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Tools and Techniques

for

Disaster
Management
Sessional

Data Collection Method

There are different methods for collecting disaster
related data.

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Collection of
Primary Data
Observation Method
 Structured or Unstructured
Observation
 Participant or Non-participants 3

Observation

Interview Method
 Personal interview
 Telephone interview
 Computer Assisted Personal
Interviewing (CAPI)

Collection of
Primary Data
Questionnaire Survey
Paper-pencil-questionnaires
Web based questionnaires
4

Participatory Tools
Focus Group Discussion
Transact walk
Others

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Observational
Methods
Seeing is believing, they say. Making
direct observations of simplistic
phenomena can be a very quick and
effective way of collecting data with 5

minimal intrusion. Establishing the

right mechanism for making the
observation is all you need.

Advantages of
Obserbational Method

▹ Free of the participants biases.

▹ Put the practitioner directly in touch. 6

▹ Involved real-time data.

▹ Modification is easy.

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Disadvantages of
Obserbational Method

▹ Observer bias

▹ Interpretation and coding challenges 7

▹ Sampling can be a problem

▹ Can be labor intensive

▹ Low response rates

Interview
Conducting interviews can help you
overcome most of the shortfalls of the
previous data collection
techniques that we have discussed 8

here by allowing you to build a deeper

understanding of the thinking behind
the respondents’ answers.

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Advantages of
Interview
▹ New issues can emerge.
▹ Permit the interviewer to ask the respondent
direct questions. 10
▹ Can explore complex issues in depth.
▹ Can give the respondents additional comfort
while answering and can significantly improve
the response rate
▹ Can ensure correct interpretation of the
questions.

10

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Disadvantages of
Interview
▹ Consume a great deal of time which can
increase research cost..
▹ Personal biases can also distort the data. 11

▹ Required carful questioning.

▹ Interactions between the interviewer and the
respondent may control responses.
▹ Requires considerable skill to gather valid
and relavant data.

11

Questionnaire
Questionnaires, as we consider them
here, are stand-alone instruments of
data collection that will be
administered to the sample subjects 12

either face to face or through mail,

phone or online. They have long been
one of the most popular data
collection techniques.

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Advantages of
Questionnaire
▹ Opportunity to carefully structure and
formulate the data collection plan with
precision.
13
▹ Respondents can take these questionnaires at
a convenient time and think about the answers
at their own pace.
▹ The reach is theoretically limitless. The
questionnaire can reach every corner of the
globe if the medium allows for it.

13

Disadvantages of
Questionnaire

▹ Questionnaires without human intervention can

be quite passive and miss out on some of the
finer details. 14

▹ Response rates can be quite low. Questionnaires

can be designed well by choosing the right
question types to optimize response rates, but
very little can be done to encourage the
respondents without directly conversing with
them.
14

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Focus Group

Focus Group Sessions take the

interactive benefits of an interview to
15
the next level by bringing a carefully
chosen group together for a moderated
discussion on the subject of the survey.

Advantages of
Focus Group
▹ The presence of several relevant people
together at the same time can
▹ Encourage them to engage in a healthy
discussion. 16

▹ Help researchers uncover information that they

may not have envisaged.
▹ Can verify the facts instantly; Any inaccurate
response will most likely be countered by other
members of the focus group.
▹ A chance to view both sides of the coin and build
a balanced perspective on the matter.
16

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Disadvantages of
Focus Group
▹ Finding relevant people and persuading them to
come together at the same time can be a
difficult task.
▹ The presence of excessively loud members in 17

the focus group can subdue the opinions of

those who are less vocal.
▹ The members of a focus group can often fall
prey to group-think if one of them turns out to
be remarkably persuasive and influential. This
will bury the diversity of opinion that may have
otherwise emerged.
17

Discouraged areas
of inquiary
▹ Age
▹ Race
Religion
18
▹
▹ National origin
▹ Sex and/or sexual orientation
▹ Marital status

18

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Data Quality and Accuracy

Quality and quantity both are important factors for data
collection.

Three things can happen

to the collected data -

▹ Biased data
▹ Out of date data 20

▹ Lower level of detail

20

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Six Blind Man

and An Elephant

▹ Things are not always what we

think. 21

▹ Everyone has their own reality

and own perspective.
PERSPECTIVE CHANGES
▹ Preconceived perceptions can EVERYTHING
lead to misinterpretation.

