R 20

Code No: A44B3

BVRAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NARSAPUR
(UGC AUTONOMOUS) DNepaved
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, July/Aug 2022
Electrical Machines II N DhanunNO
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 60
Answer any 5 (Five) questions. eet-ppamt
All questions carry equal marks

Marks Bloom Level CO

The following are the test results obtained from a 400V, three-phase, 12 1
6-pole. 50Hz induction motor:
No-load- 400V.8A,0.16pf
Blocked rotor - 200V,39A,0.36pf

Using the circle diagram method, determine the mechanical output,

torque, and slip when the motor draws a current of 30A from the
mains. Assume the stator and rotor copper losses to be equal.

a) Ilhustrate the effect of slip of induction motor being unity at 6

starting.
b) Brief torque-slip characteristics of induction motor. 6

Detail various methods to make single-phase induction motors self- 12 2

starting?
4 Explain the purpose and conduction of various tests on single-plhase 12 2
induction motors.

a) Briefly describe amature reaction and its effects on excitation

voltage
b) Compare and contrast wound rotor and salient pole rotor of 6
synchronous machine.

6 With the help of the MMF method determine the voltage regulation 12 4
of synchronous machine with the OC and SC characteristics as
given below:
OC characteristics
200 450 600 850 1200
Voclline)(k7 4 8.7 10.8 13.3 |15.4
SC characteristics: - Ir 750 A. I=8000A

7 Write notes on 4
a) Two-reaction model with necessary figures.
b) Power-angle characteristic. 6

8 a) Investigate the stability conditions n a synchronous machine with 6

reference to the short crcuit current.
b) Write notes on the synchronous condenser.

**
 CodeNo:A44B3 R20

BVRAJUINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,NARSAPUR
(UGC. AUTONOMOUS)
IIB.Tech ISemester RegularExaminations,July/Aug2022
Electrical Machinesl
(Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering)
Time:3Hours
MaxMarks:60
Answer any 5 (Five)
questions.
All questions carry equal
marks
***

SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Circle
PART-B(5x12 60 Marks)
diagram calculation finding power and current scale -

4M
Finding mechanical output, torque and slip parameters- 4M 12M
Circle diagram graph - 4M

effectofslipof inductionmotorbeingunityat starting 6M

2a) Relevant diagram/graph -3 M
Explanation-3M
26)
torque-slipcharacteristicsofinductionmotor
Relevant diagram/graph -2 M
Expression for lower values of slip - 2M
Expression for higher values of slip -2M

variousmethodstomakesingle-phaseinductionmotorsself- starting
explain any three starting methods in detail.. cach method with relevant
12M

carries 4Mx3 =12M diagrams

No load and blocked rotor tests to Determine its
equivalent circuit parameters
Procedure for finding No load and blocked rotor test in brief 4M
Equivalent circuit explanation -4M
Equivalent circuit diagram-4M 12M

Sa) Various armature reaction on different power factors -2M

6M
Armature Reaction effect depends upon the PF on different power factors with
phasors-4M
b) woundrotorandsalientpolerotorof synchronousmachine
wound rotor type - 3M
6M
salientpole type rotor-3M
6 MMF method
Given data -2M
Converting the line voltages to phase voltages and graph - (3 +2) = SM 12M
Finding Ift, Eo, AND percentage voltage regulation -5M
7 a) Tw0-reaction theory
Relevant Diagrams 2M 6M
Explanation 4M
76) Power angle characterstics of cylindrical rotor-4M
 Salient type rotor-2M 6M
Sa)
stability conditionsin asynchronousmachinewithreferencetotheshortcircuitcurrent.
Classification of short circuit current wave form -

2M
Explanation of each stage -4M 6M
8b) synchronouscondenser
relevant diagram 2M 6M
explanation -4M
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 BVRaju Institute of Technology (UGC Autonomous)
Vishnupur. Narsapur. Medak (Dist). Telangana State. India.

1Al VISHNU
UNIVERSAL LEABNING
2 Tllustratetheeffectofslipof inductionmotorbeingunityat starting 6M
a)

Unstable
Region 3M
Torque. T

S=0 S =Sm S 1
(N Ns) (N = 0)
Slip, S (per unit)

The curve drawn plotted between

torque against slip is called torque-slip
characteristics of the induction motor. We know that from the
induction motor the expression for the torque equation of
torque is,
s E R2
T=
RE+ (s X,) 3M

When slip =1, speed 0. By substituting S=1, in the above equation, we will the
=

same equation
get
except S. Thus when slip 1 or speed =0, we can experience some
=

starting torque in three phase induction motor.

