?
Mohan told Sathya that he had lost his wallet on the way
then Sathya asked him if he had any money.
4. Johnson : Did you enjoy it?
Suganthi : I love Ooty. And the people were friendly.
Johnson wondered if she had enjoyed it. Suganthi told him
that she loved Ooty and added that the people had been so friendly.
 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
SIMPLE , COMPOUND , COMPLEX

SENTENCE:
Group of words

Types of sentences:

 Simple sentence
 Compound sentence
 Complex sentence

SIMPLE SENTENCE:

 It has only one main clause.

 It has one subject and predicate.
 Sometimes , it has one main clause and one phrase.
Example:
On seeing the teacher ,the boy stop up.

Phrase main clause

COMPLEX SENTENCE:
 It has one main clause and one more subordinate clause.
 Subordinate clause always depends upon main clause.
 Subordinate clause linked by a subordinating conjunction /
Dependent workers.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

 After though
 Although unless
 As until
  Because when
 Before whenever
 Eventhough wherever
 If while
 Since

COMPOUND SUBORDINATES

 In that
 So that
 In order that
 So far as
 As soon as ,etc…

Example:
Thieves left the place as soon as they saw the police.
main clause subordinate clause

I lost the match that you gave

main clause subordinate clause

REMEMBER:

 When the subordinate clause comes first , a comma should be used.

As soon as the thieves saw the police,they left the place.
 When the main clause comes first, a comma should not be used.
Thieves left the place as soon as they saw the place.

COMPOUND SENTENCE:

 It has two main clauses connected by Cordinating conjunctions.

CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION
{FAN BOYS}
For * And * Nor * But * Or * Yet * So
Examples:

He is millionaire / yet / he is very humble

She worked hard/ and so /she won the medal.

TYPE 1 : (CONTRAST)

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

In spite of But , yet ,still Though

Despite Although
Eventhough

1. In spite of his wealth, he was a miser.( s)

He was wealthy but he was a miser .( c)
Though he was wealthy, he was a miser.( cpx)

2. In spite of being rich, Alex is simple.( s)

Alex is rich yet he is simple. ( c)
Although Alex is rich , he is simple.( cpx)
Exercises:
1. She is poor. She helps the needy.
2. It’s raining . The match continues.
3. I know the reason. I don’t tell you.
4. I am not a doctor. I am a teacher.
5. There is no building .The classes are going on.
Answers:
TYPE 2: ( USING INFINITIVE )

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

Too……… to very……and so….. so…… that…..

cannot cannot

1. The food was too hot to eat. (s)

The food was so hot that we couldn’t eat it (cpx)
The food was very hot and so we couldn’t eat it (c)

2. The sum is too difficult for me to understand .(s)

The sum is very difficult for me and so I cannot understand it (c)
The sum is so difficult for me that I cannot understand it (cpx)

Exercises:
1. He is too weak to run fast.
2. The box was so big that he could not lift.
3. The lady was very ill and so she could not go to office.
4. The roof is too high for him to touch it.
5. The tiger is so ferocious that we cannot go near it.
Answers:
TYPE:3 ( CONDITION)

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

In the event of {or / or else /otherwise/ if (positive)

In case of … not otherwise…not } unless (negative)
Without {should/must….
…then only}

1. In the event of studying regularly , you will score high marks. (s)
You study regularly then only , you will score high marks.(c)
If you study regularly, you will score high marks (cpx)

2. Incase of not studying regularly , you will not score high marks.( s)
You must study regularly or you will not score high marks(c)
Unless you must study regularly , you will not score high marks.(cpx)
Exercises:
1. In the events of playing well, you will not miss the prize.
2. Unless you play well, you will miss the prize.
3. Without working hard, you will not get success.
4. Come quickly.We’ll catch the train .(If)
5. You must walk fast or you cannot catch the bus. ( unless)
Answers:
TYPE 4:(CAUSE & RESULT)

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

Being so as
Owing to and so since
Due to because
By dint of
On account of
Because of

1. Being honest, everyone praised him. (s)

He was honest and so everyone praised him (c)
As he was honest,everyone praised him(cpx)

2. Due to rain, the match was cancelled (s)

It rained and so the match was cancelled .(c)
As it rained , the match was cancelled . (cpx)

3. Owing to sickness , he remained at home simple

Because of sickness , he remained at home
He was sick and so he remained at home. ( compound)
As / since he was sick , he remained at home. complex
He remained at home because he was sick.

