Number System

Definitions
● Natural numbers: All +ve integers from 1 to infinity.
● Whole numbers: All numbers including zero and natural numbers.
● Rational numbers: A rational number is a number which is in the form of p/q where q is
not equal to zero and whose decimal form is finite or recurring in nature. Ex: ½. 0.75, etc.
● Irrational numbers: A real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers. Ex:
√2, etc.
● Real numbers: Numbers that include both rational and irrational numbers.

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● Prime numbers: Natural numbers that are divisible by only 1 and the number itself i.e,
they have just 2 factors, 1 and the number itself. Ex: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc.
● Properties of prime numbers
○ Number of prime numbers between 1 and 100: 25
○ Number of prime numbers between 1 and 200: 46
○ Number of prime numbers between 1 and 1000: 168
○ 2 is the smallest and only even prime number.
○ Twin primes: Two prime numbers are called twin prime numbers if they have only
one composite number between them. Ex: (3, 5), (9, 11), etc.
● Co-prime: Pairs of numbers that do not have any common factor other than 1.Ex: (4, 9),
etc.

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 ● Composite numbers: Numbers that have more than two factors. All the natural
numbers which are not prime numbers are composite numbers. Ex: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
15, etc.
○ Number of composite numbers between 1 to 100: 74
○ 1 is neither prime nor composite number.

Divisibility rules

Divisibility by Number Rule

2 A number that is even or a number whose

last digit is an even number, i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6,
and 8.

ED 3

7
The sum of all the digits of the number should
be divisible by 3.

The number formed by the last two digits of

the number should be divisible by 4 or should
be 00.

Numbers having 0 or 5 as their ones place

digit.

A number that is divisible by both 2 and 3.

The difference between twice the unit digit of

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the given number and the remaining part of
the given number should be a multiple of 7 or
it should be equal to 0.
● Ex: Is 798 divisible by 7?
● 8x2=16
● 79-16=63 which is divisible by 7.
Hence, 798 is divisible by 7.
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8 The number formed by the last three digits of

the number should be divisible by 8 or should
be 000.

9 The sum of all the digits of the number should

be divisible by 9.

10 Any number whose one's place digit is 0.

11 If the difference of the sum of digits at odd

position and sum of digits at even position in
a number is 0 or or divided by 11.

12 A number that is divisible by both 3 and 4.

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 13 Rule 1: Divide the number into a set of 3. Do
alternate addition subtraction into sets of 3. If
the result is 0 or divided by 13 then the
number can be divided by 13.

Rule 2: Multiply its unit place digit by 4, then

add the product obtained to the number
formed by the rest of the digits of the number.
If the result is 0 or a multiple of 13, the result
is divisible by 13.

14 A number that is divisible by 2 and 7

15 A number that is divisible by 3 and 5

16 Last 4 digits of the number should be divisible

ED 17

18

19

20
by 8 or should be 0000

Multiply the last digit by 5 and subtract that

from the rest. If that result is divisible by 17,
then your number is divisible by 17.

A number that is divisible by 2 and 9.

Multiply the last digit by 2 and add that to the

rest. If that result is divisible by 19, then your
number is divisible by 19.

Last 2 digits of the number have to be divided

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by 20.

Remainder Theorem

If 22 is divided by 7 then the remainder is 1. (Just for the sake of understanding the remainder).
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There are two ways of solving for remainder: Through +ve remainders and -ve remainders.

Positive remainder

● Consider this question: What will be the remainder when 1343 X 1265 X 1867 divided by
9?
● To solve this, divide each number by 9 i.e, 1343/9 will give 2 as remainder, similarly
1265/9 will give 5 as remainder and 1867/9 will give 4 as remainder. Now multiply all the
remainders and divide by 9 again i.e, 2 X 5 X 4 divided by 9 will give 4 as remainder.

