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CH 2. Networking

Rudiments of Computer Science Class 12 WBCHSE Board Chapter: 2 Network - 2

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31 views

CH 2. Networking

Rudiments of Computer Science Class 12 WBCHSE Board Chapter: 2 Network - 2

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debjitdutta556
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© © All Rights Reserved
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} : Rudiments of Computer Science CHAPTER 2 1st Tekh 186 Tonto 1689 DakcPhere ae atnsutn Network Components + Paris ofa Network 2 # Network Devices. a 15) tepeier | # Network Hardware 22 | 50 Geosaeme “= Gent Server Computation and Network Software 2 A | | | 1905 see by Thee T acura fr communication one need thee baste [ffs acre 3 things. Number one is a device through which the user ‘can communicate. Number two are the cables or links using ‘whieh the communicating devices are connected and number three are a set of rules that are required fo transmit, receive and interpret the dat, Therefore, a computer network requires _merwor cg transmitters, receiver, communication cables gue and links, and special ineligenthardwate and yu | software to transmit information across the Gad wa network Based on hit there ae thre base i Components ins Computer Network, These ae > 4 Network Devices wa b._ Network Hardware same neon 2 Newer Sane | soneris usual PED ee 1 ee ce Network devices, also called nodes, include components like servers, workstations, computer | | Nebo, paves peripherals like printers, modems ec. Users communicate with the network through these | |S © device. These devices usually remain atached toa network piysicaly and actively partcpate in || ==! generating, transmitting and receiving data across a network. Servers: AA Server is usually a large powerful computer in the network that provides diferent services to ‘other computers in the network. Services may include storing common programs and data files that are frequently shared by other computers in the network, Servers are also used for communication where they provide Internet acvess to other computers, manage e-mails etc. It may also give access to resources like printers, modems, etc. in the network Since a server is used to serve other computers with different services, these usually have the latest and fastest processor, high RAM and a high-capacity hard disk drive. Servers may also have ‘multiple hard drives and special fault tolerant mechanisms to counter any system failure. Based on the type of service provided, a network can have three basic types of servers. These are File servers, Print servers, and Communication servers. | + File Servers: These usually store files created by application programs and allow these to be ‘accessed by two or more clients. Database servers and Application servers are two different subsets of fle servers. Database servers run software like database management programs (e.g, SQL, Oracle etc.) 10 eatry out input, searching, sorting, and other data management jobs forthe lent computes. Whereas a | 24 a Pan2: chapter? r —— ne dedicated Application server stores common application [As vrais peasanen? | ee ae Programs shared by different client computers, These are [ADS vaiConuncato seer [eens ‘capable of running several application programs at atime. rHesieesetsennaa nator Another type of file server is a CD ROM server. It has |_+ sts aN? computerstoshare }) Several CD-ROM/DVD drives, It can run several CDs at a ‘time and serve more than one client computer at any given time. + Print Servers: Pit serves are set allow networked computers to share one or more Be |” common printers prin server nual hs more han one printer port vo that several prin prntseres | ambeataced ose sever. The peso apn sever ooze! pnt obs et rom Siferetsppliaton progam raming odie lent computes and end the jb tote common ark par Using soln chien semet can Soren Ghee the pi Jabsco hy ln conpues and ths tho printer oe By oe Bp | + Communication Server: A Communication srver is basicly used to connect diferent betwork systems og iret andar de conec metwoks ovr lng distances, Serie | ‘Thesccanactan eal ervers, DNS sever. or fx sve fr incoming and outgoing faxes inva focal aren network Communion serves like Proxy servers help fo share a commen Inemet onneston by ie int compus. Communiestion Sener Conects deren || Clients OF Workstations: ment || er networ ures like Tenoceaream® || A computer is referred to as a elient if it requests for files and other networked resources lik printers, scanners, modems etc. from a server. Therefore, computers that basically share a etwork’s resources are called clients. A client is