A Feasibility Study of Carabao Grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and Recycled Carton as

Eco-Friendly Paper Bags

A Research Paper Presented to the

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Strand

Clarin National High School

Poblacion III, Clarin, Misamis Occidental

In Partial Fulfillment to the Requirments of

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

By:

Chairel Cale

Jazzer Boy Hawom

Milane Mie Malon

Vince Matanog

Ansel Mae Ramayrat

Mrs. Mitzie Marish L. Bocayong

Practical Research Teacher II

 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement
Abstract

Chapter I
Background of the Study............……………………………………………………1-2
Statement of the Problem...........……………………………………………………2
Objective of the Study................……………………………………………………2
Research Hypothesis………………………………………………………………...3
Conceptual Framework..............…………………………………………………….3
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………….4
Scope and Delimitation of the Study………………………………………………...4
Definition of Terms....................……………………………………………………4-5

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature………………………………………………………..6-9

Chapter III
Methodology…………………………………………………………………..….10-15

Chapter IV
Result and Discussion………………………………………………………….....16-20

Chapter V
Conclusion and Recommendations…………………………………………...…..21

Bibliography
Appendix
 Acknowledgement

"We extend our sincere appreciation to all individuals whose contributions were

instrumental in the completion of this research study.

Firstly, we acknowledge our gratitude to our mentors, whose guidance and

expertise were invaluable throughout this endeavor. Special thanks to Mrs. Mitzie

Marish L. Bocayong for her unwavering support and profound understanding, which

significantly contributed to the success of this study.

We also express our profound gratitude to our parents, whose unwavering

love, encouragement, and sacrifices served as the foundation of our perseverance and

motivation. Their continuous support, both emotionally and financially, played an

essential role in our journey.

Furthermore, we extend our heartfelt thanks to all those who generously

shared their time, knowledge, skills, and resources. Without their contributions, this

research would not have been possible.

Lastly, we acknowledge the divine guidance and grace of our faith, which

provided us with strength, wisdom, and protection throughout this endeavor.

Each individual mentioned holds a special place in our hearts, and we are

deeply grateful for their invaluable contributions to this research."

 Abstract

This study explores the feasibility of producing eco-friendly paper bags using

Carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and recycled carton as primary materials. The

objectives include assessing the texture, odor, color, and durability of the

experimental paper and examining its implications for biodegradability and

availability. A quantitative and descriptive research design was employed, with thirty

senior high students from Clarin National High School participating as respondents.

Data collection involved sensory evaluation through questionnaires and statistical

analysis, including the t-test. Key findings reveal a average mean score of 2.97,

indicating general agreement among evaluators and suggesting a high likelihood of

feasibility. However, the t-test results imply areas requiring further development.

Recommendations include exploring alternative organic-based chemicals and refining

processing methods. The study underscores the potential of Carabao grass and

recycled carton as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional paper bags,

with implications for waste management and environmental conservation.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the Study

The fast increase in the production of disposable plastic goods has outpaced the world’s capacity

to handle them, making plastic pollution one of the most urgent environmental problems. Despite its

versatility and durability as a packaging material, its impact on the environment is a cause for concern.

Therefore, taking effective action regarding this issue is crucial. One way to achieve this is by

developing and implementing eco-friendly packaging materials as substitutes for traditional ones.

Paper bags are widely used as a substitute for plastic bags in packaging worldwide. Eco-friendly

bags have been proven to decompose easily into simpler forms by bacteria and other microorganisms,

making them less time-consuming to break down. However, the production of conventional paper bags

often requires the consumption of significant quantities of wood pulp. Most paper bags are made by

heating wood chips under pressure at high temperatures. As a result, paper bags generate 70% more air

pollution and 50 times more water pollutants than plastic bags (Basett, 2021). This can have far-

reaching negative consequences, especially in terms of deforestation and habitat disruption.

