Engineering Drawing [MEng 2031]

Course for UG Pre-Engineering Students

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By: Ermias W.
June, 2024
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
 4.1 Pictorial drawing
• Pictorial drawing is a 3D representation of an object, in one view only, which shows the three
main faces indicates height, width and depth of the object in a 2D PP.
• Pictorial drawing show the three principal dimensions of an object in a single view.
• Sometimes added to Multiview drawing for clarification.
Object

Top Multi view drawing Pictorial drawing

Top View
H
Front Side
Side View
H

Front View
W
D
W D Pictorial drawing
Multi view drawing 2
4.1 Pictorial drawing
• Comparison Between Multi-view and Pictorial Drawing
Multi-view Drawing Pictorial Drawing
It uses two or more separate views produced on Uses single view: shows the three principal faces
projection planes of an object on a single projection plane
We can show only two dimensions on one view of We can give the third dimension on the given
a multi-view drawing. drawing.
It represents exact shape of an object. It represents overview of an object.
It uses hidden line to represent the hidden parts of It rarely uses/no hidden line when necessary.
an object.
Top View
Top
H
Side Front
Front View Side
H

View
W D W 3
4.1 Pictorial drawing
• Comparison Between Multi-view and Pictorial Drawing
Multi-view Drawing Pictorial Drawing
It gives detail dimensions of a complex object. It gives overall dimensions of a complex object.
It needs prior knowledge of technical drawing to It can be easily understood using common sense.
understand.
It is used for manufacturing, construction, It is used for promotion, marketing and selling,
production, and the like. business transaction, and the like.

Top View
Top
H
Side Front
Front View Side
H

View
W D W 4
4.1 Pictorial drawing
• Comparison Between Multi-view and Pictorial Drawing
Multi-view Drawing Pictorial Drawing
Needs Uses single pp
multiple
Projection
plane

5
4.1 Pictorial drawing
• Classification of pictorial drawing

Pictorial Projection

Axonometric Oblique Central/Perspective

Isometric Cavalier One Point

Dimetric Cabinet Two Point

Trimetric General Three Point

4.2 Axonometric projection
• Axonometric projection: It is a form of orthographic projection that shows the three
principal faces of an object on a single projection plane (picture plane) unlike multi-view
projection which uses three different projection planes for the three principal faces.
• Object is rotated and tilted, so three dimensions can be seen in one view. Virtual 3D of an
object
3-D object (Cube) Axonometric projection Isometric view
Rotate

a
a
Tilt

a 0.8a 0.8a

0.8a
 4.2 Axonometric projection
• Types of axonometric projection: a
Axonometric axes
1. Trimetric
None of b c
the angles
are equal.
<a, b, and c are
unequal
TRIMETRIC DIMETRIC ISOMETRIC a
2. Dimetric
Two angles b c
are equal.
<a=<c
3. Isometric a
All angles
are equal.
b c
<a=<b=<c
Frequently used
4.3 Oblique projection
• Oblique projection: the lines of sight are parallel to each other but are oblique to the pp
• One of the principal face (usually front view) of the object is generally parallel to the plane
of projection. The receding line is drawn at 300, 450 and 600 from the horizontal.
• Front is drawn with horizontal and vertical line
4.3 Oblique projection
Types of oblique projection:
• Cavalier: All lines of an object are drawn in their true length. The same full scale is used
along all the three axes.
• Cabinet: Lines on the receding axis are shortened by half.
• General: any oblique pictorial projection other than cavalier and cabinet. the receding
axis is reduced between one half and full size
 4.4 Central/perspective projection
• Central/perspective projection is the most realistic three-dimensional view of all the
pictorial projections, resembles what the human eye sees
• The lines of sight converge to a point which is at finite distance from the plane of
projection.
There are three types of PERSPECTIVE projections: 1. One point: has one vanishing point
VP

Vanishes to one
point
 4.4 Central/perspective projection
• The second types of PERSPECTIVE There are three types of PERSPECTIVE
projections: 2. Two point: has two vanishing point projections: 3. Three point: has three vanishing point

Vanishes to Vanishes to
one point one point Vanishes to
one point
Vanishes to
one point

Vanishes to
one point
4.5 Isometric Construction
Actual or true distance can be measured along the isometric lines of the isometric sketch.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to any of the isometric axes.

