DESIGN OF
AQUEDUCT
Presented by :
Ankita Gajendra (2001003)
Ashirbad Kathua (2001005)
Department of Civil Engineering
GITA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, BHUBANESWAR
CONTENTS…
1 Cross Drainage Works 4 Design Considerations of
Aqueduct
2 Types of Cross Drainage Works 4.1 Design of Drainage Water way
4.2 Design of Canal Water way
2.1 Aqueduct 4.3 Head loss and bed
2.2 Drainage Syphon level at different sections
2.3 Super Passage 4.4 Design of Transition
2.4 Canal Syphon
2.5 Level Crossing
2.6 Inlet and Outlet
5 Conclusion
3 Types of Aqueduct 6 Reference
3.1 Type l
3.2 Type ll
3.3 Type lll
1 Cross Drainage Works
The structures that are built to cross
the canal water across the drain or any
obstructions are called cross drainage
works.
It prevent the canal water from mixing
into drain water.
This type of structure is costlier one
and needs to be avoided as much as
possible.
Lune Aqueduct , Lancashire
2 Types of Cross Drainage Works
The canal crosses the drainage water in either of the following ways :
1. Canal over the drainage :
(i) AQUEDUCT
(ii) DRAINAGE SYPHON
2. Canal below the drainage :
(i) SUPER PASSAGE
(ii) CANAL SYPHON
3. Drain passes through the canal :
(i) LEVEL CROSSING
(ii) INLETS AND OUTLETS
Aqueduct
In an aqueduct, the canal bed level is
much higher than HFL of drain.
Here both the canal water and
drainage water flows freely under
gravity.
A canal trough is to be constructed
in which canal water flows from
upstream to downstream.
Drainage Syphon (Syphon Aqueduct)
In an syphon aqueduct, canal water
is carried above the drainage but the
HFL of drain is above canal trough.
The drainage water flows under
syphonic action.
The flooring of drain is depressed
downwards by constructing a vertical
drop to discharge the drain water.
Super Passage
In a Super passage, the FSL(Full
Supply Level) of canal is below the
drainage bed level.
Here both the drainage water and
canal water flows freely under gravity.
A drainage trough is constructed at
road level through which drainage water
flows from upstream to downstream.
This is simply a reverse of Aqueduct.
Canal Syphon
In an canal syphon, drainage is
carried over canal similar to a super
passage but the FSL of canal is above
the drainage trough.
The canal water flows under syphonic
action.
Flooring of canal is depressed and
ramp like structure is provided at
upstream and downstream to form
syphonic action.
Level Crossing
When the bed level of canal is equal to
the drainage bed level, then level crossing
is to be constructed.
This consists the following steps :
Construction of weir to stop
drainage water behind it.
Construction of canal
regulator across a canal.
Construction of head
regulator across a drainage.
Inlet and Outlet
An inlet is a structure constructed in
order to allow the drainage water to enter
the canal and get mixed with the canal
water.
But, when the drainage discharge is
high, an outlet may sometimes be
constructed to escape out the additional
discharge.
Such a structure is generally adopted
when the drainage discharge is small and
the drain crosses the canal.
3 Types of Aqueduct
Type I
In this type, the sides of the aqueduct are
earthen bank with complete earthen slopes.
The length of the culvert through which the
drainage water has to pass under the canal
should not only be sufficient to accommodate
the water section of the canal but also the
earthen banks of the canal with adequate
slopes.
Type Il
In this type, the canal continues
in its earthen section over the
drainage
But the outer slopes of canal
banks are replaced by retaining
walls, thereby, reducing the length
of the drainage culvert.
Type Ill
In this type, earthen sec- tion of the
canal is discontinued and the canal
water is carried in a masonry or a
concrete trough.
The canal is generally flumed in this
case, so as to effect economy in
construction.
The culvert length or width of aqueduct is maximum in Type I and minimum in
Type III. An intermediate value exists in Type II.
4 Design Considerations of Aqueduct
Design of Drainage Water way:
An approximate value of required waterway for the drain may be obtained by
using the Lacey's equation, given by
P=4.75√Q
where P = etted perimeter in metres
Q = Total discharge in cumecs.
Then the width of the pier and bays is selected to achieve the desired drainage
water way.
Design of Canal Water way:
The width of the canal is
flumed to the half of the
normal width.
A splay of 2:1(H:V) in
contraction zone is provided.
A splay of 3:1(H:V) in
expansion zone is provided.
In transitions the side
slopes of the canal section will
be warped in plan from the
original slope to vertical.
Head loss and bed level at different sections:
Here we assume that the bed level of canal at section 4-4 is given.
At Section 4-4
R.L. of water surface at 4-4 =
R.L. of bed at 4-4 + Depth of water
in canal
R.L. of TEL at 4-4 = R.L. of water
surface at 4-4 + Velocity head
The known condition of 4-4 shall
now be utilised for finding the bed
levels etc. at 3-3.
At Section 3-3
R.L. of TEL at 3-3 = R.L. of TEL at 4-4 + Loss in expansion
Loss in expansion = 0.3
where V4 = velocity at 4-4
V3 = velocity at 3-3
R.L. of water surface at 3-3 = R.L. of TEL at 3-3 - Velocity head
R.L. of bed at 3-3 = R.L. of water surface at 3-3 - Depth of water in canal
At section 2-2
From section 2-2 to 3-3 , the trough section is constant. Therefore, area and
velocity at 2-2 are the same as at 3-3. But from 2-2 to 3-3, there is a friction loss
between 2-2 and 3-3 which may be computed bt Manning’s Formula as equal to
R.L. of TEL at 2-2 = R.L. of TEL at 3-3 + Friction loss
R.L. of water surface at 2-2 = R.L. of TEL at 2-2 – Velocity head
R.L. of bed at 3-3 = R.L. of water surface at 2-2 - Depth of water in canal
At section 1-1
Loss of head in contraction transition from 1-1 to 2-2,
= 0.2
R.L. of TEL at 1-1 = R.L. of TEL at 2-2 + Loss in contraction
R.L. of water surface at 1-1 = R.L. of TEL at 1-1 – Velocity head
R.L. of bed at 1-1 = R.L. of water surface at 1-1 - Depth of water in canal
Design of Transitions
Since the depth is kept constant, the transition can be designed on the basis of
Mitra's Hyperbolic transition equation,
Where = width of transition
= normal width of canal
= flumed width of canal
= length of transition
= distance from 2-2 for contraction transition
= distance from 3-3 for expansion transition
5 Conclusion
Cross drainage works are buildings built to allow canal water to cross another
drainage water.
The construction transports the discharge from the natural stream through the
canal that intercepts it.
These structures can also be used for navigation and in land transportation.
Out of all the cross-drainage works , aqueducts are most common and used to
cross the canal over the drainage which may be natural or artificial.
Generally, cross drainage work is a costly structure. Hence, the most
economical structure is selected.
6 Reference
Websites:
www.theconctructor.org
civiljungle.com
wikipedia.org
aboutcivil.org
Books:
• Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structures by S.K.Garg
• Irrigation And Water Power Engineering by B.C.Punima , Ashok Kumar Jain ,
Arun Kumar Jain , Pande Brij Basi Lal
Thank you
