Hard Topics: Determine if the verb describes a state of being or an action.

If it
Rules for Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice: describes the subject's state, it's probably a linking verb. A linking
1. Exchange subject and object positions. verb links (connects) the subject of the sentence to information about
- Active: She bought a new car. that subject. Linking verbs do not describe action. For instance,
- Passive: A new car was bought by her. "Daisies smell wonderful" illustrates that "smell" is a linking verb
since it describes the state of daisies rather than an action.
2. Convert the main verb to its past participle form. To be: (is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, is being,
- Active: Bhaanu wrote a book on gun violence. are being, was being, will have been, etc.)
- Passive: A book on gun violence was written by Bhaanu.
To become: (become, becomes, became, has become, have become,
had become, will become, will have become, etc.)
3. Include "by" before the subject in the passive sentence.
- Active: My brother sang a song. To seem: (seemed, seeming, seems, has seemed, have seemed, had
- Passive: A song was sung by my brother. seemed, is seeming, are seeming, was seeming, were seeming, will
seem)
4. Adjust the tense of the auxiliary word accordingly.
- Present tense: She ran quickly to catch the bus. (Type: ___________)
Active: Sun rises from the east. They have been studying all night for the exam. (Type: ___________)
Passive: East is where the sun rises from. The flowers smell delightful. (Type: ___________)
- Past tense: He was feeling tired after the long hike. (Type: ___________)
Active: She walked my dog home. We must finish this project by tomorrow. (Type: ___________)
Passive: My dog was walked home by her. The chef prepared a delicious meal for us. (Type: ___________)
- Future tense: The students are listening attentively to the lecture. (Type:
Active: Sheena will do the craft work. ___________)
Passive: Craft work will be done by Sheena. She turned off the lights before leaving the room. (Type:
___________)
5. Optionally omit the subject if the idea is clear. The baby looks sleepy. (Type: ___________)
- Active: Distance is measured in kilometres. I am excited about the upcoming vacation. (Type: ___________)
- Passive: Kilometres is a measurement unit for distance.

6. Use prepositions like "with" or "to" in passive voice. A verb phrase consists of a verb plus another word.. The other word or
- Active: I know her. words tied to a verb in a verb phrase are usually helping verbs.
- Passive: She is known to me.
- Active: Love fills my heart. - **Present Tense**: Describes actions happening now or habitual
- Passive: My heart is filled with love. actions.
- Example: "She sings in the choir."
You can change a passive sentence to an active sentence by simply
moving the actor in the sentence from the end of the sentence to the - **Past Tense**: Describes actions that occurred in the past.
beginning of the sentence. My appendix was taken out by my doctor. - Example: "They walked to school yesterday."
My doctor took out my appendix.
- **Future Tense**: Describes actions that will happen in the future.
Auxiliary Verbs: They come before the main verb. - Example: "We will visit the museum tomorrow."
Common Auxiliary Verbs:
- Be (am, is, are, was, were) - **Present Progressive (Continuous) Tense**: Describes actions that
- Do (do, does, did) are ongoing at the present moment.
- Have (has, have, had) - Example: "She is cooking dinner right now."

Linking Verbs: - **Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense**: Describes actions that

You can replace the verb with is or are, and if the sentence still makes were ongoing in the past.
sense, then your verb is most likely a linking verb. - Example: "They were watching TV when I arrived."