This research paper focuses on exploring alternative ingredients in the production of eco-friendly

paper bags by using carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and recycled cartons. Carabao grass, found

in many open waste places and backyards throughout the Philippines, is also known for its robust

characteristics. Papers made out of carabao grass is as versatile as regular paper, suitable for folding,

printing, and packaging, with a slightly rougher texture (Wingston, 2021). Recycled carton is a readily

available waste material with the potential to reduce the demand for new paper pulp. Using this material

in paper bag production not only addresses environmental concerns but also aligns with sustainable and

recyclable practices.

Moreover, this research study aims to investigate the feasibility of these ingredients to assess the

viability of the research paper. By delving into their mechanical properties and durability, we seek to

1
 contribute valuable insights to the field of sustainable alternatives to plastic packaging and

conventional paper bags. Therefore, promoting responsible consumption.

II. Statement of the Problem

The surge in disposable plastic production has precipitated an urgent environmental crisis,

demanding effective measures to combat plastic pollution. Although paper bags are commonly used as a

substitute, their conventional production from wood pulp contributes to deforestation and water pollution.

This research addresses these issues by investigating the feasibility of incorporating carabao grass and

recycled cartons into the production of eco-friendly paper bags. Carabao grass, abundant in the Philippines,

offers a robust alternative with versatile applications, while recycled cartons have the potential to reduce

dependence on new paper pulp. Despite their promise, the feasibility of these alternatives remains

unexplored. The study aims to assess the mechanical properties and durability of carabao grass and recycled

cartons in paper bag production. This will contribute valuable insights into sustainable packaging practices

and promote responsible consumption as a viable solution to the escalating global problem of plastic

pollution.

III. Objectives of the Study

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of producing eco-friendly paper bags using carabao

grass and recycled cartons as the main ingredients.

The study aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. Describe the experimental paper in terms of:

1.1 Texture

1.2 Odor

1.3 Color

1.4 Durability

2. Examine the implications of the study on:

2.1 Biodegradability

2.2 Availability

3. The study aims to contribute to waste management practices and environmental conservation efforts.

2
IV. Research Hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis (H1):

The texture, scent, color, and durability of the carabao grass and recycled cartoon is different from

the color of conventional paper bags.

V. Conceptual Framework

In this conceptual paper, the independent variables are the environmental factors (water, air, fire,

weather, and sunlight) that may influence the quality of the raw materials, while the dependent variables are

the resulting solution, carabao grass, and recycled carton. The process outlines the steps taken to prepare and

transform these materials into recycled paper, while considering the potential impacts of the independent

variables on the quality of the final product.

Preparation of Raw

Independent variable Dependent variable

Solution (Alternative sticky

Water substance)
Air Carabao Grass (Paspalum
Fire
conjugatom)
Weather Sunlight
Recycled Carton (Raw

Process

Preparation of Raw Materials Solution Preparation

Raw Material Treatment Mixing and Processing

Quality Control

Production of Eco-friendly Paper Bag Made of Carabao Grass and

Recycled Carton

Figure 1: IPO Model

3
VI. Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Carabao grass and recycled cartons as alternative

raw materials to test their feasibility and contribution to society as eco-friendly paper bags. It aims to benefit

the following groups:

Students: will understand the importance of using eco-friendly paper bags.

Consumers: The eco-friendly paper bag (experimental paper) is biodegradable, can be used as fertilizer.

Environment: The product will contribute to the environment as it is biodegradable.

Teachers: They can use this research study as a learning guide for their students.

Researchers: Future researchers can use this study as reference material to further explore the related topic.

VII. Scope and Delimitation

The study aims to assess the feasibility and acceptability of producing eco-friendly paper bags using

carabao grass and recycled cartons. The study will be conducted at Clarin National High School, Poblacion

III, Clarin, Misamis Occidental, within a predefined time frame. Data will be collected through evaluation

and rating forms completed by thirty respondents. While this research solely focuses on the feasibility aspect

of carabao grass and recycled cartons as alternative materials for paper bag production, it acknowledges the

potential broader implications for sustainability and environmental conservation. However, due to practical

constraints, the study will not delve deeper into these aspects, leaving them open for exploration by future

researchers.