Biased Information
Bias is the degree to which the
conclusion drawn from a data
observation deviates from the true
situation. Bias may results from-
22

▹ Asking the wrong question

▹ Asking the wrong people
▹ The “biased” perception of the
observer or reporter of data. PERSPECTIVE CHANGES
EVERYTHING

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Out of date Data

Bad or out of date data can lead to

28,
▹
▹
erroneous conclusions and
wasted time and resources.
1990 23

Low Level of Detail

The term level of detail (LOD)

refers to the capability of
providing and using different
24
aspect/representations of an
object/ a condition, depending on
specific application needs. .

LOD

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Three
Characteristics of
Good Data
▹ Relevance 25

▹ Credibility
▹ Specificity

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Relevance What you

want to say?

▫ Does the measure capture what

matters?
Relevance
▫ Do not measure what is easy
instead of what is needed.

What they are

interested in?

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Credibility

▫ Is the measure believable?

▫ Will it be viewed as a reasonable
and appropriate way to capture
the information sought?

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Specificity

Specificity in data collection is an

important objective.
Assessments should be aimed to
help match limited available
resources to projected critical
needs.

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Triangulation
TRIANGULATION OF METHODS:
collection of same information using different
methods
TRIANGULATION OF SOURCES: 29

collection of same information from a variety

of sources
TRIANGULATION OF EVALUATORS:
collection of same information from more
than one evaluator

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30

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Collection of
Secondary Data

▹ Case Study
▹ Documents and Records
▹ Maps

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BIG
CONCEPT 32

Risk Management Concept

Social Impact Assessment
Livilihood Asset Analysis
Participatory Tools
GIS Tools

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4.
PARTICIPATORY
TOOLS
Concept and Application

What is 34

Participation?

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Participation
is a process
through which
people
A become
involved, to a 35

lesser or a
greater
degree, in
development
processes.

“
The evolution of participatory
approaches indicates a shift from a
top-down to a bottom-up approach
that is popularly known as the
paradigm shift (Chambers, 1995).

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Alternative views and

critiques of conventional
research started to
appear in the literature in
the early 1960s. Many
findings in laboratory and 37

conventional research
were irrelevant. This is
because the research was
not tested in the real-life
situation.

“
A people-centred approach which
has the highest probability of
success because it offers the
potential to strengthen the voice
of the most vulnerable.
(WFP).

38

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Situation Planning
Analysis The participatory
learning approach may be
used at all stages of the
39
project cycle to
Participatory 39
Approach empower communities
Impleme
and ensure the
ntation
Evaluation sustainability of
development
interventions.
Monitoring

PARTICIPATION
LADDER
Passivity:
People participate
when they are told; 40
they have no influence
on decisions or project
implementation.

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PARTICIPATION
LADDER
Information providers:
People participate by
filling out survey 41
questionnaires; they
have no say in the use
given to survey data.

PARTICIPATION
LADDER Consultative
participation:
People are consulted
by external actors who
listen to their opinions; 42

however, they have no

say in the decisions
made as a result of
these sessions.

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Incentive-based
PARTICIPATION participation:
People participate
LADDER mainly by supplying
labor or other
resources (land for pilot
projects, for example),
in exchange for certain 43

incentives (material or
social goods, or
training). While the
project requires their
involvement, they have
no direct role in
decision-making.

PARTICIPATION Functional
participation:
LADDER People participate by
forming working groups
to meet pre-
established project
objectives. They have 44

no role in project
design, but they are
taken into account
during the follow-up
and adjustment
process.

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PARTICIPATION Interactive
participation:
LADDER Organized local groups
participate in project
design, implementation
and evaluation. This
involves systematic 45

and structured
teaching/ learning
processes, as well as a
progressive transition
toward local control
and management

PARTICIPATION
LADDER Self-development:
organized local groups
take the initiative,
without waiting for 46
external input. External
parties assume an
advisory role, acting as
partners.

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Equal

Efficient The benefit of 47

PARTICIPATION
Effective

CHARACTERISTICS
OF IDEAL
DEVELOPMENT
FACILITATOR
▹ A change of attitude. 48

▹ The exchange of
information between all
stakeholders.
▹ The use of appropriate
methods.