Negative remainder

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 ● Consider this question: When 13 X 12 is divided by 7 then remainder is?
● So according to +ve remainder concept, 13/7 will give 6 as remainder and 12/7 will give
5 as remainder. Now, 6 X 5 divided by 7 will give 2 as remainder.
● But if we use the -ve remainder concept, then 13 X 12 divided by 7 will give -1 and -2 as
remainder respectively. 1 X -2 divided by 7 will give 2 as remainder.

● Consider another question, 17 x 19 divided by 9 will give -1 and 1 as remainder

respectively. But, -1 X 1 = -1 which when divided by 9 will give 8 as remainder.
Remember, while using -ve remainder concept, whenever you get negative remainder at
last then you have to subtract the -ve remainder from the divisor.

Concept of cyclicity
● For each of the digits, when the number is raised to any power, it repeats itself after N
steps. So, the cyclicity for this number is N.

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● For this the number are divided into 3 categories: (0, 1, 5, 6), (4, 9), (2, 3, 7, 8)
● For example: 5 when raised to any number of power will give 5 as unit digit, hence
cyclicity for 5 is 1 and similarly for 0, 1 and 6.
● Another is when 4 and 9 is raised to any power, it repeats itself after one step. So
cyclicity is 2.
● For 2, 3, 7 and 8. For each of the digits, when the number is raised to any power, it
repeats itself after four steps. So, the cyclicity for this category is 4.

Number

0
Cyclicity

1
Power cycle

0
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1 1 1

5 1 5

6 1 6

4 2 4, 6
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9 2 9, 1

2 4 2, 4, 6, 8

3 4 3, 9, 7, 1

7 4 7, 9, 3, 1

8 4 8, 4, 2, 6

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Soved PYQs

1) What is the remainder if 2196 is divided by 6? (CSAT 2023)

2196 = (22)98
Here, we will get a pattern, when 4/6 = R(4), 42/6 = R(4), 43/6 = R(4)......similarly
498/6=R(4)
Therefore, 4 is the answer.

2) What is the remainder when 85 X 87 X 89 X 91 X 95 X 96 is divided by 100?

(CSAT 2023)
Factors of 100 are 22 X 52 , Factors of 85 and 95 are 5 X 17 and 5 X 19
respectively, Factors of 96 are 25 X 3.
As two 5s which are present in the factors of 85 & 95, and five 2s present as

ED factors of 96. Therefore, 22 X 52 i.e, 100 will completely divide the number and
remainder will be 0. Here, 81 and 91 are irrelevant while solving.

3) What is the remainder when 91 X 92 X 93 X 94 X 95 X 96 X 97 X 98 X 99 is

divided by 1261? (CSAT 2022)
First find the factors of 1261 (Check the divisibility rule of 13)
126 + (1X4) = 130, therefore it can be said that 1261 is divisible by 13.
1261 = 13 x 97
Now, when we divide the given number by 13 x 97 then it can be seen that the
number is completely divisible by 1261, therefore the remainder will be 0.
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4) If 32019 is divided by 10 then what is the remainder? (CSAT 2022)
We know that the cyclicity of 3 is 4 so after every multiple of 4 in the power unit
digit will be 1.
32019 = 32016 X 33 = (34)504 X 27 = 81504 X 27
Now when 81504 X 27 is divided by 10 we get remainder as 1 x 7 which is 7
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Finding Unit Digits

Only thing you need to remember to find a unit digit is the cyclicity and power cycle of a
number.

Number Cyclicity Power cycle

0 1 0

1 1 1

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 5 1 5

6 1 6

4 2 4, 6

9 2 9, 1

2 4 2, 4, 8, 6

3 4 3, 9, 7, 1

7 4 7, 9, 3, 1

8 4 8, 4, 2, 6

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Solved examples from PYQs

1) What is the unit digit in the expansion of (57242)9X7X5X3X1? (CSAT 2023)

● In these types of questions the only digit that is important is one at unit
place.
● So in this question 2 has cyclicity of 4 i.e, after every multiple of 4 in the
power the same numbers at unit place will repeat.
● Now, 9x7x5x3x1=945 which when divided by 4 will give remainder as 1
● Therefore, (57242)9X7X5X3X1 = (57242)945 = (57242)944 X 57242
● (57242)944 will have unit digit as 6 which when multiplied with 57242 will
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give unit digit as 2.