VIII. Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined to aid in a better understanding of this study:

Carabao Grass (Paspalum conjugatum), commonly known as carabao grass or hilo grass, is a

subtropical perennial grass.

Recycled Carton Waste used cartons are a form of packaging waste.

Fiber a thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile is formed.

Deckle a device in a paper-making machine for limiting the size of the sheet, consisting of a continuous

belt on either side of the wire.

Grinding the process of reducing something to small particles or powder by crushing it.

4
Mold a frame covered with metal or nylon.

Paper a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from

wood, rags, or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

Eco-friendly not harmful to the environment.

Versatility refers to the ability to adapt or be adapted for different functions or activities.

Pulp a soft, wet, shapeless mass of material.

Waste refers to using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or without purpose.

Paper bag is a small bag made of paper.

Feasibility the state or degree of being easily or conveniently done.

5
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is based on related literature and studies conducted by both foreign and local

researchers, providing a comprehensive understanding of the existing knowledge and research gaps in the

field of carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and recycled cartons as eco-friendly paper bags.

2.1 Carabao Grass

Figure 2:
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/best-ground-cover-plants-for-lawn-peanut-plant-and-carabao-grass--67413325663449638/

The carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum) belongs to the following categories: order Cyperales,

class Poaceae, phylum Spermatophyta, subphylum Angiospermae, kingdom Plantae, and class

Monocotyledonae, of the genus Paspalum conjugatum and species Paspalum conjugatum (Sandoval, J.,

2018).

Paspalum conjugatum, commonly known as carabao grass, is categorized as a stoloniferous grass.

With its long stolon’s, it vigorously crawls across the ground. As it spreads throughout the soil, roots grow

at the nodes. This causes the grass to diverge rapidly. The leaves are narrow, thin, and flat. The flowering

branches are 20–70 centimeters high, and the stems below are spreading and diverging. The flat, thin,

slender, lanceolate leaves measure 8 to 20 centimeters in length and 5 to 15 millimeters in width. The plant's

center produces two slender, 6–12-centimeter terminal spikes. There are long, supple, white bordering hairs

on the empty pods, and the spikelets are encased, 1.2 to 1.4 millimeters long, dull green, and plano-convex

(Stuart, Jr, 2015).

6
2.2 Benefits of Carabao Grass

Figure 3:
https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/hilo-grass/

The carabao grass has evergreen leaves. The basic, dark-green leaves are alternating. With complete

edges and parallel venation, and they have a lanceolate shape. The leaves are beneficial for fever, stomach

issues, weakness, and lung disorders, among other conditions. Additionally effective for dysentery is leaf

decoction. Cuts and wounds can also be treated with it. The leaves can be used to make an ointment for

sprains, dislocations, and contusions (Stuart, Jr, 2015).

The creeping perennial carabao grass has dense culms that can grow up to one meter tall, along with

long stolons. It naturally occurs in all tropical and subtropical regions and has been extensively utilized as a

lawn grass and forage. P. conjugatum can withstand acidic and low-nutrient soils, grows swiftly in partial

shade, and spreads readily by seeds and stolons. This grass grows aggressively in natural woodlands and

meadows that are both damaged and undisturbed, as well as in agricultural areas and inactive pastures

(Rojas, J., 2018).

Grass is commonly found in the Philippines, particularly Paspalum Conjugatum, or carabao grass.

rivers. A robust creeping perennial, carabao grass has long stolon’s that root at nodes. er cao, Cha zi cao);

German (Dallisgras); Danish (Hirse); French (Herbe sure, Herbe créole); Pasto dallis, Zacate dallis, Hierba

dallis, and Grama de agua. Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Paitan.It is known as rumput ala negri or

rumput kerbau in Malaysia and as such in Thailand. Spanish (Grama de agua), Japanese (Shima suzume no

hie), Italian (Paspalo dilatato), and other countries' colloquial names for this plant include China (Shuang sui
7
que bai, Liang referred to as yahep yanomnon; the Tagalogs and Ilocanos in the Philippines call it kulape.