sometimes also called a workstation. | Earlier workstations used to be dumb terminals with no processors to do focal data processing, and | storage devices to do local data storage. These acted like inpuoutput terminals only. These terminals used to be connected to mainframe computers which did all the processing and from where they accessed all their resources. Present day workstations are usually PCs equipped with processors, RAM and hard disks. They run their own application programs and request for only data and prist ‘ Sa anew || J Fom networked resources ike database and print servers erases || Peripheral Devices: te oe eter Printers, Scanners, Modems, CDROM servers ete form the remaining resources, which are shared by the workstations, These are also called computer peripheral devices. These peripherals can be | connected to a server, which accepts the requests for services from other workstations and redirects these requests tothe respective peripherals. Hf 2.3 Network Hardwai In addition o the computers and other network devices like printers, removable data storage devices and other peripheral devices, the hardware components that are required to physically connect network devices, inchude [Network Interface Cards, Cables, Repeaters, Hubs ete | Network Interface Card/Unit (NIC/NIU) The Network Interface Card/Unit or Ethernet Card Comoert omouter functions as an interface between the computer and the network channel. Itis through the NIC@ Network interface | computer connects to the network. ‘Cord Fesoureas ike printers, cannes, ‘modems et. om 3 22-2 Ay Rudiments of Computer Seance Network Components ANIC is either present as an expansion eard connected to slot ele iB sone 7 on the motherbord oa computer or ean be present onboard as [Qs ca amas an inbuilt chip. A specialised port (like RJ-45) in the Ethernet ate Oe Eon Cand ‘ Cand ised connect the ean tothe netwerk able Saini Each NIC is provided with a unique 48-bit device address SS z en Seaver called the MAC address (Media Access Control address. 1 ton bp eat 2 unig physeal addres inscribed nt the card at the met | "Coen + Desabe se UP ee. iat tof TP? ‘manufacturing, Its used for communication in a network. Funetions of the NIC: 4, Data flow contro: It controls the flow of data in and out of the network system. b. Data Packaging: Once the NIC has all the data from the RAM for transmission, it divides the data into smaller packets or frames. Each frame contains the source and the destination address, the actual data par, and error checking information. © Data flow conversion: The NIC receives data from the computer in paralle form, and changes it to serial data flow for transmitting the data serially along the network cable, and vice versa, 4d, Data Buffering: To overcome the problems of speed mismatch between the computer and the ‘ouside network, the NIC stores data temporarily in buffer memory and transmit it only after receiving the full data packet from the compute. © Signal Generation: The data received from the computer i in the form of electrical pulses. The NIC is responsible for converting the data to proper form suitable for the type of communication used (electrical, optical, wireless et.) f. Speed of Data Transfer: NICs also determine the speed of data transfer and may transmit data | at 10MDps or 100Mbps depending upon the particular setup used. ‘Cable Wiring (Guided/Bound Media) The network cables are used to physically connect the different NICs in a network. Depending upon the number of core, shielding, material of the communication channel, and type of signalling used, the following types of network cables are used: Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone communications and most Ethernet networks. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other. Each connection on twisted pair requires both wires, There are two main types of twisted pair = Cables. These are UTP and STP. + Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) comer at Structure: This isthe industry standard for current installations. Soo | “The cable has usualy 4 palre of insulated copper wires inside =— the same outer jacket Each par of wires again twisted around ronan ten other a own nthe nga onthe mat. eraton: The copper wires cary the sign and ae wit n piso refce the eff of externa OF Scaal noise of erfernce, Cresta i anther problem hed by a commaniation able It Se effet of clevomagaatisnereence of on pao wie on the ter. To roe eek cach par of wie given ferent st length P2238 23 Functions of NIC ‘Twisted Pair Cable a Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) oe Shielded Twisted Pair Cable surpass oft ud copper acs. Bach parbagah shiebey 2 aps A wow, [coppernccshicis trovalovsb| Janouserve | reauhten coves | ersecabe & ‘Coaxial Cable Part 2 Chaptor2 ‘Types: This wire comes in several standards like UTP Category 3 (CATS), Category 5 (CATS), or the latest standard Category 6 (CATS) Connector Used: Special connectors called Registered Jack 45 or RJ-4S connectors EE are used fo connect the CATS cable to the network interface port. Use: In network communication UTP cables are usally used ina star topology LAN with Ethernet protocol These can also be used as drop cables for Ethernet bus topology. Advantages: + UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cable + These are sleek and flexible criough to easily passthrough cable ducts and hence more cables, can be aecommodated within a given cable duct o save space + UTP can be used with most ofthe major networking architectures + Irean support a bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps. Disadvantages: | + The absence of any shield makes these cables prone to external electromagnetic interference. The twisting of | the cables minimises the effect to some extent | + To minimise the effects of extemal noise, these cables ‘cannot be used for more than 100m without repeaters. Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP) Structure: This type of cable has usually two to four pairs of twisted copper wires. Each pair is again shielded by foil wraps. A woven copper net shields the overall outer foil. An outer PVC | insulation covers the entie cable. | Operation: The copper wires carry the signal. The twisting and double shielding makes this more resistant to crosstalk and ‘outer electrical noise than UTP or co-axial cable. _ Connector Used: The cable is used with special a TBM data connectors, also called D-Connectors. Use: It is used mainly for IBM’s Token Ring LAN specifications, | Advantages: ‘+ STP cables reduce electrical noise both within the cable (Le., crosstalk) and from outside the cable (external electromagnetic interference) ‘+ Bandwidth supported is up to 100Mbps Disadvantages: ‘+ STP cables are expensive compared to UTP cables +The maximum distance over which this type of cable can be used is 100m. ‘© Coaxial Cable Structure: The cable resembles cable-elevision signal wire. It gets its name from the fact that two conductors share the same central axis. There is central copper conductor with a thick PVC insulation. A copper net is woven over the plastic insulation to shield the centre conductor from outside electrical noise 2.24 24 ‘Rudiments of Computer Science Network Components Operation: The central copper cre caries the signal wil te ouside copper et provides the | Turing path ofthe signal Ths the copper net sees the purpose of aha Shed gaa external electrical noise and as a conductor. “ee ‘Types: Co-axial cables come in a thick and thin variety. Connector Used: The most common type of connector used is the Bayone Neill | Concelman (BNC) connector also called a British Naval Connector. Use: The thick variety of cable is used with Thicknet bus topology and the thin variety is used with the Thinnet form. The maximum distance allowed for thieknet is SO0m and for thinnet is 185m. Advantages: + These cables are less prone to electromagnetic interference than UTP cables + The presence of the shielding allows these cables to be used for up to $00m (thick variety) ‘+ Bandwidth supported is up to 100Mbps Disadvantages: 1 Wea ne pes ctw + These cables are costlier than UTP cables * Sepaedaeramctatac ‘Since these cables are bulky in nature and less flexible, it | sSasteiimaucate is difficult to put them through cable duets. Bending these cables at comers are also difficult ~ ; © Fibre-Optic Cable see Structure: The cable consists of a central glass fibre 5-100 ‘microns in diameter and is surrounded by a layer of pure silica called cladding. To protect it, a plastic jacket can be present mun OUtside the cladding. The plastic jacket in Sa tum can be reinforced with strength fibres = like Kevlar fibres to protect the fibre. The ou sent \pimtcfoman /, cable finally has an outer insulating jacket T made of Teflon or PVC. These fibres are | typically grouped in bundles, protected by an outer sheath | ‘Operation: The principle of total internal reflection of light Tota taralretction of | is used to propagate light signals through glass fibres. Either matte plow at oreand See, tre ‘an LED or a laser source is used to generate the signal. A. photodiode receives the signal and convers it to electrical pulses. The angle at which the light enters the optical fibre cable is called the mode of transmission. ‘Types: Fibre Optic cables can be of three types: Retected ay reveling rch th ore = Step Index Multimode: Here the light rays enter the ig nen ‘cable at different angles. This eauses