Finding last 2 digits of a number

To understand these concepts, numbers are are divided into 4 parts

1) Numbers ending with 1
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2) Numbers ending with even number such as 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

3) Numbers ending with 5
4) Numbers ending with 3, 7, 9

Numbers ending with 1

● If number is in the form (------a1)----b then the last two digit will be (axb)1
● Ex: (581)56 find last 2 digits
● Last 2 digits will be (8x6)1 which is 81

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Numbers ending with even number

For this you have to remember a few things.

● (24)Odd number = last 2 digit will be 24
● (24)Even number = last 2 digit will be 76
● (2)20 = 1048576
● (76)N = Last 2 digits will be 76
● 76 X 2N = Last 2 digits will be 2N

If a number has an even number at the end then try to convert them in one of the above
forms to find the last two digits.

Ex: Find last 2 digits of (2)83

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● (2)83 can be written as (2)80 X (2)3, which is nothing but (220)4 X (2)3
● (220)4 = (1048576)4 = Last 2 digit will be 76
● Now, for (-----76) X (2)3 last 2 digits will be (2)3 which is nothing but 08

Numbers ending with 5

If the 2nd last digit and power both are odd then the last 2 digit will be 75, otherwise the
last 2 digit will be 25.

● Ex: In (95)43 last 2 digits will be 75, In (45)259 last 2 digits will be 25, In (1895)572
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last 2 digits will be 25

Numbers ending with 3, 7, 9

For these types of questions we need to convert the last digit to 1 before solving.
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● Ex: For (79)43, we can write it into (79)42 X (79) = (792)21 X (79)
● (6241)21 X 79 = 41 (last 2 digit) X 79 = 3239, therefore the last 2 digits will be 39.

Finding number of zeros in a number

For this you have to just find the number of 2 X 5 in the given question. If there are 2, 2
x 5 then there are 2 zeros, if there are 3, 2 x 5 then there are 3 zeros and so on.

Ex: How many zeros are there at the end of the following product 1 x 5 x 10 x 15
x 20 x 25 x 30 x 35 x 40 x 45 x 50 x 55 x 60? (CSAT 2020)

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 ● It can be written in the form,
1x5x2x5x3x5x2x2x5x5x5x2x3x5x5x7x2x2x2x5x3x3x5x2x5x5x5x11x2x2x3x5
● So in the above equation there are 10, 2s and 14, 5s, which can form 10, 2x5.
● Therefore, there will be 10 zeros at the end of the product.

Number of factors, Sum of factors

● If any number can be written in the form of am x bn x cp then the number of

factors will be (m+1)(n+1)(p+1).
● If we have to find the number of even factors for 2m x bn x cp then it will be
(m)(n+1)(p+1), here we have removed 20
● If we have to find the number of odd factors for 2m x bn x cp then it will be
(n+1)(p+1), here we have just included 20 and other powers of 2 have been

EDdeleted.
● Ex: 40 can be written as 23 x 51 , therefore the number of factors will be
(3+1)(1+1) = 8
● Sum of factors for above question will be (20 + 21 + 22 + 23)(50 + 51) = 90

LCM and HCF

1) There are three traffic signals. Each signal changes color from green to red and
then from red to green. The first signal takes 25 seconds, the second signal
takes 39 seconds and the third signal takes 60 seconds to change the color from
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green to red. The durations for green and red colors are the same. At 2:00 p.m,
they turn green together. At what time will they change to green next,
simultaneously? (CSAT 2023)

For this we have to find the LCM of 25, 39 and 60

25 = 52
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39 = 3 x 13
60 = 22 x 3 x 5

● LCM = 22 X 3 X 52 X 13 = 3900
● Therefore, for the signal to turn red from green will take 3900 seconds and
then from red to green will take another 3900 seconds which is 7800
seconds in total.
● 7800 seconds = 2 hours and 10 minutes
● Therefore, next signal will change to green at 4:10 p.m

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