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Behavior

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Behavior

50

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o Unbiased: Ability to stimulate without biasness.

o Safe: Skill to maintain safe environment.
o Listens: Practices good listening habits.
o Structured: Organized and prepared, preplanned.
o Fearless: Question to create new ideas. 51

o Proactive: Is not reactive in groups.

o Flexible: Is not too rigid to allow conversations.
o Connect: Easy going and can interact with all.
o Timely: Accountable to the clock.
o Social: has high level of social intelligence.

Stakeholders

52

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GROUND WORK
▹ Establish preliminary contacts with key
members or leaders of the community,
including women leaders. 53

▹ Identify key informants within the community –

people who have deep knowledge of the local
context and the community, or are networked
to a wider set of links.

GROUND WORK
▹ Find out if there is a community meeting hall or
communal building where the PCVA can be
conducted, and what facilities it has. 54

▹ Try to understand the basic work schedules of

the community members, both women and
men, and different livelihood groups

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GROUND WORK
▹ Find out the most vulnerable groups in the
community (including the elderly, disabled and
ethnic/social minority groups) and identify the 55
best ways to involve them.

▹ Where communities are literate,

pictures/symbols can be used effectively to
communicate information and ideas.

GROUND WORK
▹ Establish preliminary contacts with key
members or leaders of the community,
including women leaders. 56

▹ Itis important to take the consent of the

communities before starting survey and also
before using the data.

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Methods

57

PCVA
TOOLKIT
Participatory Capacity and
Vulnerability Analysis

a) Pallet Diagram
b) Daily Chart 58
c) Venn Diagram
d) Resource Map
e) Hazard Map
f) Transect Walk
g) Seasonal Diagram

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PCVA
TOOLKIT
Participatory Capacity and
Vulnerability Analysis

h) Historical Timeline
i) Historical Chart 59
j) Evaluation Matrix
k) Problem Tree
l) SOWT Analysis
m) Risk Quadrant
n) Ranking

Pie Chart
▹ Pie charts are used for comparisons
of a small number of categories.

▹ Using more than five categories can

make a Plate Diagram difficult to 60
read.

▹ It is very important to label the

slices to make the comparison
Example of Pie Chart showing easier.
age groups in a community

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Pie Chart
▹ The slices should be also coloured
or shaded differently for easier
comparison.

▹ This can be along the lines of 61

gender, age, religion, ethnicity or
any other grouping

Example of Pie Chart showing

age groups in a community

Daily Time Chart

▹ A Daily Time Chart allows collecting
information on the daily activity
patterns of community members.

▹ It also helps to compare the 62

patterns of different groups in the
community (women, men, old,
employed, unemployed, etc).

Example of a Daily Time Chart of

women’s activities in the Gaza Strip

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Daily Time Chart

▹ Based on the Plate Diagram, Daily
Time Charts to be prepared for each
group identified as important in the
community.

63
▹ Do remember that this does not
have to be perfect.

Example of a Daily Time Chart of

women’s activities in the Gaza Strip

Venn Diagram
▹ A Venn or Circle Diagram shows the
key institutions in a community and
their importance and relationships.

▹ Venn Diagrams might be difficult for 64

those not familiar to them, so draw
a simple example.

▹ Draw the diagram in pencil first and

adjust the size and arrangement
until participants are satisfied.

Example of Venn Diagram of Social

Organizations

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Venn Diagram
▹ Separate circles = no contact;
▹ Touching circles = information
passes between the institutions
and/or to the community;
▹ Small overlap = some cooperation; 65
▹ Large overlap = significant
cooperation.

▹ Most important institutions should

be drawn as the largest circles and
less important ones as smaller
circles.
Example of a Venn Diagram showing
water use/control in Sudan

Resource Map
▹ A Resource Map is prepared by a
community to provide an
understanding of which places and
resources are used for what
purposes in their locality.
66

▹ Do not look for accuracy as such

maps typically are not to scale.

Example of Land Use Map and ▹ It is mainly used to indicate the

Base Map spatial layout and accessibility of
the community’s natural and
physical resources and features.

