GE 4

Mathematics in the
Modern World

ENGR. MARC FRANCIS M. LABATA, PH.D.

INSTRUCTOR
Lecture 3
First...

Kindly submit your index cards.

2
TOPIC:

SETS AND BINARY OPERATIONS

3
TOPIC:

SETS AND BINARY OPERATIONS

4
What is a SET?
Definition: A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.
Examples:
• Students of SMC Tagum, Inc.
• Months in a year
• Residents of Tagum City
Sets are denoted by capital letters, A, B, C.
Objects belonging to a set are called “elements”
If a belongs to set A, it is written as a ∈ A ( “a is an element of A”), else
a ∉ A.
5
Describing a SET
Two common methods:
1. Roster or tabular – element are enumerated or listed and enclosed
in braces.
2. Rule or set-builder form – general property or characteristic of the
elements is given.
Use the roster and rule method to describe the V as the set of vowels
in the English alphabet.
Roster: V = {a,e,i,o,u}
Rule: V = {x| x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
6
Subsets
Definition:

• If A and B are sets and every element of A is in B, then A is called a

subset of B, written as A ⊆ B.
• If at least one element in B is not in A, then A is a proper subset of
B written as A ⊂ B.
• Any set A has trivial subsets, the set A itself and the empty set.
• An empty set is also called a null set denoted as { } or ∅ .

7
Subsets
Examples:

• Is A a subset of B? Given that A = {1,3,4} and B = {1,2,3,4}.

• Is {0} same as null set?

8
Powersets
Definition: The power set of A, denoted by P (A) is the set of all
subsets of A. The number of sets, n, is given by n = 2k, where k is the
number of elements in the set.

Example:
What is the power set of D = { 1,2,3}?

9
Set Operations
UNION: The union of two sets A and B, written as A ∪ B (A union B)
is the set of all elements belonging to A or B or to both A and B.

Example:
Consider the sets W = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, R = {1,3,5,7}, S = {2,4,6,8} and
Z = {2,3,5,8}. Identify the following:
a.) R ∪ S
b.) R ∪ Z
c.) S ∪ W

10
Set Operations
INTERSECTION: The intersection of two sets A and B, written as A ∩
B (A intersection B) is the set of all elements belonging to both A and
B. If A ∩ B has at least one element, A and B are called joint sets.
Otherwise, they are called disjoint sets, A ∩ B = ∅.
Example:
Consider the sets W = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, R = {1,3,5,7}, S = {2,4,6,8} and
Z = {2,3,5,8}. Identify the following:
a.) R ∩ Z b.) W ∩ Z c.) R ∩ S

11
Set Operations
A set consisting of all elements under consideration is called a
universal set, denoted by U.
SET COMPLEMENT: The complement of a set B, denoted by BC
(complement of B) or B’ (B prime), is the set of elements in the
universal set U that are not in B.
Example:
Consider the set W = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, R = {1,3,5,7}, S = {2,4,6,8} and Z
= {2,3,5,8}. Let U = W, identify the following:
a.) RC b.) ZC c.) ∅C

12
Set Operations

SET DIFFERENCE: The difference between sets A and B, denoted by

A – B (A difference B) is the set of elements in A that are not in B.
Simply, the elements in the first set that are not in the second set.

Example:
Consider the set W = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, R = {1,3,5,7}, S = {2,4,6,8} and Z
= {2,3,5,8}. Identify the following:

a.) W – R b.) S – Z c.) Z – R d.) R – S

13
Venn Diagram

The elements of a set can be represented by dots (or points) on the

plane and the collection of these elements can be enclosed by figures.
This representation is known as Venn Diagram and the operations are
done by shading.

14
Venn Diagram
C∪T

15
Venn Diagram
C∩T

16
Venn Diagram
C–T

18
Venn Diagram
(C ∪ T )C

19
Venn Diagram Sample Problems
Ms. Julieta Cruz took a survey of 3 TV program watched by her
students in class. The data is shown below:

• How many students were there in the class?

• How many students viewed only one program?

20
Venn Diagram Sample Problems
SOLUTION:

• Total Students = 10 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 9 + 6 + 11 = 43
• How many students viewed only one program? = 10 + 9 + 11 = 30

21
Cartesian Product
Definition: Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B,
written as A × B (A cross B) is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b), where a
∈ A and b ∈ B.
A × B = {(a,b) | a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

Example:
Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {x,y}. Find the following:
a.) A × B b.) B × A c.) B × B
d.) How many elements are in A × B , B × A and B × B ?

22
The Number System

23
The Number System

24
TOPIC:

SETS AND BINARY OPERATIONS

25
Binary Operations
Definition: A binary operation * on a set of real numbers is an
operation or a rule that combines two real numbers to produce
another real number.

A binary operation can be defined as an operation * which is

performed on a set A.

26
Binary Operations

a*b=c a,b,c ∈ ℝ
Example: For two or more basic
Basic Binary Operations operations:
3+2 + – x ÷ a * b = a + b - ab
4–8
7x1 Advanced Binary Operations Example: Evaluate 4 * 3
9÷3 ∆ ⊕ ⊙ ⊗ ⊖

28
 Binary Operations

Solve the following:

a.) 2 ⊕ 3 b.) 2 ⊗ 3 c.) 2 ⊘ 3 d.) 2 ⊖ 3

29
Assignment:
Evaluate the given below:

x ⊙ y = x2 + 2y –xy
5⊙3=?

30