4. On account of his old age , he cannot walk.

He is old and so he cannot walk.
Since he is old , he cannot walk.
Exercises:
1. It is old, I wear woolen clothes.
2. I was hungry, I had my dinner.
3. She had no money. She couldn’t buy a car.
TYPE 5: ( TIME)

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

On+ …. Ing and / and then as soon as,

Before+….ing and at once when, before,

After + …. Ing and immediately after , no sooner did

.. …………..than

1. After hearing the sad news, she wept bitterly .( s)

She heard the sad news and at once she wept bitterly .( c)
As she heard the sad news , she wept bitterly .(cpx)

2. On seeing the mother , the child stopped crying.( s)

The child saw the mother and then it stopped crying.( c)
As soon as the child saw the mother , it stopped crying( cpx)

3. On seeing her friend, she greeted her. ( s)

She saw her friend and she greeted her.(c)
When she saw her and she greeted her .(cpx)

Exercises:
1. I came home , Raja was studying.
2. He spoke , Everyone became silent.
3. I see her , I think of my mother.
4. He finished his supper. He started to read the novel.
5. We reached the station. The train had left.
TYPE 6: ( TWO EVENTS)
SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

Having and then After……..

+
Past participle had +V3
(past participle)

1. Having read the book, I returned it to the library. (s)

I read the book and then I returned it to the library .(c)
After I had read the book , I returned it to the library.(cpx)

2. Having finished his task ,Rajesh went to play . ( s)

Rajesh finished his task and then he went to play . ( c)
After Rajesh had finished his task , he went to play.(cpx)

Exercises:
1. I received the letter.I sent him a reply letter.
2.Mohan retired from services.He took care of his mother.
3. Sheela deceived her friend .She felt very much.
4. He completed the work .He went home.
5. They donated him money . He went abroad for studies.
Answers:
TYPE 7: (ADDITIONAL QUALIFICATION)

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

Besides being… and also not only……

Besides + verb+ as well as but also…..

…..ing

1. Besides being a singer , he is also an actor.( s)

He is a singer as well as he is an actor .(c)

He is not only a singer but also an actor.(cpx)

2. Besides knowing Hindi, he knows English.(s)

He knows Hindi and also he knows English.(c)

He knows not only Hindi but also English. (cpx)

Exerises:
1. Kamal is a dancer . He is a singer.
2. Kala is a professor . She is a writer.
3. Vijay is an actor . He is a playback singer.
4. He is a writer . He is a good artist .
5. Grandma is a good cook . She is a good story teller.
TYPE 8: (INFINITIVE)
SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

to , in order to , very …..so ….so that + subject

so as to and + can / could

… to + finite verb and so In order that

(can / could / may/
might)

1. Akshay works hard in order to earn money .(s)

Akshay works hard and so he can earn money.(c)
Akshay works hard so that he can earn money.(cpx)

2. They played well in order to win the match .(s)

They played well and so they win the match.(c)
They played well and so that they might win the match.(cpx)

Exercises:
1. He worked very hard . He could get more marks.
2. Balu studies well .He can get first marks.
SPECIAL TYPE:
In this type, the quality word that is used in the simple sentence.
SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