different reflected rays take different time intervals to reach the end and Pe reduces the strength of the light. Multimode cables are Nircnose thus used for short distance applications like LANs. * Graded Index Multimode: Such a fibre solves (his TTT problem to some extent by gradually changing the jpn Fefractive index ofthe fibre from core to periphery. = Step Index Single mode: The best option to use for long distance networks is a Single Mode fibre. The fibre diameter of about § microns forces the light to follow a linear single path Pa. 25 + on ——- | fetncn avr |Sepwec nasnen a Optical Fibre cable simaudetya 2grrofpam tia bites masts poubtrs some ‘Types of Optical Flore Cables ‘Comparative Study ‘of various eabi Ditference: Coaxial and Fibre Optic + Bandwidth supported is up to several Gbps [fy > tore be woes ocean ad] + Better security a it cannot be tapped Oe real | Disadvantages nen ae + Fibre optic cables are the most expensive of all cables ‘Opec cable "9Fbe | + The cable needs to be handled with care + Sago Stoner betwen co | + Mis teat co join and terminate such cables BP Comparative study ofthe various Cables Part2: Chapter 2 weclors are used with fibre optic cables. . Connector Used: Two types of vor mel (SC) and Straight Tip (ST) These are called Subscriber Chi connectors, Use: It is especially advantageous for long-distance communications, ‘because fight propagates through the fibre with litle attenuation and disturbonce compared to electrical eubles, Used in FDDI networks. Advantages: + Since data travels in the form of light pulses, these cables are totally immune to outside ‘electrical noise and hence ean be used for longer distances as compared to other cables + Single mode fibves can transmit data for about 10 km without using repeaters mr CIs ery vr | 100m | 1010100 | Lest |Easyoinsll Prone to interference Mops | expensive |sieckand exible | Covers only a limited | Widely available [distance STP] 100m] 1ow100 | More [Reducederosak | Difficult to work with Mops | expensive |More resistant to EMI | Covers only lini than UTP fasaase Consist] 500m | 1010100 | Relaively [Lets prone wo Diticlt to work wth | (hiciney | Mbps | inexpensive [etecuomagnctic | uly cable iss atrerene than oer | cvaarc ey | che Sets [fen UP Fibre | 10kmand | 100Meps | Expensive [Can be used forlong | Difcul to join and (single-mode) | (single mode) Should be handled 2kmand | 100Mbps 10 with care farther | 9.92Gbps (uttimode) | (multimode) [| Om tan) le cinances terminate Has highest data rate Difference between Co-axial and Fibre Optic cable 1, Trarsmision media in coaxial cables eopper | 1. The transmission medium is gl 2 The eenteal copper core is surrounded by a| 2 The central gla flbre is suroundol by © plastic insulation silica cladding my 5. The signal is anid as electrical pubes | 3 The signals wanted w palsy oi | ‘4. Not fully immune to electrical noise 4. Fully immune to electrical nose 5. Maximum tengih that these can be wed is] 5. Maximum lengih can be w roughly 500m to 185m “a aT 6. Slightly expensive than UTP cables ‘6. The most expensive cable J 26 uments of Computer Science Network Components 7. Connectors used 7. Connectors used are called Subscriber Channel (SC) and Straight Tip (ST) [[S. Used in t0BaseS and 10Base2 Eihemet | & Used in FDDI networks Wireless Communication (Unguided!Unbound Media); {( ; wsthewtenmocaer 2 ‘Communication can also take place through free space by | + Waleradocmmuncaton? 2 means of radio, lero, or infrared waves. This type of | ¢MMlamemamsomncae 2 communication is called wireless communication or |" owoweameaiess 2 ommunication tough unguided or w-bound media s narsspssray te? 2 “atic ann ott 2 ‘© Infrared Communication: Inftared (IR) is the region in the clectromagnetic spectrum between radio waves and visible light. tis invisible to human eye but «ean be sensed by special devices. IR signals cannot penetrate opaque walls In computer networks IR signals are used for short distance communication, ‘+ Radio Communication: Radio waves ate ideal for communication systems where cable installation is difficult or costly or where the users are mobile. They are normally used for long distance communication. However, communication is prone to electromagnetic interference. A typical radio communication (using sky waves or ground waves) consists of a base station transmitter/reeeiver that operates within a eircular radio field. The transmitter produces radio ‘waves that are emitted from an antenna and are received by antennas at the receiving end ee ee Bp esd rong ates con Suaitinn Te Psettton nc alo scons seiverand oganh cleat aprvoras be a Ties aaceissararoaagpa irerfrens hors pees eta Reta menor of enor Name Spas cen es eae eee eee ae