There are different names for it in the Philippines. In Indonesia, people refer to it as either jampang pahit or

found in large numbers in both populated and open spaces, surrounding towns, on trails, and the Visayans

call it kauat-kauat, and the Calo-Kawayan call it kalo-kawayan (Stuart, Jr, 2015).

2.3 Recycled Carton

Figure 4:
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/cardboard-boxes-for-recycling--705024516643220616/

While cartons are primarily composed of paper, specifically paperboard, along with thin layers of

polyethylene (plastic) and/or aluminum. According to a 2023 study by Pro Carton, cartons are

increasingly becoming the preferred packaging material for high-quality products. Cartons can be used

to package a wide range of products, including foodstuffs such as cereals, frozen and chilled foods,

confectionery, bakery goods, tea, coffee, and other dry foods, as well as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and

many other products. The most common alternative to paper made from fresh fibers is the use of

recycled paper, such as cartons. After all, a cellulose fiber can theoretically be reused up to six times.

The additional positive aspect is that up to 60% less energy and up to 70% less water are used to produce

recycled paper. In 2018, waste paper was used for 76% of all paper produced in Germany. In figures,

this is an impressive 17.2 million tons of recycled paper (Kleinschmidt, K., 2021).

Corrugated fiberboard, a material commonly used for boxes, is referred to by the terms cardboard

and pasteboard. To fit a broad range of food products, this paper-based product is offered in numerous

styles and weights. In Europe, where corrugated holds a 63% market share over alternatives like plastics

8
for packaging, demand for the material has been growing steadily at a rate of 2-3% annually (European

Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers, 2021).

CHAPTER III
9
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedure used in the study. It also covers the methodology, resources, and

subjects. The samples, data collection tools, along with the procedures followed to ensure the study’s

validity and reliability, are detailed. It also includes the statistical analysis performed to determine the

relationships between the variables that were being studied.

3.1 Respondents

The respondents of this study are all senior high students from Clarin National High School,

specifically from the senior high students of different curricula. The overall population is thirty respondents.

3.2 Location

This study will be conducted mainly at Clarin National High School, Poblacion III, Clarin, Misamis

Occidental. Moreover, the study acknowledges potential implications where findings are within an

educational context.

3.3 Research Design

To meet the goals of this research study, a quantitative design is the main focus. In order to verify

that the durability, texture, and odor of the research could be studied, the researchers also chose to employ a

descriptive approach. This indicates that the research study used a combination of quantitative and

descriptive design.

3.4 Research Method

The primary method used in this study is quantitative, which focuses on numerical data. The

researcher will use a survey questionnaire to collect data. The researcher used this technique to ensure the

integrity and validity of the study.

3.5 Sensory Evaluation

The durability, color, texture, and odor of the paper made from carabao grass (Paspalum

conjugatum) and recycled cartons, as an alternative material for eco-friendly paper bags, will be evaluated

using an incidental procedure. The researchers will select thirty respondents from Clarin National High

School, Clarin, Misamis Occidental. Depending on their availability at the time and full consent of the trials

10
of the product. The respondent was given a sample (experimental paper). Participants were given a

questionnaire to evaluate the texture, odor, color, and durability of the paper.

3.6 Research Instrument

The researcher chose to use a research questionnaire as the primary method for collecting data. This

method of collecting data was chosen because it is the most direct way to obtain results while ensuring the

validity of the research data at the same time directly from the respondents.

3.7 Survey Method

The eco-friendly paper bags used in this study are made from a blend of carabao grass and recycled

cartons, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional paper bags. To ensure a comprehensive perspective,

five participants will be selected from various curricula within each academic strand. The sample will

consist of thirty senior students from Clarin National High School, chosen through selective sampling. This

method is employed to enhance the credibility and reliability of the study, aiming to ascertain the

practicality and effectiveness of exploring eco-friendly materials in paper bag production.