Quality who / why / that /

Words which / that + and
Quality word

1. I saw a rich man. (s)

I saw a man and he is rich.( c)
I saw a man who is rich.(cpx)
2. They sell pure milk.(s)
They sell milk and it is pure .(c)
They sell milk which is pure.(cpx)
HINTS:
SIMPLE SENTENCE:
Use non – finite verb . Don’t use any conjunction.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Use coordinating conjunction.
And / but / or / and so / and then.
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
Use subordinating conjunction.
Though / since / as / when / Relative pronoun.
 PUNCTUATION
PUNCTUATION:
 Pauses are called Punctuation.
 Points or stops to make clear the meaning of words
an sentences.
MAIN MARKS:
i) Fullstop [.]
ii) Comma [,]
iii) Semi-colon [;]
iv) Colon [:]
v) Interrogation [?]
vi) Exclamation [!]
vii) Inverted Commas [“ ”]
viii) Apostrophe [„‟]
ix) Hyphen [-]
x) Dash [_]
xi) Round brackets ( )
xii) Square brackets [ ]
xiii) Curly brackets { }
xiv) Slash [/]
xv) Ellipsis Marks [ ….. ]
CAPITAL LETTERS:
Capital letters are used:-
i) To begin a sentence.
ii) To begin each line of poetry.
 iii) To begin all Proper nouns/names.
iv) To write the pronoun „I‟
v) For single letters and Abbreviations
{IAS,IRS,MLA,MP}.
vi) For names of Months,Days,Papers and
Journals{February,Times of India}
vii) To refer the God. {Oh Lord, Heavenly Father}

1. FULLSTOP:-
 Used at the end of an Assertive or Imperative
sentence.
 Used after initials or abbreviations.
Examples:
i) Truth alone triumphs.
ii) Be happy.
iii) U.S.A, U.K, B.Sc.,

2. COMMA:-
 Shortest pause.
 Placed between three or more words follow
each other.
 Mark off a direct quotation.
 To separate a word.
Examples:
i) Grapes,Pears,Bananas.
ii) Gandhiji said, “Truth always prevail.”
iii) Work,work,work, till you are tired.
 3. SEMI-COLON:-
 Greater pause.
 Used to separate clauses.
 Separate pairs of words.
Examples:
i) I laughed; I sang; I danced with joy.
ii) Hair, Hare; Heal, Heil; Tail,Tale;

4. COLON:-
 Longer pause.
 Used to introduce a quotation.
Examples:
Mala : Where did you go?
Sheela : I went to temple.
Mala : Which temple?
Sheela : Tanjoor temple.

5. INTERROGATION:-
 Used at the end of a Direct Question.
Examples:
i) Which is my seat?
ii) How are you?
iii) When is your birthday?
 6. EXCLAMATION:-
 Used after words expressing deep feelings.
Examples:
i) What a lovely flower!
ii) What a brave man!
iii) Bravo!
iv) Alas!
v) Hurrah!

7. INVERTED COMMAS:-
 Used to enclose a quotation.
Examples:
i) The lion said, “Why are you late?”
ii) The teacher said, “We must do our duty.”

8. APOSTROPHE:-
 To form the possessive case.
 To show the omission of a letter.
Examples:
i) Sheela’s pen
ii) God’s sake
iii) Can’t, Won’t, I’ve

9. DASH:-
 Used after a colon.
Examples:
Christ says:-- “Hate the sin and not the sinner.”

10. HYPHEN:-
 Shorter line than the dash.
 Used to connect parts of a Compound word.
Examples:
i) Sister-in-law
ii) Step-daughter
iii) Run-away
EXERCISES:
1. she is a clever healthy woman
2. i m waiting for the day you ll be back
3. sam plays four sports volleyball soccer cricket and
sports
4. yes you will come with me
5. how much paper will they need
TEST YOURSELF :
I. Find out the sentence punctuated correctly.
1. “I like cooking, dogs and kids”.
“I like cooking dogs and kids”.

2. “Let‟s eat Grandma‟.

“Let‟s eat, Grandma‟.
_
II. Rewrite the dialogue using correct punctuation marks:
 1.I dont want to go for shopping shouted Don
_
2.I know dear but we have to go mom said
_
III. Punctuate the paragraph:
1.I have a dog he is a Labrador he is black in color he wags
his tail and licks my face when he is happy he loves going for
walks and chasing a red ball I take him to school sometimes
once he saw black cat and wanted to chase her too but I didnt
let him is he mad at me I dont know but I sure hope he isnt I
love my dog very much because he always obeys me and
follows me everywhere

PREPARED BY
S.VASANTHI
B.T.ASSISTANT( ENGLISH)
TIRUPATTUR DISTRICT.