Isometric
axes

C
D

Correct
A
Wrong
 Class activity : Identify the nonisometric lines
Isometric Construction: There are two methods of isometric construction;
1. G
H Click on the following button
B that you think that it represents
C an nonisometric line.


AB 
BC ✓
CD 
DE 
EF
I

AF 
BG 
CH 
DI ✓
EI
A
J
Isometric D ✓
FJ 
GH ✓
HI 
IJ
axes E

F
 4.5 Isometric Construction
• Isometric axes are three lines that have common intersection points; the angle between
each axis equals 120 0. The plane made by two isometric axes is called isometric plane.

Isometric axes

1 90o angle
appears as 120o. 1st Position

90o angle
2 appears as 60o.

Angles in an isometric sketch distort

2nd Position
from the actual angle found in the object.
4.5 Isometric Construction
Isometric Construction: There are two methods of isometric construction;
1. Box method, and
2. Centerline lay out method
1. Box method: In this method, the object is assumed to be fully enclosed within an isometric box whose sides
coincide with the overall dimensions of the object.
1. Place an object in position which its shape and feature are clearly observed
2. Define isometric axis
3. Transfer the overall dimensions i.e. Height
H, W, and D from multi view on isometric axes

Width
Depth
Height
60o 60o

30o 30o
Width
Depth
Isometric Axis
 4.5 Isometric constriction
• Steps
4. Draw the isometric box, with light construction line in
which the object is contained.
5. Locate the other features by transferring dimensions
along the corresponding isometric axes or lines drawn
parallel to isometric axes from the orthographic views
6. Complete the isometric drawing
Top Face

Front Face
Side Face
4.5 Axonometric projection
• Types of axonometric projection:
5. Locate the other features by transferring
dimensions along the corresponding
isometric axes or lines drawn parallel to
isometric axes
from the orthographic views
6. Complete the isometric drawing
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
• 1. Box in overall dimensions.
2. Which view is most descriptive?
Sketch as much of it as you can.
Non-isometric
Isometric Plane
Lines

Isometric
D
Plane

Non-isometric
Line H
W

W D
H

1st Position 2nd Position

4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Exercise on isometric drawing
•
4.5 Home study
•
4.6 Isometric drawing of curved surfaces
Circle appears as ellipse in a pictorial sketch.
In case of isometric sketch, the ellipse is called “isometric ellipse”.
The square that circumscribes an isometric ellipse is called “isometric square”.

Isometric ellipse

Isometric square

Tangent points Tangent points

Isometric ellipses can be drawn using

1.Sketching method
2.Four center method
4.6 Isometric drawing of curved surfaces
•
Four-center method is usually used when drawn an
isometric ellipse with drawing instrument.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.

4. Locate the four centers.

5. Draw the arcs with these centers
and tangent to isometric square.
4.6 Isometric drawing of curved surfaces: Sketching method
Explanation
1. Locate the center of an ellipse
by two isometric lines.

2. Sketch an isometric square. 1/4

3. Sketch diagonal lines. 3/4

1/4
4. Mark the point on diagonal line 3/4

far from the center of an ellipse

for a distance 3/4 of the half-
length of the line.
5. Draw the arcs through the
marked and tangent points. Play
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
•
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
•
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
•
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
•
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
•
 4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
• Locate Create
Determine center of ellipse
Determine
appropriate hole radius
plane

Determine Box Sketch

depth radius ellipse
Locate
center
lines

Darken
object
Sketch entire ellipse? lines
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
Determine
Locate
appropriate Determin Create
center of
plane e radius ellipse
arc

Sketch entire ellipse?

Darken
Add
tange
nt line

Determine Locate center Sketch

depth lines and box ellipse
radius
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
•
4.6 Exercise on isometric drawing of curved…
•
4.6 Irregular Curves in Pictorial Drawing
• Steps:
1. Construct points along
the curve in multi-view
drawing.
2. Locate these points in
the isometric view.
3. Sketch the connecting
lines.
4.7 Oblique drawing

Vertical Axis

Receding Axis

Horizontal Axis 30, 45 and 60

4.7 Oblique drawing: Class activity
Which one is an appropriate oblique sketch?

1 Answer

Answer
2

3 Answer
4.7 Oblique drawing
Enough for today

Thank you!

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