3.8 Statistical Treatment

The researcher will use the t-test as a statistical analysis to evaluate the eco-friendly paper bags

(experimental paper). This analysis focuses on evaluating the feasibility of attributes such as texture, odor,

color, and durability. The t-test serves as a robust tool to quantify and determine significant differences in

these key characteristics. By applying this statistical approach, the study aims to provide precise insights

into the performance of eco-friendly paper bags (experimental paper).

3.9 Materials and Equipment

11
 Materials/Equipment for Making Carabao and Recycled Paper

MATERIALS EQUIPMENT

 (1/2 kg) Carabao grass  (2) Pots

 (1/4 kg) Recycled carton paper pulp  (1) Blender

 (15 L) Water  (1) Molder

 (30) Okra  (1) Basin

 (1) Sponge

 (1) Cloth

Materials/Equipment Needed for Making Eco-Friendly Paper Bag

Materials Equipment

 Experimental paper  (1) Scissor

 (40ml) Non-toxic glue

 (1) Ruler

 (5 m) Ribbon

 (25 m) Sewing thread

12
  (1) Niddle

13
3.10 Research Schematic Diagram

A. Collecting

B. Grind C. Soak

D. Weighing

E. Boiling

F. Mixing

G. Molding

H. Sun-drying

I. Product

J. Survey

Figure 5:

3.11 Procedures:
14
  Preparation of Raw Materials,

 Raw Material Treatment,

 Solution Preparation,

 Mixing and Processing,

 Quality Control,

 Output of the experimental paper

Step 1: Collecting Raw Materials

The researchers must first collect all the essential ingredients and materials to proceed. This step plays a
Th

vital role that must be done well to ensure the success rate of the paper-making process.

Step 2: Preparation of the Fiber and Pulp

Both carabao grasses were ground to obtain their fibers, at least 1/2 kilogram. Meanwhile, recycled

cardboard was soaked in water to obtain its paper pulp of 1/4 kilogram.

Step 3: Weighing

After gathering the main ingredients, fiber and paper pulp, the researchers weigh them to obtain the precise

amounts required to make the paper. The weight of carabao grass fiber is measured at 1/4 kilogram, while

the weight of recycled carton is at least 1/8 kilogram.

Step 4: Boiling

In this step, the carabao grass is boiled for 2-3 hours with a measure in water of 2-3 liters (optional), on a 1/2

kilogram of carabao grass used. This process softens the fibers of the carabao grass. Also boil the recycled

carton on 2-3 liters of water. Additionally, the okra mucilage solution should be boiled in a pot with 1-2

liters of water, as it is essential in paper making to strengthen the paper.

Step 5: Mixing

After boiling, in a separate container all the ingredients are mixed well to evenly distribute both the carabao

grass and recycled carton.

Step 6: Molding

15
 This step is very crucial as it is also the step where research needs to be done carefully because it is

vital to spread the fiber and pulp to achieve the aimed quality of the product.

Step 7: Drying

After carefully spreading the fiber and pulp in the mold, they will undergo a drying process that will take 2-3

days, depending on weather conditions.

Step 8: Making the Final Product

This will be the last step, making the final product from the experimental paper. This involves folding and

sewing the experimental paper together to create the desired eco-friendly paper bag product.

CHAPTER IV

16
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings from the conducted survey on the feasibility study of Carabao

Grass and Recycled Carton as an eco-friendly paper bag, as well as the evaluation of the analyzed data. The

experimental paper, specifically the eco-friendly paper bag made from Carabao grass (Paspalum

conjugatum) was molded and sewn to form the product and was sampled as the survey product.

