1. What is Doping?

The processes of adding impurities.

2. How the PN Junction will be formed?
In a piece of semiconductor material, if one half is doped by P type impurity and the other
half is doped by N type impurity
3. What is Diffusion and Drift currents?
Drift current depends on the electric field applied, if there is no electric field there is no drift
current. Diffusion current occurs even though there is not an electric field applied to the
semiconductor.
4. What is the Diode current Equation?
I=Io(e(V/nVT)-1), Io-Reverse saturation current,n=1,ge,2 si
5. Define PIV(Peak inverse voltage)?
It is the maximum reverse voltage that can be applied to the Diode. if the voltage across the
junction exceeds PIV, under reverse bias condition, the junction gets damaged.
6. Define Reverse saturation current?
It is the current due to the diffusive flow of minority electrons from p- side to N- side, and
minority holes from N- side to P- side
7. What are the PN Diode, Zener diode applications?
PN: rectifier, switch, clipper, clapper
Zener Diode: voltage regulator
8. Difference b/w PN, Zener Diode?
Pn is lightly doped, Zener heavily doped
9. Why is a Zener diode generally not connected in forward bias?
Zener gives the same response as pn diode in forward bias, so it uses in reverse bias only with
Zener break down
10. What is the effect of Temperature on Zener diode?
For Vz(Break down voltage) less than 6v Vz is inversely proportional to temperature,For
Vz(Break down voltage) more than 6v Vz is directly proportional to temperature
11. Why silicon is more preferred than germanium?
For Si break Down voltage Is more than Ge, reverse saturation current Is less in Si, Si is
cheap (raw material Is sand)
12. What is the difference b/w AC and DC supply, what are the advantages of each?
Ac supply is sinusoidal function of t, but Dc supply is constant for every time, dc can be
storable but not Ac, Ac can transfer for a long distance but not Dc.
.13. What is meant by regulation? Why is it required?
It is a measure change in the magnitude between the sending and receiving end of a
component.
13. How to convert AC to DC?
Step down Transformer – Rectifier – Filter – Regulator
14. What is transformer and types?
Transformer works based on Induction Principle, when Two coils are placed nearly then
voltage transfer exist,
Types: Step down, step up Transformer
15. What is rectifier, filter, regulators?
Rectifier coverts AC to pulsating DC
Filter coverts the pulsating DC to Fluctuating DC
Regulator convers fluctuating DC to exat DC
16. What are the various types in rectifiers and which one is best and why?
Half, Full wave , Bridge Rectifier. Bridge rectifier is best because PIV is less, efficiency
more, ripple factor less, TUF is more, peak facor less, transformer cost is less.
17. Define ripple factor, efficiency, transformer utilization factor, form factor, peak
factors?
Ripple factor= RMS value of ac component/Average value
Efficiency= dc output power / ac input power
TUF= dc power delivered to load/ac rating of transformer secondary
Form factor=rms/ average
Peak factor= peak value/ rms value
18. Explain why only the inductor or the capacitor alone is not used as filters to a FWR
circuit.
In inductor filter Ripple factor is inversely proportional to load, In capacitor filter Ripple
factor is proportional to load, so in LC filter ripple factor will be independent of load.
19. What is a transistor?
A junction transistor is simply a sandwich of one type of semiconductor material between
two layers of the other type. A transistor is a three terminal current sensing device. It can be
looked upon as two pn junction placed back to back. The three terminals are named as emitter
base & collector.
20. What is BJT, explain about its terminals, what are types, and which type is better,
why?
Bipolar junction Transistor in this corrent flows due to two polarities(electrons, holes), NPN
or PNP type ,NPN is best because mobility of electrons is more than mobility of holes so
electron current is more
21. What are the different configurations of transistor?
a) Common Emitter (CE) b) Common Base (CB) c) Common collector (CC)
22. What is Common Base configuration?
Base is common between input and output circuits. emitter-base terminal input signal is
applied and in collector-base terminal output is taken from it.
23. What are the characteristics of CB?
since it has a low input resistance and a high output resistance, current gain of less than 1.
The input and output signals in the common-base circuit are in phase
24. What is transistor and why it is called like that?
Because it transfers the input signal from low resistance to high resistance
25. Define cut-off, active and saturation regions?
Cut off- both emitter Je, collector Jc junctions in Reverse bias
Active – Je forward, Jc Reverse bias
Saturation – Je,Jc in forward bias
.26. What do you understand by input and output characteristics?
Characteristics gives the information about input resistance and output resistances.
27. Explain the physical structure of a BJT?
One N type material is sandwiched between two P type materials or One P type material is
sandwiched between two N type materials , widths (C>E>B), doping concentration(E>C>B)
28. Explain Early Effect?
The variation in base width of BJT due to variation in the applied base- collector voltage
29. Why does the emitter current increase with increase in reverse bias at the collector
junction?
Due to breakdown in collector junction
30. What is meant by collector reverse saturation current?
Minority carriers flow throw collector junction when it is connected in reverse bias
31. Write the collector current expression for BJT in CB configuration?
Cutoff region Ic=0
Active regionIc= βIb
Saturation Ic<βIb
32.Give the values of VCE Sat for the transistor BC107.
Vce sat=0.2v
33.Explain the performance of the transistor as an electronic switch?
When transistor is in cut off it works as off switch, when transistor is in saturation it works as
on switch
34.Is the BJT Transistor a current controlled device or a voltage-controlled device?
Current controlled current device
35.What is a “load-line”? What is its significance? Differentiate between a.c. load line and
d.c. load line.
Load line specifies the operating point, Dc load line is the line based on the relation between
output voltage and currents when input is zero, Ac load line is the line which pocess through
the Q point with slope of (-1/Rac, Rac= Rc//Rl)
36.What is meant by Q- point?
It specifies the correct biasing at which gives required amplification
37.What is Biasing and why it is needed for transistor?
The process of giving proper supply voltage and resistances for obtaining desired operating
point
38.What are the methods of transistor biasing, which type is best and why?
Fixed bias, Emitter feedback bias, Collector to base bias, Collector- emitter feedback bias,
self bias(voltage divider bias), in these all self bias is best because it is more stable for a
greater range of input signal
39.What is thermal Runaway?
It is a situation where an increase in temperature changes the conditions in a way that causes
a further increase in temperature.
40. Thermistor temperature co efficient is?
It may be + or – based on the material used.
41. Define two port networks, types, which one is best for bjt and why?
Z, Y, h, g, ABCD parameters, best one is hybrid parameters bcz the these gives all
parameters about amplifier like input, output impedance, voltage and current gains.