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Hazard Map
▹ Similarly, a Hazard Map of the
community can be prepared.
▹ First plot the main features of the
area such as houses, community
buildings, fields, natural features,
67
etc.
▹ Exact details are not necessary. For
example, not all the houses have to
be mapped, only the area where the
houses are located, using the
symbol for a house.
▹ Then identify the hazards and which
areas and resources are the most
Example of a Hazard Map affected.

Transect Walk
▹ A Transect Walk is a diagram of
main land-use zones in an area. It
complements a Resource Map by
comparing the main features,
resources, uses and problems of
different zones. 68

▹ A Transect Walk can also be used to

complement a Hazard Map.

Example of a Transect Walk

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Seasonal Calendar
▹ These diagrams are a particularly
effective way of illustrating the
relationship that exists between
various activities and seasonal
changes.
69

▹ They can be used to design

initiatives and plan activities on
issues such as food availability,
Example of a Seasonal Calendar from
income and labor, academic and
a village in Sudan showing rainfall, social activities, income sources,
crop patterns and labour demand expenditures, credit, disease,
manpower, etc.

Seasonal Calendar
▹ The starting point does not have to
be the beginning of the year.

▹ The description of labor demand,

for example, can begin at the month 70
when demand is highest. Proceed in
this manner until the year is
completed.

▹ Repeat for each parameter.

Example of a Seasonal Calendar

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Historical Timeline
▹ A Historical Timeline reveals
information for understanding the
present situation in a community.

▹ It allows insight into past hazards 71

and changes in their nature and
intensity, and how they have
resulted into the current situation.

▹ Ask the participants to list major

events and disasters in
chronological order.

Example of a Historical Timeline

Historical Chart
▹ To visually portray the changes that
have affected community life over
the past few years, in terms of
social organization, health,
production, natural resources.
72

▹ This exercise may supplement

others, such as the timeline and
trend line.
Example of a Historical Chart

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Evaluation Matrix
▹ Evaluation matrix can be used to
evaluate the community’s views
regarding public facilities or natural
resources . It can also be used to
evaluate solution.
▹ Evaluation parameters and criteria 73

needs to be fixed first.

▹ The evaluation may be performed
either by consensus (where
everyone agrees on a score) or by
voting (where participants assign
scores individually).
Example of a Evaluation Matrix

Problem Tree
▹ The Problem Tree shows the
relationships between different
aspects of a problem.
▹ It helps to develop actions to
address the root causes of
74
vulnerability to disasters and
climate change.
▹ the trunk represents the problems,
the roots the causes and the leaves
the effects.
▹ In the same way, a Solution Tree can
be produced.

Example of a Problem Tree to

analyse social problems

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SWOT Analysis
▹ SWOT analysis is useful To conduct
an evaluation of the main
alternatives that have highest
priority.

75
▹ It also helps to compare advantages
and disadvantages, foresee possible
problems.

Example of a SWOT Analysis

Ranking
▹ For this, at first identify the
problems using problem tree or
SWOT analysis

▹ Prepare a dual-entry matrix with the 76

same number of rows and columns
as the number of problems
identified.

▹ Compare row with column and

prioritize among two problem.
Finally, count the frequency of each
problem.
Example of a Pair wise Ranking

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Risk Quadrant
▹ Use information from the Hazard
Map and Hazard Ranking, and also
the Historical Timeline.

▹ Hazards that can have high impact, 77

but low likelihood should be listed in
the top left box.

▹ Less likely and low impact hazards

should be listed in the bottom left
Example of a Risk Quadrant box.

Risk Quadrant
▹ A guide to develop risk reduction
action plans based on the Risk
Quadrant can be as follows:

▹ High–High: work actively to prevent 78

these hazards;
▹ Low–Low: keep a watch-out;
▹ High–Low: reduce likelihood of
impact;
▹ Low–High: be prepared for this to
Example of a Risk Quadrant happen.

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▹ “
These slides are for
personal study only and no
other purpose. It should not
be shared or published
without the lecturer's
explicit consent. Teacher
and student privacy is
more important than
anything else and any
breaches of privacy or
confidentiality are
unexpected.

79

THANKS!
Any questions?
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You can find me at:

[email protected]
[email protected]
01710017852

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