Table 1.1 Survey Result in Testing the Feasibility in Terms of Texture

Weighted

No. Survey Question Total Respondent Mean Rate

The eco-friendly paper bag made

from carabao grass and recycled paper
1 carton has a pleasant texture. 30 3.43 Strongly

Agree

The texture of the eco-friendly paper

bag is smooth and enjoyable to touch.
2 30 3.1 Strongly

Agree

The eco-friendly paper bag has a nice

and comfortable texture.
3 30 2.73 Agree

The texture of the eco-friendly paper

bag is similar to traditional paper
4 bags. 30 2.8 Agree

The texture of the eco-friendly paper

bag is pleasing and not too rough.
5 30 3.1 Strongly

Agree

Average Mean 3.03 Strongly

Agree

In summary,

after evaluating the survey findings, it appears that there is strong agreement with a mean of 3.03 regarding

the perception of the feasibility of the texture of eco-friendly paper bags made from Carabao grass and

recycled carton. However, the study outcomes align with the feasibility objectives. This assessment suggests

promising prospects, particularly in terms of texture.

17
Table 1.2 Survey Result in Testing the Feasibility in Terms of Odor

No. Weighted

Survey Question Total Respondent Mean Rate

The eco-friendly paper bag made

from Carabao grass and recycled
1 paper carton has a pleasant scent. 30 3.06 Strongly

Agree

The scent of the eco-friendly paper

bag is subtle and not overpowering.
2 30 2.7 Agree

The scent of the eco-friendly paper

bag is pleasant.
3 30 3 Agree

The scent of the eco-friendly paper

bag adds to the overall experience of
4 using it. 30 2.96 Agree

The aroma of the eco-friendly paper

bag complements its environmentally
5 friendly nature. 30 3.36 Strongly

Agree

Average Mean 3.02 Strongly

Agree

In conclusion, a thorough analysis of the survey results reveals a generally high agreement, with an

average grade of 3.02, about environmentally friendly paper bags made from recycled cartons and Carabao

grass. The results emphasize a positive connection with the feasibility goals of the research. This evaluation

shows encouraging results, particularly in areas such as odor, which further supports the potential success of

the project.

Table 1.3 Survey Result in Testing the Feasibility in Terms of Color

18
 No. Total Respondent Weighted Legend

Survey Question Mean

The eco-friendly paper bag made

from carabao grass and recycled paper
1 carton has an attractive color. 30 3.27 Strongly

Agree

The color of the eco-friendly paper

bag is bright and attention-grabbing.
2 30 2.9 Agree

The color of the eco-friendly paper

bag is dull and lacks vibrancy. Table 1.3
3 30 2.13 Agree

provides a The eco-friendly paper bag's color is brief

similar to that of traditional paper
4 bags. 30 2.97 Agree
overview of the
The eco-friendly paper bag has a
feasibility unique and distinct color. study,
5 30 2.90 Agree

indicating an average

score of Average Mean 2.83 Agree 2.83. This

implies that most respondents agreed with the survey question or statement. This suggests that there is

potential in using Carabao grass and recycled cartons as alternative materials for eco-friendly paper bags.

This indicates that the study is moving in the right direction and could lead to further research and

improvements in the future.

Table 1.4 Survey Result in Testing the Feasibility in Terms of Durability

No. Total Respondent Weighted Legend

Survey Question Mean

The eco-friendly paper bag is durable

enough to carry items without tearing.
1 30 2.93 Agree

The eco-friendly paper bag is made

from carabao grass and recycled paper
2 carton, which makes it strong enough 30 2.9 Agree
to carry heavy items.
The eco-friendly paper bag's
durability aligns with its mission of
3 providing a sustainable alternative to 30 3.07 Strongly
traditional paper bags.
Agree

Its impressive durability allows the

eco-friendly paper bag to retain its
4 structure even when carrying heavy 30 2.93 Agree
items.
The combination of carabao grass
and recycled paper cartons enhances
5 the bag's strength, making it capable 30 3.13 Strongly
of withstanding heavy items.
Agree
19

Average Mean 2.99 Agree

 Table 1.4 meticulously captures the consensus among respondents, revealing a mean score of 2.99.