Replace the verb with an equals sign (=). If the sentence sounds fine, - **Future Progressive (Continuous) Tense**: Describes actions that
it's likely a linking verb. Example: "This music sounds great" becomes will be ongoing in the future.
"This music = great," indicating "sounds" as a linking verb. - Example: "She will be studying at this time tomorrow."
Present Perfect: This tense indicates actions that were completed at Beautiful flowers bloomed in the garden. (Type: ___________)
some unspecified time before the present moment or actions that Those cookies taste delicious. (Type: ___________)
started in the past and continue into the present. His jacket is hanging in the closet. (Type: ___________)
Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle Which movie did you watch last night? (Type: ___________)
Example: "She has finished her homework." My cat loves to nap in the sun. (Type: ___________)
Such behaviour is unacceptable. (Type: ___________)
Past Perfect: This tense indicates actions that were completed before Old houses line the street. (Type: ___________)
another past action or before a specific point in the past. Whose bag is this? (Type: ___________)
Structure: Subject + had + past participle The cold wind blew through the trees. (Type: ___________)
Example: "They had already left when I arrived." This cake is delicious. (Type: ___________)

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in An adverb is a part of speech that modifies a another adverb, a verb,
parentheses: or an adjective. It is often recognized by the suffix -ly at the end of it.
Adverbs usually describe an action in terms of how, when, where, and
She __________ (go) to the gym every morning. to what extent it occurred.
They __________ (study) for the exam right now.
Yesterday, he __________ (play) basketball with his friends. An adverb clause is a group of words that acts as an adverb to modify
By this time next week, we __________ (finish) the project. the main clause of a sentence. Adverb phrases can be made up of two
I __________ (not eat) anything since breakfast. adverbs.
Exercise 2: Rewrite each sentence using the specified tense:
Identifying prepositions in a sentence can be straightforward once
Present Perfect: She reads a book every night. (She __________ a you understand their function. Here are some tips to help you
book every night.) recognize prepositions:
Past Progressive: They watch TV when I called them. (They
__________ TV when I called them.) 1. **Prepositions show relationships**: Prepositions typically indicate
Future Tense: He will finish the report tomorrow. (He __________ the a relationship between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a
report tomorrow.) sentence. They often describe location, direction, time, or
Present Progressive: I write an email to my friend. (I __________ an relationships between objects.
email to my friend.)
Past Perfect: She cooks dinner before her guests arrived. (She 2. **Prepositions often come before nouns or pronouns**:
__________ dinner before her guests arrived.) Prepositions are usually followed by a noun or pronoun, which is
Exercise 3: Choose the correct verb tense for each sentence: called the object of the preposition. This noun or pronoun can be
referred to as the prepositional phrase.
She __________ (is/was/will be) going to the beach next weekend.
They __________ (has/have/had) finished their homework already. 3. **Common prepositions**: There are many common prepositions
Yesterday, he __________ (go/went/will go) to the supermarket. in English. Some examples include "in," "on," "at," "under," "over,"
By the time you arrive, we __________ (will have/have/had) already "between," "behind," "beside," "above," "below," "with," "without,"
left. "from," "to," "for," "during," "among," "along," "across," and "through."
I __________ (am/is/was) reading a book right now.
4. **Test with a question**: To check if a word is a preposition, try
Descriptive Adjectives: asking a question with "what?" or "whom?" after it. If there is a noun
Describe or modify nouns by giving more information about their or pronoun that can answer the question, then the word before it is
qualities, characteristics, or attributes. likely a preposition.
Example: The blue sky, a tall building, an old book. - Example: "She sat **on** the chair." (Question: On what? Answer:
Demonstrative Adjectives: The chair.)
Indicate specific nouns or point out particular objects.
Examples: This book, those shoes, such behaviour. 5. **Context clues**: Consider the context of the sentence.
Possessive Adjectives: Prepositions often provide information about location, time, or
Show ownership or possession. direction. Look for words that give context clues to help you identify
Examples: My car, your house, his book, our cat, their school. prepositions.
Interrogative Adjectives:
Used to ask questions about nouns. Exercise 1: Identify the prepositions in each sentence.
Examples: Which book, what colour, whose pen, whom question.
She walked along the beach.
The cat jumped onto the table.
They arrived at the airport early. Walking along the beach, Sarah collected seashells.
The book is under the bed. Startled by the noise, the cat ran under the bed.
He travelled through the tunnel. Written by a famous author, the novel became a bestseller.
The keys are between the cushions. Smiling happily, the children played in the park.
She sat beside her friend. Stirring constantly, she prepared the sauce for the pasta.
The dog ran around the yard. Lost in thought, he didn't notice the time passing.
They met at the café for lunch. Surrounded by mountains, the valley was a picturesque sight.
The sun sets behind the mountains. Taken by surprise, she dropped her books on the floor.
Driven by ambition, she pursued her dreams relentlessly.
Exercise 1: Dangling Modifiers Frightened by the thunderstorm, the dog hid under the table.