ea, parabolic antennas are used to transmit signals up to 10 km away and receive it by similar Paste igen oocanscoe teens a um, now oa «Same Inskeep slong nanan re oman Trig Si Sac pcan rss mee cpanel lars Centenary toate erage ese ees eer in gee ere ner oe ee Sean nail areonmaceae Wem econ at atanlioeof 84004 ein posts ET™ nee man may ane as Of he es tain tine las Een inns unsere eae amerascieaa caer tall pa sin osm eon Therg | Sl tc giostoany sti oGeoaonary Earth Orbit (GEO) salt. Alea! thes sich geostationary satelite, placed ihe tree comers ofan eller angle wre required to cover heen surface of the ean, ‘The signal from the transmitting station to the satelite is called the uplink and the one from the satellite back tothe ground antenna is called the dowalink. A low-cost technology called VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals) has been developed which Uses micro-statons with terminals having antenna of 1m diameter as compared to 10m diameter or GEO operation. These are used for direct broadcast satelite television for one way transmission, P2207 ar & Wireless ‘Communication a Infra-Red ‘Communication a Radio Communication a Microwave Communication & Geo-stationary Satelite | Network Operating ‘Syetom (NOS) Part 2: chapter 2 Advantages: + The cost of transmitting a message is Independent of the distance traversed. + Satellite communication is inherently a broadcast system serving all within its cover area, —— Disadvantages: Pees + Even though signals to and from the satellite travel atthe | itassamsniesarac speed of light, however the long distance involved in the | $wracrckrsmneranputcre process itroduces a substantial delay for GEO satellites. | ¥si¥arechereaogem7 + Special encryption of the data is required to implement | + nmeay/eonos. security PREVI Distributed computing refers to any computation that involves two or more computers communicating over a network. In a network, a program running on | @gckent ‘one computer uses protocol software to contact a program on another computer and ‘exchange information. Hence, the word distributed computing refers to any process that is carried out involving multiple computers. ‘The term Client Server Computation basically refers to a distributed computing scheme i.e, the interaction between two programs when they communicate across a network. The program at the elient or host portion (front-end device) sends arequest | "gencoy! to a program at the server portion (back-end device) and awaits a response. The back-end server component receives the client's request, processes it, and returns the requested information back to the client. In the client-server model an application is thus split into a front-end client component with which the user or the host machine interacts, anda back-end server component which processes the data, Special features of Network Operating Systems (NOS): A network allows its users to share resources connected to the network like fies, printers, data storage devices ete. The operating system working in a network should be able to handle all such activities. ‘A Network Operating System isa special operating system that performs the various network ‘elated tasks to give access to the shared devices inthe network and provide necessary security features to prevent misuse of resources Examples of network operating systems include UNIX, Novell NetWare, Windows 2008 Server ete. Let us now discuss the different features of OS software in the client side and the server side. ‘= Features of OS in a Client Computer: ‘When an application program ina client makes a request for some files or sends 4 print job 0 a networked printer, a special networking software called Redirection Software operating in the client PC examines the application's request to determine if itis directed towards a local device (like a local hhard disk drive) or is meant for a networked device (like a hard disk on another computer in the network). Ift finds the service available on a local disk then it fetches P2208 28 ‘Rudiments of Computer Science Network Components the data from the local disk and supplies the user with the requested data. Incase the requested data isnot found in the local disk and is located on a networked device, then instead of sending the request to the local device, the redirector software uses proper protocols to add additional information like source and destination address, and sends the request across the network (othe target device via the NIC. The data is fetched from the server machine and transmitted back tothe client machine through the network, A Network File System (NFS) is adistributed file system protocol originally developed |

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