While this data denotes a moderate level of agreement, it also serves as a preliminary indication of the

feasibility of the experimental paper's durability. This insight highlights the potential for enhancing the

durability of eco-friendly paper bags crafted from carabao grass and recycled cartons. This finding

underscores the need for continued exploration and refinement, aligning with professional standards in

research and development, to ensure optimal outcomes and meet industry benchmarks.

Table 1.5 Test Statistic Description of a Feasibility Study of Carabao Grass and Recycled Carton as

Eco-Friendly Paper Bag in Terms of Their Texture, Odor, Color and Durability

Texture Scent Color Durability Average Description

Mean Table 5

The eco-friendly presents

a paper bag 3.03 3.02 2.83 2.99 2.97 Agree

comprehensive summary of the study's results. The average mean score of 2.97 aligns with the research

survey's findings, indicating an acceptable result. Furthermore, the analysis indicates a high likelihood of

20
feasibility regarding the eco-friendly paper bags' texture, odor, color, and durability, as evidenced by the

approval of the majority of the 30 respondents. This collective outcome underscores a strong probability that

the study's objectives are achievable.

Table 1.6 T-test Results.

Now, we

Average Standard T-Test Description compare

Mean Deviation (ℳ) (n) Result
this new t-

value The eco- with the

critical friendly 2.97 2.47 4 30 (-2.99) or Acceptable t-value

for the paper bags. (-1.699) left tail

of the

distribution with (df = n-1 = 29) at the desired significance level (α = 0.05). Using a t-table, we found the

critical t-value to be approximately -1.699 (for a one-tailed test).

Since the computed t-value (-2.29) is less than the critical t-value (-1.699), we reject the null

hypothesis. This suggests that there is a statistically significant difference between the sample mean and the

target value of 4, indicating that the characteristics of the eco-friendly paper bags made from carabao grass

and recycled carton are different from the expected "strongly agree" characteristics.

21
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusion

In this study, "A Feasibility Study of Carabao Grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and Recycled Carton as

Eco-friendly Paper Bags" received an average rating of 2.97 for texture, odor, color, and durability,

indicating agreement among the evaluators. This concept has the potential to serve as an environmentally

friendly alternative to conventional paper bags. However, the t-test result that rejects the null hypothesis

suggests that certain aspects may require further development. Further research and development are

necessary to enhance the product's overall quality and commercial appeal. Addressing these areas for

development can make eco-friendly paper bags made from carabao grass and recycled carton a more viable

and competitive option for environmentally conscious consumers.

B. Recommendation

After producing eco-friendly paper bags made from carabao grass and recycled carton, the

researchers recommend that future studies explore different alternative organic-based chemicals to make the

paper bag more compact, as the research suggests that okra mucilage may not be the best option. Exploring

other organic matter to be used as glue would be a better option. Furthermore, future researchers should

consider using other additives, such as starch, to provide effective support for the paper bags while also

enhancing their durability and reducing odor. To make the texture of the paper bag finer and smoother, it is

best to shred the recycled carton and soak it in water for a longer time before blending it. While based from

the respondent’s response of this study in terms of the color of the bag, the researchers suggest that

exploring non-toxic dyeing agents should be added to achieve a much pleasing color and appearance of the

bag. Overall, further explorations and an in-depth discovery should be implanted in conducting studies

22
similar to this research in order to enhance the quality and essential aspects that should be acquired in

producing eco-friendly paper bags.

23
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Bassett, (2021). Paper Production is Pretty Bloody Polluting.

https://sarahbassett.co/eco-packaging-why-paper-bags-are-bad-for-the-planet/

European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (2021). Cardboard - an overview | ScienceDirect

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APPENDIX A

PRODUCT

APPENDIX B

PROCESS
 APPENDIX E

RESULT DATA COMPUTATION

A. Texture B. Odor

B. Color D. Durability

APPENDIX F

T-test Computation
 APPENDIX G

T - table

APPENDIX H

Rating Scale Interpretation

3.01 – 4.00 Strongly Agree

2.01 – 3.00 Agree

1.01 – 2.00 Disagree

1.00 Strongly Disagree