Identify and correct the dangling modifiers in the following sentences: Coordinating Conjunctions:

1. **Dangling Modifier**: After finishing my homework, the TV was Join words, phrases, or independent clauses that are of equal
turned on. importance.
- **Correction**: After finishing my homework, I turned on the TV. Common coordinating conjunctions include "and," "but," "or," "nor,"
2. **Dangling Modifier**: Having studied all night, the test was easy "for," "yet," and "so."
for Mary. They create compound sentences by linking independent clauses.
- **Correction**: Having studied all night, Mary found the test easy. Example: "I want to go to the store, but it's raining outside."
3. **Dangling Modifier**: Walking through the park, the trees looked They also join elements within a sentence, such as words, phrases, or
beautiful. clauses.
- **Correction**: Walking through the park, I saw beautiful trees. Example: "She likes to read and write."
4. **Dangling Modifier**: Running down the street, the car hit the stop Subordinating Conjunctions:
sign.
- **Correction**: While running down the street, the driver hit the Join independent clauses with dependent (subordinate) clauses,
stop sign. which are less important and cannot stand alone as complete
5. **Dangling Modifier**: Being tired, a nap seemed like a good idea. sentences.
- **Correction**: Feeling tired, I thought a nap seemed like a good Common subordinating conjunctions include "after," "although,"
idea. "because," "before," "if," "since," "until," "when," "while," and
"though."
Exercise 2: Misplaced Modifiers They introduce adverbial clauses that modify the main clause by
Identify and correct the misplaced modifiers in the following providing information about time, place, reason, condition, manner,
sentences: or contrast.
Example: "I will go to the store after I finish my homework."
1. **Misplaced Modifier**: I only ate cereal for breakfast. They create complex sentences by adding complexity and nuance to
- **Correction**: I ate only cereal for breakfast. the relationship between clauses.
Example: "Because it was raining, I decided to stay home."
2. **Misplaced Modifier**: She almost gave her brother a painting.
- **Correction**: She gave her brother almost a painting. Exercise 1: Identify the type of conjunction in each sentence. Label
each sentence as either containing a coordinating conjunction (CC) or
3. **Misplaced Modifier**: John only told his brother the truth. a subordinating conjunction (SC).
- **Correction**: John told only his brother the truth.
She went to the store after she finished her homework.
4. **Misplaced Modifier**: He nearly broke his phone with clumsy I like both tea and coffee.
hands. He couldn't sleep because the neighbours were being noisy.
- **Correction**: With clumsy hands, he nearly broke his phone. She will come to the party if she is feeling better.
He is not tall but short.
5. **Misplaced Modifier**: She quickly found a lost puppy walking Since it was raining, we decided to stay indoors.
down the street. I will study hard so I can pass the exam.
- **Correction**: Walking down the street, she quickly found a lost They arrived at the airport before the flight departed.
puppy. She wants to go to the beach, yet she doesn't like swimming.
I will go for a walk while you finish your homework.
Exercise 1: Identify the participle phrases in each sentence.
The book was read by Sarah. (Voice: passive, Subject: Sarah, Object:
____)
John built a sandcastle. (Voice: ____, Subject: ____, Object: ____)
The cake was baked by Mary. (Voice: ____, Subject: ____, Object:
____)
She was given a gift by her friend. (Voice: ____, Subject: ____, Object:
____)
The tree was planted by the gardener. (Voice: ____, Subject: ____,
Object: ____)