2b) Brieftorque-slipcharacteristicsofinductionmotor. 6M

Unstable
Regio 2M
Torque, T
***.. * *
Tst

S 0 S Sm S = 1
(N =Ns) (N =0)
Slip, S (per unit)
The curve drawn plotted between torque against slip is called
torque-slip
characteristics of the induction motor. We know that from the torque equation of
induction motor the expression for the torque is,

s E R2
T R+ (sX,
Torque-Slip Characteristics of Induction Motor:

Now, let us evaluate the value of torque at different values of slip in the range from 0 to
 1.At Low Values of Slip:

Starting from zero, when slip s =0, rotor speed N is equal to synchronous speed 2M
Ns (N-Ns i.e., the rotor speed is equal to the speed ofthe rotating magnetic field). At
this condition, the net torque produced on the rotor is zero. Hence, the motor cannot run
at synchronous speed.
Torque is proportional to slip

2. At High Values of Slip :

When the slip of the motor increases beyond its maximum value, then the motor is said
to be running at high values of slip. 2M

When slip is further increases beyond s = sm, then the resistance of the rotor R22 is
very small as compared to the reactance of the rotor (sX2)2 and it can be neglected.

T
sR2
sX2)2

(if R2 & X2 are constants)

3a) 12M
Detailvariousmethodstomakesingle-phaseinductionmotorsself- starting?
Out of the four starting methods. explain any three starting methods in detail...
1.Split Phase Induction Motor
The Split Phase Motor is also known as a Resistance Start Motor. It has a single cage
rotor, and its stator has two windings known as main winding and starting winding. Both
the windings are displaced 90 degrees in space. The main winding has very low
4M
resistance and a high inductive reactance whereas the starting winding has
high
resistance and low inductive reactance. The connection diagram of the motor is shown
Centrifugal
switch or Relay

1- Phase Rotor
Supply Ra/X,Ru/X

RA
below: Auxiliary Winding

2. Capacitor Start Induction Motor

Capacitor Start Motors are single-phase Induction Motors that employ a capacitor in
theauxiliary winding circuit to produce a greater phase difference between the current in
the main and the
auxiliary windings. The name
motor uses a
capacitor for the purpose of starting.capacitor starts itself shows that the
The figure below shows the
connection diagram of a
Capacitor Start Motor
4M

1.Phase
Rotor
supply
x
R
Auxiliary Winding

IM is the current in the main

winding which is
degrees as shown in the phasor diagram above. lagging
the auxiliary current IA
by 90
split into two phases. The two
Thus, a
single-phase supply current is
their MMF°s are equal in
windings are displaced apart by 90 degrees electrical, and
magnitude but 90 degrees apart in the time phase.
3. Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor
The Permanent Split
Capacitor motor also has a cage rotor and the two
windings named as main and auxiliary windings similar to that of a
Start and Capacitor Start Capacitor
Capacitor Run Motor. It has only one capacitor
connected in series with the starting
winding. The
connected in the circuit both at the starting and the capacitor
C is permanently
running conditions.

4M
 M

1-Phase
RM O

Rotor
N
supply
M
Cs
RA XA
W
Auxiliary Winding

Explainthepurposeandconductionofvarioustestsonsingle-phase inductionmotors 12M

In single phase induction motor we conduct No load and blocked rotor tests to
Determine its equivalent circuit parameters.
a)No-load test:
1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch-ON the supply & apply the rated voltage to motor with out any load.
3)) Note the readings of voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter. 4M

b) Blocked rotor test:

1. Give all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a low voltage to motor with auto transformer so that rated load
current flows through the stator.
3. .Note the readings of voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter
Equivalent Cicuit
Single phase induction motor also works on the principle of Faraday's laws of
electromagnetic induction. The equivalent Circuit of such motor is based on double field
revolving theory i.e, an alternating uniaxial quantity can be represented by two
oppositely rotating vectors of half magnitude. So here the single phase motor has been
imagined to be made up of one stator winding and two imaginary rotors. Each rotor will
be assigned half the actual value of resistance. In order to find the equivalent circuit
parameters, it is need to conduct OC & SC tests on it. In OC test, rated voltage will | 4MM
be given to motor without any load on it. In SC on it. In OC test, rated voltage will be
given to motor without any load on it. In SC test, the rotor is blocked and a reduced
voltage will be given upto the rated load current.
 4M

m
W-m-
RaM XIM

/2
Em XM/2
ForwardR2/2
Rotor
Vm
Em
xa/2
Emb XM/2
BackwardR'2/2
Rotor

Sa)
Brieflydescribearmaturereactionanditseffectsonexcitation voltage.
Armature Reaction 6M

Effect of the armature flux on the main field flux.

