Calculus III – Chapter 13

1.1: The 3D Cartesian Coordinate Systems

 The 3D system is also represented as R3 .
3
 Units in 3D are defined as R :( x , y , z ) called an ordered triple.
 The origin is also denoted as O .
 Coordinate planes split R3 into 8 octants.
 4 octants are above the xy-plane.
 4 octants are below the xy-plane.

1.2: Midpoints in 3D Space

 The midpoint in R3 is defined as such:

 (
x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2 z 1+ z2
2
,
2
,
2 )
Example
 Find the midpoint between P(4 ,−1 , 3) and Q(−2 , 2 ,−8)

2(
4 +(−2) (−1 ) +(2) 3+(−8)
,
2
,
2
1 5
= 1, ,−
2 2 )( )
 Find the midpoint between P
1
2 (
,0,
−5
6 ) (
and Q
−7 9
4 2
, ,3 )
( +( )) ( )
,( ) ( 6 )
1 −7 9 −5
0+ +3
=(
8 4 12 )
2 4 2 −5 9 13
, , ,
2 2 2
 Find the midpoint between P ( √ 2, 4 √ 7 ,−5 √ 3 ) and Q ( 5 √ 2 , 3 √ 7 ,2 √ 3 )

( √ 2+25 √2 , 4 √7+2 3 √7 + −5 √3+2 2√ 3 )=(3 √ 2 , 7 √2 7 , −32√ 3 )

1.3: Distance in 3D Space
 Distance in R3 is defined as such:
 √ 2
D= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y1 ) + ( z2 −z1 )
2

Example
 Find the distance between P(2 ,−1, 3) and Q(−2 , 2 , 8)

√ 2 2 2
S= ( (−2 )−2 ) + ( ( 2 ) −(−1 ) ) + ( ( 8 ) −( 3 ) ) =5 √ 2
3 5 7 5
 Find the distance between P( , 0 ,− ) and Q( , ,−2)
2 4 4 2

√(( ) ( )) (( ) ) ( ( )) = √110
2 2 2
7 3 5 −5
S= − + − ( 0 ) + (−2 )−
4 2 2 4 4

1.4: Vectors in 3 Dimensions

→
 The notation PQ means that the vector starts at P and ends at Q .
→ →
 If PQ = ⟨ 2, 6 ,−2 ⟩ then QP = ⟨−2 ,−6 , 2 ⟩
 The length of a vector is called the magnitude of the vector. The magnitude of the vector of a vector is the distance between
its initial and terminal points.
  ||v||=√ v +v + v =√ ( x −x ) +( y − y )+( z −z )
→
2
1
2
2
2
3 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2

 The angle of a vector can be found by such:

 θ=tan−1
(|| ||)
y
x

Example
 Given the points P(5 , 1 ,−3), Q(−1 , 4 ,6) , and R(−2, 1 , 2)
→
PQ =⟨ ( (−1 ) −5 ) , ( ( 4 )−( 1 ) ) , ( ( 6 ) −(−3 ) ) ⟩ = ⟨−6 , 3 , 9 ⟩
→
PR = ⟨ ( (−2 )−( 5 ) ) , ( ( 1 )−( 1 ) ) , ( ( 2 ) −(−3 ) ) ⟩ = ⟨−7 , 0 , 5 ⟩
 Find the magnitude of the following vectors:
→
 v =⟨ 3 , 2 , 6 ⟩
 | v||=√ (3 )+(2 )+(6 )=√ 49=7
→
2 2 2

⟨ ⟩
→
1 5 7
 w= , ,−
2 2 2

 | w||=√( 12 ) +( 52 ) +( −72 ) =√ 754 = 5 √2 3

→ 2 2 2

⟨ ⟩
→
2 1 2
 u= ,− ,−
3 3 3

 ||u||=√( 23 ) +( −13 ) +( −23 ) =1

→ 2 2 2

 Three people located at A, B, and C pull on ropes tied to a ring. Find the magnitude and direction of the force with
which the person at C must pull so that no one moves (the system is in equilibrium).

F 1=⟨−88 cos 45 , 88 sin 45 ⟩ and F 2=⟨ 62 cos 30 , 62 sin 30 ⟩

F 1+ F 2 + F3 =0=¿ F 3=−F 1−F 2
F 3=⟨ 88 cos 45 ,−88 sin 45 ⟩ + ( ⟨−62cos 30 ,−62 sin 30 ⟩ ) → ⟨ ( 44 √ 2−31 √ 3 ) , (−44 √ 2−31 ) ⟩
√
F 3= ( 44 √ 2−31 √ 3 ) + (−44 √ 2−31 ) ≈ 93.614 …
2 2

θ=tan
−1
(|(−44 √ 2−31 )|
|( 44 √2−31 √ 3 )| ) ≈ 84.770 …

mi
 An ant walks due east at a constant speed of 2 on a sheet of paper that rests on a table. Suddenly the sheet of
hr
mi
paper starts moving southeast at 6 √ 2 . Describe the motion of the insect relative to the table.
hr
 v a=⟨ 2, 0 ⟩ and ¿∨v a ∨¿=2
 Motion at southwest implies a 45, 45, 90 triangle.

