Analog electronics – 2 (TEE2201)

Sri Lanka Technology Campus.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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 Lecture-01

Operational Amplifiers

Recommended texts:
1. Microelectronic Circuits, Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Oxford University
Press, 7th edition, 2009
2. The Art of Electronics, Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, Cambridge University Press, 3rd
edition, 2015.
3. Fundamentals of Microelectronics, Second Edition, Behzad Razavi.
4. Electronic devices, Thomas L Floyd, 9th edition.
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 Content
Operational Amplifiers and circuits

Field effect transistors

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 What is analog electronics

• Analog electronics is like a Sine

wave………………
• Digital electronics is similar to a
Square Wave…

Analog electronics is a branch of electronics that deals with a continuously variable signal.
It’s widely used in radio and audio equipment along with other applications where signals
are derived from analog sensors. Some of the most fundamental components in a digital
system are analog in nature.

In this lecture series we will learn about the basics need to understand analog electronics.

• Semi conductors: pn-junction

• Bipolar Junction Transistors

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 What is an op-amp?
An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very high gain differential amplifier with high input
impedance and low output impedance. Typical uses of the operational amplifiers are to
provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity), oscillators, filter circuits, and
many types of instrumentation circuits. An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier
stages to achieve a very high voltage gain.
The figure below shows a basic op-amp with two inputs and one output as would result
using a differential amplifier input stage. Each input results in either the same or an opposite
polarity (or phase) output, depending on whether the signal is applied to the plus (+) or the
minus (-) input, respectively.

(+ input)
Vout  A0 (V  V )

A0 is referred as the open loop gain of the op-amp

(- input)
 What is an op-amp?
EX-01: Plot the output of op-amp for a signal applied for just a one input channel and the
other is grounded.

Vout  A0 (V ) Vout  A0 (V )

What is the maximum output of an opamp?

What are Rails and saturation?
 Ideal op-amp
In this case we can assume an infinite voltage gain, an infinite input impedance, a zero output
impedance, and infinite speed. In fact, the first-order analysis of an op-amp-based circuit
typically begins with this idealization.
In this case we can make the assumption that the output to be finite V+ should be very close to
V- .
In other words, if A0 = infinity, V+~ V-
Lets try to understand this concept through the following example.

EX-02: The circuit shown below is called a “unity-gain” buffer. Note that the output is tied to
the inverting input. Determine the output voltage if Vin1 = +1 V and A0 = 1000.

For a finite gain

Vout  A0 (V  V )
Vout  A0 (Vin  1)
Vout A0

Vin 1  A0
Vout  0.9999
Vout 1
Note: As you can see when gain (A0) approaches a very high value the output gets closer to
input value.
 op-amp- Basic configurations
There are two basic configurations of op-amps used in circuits frequently. The circuits and their
in-out relations are given below.
Noninverting amplifier
The noninverting amplifier consists of an op amp and a voltage divider that returns a fraction
of the output voltage to the inverting input.
The signal is given to the noninverting terminal.
EX-03: Find the gain of the following noninverting configuration (a) Assume the op-amp is
ideal (b) Assume the op-amp is not ideal.
(a) Assume ideal - A0 is infinite. In that case V+ ~ V-
That is, V- = V+ = Vin
Since the input impedance is infinite there is no current
V going in to the op amp. R1
V  V0
Hence we can say, R1  R2
R1
V also , V  V
R1  R2
in 0

Vo R
 1 2
Vin R1
Note: As you can see the new gain of this circuit is very stable since it only depends on R1 and
R2. This gain is called the closed loop gain and A0 is called the open loop gain.
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 op-amp- Basic configurations

(b) Assume non ideal - A0 finite (In this case we cannot

make the assumptions we made before)
V V0  A0 (V  V )
 R1 
V0  A0 Vin  V0 
V  R1  R2 
Vo A0

Vin  AR 
1  0 1 
 R1  R2 
Note: As you can see in above equation when A0 goes to infinity the equation reduces back to
the equation we got in part (a).
 R1  R2 
 
  
Vo R1

Vin  R1  R2 
1  
 R1 A0 
Also we can rearrange the equating as follows,
Vo  R2    R2  1 
Use the rule, 1     1   , for   1
1
 1   1  1   
Vin  R1    R1  A0 
 R1  1
1   ,this term is called the gain error. 9
 R2  A0
 op-amp- Basic configurations
Inverting amplifier
In this configuration the noninverting input is grounded and the input voltage is given to the
inverting terminal.

EX-03: Find the gain of the above inverting configuration (a) Assume the op-amp is ideal (b)
Assume the op-amp is not ideal.
(a) Assume ideal - A0 is infinite,
In that case V+ ~ V-
That is, V- = V+ = 0 (This means V- becomes a virtual ground or you can treat it as aground)
Since the input impedance is infinite there is no current going in to the op amp.
Hence we can say, Vin  IR1 , V0   IR2
Vo R
 2
Vin R1
EX-04: Find the input impedance of the above inverting configuration.
 op-amp- Basic configurations

(b) Assume non ideal - A0 finite (In this case we cannot make the assumptions we made
before)
That is, V- = V+ = 0 (This means V- becomes a virtual ground or you can treat it as aground)
Since the input impedance is infinite there is no current going in to the op amp.
Hence we can say,
V0  A0 (V  V )
V0  A0 (V )
V  Vin  IR1 , V0  V  IR2
V  Vin V0  V

R1 R2
Vout 1

Vin R1 1  R1 
 1  
R2 A0  R2 
Note: Again we can see that if we assume A0 is very high the answer get reduced to what we
got in part (a)
 op-amp- Basic configurations: Problems
EX-04: For the below circuit, determine the output voltage. Assume ideal op-amp.

20 Ώ

15 Ώ
Vout

5Ώ
25 V
20 V 3Ώ First you must identify the voltage divider at V+
terminal. 3
V   20
35

Since the op-amp is ideal we can assume, V+ = V-

Now you can get the answer easily,…
 Common mode rejection ration (CMMR)
CMRR - The measure of OP-AMP’s ability to reject the common –mode signals in practical
OPAMPs.

• Ideally, op-amps are expected to amplify the differences between v1 and v2 with nearly
infinite gain.
• Due to transistor nonidealities, some small amount of amplification occurs due to the
common signal of both inputs

Open V0
Aol 
loop gain (V 1  V 2)

V0
Common ACM 
mode gain VCM
 Single-op-amp difference amplifier
The op-amp itself is a differential amplifier. V
1
Yet the high gain has made it impossible to Vo
use in practical circuits.
Vo  Ao V1  V2 
V2
As a result a new circuit has been designed.

R2

R1
V1

R3
V2 The final output expression for this circuit is as follows,
(You can do the derivation by your self and check)
R4
R2  R4  R2  R2
Vo  V2    
 R  1 R
1  V
R1  R3  R4  1  1
R2 R3
To make it a differential amplifier just set , 
R1 R4

Vo 
R2
V2  V1 
R1
The gain of this circuit is nowR2/R1, which is more useful in applications.
 Single-op-amp difference amplifier

EX-05: For the difference amplifier circuit given below find the output for a common input
signal. And show its 0 if we set the values as, R2 R3

R2 R1 R4

R1
V1

R3
V2
R4

EX-06: Find the input impedance of the difference amplifier circuit (given above in ex: 05).

Note: Read sections 2.4 and 2.4.1 in reference book, Sedra/Smith 7th edition, for more
information.