Armature Reaction effect

depends upon the PF of the Load
1. UPF- cross
2. Lag PF
magnetizing 2M
3. Lead PF
-

demagnetizing.
-

magnetizing
UPF cross magnetizing.
 Main Flux

laph

Eph 4M
Induced EMF due to Main Flux 0
LagPF - demagnetizing.

Armature Flux
Oa Main Flux

Load current
Lag the Voltage by
90

Main Flux
Decreases
DC excitation
Eph
Induced EMF due to Main Flux OD
Lead PF-magnetizing
 Armature Flux
Main Flux
Da

la
Load current
Lead the Voltage by
90

Main Flux
Increases
DC excitation
Eph
Induced EMF due to Main Flux OD,

Sb) Compareandcontrastwoundrotorandsalientpolerotorofsynchronousmachine. 6M
1.Salient Pole Alternator:

Poles are projecting out from the surface.

The air gap is non-uniform.
Diameter is high and the axial length is small.
Mechanically weak.
Preffered for low-speed alternators.
Prime mover used are water, I.C. engines.
For the same size, the rating is smaller than the cylindrical type. 3M
This rotor is also called as Projected pole type.
This is prefered for low-speed alternators ranging from 125 rp.m to 500 RPM
Separate damper winding is provided.
2.Cylindrical Pole Alternator:
Unslotted portion of the cylinder acts as poles hence poles are non-projecting.
The air gap is uniform due to the smooth cylindrical periphery.
Small diameter and the large axial length is the feature
Mechanically strong.
Preferred for high-speed alternators
Prime movers used are steam turbines, electric motors. 3M
For the same size, the rating is higher than Salient pole type.
This rotor is also called as non-salient or non-projected pole type.
This is preferred for high-speed alternators ranging from 1500 r.p. m to 3000
RPM.
Separate damper winding is not provided.
 BV Raju Institute of Technology (UGC Autonomous)
Vishnupur. Narvapur, Medak (Dist), Telangana State, India

VISHNU
UNIVERSAL LEARNING

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 Two Reation theoru -For Jalient pole Jyn M|)

Two reaction theory is

proposed by Blondel
d axu d: ad + ML
-AR Max
d-ai's
a
AMi ad,X)AR Min
dMa+ ML A Max

(Mag.

- axis

Mg: a t M

mmF
(ulindrical rotor dyn MJt
akad Td A a

non salient pole)

We know a Armature Reaction
Airga plength

a
Ar gap length

is unrtornm alonq d-axis

In ylindrita! rotdr Jynchronous M airgap
and also 9- axis and entire airgap periphey Jo a $ingle reactan (*a)

to Model Armature
is duhiuent Reaction
d- axis and maximum
Where as in Salient pole AG is minimum alonq

along - oxis, so a
Jingle reactanCA not Juicient For Modelinq AR
so it requiretuwo reactanus bne alonq d-oxi ie Xad, anothe alo nq

axis e Xa Tha'sit is called two reaction ttheory

armature Reaction Reactan
acd direct oxis
armature Reaction Reactanu
Xaq OxiSS
Xad aq
Jo ad+ L X d
axis Jynchrdnous reattanco

sunchronous reactanc
Xaq¥L Xq qaxis
. S - 2 )times Xq

where aas Ca- q) » coalled Jalieny u

 6M
a)Investigate thestability conditionsin asynchronousmachinewith
referencetotheshortcircuiteurrent.

2M
Swstyni'
tdyslole

tuydle,
Hasydd)

e twy natn Cad-

armature current will increase to
Now if we short circuit on the armature terminals the
as shown in figure and after
large value in a short time and it's decaying symmetrically
some time it goes under steady state condition.

complete waveform can be explained in three states they

are
The
1.Sub transient state
2. Transient state
3. Steady state
1. Sub transientstate
This is the state of the alternator
immediately takes place after short circuit.
4M
state is
x l a k q e Yencjomle

nd dn/s a m d
ffhei4 Ractana

Acdvenelorla ftha
Acd danrer
Pad

2. Transient state
After few cycles the alternator goes under transient state and in this state the effect of
eddy currents in the damper Winding and in the surrounding metallic parts are

negligible.