6 √2

6 √ 2 sin 45= y → 6
6 √ 2 cos 45=x → 6 because the direction is implied down the vector is equal to −6 .
v p=⟨ 6 ,−6 ⟩
v t=v p +v a → ⟨ 6+2 ,−6+0 ⟩ → v t= ⟨ 8 ,−6 ⟩
||v t||=√ ( 8 )2 + (−6 )2=10
θ=tan
−1
( )
|−6|
|8|
≈ 36.869 …

1.5: Vectors Addition & Resultants

 The resultant is the sum of vectors.
 To find the sum just add vectors by their components.
 Vector addition is commutative, meaning adding two vectors in whichever order results in the same resultant.

Example
⟨ 3 ,8 ,−3 ⟩
→ → → →
 Given v =⟨−5 ,2 ,−6 ⟩ and w = ⟨ 3 , 8 ,−3 ⟩ find v + w .
→ →
v + w =⟨ (−5+3 ) , ( 2+ 8 ) , (−6+ (−3 ) ) ⟩ = ⟨−2 ,10 ,−9 ⟩
 What is the resultant of the following forces?
→ → →
F 1=⟨ 3 , 6 , 0 ⟩ , F 2=⟨ −9 , 0 ,12 ⟩ , F 3= ⟨−3 ,18 , 9 ⟩
→ → →
F 1+ F 2 + F3 =⟨ ( 3+ (−9 )+ (−3 ) ) , ( 6+0+18 ) , ( 0+12+9 ) ⟩ =⟨ −9 , 24 , 21 ⟩

1.6: Scalar Multiplication & Unit Vector in R3

 Scaler multiplication is the result of multiplying a vector by a constant.
 A vector that has a magnitude of 1 is called a unit vector.
 ⟨ 1 , 0 , 0 ⟩=i^ , ⟨ 0 , 1, 0 ⟩= ^j , ⟨ 0 , 0 ,1 ⟩=k^ are examples of standard unit vectors.
 The standard unit vectors are orthogonal to each other.
 Unit vectors use the hat notation.
 To find the unit vector that points in the direction of another vector the following equation must be used.
 →
v
 ^v =
||v||
→

Example
 The vector in bracket notation can be written in unit vector notation.
 ⟨ 2,−4 ,1 ⟩=2 i−4 ^ ^j+ k^
→ →
 Given v =⟨ 3 , 12 ,−4 ⟩ and w = ⟨ 4 ,−2 ,1 ⟩ , find ^v and w
^
→

 ^v =
v
||v||
→
=
⟨ 3 , 12 ,−4 ⟩
√3 +12 +(−4 )
2 2 2
=
⟨ 3 , 12,−4 ⟩ ⟨ 3 ,12 ,−4 ⟩
√ 169
=
13
= ⟨ 3 12
, ,−
13 13 13
4
⟩
→

 ^=
w
v
| v||
→
=
⟨ 4 ,−2 ,1 ⟩
√ 4 +(−2 ) +1 √16 +4 +1
2 2 2
=
⟨ 4 ,−2, 1 ⟩
= ⟨ 4 −2 1
, ,
√ 21 √21 √ 21 ⟩
→ →
 ^ 1 , 0>¿ and ^j=¿ 0 , 1> ¿.
Solve the following pair of equations for the vector u and v . Assume, i=¿
5 u+7 v=i^ and u−v= ^j
5 ⟨ u1 , u2 ⟩ +7 ⟨ v 1 , v 2 ⟩ =⟨ 1 , 0 ⟩ and ⟨ u1 ,u 2 ⟩− ⟨ v 1 , v 2 ⟩= ⟨ 0 , 1 ⟩
⟨ 5 u1 , 5 u2 ⟩ + ⟨ 7 v 1 ,7 v 2 ⟩ =⟨ 1 , 0 ⟩ and ⟨ u1 ,u 2 ⟩ + ⟨−v1 ,−v 2 ⟩ =⟨ 0 ,1 ⟩
5 u1 +7 v 1=1 and 5 u2 +7 v 2=0
u1−v 1=0 and u2−v 2=1
1 1 7 −5
u1= , v1 = ,u 2= , v 2=
12 12 12 12
1 7
u= i^ + ^j
12 12
1
v= i^ +
12
−5 ^
12 ( )
j

1.7: Dot Product of Vectors in R2

* The dot product is the multiplication of vector component wise.
→ →
* The dot product in R2 is v ∗w = ⟨ v , v ⟩∗ ⟨ w , w ⟩ =⟨ v w + v w ⟩ .
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
→ →
* The dot product in R3 is v ∗w = ⟨ v , v , v ⟩∗ ⟨ w , w , w ⟩ =⟨ v w + v w + v w ⟩
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
* The dot product gives a real number that desrives a relationship between the length of two vectors and the angle between them.
→ →
v ∗w = v| ||||w||cos θ
→ →

Example
→ →
 Find v ∗w for the given vector.
→ →
v =⟨−3 ,0 ,−6 ⟩ and w = ⟨ 7 , 2,−2 ⟩
→ →
v ∗w = ⟨ ( (−3 )( 7 ) ) + ( ( 0 ) ( 2 ) ) + ( (−6 ) (−2 ) ) ⟩ =−9
→ →
 Find the angle between the vector v =⟨ 5 , 2 , 1 ⟩ and w = ⟨ 3 ,−3 ,−2 ⟩

(|| |||| ||)

→ →
−1 v ∗w
θ ¿ cos
→ →
v w
 −1
θ=cos
( ⟨ ( ( 5 )( 3 ) ) + ( ( 2 )(−3 ) )+(( 1 ) (−2 ) )⟩
( √ ( 5 )2+ ( 2 )2+ (1 )2 )( √ ( 3 )2+ (−3 )2 +(−2 )2 ) )