Design thinking: A UX design framework

In the world of UX design, a framework is a conceptual tool that provides guidance on the best
practices and processes for solving problems and building solutions that solve the problems of real
users. Frameworks provide structure for the design process and foster collaboration, which can
spark innovations. Most UX designers follow a specific framework or process when approaching
their work, from the first idea all the way through to the final launch of a product.

In this certificate program, you’ll follow the design thinking framework to sequence the assignments
that contribute to the designs that you’ll create throughout the program. The design thinking
framework is a user-centered approach to problem-solving that includes activities like research,
prototyping, and testing to help you understand who your user is, what their problems are, and what
your design should include.

The design thinking framework involves the following phases: empathize, define, ideate, prototype,
and test.
Though it may sound like a linear process, the design thinking framework should be iterative, which
means that you’ll repeat certain phases as you refine your designs. For example, depending on the
feedback you receive during testing, you might need to conduct additional research, brainstorm new
ideas, or develop new prototypes.

Let’s look at the five phases of the design thinking framework to learn more about which activities
you’ll perform during each one. Keep in mind that the design thinking framework as presented here
is an idealized model for UX designers to follow, so you might see some variation in its
implementation between different companies, teams, or projects.

Empathize
During the empathize phase, your primary goal is to learn more about the user and their problems,
wants, and needs, and the environment or context in which they’ll experience your design. The most
important part of the empathize phase is to step away from your assumptions and guesses and let
your research findings inform your decision-making in later design phases.

Your user research might include user surveys, interviews, and observation sessions, and you might
also need to conduct some research on the competitors’ products to determine how your user
frames competitors’ products as part of their daily life and daily problem-solving.

Define
In the define phase, you’ll analyze your research findings from the empathize phase and determine
which user problems are the most important ones to solve, and why. This will drive you toward a
clear goal for the design of the product.

The most important outcome of this phase is a clear problem statement, which is a description of the
user’s need that your designs will address. You might also develop a value proposition, which is a
summary of why your user would or should use the product or service that you’re designing.

Ideate
After you land on a user problem and establish why it’s an important one to solve, it’s time for the
ideate phase. The goal of ideation is to come up with as many design solutions as possible—don’t
settle for your first solution because the most obvious solution is not always the right one.

Ideation involves collaborative brainstorming with other members of your team to generate as many
solutions as possible to a problem. This could include marketing, engineering, product management,
or any other stakeholders for the product or service. During brainstorming sessions, you should
explore all possible solutions. Don’t focus on whether something is a “good” or “bad” idea, just
collect as many ideas as you can. The important thing here is to keep this process judgment-free.

After brainstorming, you’ll then analyze your potential solutions and start to make choices about
which ones are the best options to pursue as prototypes. You might return to user or competitive
research to help you narrow down your ideas, and you might also create user flows to illustrate how
the user will interact with your solution.
 Prototype and Test
After you have an idea of how to solve the problem, you’re ready to enter the prototype phase,
where your goal is to produce an early model of a product that demonstrates its functionality and can
be used for testing. The test phase is critical to developing the right solution to address your user’s
problem, and an organized approach to testing can help you create exceptional user experiences.

Prototyping and testing are interconnected, which means that you’ll test your designs at each stage
of prototype development rather than waiting to test until after the working prototype is complete. If
the design is too polished the first time you present it to users, you might not get as much feedback.
Think about ways to include testing throughout the design process, so that you’re iterating your
designs based on user feedback instead of other reasons.

For example, you might test the concepts behind your design by presenting users with a simple
sketch, wireframe, or a sitemap. Taking what you learned, you might iterate on that design to a more
detailed design on paper (known as a low-fidelity prototype) and conduct another round of user
testing. At some point, you’ll iterate the design again into a working, interactive model using a
software program (also known as a high-fidelity prototype) and test that as well. You might also
consider testing more than one prototype at the same time to get feedback on multiple solutions, or
testing the same prototype on multiple platforms, such as a laptop, tablet, and smartphone.

The goal of testing prototypes is to continue to refine the prototype as you gain insight into whether
the design for your product or service is easy to use and solves the user’s problem. At some point,
you’ll finalize a prototype, and then you’ll provide it to developers, who will then turn your design into
a product.

Key takeaways
The design thinking framework is only one type of framework that UX designers use to organize their
approach to designs, often based on the product they’re designing and the organization they’re
working for. No matter which frameworks you use in your career, they all have a few core principles
in common:

 Focus on the user.

 Create solutions that address the user’s problems.
 Collaborate with teammates across departments.
 Validate your designs.
 Iterate as needed to design the right user experience.
Throughout the rest of the certificate program, you’ll learn more about each of the phases of the
design thinking framework and complete practice activities to gain more experience with designing
user experiences end-to-end.

Resources for more information

For more about the design thinking framework, check out the following resources:

 Design thinking 101 by Nielsen Norman Group

 The Design thinking Process - An Introduction (2021) by CareerFoundry
 UX Design Process: Everything You Need to Know by Adobe
 What is Design Thinking? by The Interaction Design Foundation